7th Sem Final Report 1-1

Final Year Project Report On
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH

BANANA PEEL ASH
Submitted by
Nirmali Chakravarty 200810001030
Saurabh Jyoti Kashyap 200810001049
Kausik Pathak 200810001022
Bhaswat Kashyap 200810001007
Submitted to
Department of Civil Engineering
JORHAT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY, JORHAT-10
AFFILIATED TO
ASSAM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH
March2012
BANANA PEEL ASH
[Code No. :CE181722]
A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
Submitted by

Sourabh Jyoti Kashyap 200810001049
Under the supervision of

Miss.Deepika Taye, Assistant professor
Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 10
Submitted to
Jorhat Institute of Science &Technology
Jorhat-10
Certificate from Supervisor
The undersigned certify that the project report entitled “PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BANANA PEEL ASH”
submitted by,

to the department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Institute of Science and

Technology, in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Bachelor in Civil
Engineering, is a record of bonafide project work carried out by them
under my supervision and guidance. The project work, in my opinion,
has reached the requisite standard fulfilling the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor in Civil Engineering.
The results contained in this report have not been submitted in part or
full to any other Institute or University for award of any degree or
diploma.
……………………………..
Date:
(Miss. Deepika Taye)
Place:
Supervisor
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering
Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology
I
Certificate of Approval from Department of Civil Engineering,
Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BANANA PEEL ASH” have
been read and recommended to the Department of Civil Engineering
for acceptance in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Bachelor in Civil
Engineering.
submitted by—
Nirmali Chakravarty
Sourabh Jyoti Kashyap
Kausik Pathak
Bhaswat Kashyap
……………………
……
Miss. Deepika Taye
Assistant Professor
Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology
Jorhat-10, Assam
………………………
……
Dr. Sudarshan Patowary
Head, Department of Civil Engineering
Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology,
Jorhat – 10
II
Certificate of Approval from
Committee on Final examination for Evaluation of the Project
Report

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BANANA PEEL ASH”
have been read and recommended to the Department of Civil
Engineering for acceptance, in partial fulfillment for the Degree of
Bachelor in Civil Engineering.
Submitted by—
Nirmali Chakravarty
Sourabh Jyoti Kashyap
Kausik Pathak
Bhaswat Kashyap
(Signature of external examiner)
………………………
……
Dr. Sudarshan Patowary
Head, Department of Civil Engineering
Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology,
Jorhat – 10
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us immense pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and
sincere thanks to our highly respected and esteemed guide, Miss. Deepika Taye
Assistant Professor, for her valuable guidance, encouragement and help for
completing this work. Her useful suggestions for this whole work and co-operative
behavior are sincerely acknowledged.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Atanu Kumar Dutta,
Principal & professor for giving us this opportunity to undertake this project. We
would also like to thank Dr. Sudarshan Patowary, Head of Civil Engineering
Department for whole hearted support.
We are also grateful to our teachers for their constant support and guidance.
At the end we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and
others who helped us directly or indirectly during this project work.

i
ABSTRACT
Concrete is widely used in civil infrastructure development works all over the
world. Researchers have explored that incorporating the waste and by-products
as partial replacement of cement can improve its workability and compressive
strength. In this paper,Banana peel ash is used as an alternative material to partially
replace the cement. A comparative study on compressive strength of conventional
concrete along with four varying percentage of banana peel ash 0.8%,1%,2%,3%
for M25 grade of concrete is carried out. The result indicates that compressive
strength is increased at 2% replacement of Banana peel ash with a very minimal
impact on workability
Keywords: Banana peel ash, compressive strength
ii
CONTENTS
Title Page No.
Certificate of approval from supervisor I

Certificate of approval from department II
Certificate of approval from committee III
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of contents iii-v
List of figures vi-vii
List of tables viii-ix
List of symbols x
Abbreviations xi
CHAPTER-1 .............................................................................................................1-4
1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
1.1.1 BANANA PEEL ASH .......................................................... 2
1.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 3
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT ......................................... 4
CHAPTER-2 .................................................................................................. 5-8
LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................. 5-8
CHAPTER-3 ................................................................................................ 9-54
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 9
3.1 MATERIAL USED ................................................................................ 9

3.1.1 BANANA PEEL ASH ................................................................... 9
3.1.1.1 Properties of banana peel ash………………….……10
3.1.2 Cement................................................................................. 12
3.1.2.1 Composition of cement…………………………...…12
iii
3.1.2.2 PortlandPozzolanaCement(PPC)………………..13
3.1.2.3 Use of PPC…………..………………………….13
3.1.3 Concrete ............................................................................... 14
3.1.3.1 Characteristics of good concrete ..……...………14
3.1.4 Aggregate ............................................................................ 14
3.1.4.1 Requirement of a good aggregate….……...……15
3.1.4.2 Classification of aggregate……………..………15
3.1.5 Water………………………………...………………16
3.2 FLOW CHART………………………..…………………..17
3.3 PRELIMINARY TEST ............................................................... 18
3.3.1 Sieve Analysis ..................................................................... 18
3.3.1.1 Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate…………….18
3.3.1.2 Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate………….19
3.3.2 Determination of Specific Gravity ...................................... 19
3.3.2.1 Specific Gravity of Coarse aggregate……..……20
3.3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Fine aggregate……………..22
3.3.3 Impact value test .................................................................. 24
3.3.4 Aggregate crushing test ....................................................... 26
3.3.5 Water absorption test on aggregate ..................................... 27
3.3.6 Normal Consistency Test………………………...………….28
3.3.7 Test for initial and final setting time…………………...…….29
3.3.8 Test for fineness of cement………………..…………...…….31
3.4 MIX DESIGN CALCULATION ................................................ 33
3.5 EXPERIMENTAL WORK......................................................... 49
3.5.1 Slump Test ........................................................................... 49
3.5.2 Casting…………………………………………………...51
3.5.3 Curing…………………………………………………....52
3.5.4 Compression Test…………………………………..…….53
CHAPTER 4…………………………………………………….…………...55-74
TEST RESULTS ................................................................................ 50
4.1 DETERMINATION OF GRADING OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
iv
AND ZONE OF FINE AGGREGATE………………………....55
4.2 RESULTS FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ........................... 57
4.3 RESULTS FOR IMPACT VAUE TEST.................................... 60
4.4 RESULTS FOR AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST ................. 61
4.5 RESULT FOR CEMENT TESTING ......................................... 62
4.6 FOR AMOUNT OF W/C, FA, CA, BANANA PEEL ASHES
AND WATER……………………………………………….…64
4.7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ................................................... 65
4.7.1 Replacement of cement with BPA ...................................... 65
4.7.2 Comparison of strength at 0% replacement….……………….67
4.7.3 Comparison of strength at 0.8% replacement …………….....68
4.7.4 Comparison of strength at 1% replacement .…………………69
4.7.5 Comparison of strength at 2% replacement ………………….70
4.7.6 Comparison of strength at 3% replacement ………………….71
4.7.7 Analysis of compressive strength of concrete at the end of day 7
& 28…………………………………………………………72
4.8 SAVING OF CEMENT .............................................................. 74
CHAPTER-5………………………………………………...…….…....75-76
5.1 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 75
5.2 SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY………………...…………….…..75
REFERENCE
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Name of the Figure Page

No.
1.1 Banana Peel ash…………………………………...2

3.1 Dry Banana Peel…………………………………..11
3.2 Burning of dry banana peel ……………….……...11
3.3 Dry Banana Peel Ash……………………….…….12
3.4 Portland Pozzolona Cement………………….…...13
3.5 Coarse Aggregate…………………………….…...15
3.6 Fine Aggregagte ………………………………….16
3.7 Depiction Of Methodology…………………….… 17
3.8 Set of IS sieve…………………………………..…18
3.9 Sieving Of Fine aggregate………………………...18
3.10 Sieve shaker machine……………………………..19
3.11 Submerging of wireness bucket…………………...21
3.12 Wireness bucket in water………………………….21
3.13 Wireness bucket…………………………………...21
3.14 Setup of specific gravity………………………......21
3.15 Computation of specific gravity…………….…….23
3.16 Density bottle……………………………………..24
3.17 Weighing balance………………………………....24
3.18 Tamping of coarse aggregate ……………..……...26
3.19 Impact Testing……………………………....…….26
3.20 Crushing test………………………………………27
3.21 Compression testing machine………………….….48
3.22 Slump Test…………………………………….......50
3.23 Casting of cube ……………………………….......51
3.24 Compression testing machine …………………….54
3.25 Concrete block………………………………...…..54
vi
Figure Number Name of the Figure Page
No.
4.1 Graph between compressive strength at 7 days………..65
With respect to the percentage of replacement
Of cement by banana peel ash
4.2 Graph between compressive strength at 28 days……….66
With respect to the percentage of replacement
Of cement by banana peel ash
4.3 Compressive strength vs. Age (days)………………….67
at 0% replacement
4.4 Compressive strength vs. Age (days)…………………68
at 0.8% replacement
4.5 Compressive strength vs. Age (days)………………...69
at 1% replacement
4.6 Compressive strength vs. Age (days)……………......70
at 2% replacement
4.7 Compressive strength vs. Age (days)…………….….71
at 3% replacement
4.8 Variation of compressive strength in 7days……....…72
and 28 days
4.9 Variation of compressive strength in 7days……......…72
and 28 days
4.10 Percentage of increment of compressive ……....…....73
at the end of 7 and 28 days
4.11 Amount of cement saved…..………………..………74
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Table Description Page No.
3.1 Proximate composition of banana peel…………….....9

3.2 Mineral Composition of Banana Peel………………..10
3.3 Physical properties of Banana Peel Ash…………......11
3.4 Chemical Compositon Of Banana Peel Ash…………11
3.5 Basic Composition Of Cement………………………12
3.6 Mix Proportion Of 0.48 Water cememt Ratio…….....37
3.7 Mix Proportion Of 0.46 Water cememt Ratio….........39
3.8 Mix Proportion Of 0.47 Water cememt Ratio…….....41
3.9 Compressive strength for different w/c ratio………...42
3.10 Concrete Mix proportion weightage………………....48
3.11 Slump value and workability………………………...50
4.1 Gradation of coarse Aggregate……………………....55
4.2 Zoning of fine aggregate……………………………..56
4.3 Specific Gravity of coarse aggregate………………...57
4.4 Specific Gravity of fine aggregate…………………...58
4.5 Specific Gravity of Banana Peel Ash………….…......59
4.6 Impact value of coarse aggregate……………….........60
4.7 Crushing value of coarse aggregate……………..........61
4.8 Fineness of cement……………………………..…......62
4.9 Normal consistency of cement………...……..…....... .63
4.10 Initial and final setting time of cement……..………....63
4.11 Amount of W/C, CA,BPA,FA…………….………......64
4.12 Compressive strength Value at 7 days….…………......65
4.13 Compressive strength Value at 28days……………....66
4.14 Compressive Strength of M25 Grade Standard ............67
Concrete with 0% Banana peel ash
viii
Table Number Table Description Page No.
4.15 Compressive Strength of M25 Grade Standard…….….68

Concrete with 0.8% Banana peel ash
4.16 Compressive Strength of M25 Grade Standard ……….69
4.19 Amount Of Cement Saved ……………………….74
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS REPRESENTATION
fck Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
fck’ Target average compressive strength at 28 days
x
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS REPRESENTATION
FA Fine aggregate
CA Coarse aggregate
BPA Banana Peel Ash
RDA Recommended dietary allowance
IS Indian Standard
W/C water cement ratio
xi
CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Concrete is commonly used in construction due to globalization.
Concrete is used because it has several benefits including durability,
energy-efficiency, low maintenance, affordability and fire- resistance.
Moreover,it is known for its versatility.
Concrete is a crucial part of modern society's infrastructure. It plays a
vital role in the growth and survival of human societies. Concrete is used
as a foundation and building material for durable and dependable
infrastructure. It offers an outstanding performance in social, economic,
and environmental aspects.
However,the high demand of concrete has led to a shortage of traditional
materials and an increase in cement costs.The increasing need for
sustainable construction materials has led to the use of waste from
agricultural and industrial processes. This waste is now being utilized to
create environmental friendly final products, resulting in a reduction in
carbon emissions. In the construction industry, these waste materials are
added as admixtures or partial replacement to produce sustainable
concrete. Engineers, material scientists, and chemists have studied and
applied these materials to effectively control various properties of
concrete, such as workability, water/cement ratio, setting time, durability,
fire resistance, and compressive strength.
Banana peel ash, a byproduct of the combustion of dried banana peels,
can be used as a partial replacement for cement in construction. This
material, rich in potassium and natural fiber, can be used as a
supplementary cementitious material in concrete production. This not
only reduces the environmental impact of disposing of banana peels but
also offers benefits such as improved compressive strength and reduced
costs. Additionally, banana peel ash contains minerals like silica, which
contribute to the strength and performance of concrete. Banana peels, rich
in potassium, are used as a partial replacement to improve the
1
compressive strength of concrete.
.
1.1.1 BANANA PEEL ASH (BPA)
Banana Peel ash is also known as kol Khar. Kol Khar is the alkaline
extract from the ashes of burnt dried banana peels. The banana variety
commonly used is Musa balbisiana, locally known as
the Bhimkol or Athiyakol.
This unique banana plant is described to have seeds of the size of black
pepper, and the tree is known to be taller than most varieties. To make
the Kol Khar the peels of the mature fruit or the bark of the banana tree
is first sun dried and then burnt to an ash.
Banana peel ash is the powdery residue that remains after burning or
incinerating banana peels. Banana peel is rich in fiber content, out of
which 30-35% of total mass of fiber is carbohydrates. Mineral content in
banana generally consists of potassium (78.10mg/g) and manganese
(76.2mg/g) which are essential for plants and can be used as a fertilizer
.Although banana peel has these meritorious uses, these are considered
as vegetable waste. As 145million tones of Banana is consumed in
worldwide hence amount of banana peel will be approximately 40million
tones with 10million tones of Banana peel ash. Thus these ash can be
used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete mixtures. When used
in concrete, it serves as a supplementary cementitious material .
Fig1.1. Banana Peel Ash
2
Environmental benefits of BPA:
 Waste Reduction and Recycling: By using BPA,which

is a common agricultural waste product, as a
construction material, it offers a sustainable solution for
recycling and reusing waste material that would
otherwise be discarded. This helps reduce the amount of
waste sent to landfills and minimizes the environmental
impact associated with waste disposal.
 Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction: . Using

banana peel ash as a construction material can help
reduce energy consumption and associated greenhouse
gas emissions. Additionally, using banana peel ash
holds promise for making construction practices more
sustainable and reducing the carbon footprint of the
construction industry.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this research work are

 To explore the possibility of using Banana Peel Ash in concrete Mix
design..
 To evaluate the compressive strength
 To compare it with conventional concrete.
 To design concrete mixes using varying percentage of dry banana peel ash
as replacement of cement.
• To Analyze the effect of using Banana peel ash in the workability of concrete
3
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
The entire work has been divided into several phases and it is presented in different
chapters as given below:
In chapter 2, a brief review of the past works done on the effect of compressive
strength of concrete by Banana peel ash , effect on workability and Compressive
strength of concrete is discussed. Therefore, in this chapter, a brief literature review
of the different works is presented.
Chapter 3, mainly focuses on various materials used, the preliminary tests, mix
design and the various experimental works that have been carried out throughout
the project.
Chapter 4, includes all the results obtained in the course of completion of the
project in the form of tables and graphs.
Chapter 5, contains all the conclusion we have drawn from the study and also the
future scope of this project
4
CHAPTER-2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Nur Aqilah Bt. Abd Karim (2014) They conducted compressive strength
test to know the strength of concrete With three different temperatures.
Banana trunk is cut layer by layer and burn in Furnace with three different
temperatures that is 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. A total Of 27 cubes with
1OOmm x1OOmmx 100mm were used to determine the strength of
Concrete using banana fiber ash. All this specimens is cured for 7 days, 14
days and 28 days using water curing method. 2% of banana fiber ash was
replaced with Cement by weight. The result analysis show The lowest the
temperature the higher the strength of concrete can be obtained.
 Yang et al. (2016), conducted valuable insights into the fresh and hardened
properties of concrete containing banana peel ash. The study explores
factors such as setting time, consistency, and ultimate strength. Published in
Construction and Building Technology.
 Li a et al. (2017), contribute to the literature by conducting a comparative

analysis of banana peel ash with other commonly used supplementary
cementitious materials. Their work helps contextualize the unique benefits
of banana peel ash in the realm of concrete technology. Published in the
Journal of Materials Science and Engineering.
 Gadgihalli et. al. (2017) conducted an experiment for analysing the

properties of concrete using dry banana peel powder where he got increment
in the compressive strength of concrete along with flexural strength and
decresing in transmission temperature and decrease in the reduction. Hence
he conclude that banana peel can be used as admixture where temperature
5
due to exothermal reaction plays an important role and to be reduced in
construction
 Xu et. al (2019), investigated the pozzolanic activation mechanisms of

banana peel ash, unraveling the chemical processes that contribute to its
effectiveness in enhancing concrete properties. Published in Cementitious
Materials Research,, 2019.
 Smith, J., et al. (2019), They conducted the study delves into the pozzolanic
characteristics of banana peel powder, revealing compelling insights into its
capacity to enhance both compressive strength and durability in concrete
structures1. The findings from this research underscore the promising
potential of utilizing this agricultural waste by product as a valuable and
sustainable component in concrete formulations, offering a viable solution
to enhance the mechanical properties of the material.
 Wang, Q., et. al (2019), explored the influence of varying concentrations

of banana peel powder on both fresh and hardened concrete properties. Their
work provides practical guidelines for achieving optimal mix proportions,
informing concrete formulation practices.
 Kim, S., et al. (2020),conducted a survey that banana peel derivatives

impact the microstructure of concrete, as demonstrated on this work. This
study delves into the influence on factors such as porosity and pore size
distribution, shedding light on the mechanisms behind the observed
improvements in durability.
 Johnson A., et. al. (2020),Within the broader context of sustainable

construction, emphasize the environmental benefits associated with the
integration of banana peel powder in concrete mixtures. By utilizing
agricultural waste, construction practices can significantly mitigate the
6
ecological impact of traditional concrete formulations. This literature
provides a nuanced perspective on how banana peel derivatives align with
the global shift towards environmentally conscious building materials and
methodologies.
 Zhang et al. (2020), focus on the influence of banana peel ash on concrete
microstructure. Their work delves into the nanoscale changes, providing a
comprehensive understanding of the material's impact on the composition
and arrangement of concrete components. Published in Journal of Advanced
Concrete Technology.
 Kumar et al. (2021), conducted optimization studies, exploring the most

effective proportions of banana peel ash in concrete mixtures. The research
aims to provide practical guidelines for achieving optimal performance.
Published in Construction and Building Optimization, 31(4), 2021.
 Greenfield L et al. (2021), they emphasized the sustainable nature of

incorporating banana peel waste in concrete. As documented in this
literature, the utilization of agricultural byproducts aligns with the growing
trend towards eco-friendly construction practices. The research highlights
the potential of banana peel derivatives to contribute to the development of
construction materials that are not only structurally sound but also
environmentally responsible.
 Chen (2021),explored the chemical composition of banana peel ash,

establishing its role as a supplementary cementitious material.
Understanding the intricate chemical interactions within concrete mixtures
is paramount to optimizing their performance. The research presented in this
study contributes valuable insights into the mechanisms behind the
beneficial effects of banana peel ash on the overall properties of concrete.
7
 Huang et al. (2022), conducted a study to explore the rheological properties
of concrete with banana peel ash. The study provides a nuanced
understanding of how the material influences concrete workability and
viscosity. Published in Construction Materials Journal.
 Manan et al.(2021) reported an increased compressive strength of concrete

when BPA (Banana Peel Ash) was incorporated in concrete at 0%, 1%, and
2%, using a contour plot for BSA content, curing days and compressive
strength, it was observed that the compressive strength increases with an
increase in curing days following similar trend for strength development in
concrete.
 Gangadhar et al.(2022) reported that the the compressive strength of
concrete with banana fiber increased up to 4% inclusion of the fiber. This
grade 30 concrete with banana fiber performed excellently in loading than
the ordinary concrete. Also, concrete began to increase in its compressive
strength at 21 curing days when M20 grade was used together with banana
peel powder for its production. At the same time, its strength increment with
grade M30 was appreciated from 14 days of curing.
 Mohamad et al. (2022) confirmed that banana skin powder has excellent
potential for concrete flexural strength increment up to 1.0% inclusion of
banana peel ash compared with control.
 Gadgidhalli et al. (2022) reported the bending resistance capacity of grade

M20 concrete reinforced with BPP was 85.2% greater than that of plain
concrete. Likewise, the tensile strength of M30
grade concrete was increased by 87.1% over its control spec
imen. This implied that BPP is a tremendous potential material for concrete
reinforcement against bending.
8
CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIAL USED
3.1.1 Banana Peel Ash(BPA)

Banana is one of the most important crops of the tropical plants. It
belongs to the family Musaceae and the genus Musa sapientum. . The
banana variety we are using in this project is Musa balbisiana, locally
known as the Bhimkol or Athiyakol.
Banana peel is rich in crude fibre, carbohydrates, crude protein and ash
and can serve as basal materials or components of animal feed. It is also
high in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron, and can be good
source of these minerals. This study underscores the nutritional relevance
and mineral potentials of banana peel ash.Thus usage of this banana peel
ash will lead to the benefit of wastes management (waste reduction)
strategy, as the wastes would have constitute nuisance to the
environment.
Table 3.1. Proximate Composition of Banana Peel
NUTRIENTS % COMPOSITION
Carbohydrate 11.82 ± 2.17
Crude Protein 1.95 ± 0.14
Crude Fiber 8.37 ± 0.18
Crude Lipid 5.93 ± 0.13
Moisture Content 62.33 ± 0.14
Ash Content 9.60 ± 0.02

Energy (kcal) 106.50
9
Table 3.2 Mineral Composition of Banana Peel (mg/100g)
MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS *RDA(mg/100g)

ELEMENTS
Phosphorus 211.30± 1.24 270

Magnessium 44.50 ± 0.08 170
Sodium 115.10 ± 0.26 70
Iron 47.00 ± 1.26 35
Calcium 59.10 ± 0.85 260
Copper 0.51 ± 0.02 0.9
Potassium 4.39 ± 0.15 220
Manganese 0.702± 0.09 3
3.1.1.1 Properties of Banana Peel Ash
Banana Peel Ash has various physical and chemical properties.

Banana peel ash is typically gray to white in color and its texture is usually fine and
powdery. It may have a faint, earthy odor and its density can vary, but it is generally
low. It is partially soluble in water.
Banana peel ash is alkaline in nature due to the presence of potassium and other
alkaline minerals. Mineral content in a banana peel is primarily consistent of
potassium (78.10mg/g) and manganese (76.20mg/g). Other minerals present are
sodium, calcium and iron at 24.30, 19.20 & 0.61mg/g respectively. It mainly
consists of potassium carbonate (potash), with smaller amounts of other minerals
like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
10
Table-3.3: Physical properties of Banana Peel Ash
Particulars Properties
Colour Grey
Shape Texture Irregular
Particle Size <4.75mm
Specific gravity 2.1
Table 3.4: Chemical Compositions in Banana Peel Ash
Parameter Composition(%)
Silicon Dioxide (Si02) 48.7
Iron Oxide(Fe2O3) 1.4
Aluminium Oxide (Al 203 ) 2.6
Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 0.21
Loss of Ignition (LOI) 5.06
Fig 3.1 Dry Banana Peel Fig 3.2 Burning of Banana Peels
11
Fig 3.3 Dry Banana Peel Ash
3.1.2 Cement
Cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens,
and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its
own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with
fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces
concrete.
The properties of cement are in compliance with the Indian standard organization.
The specific gravity of the cement used is 3.15. PPC is the most widely used
Portland cement.
3.1.2.1 Composition of cement

Table 3.5: Basic Composition of Cement (Shetty, M.S., Concrete technology)
Components %
CaO 60-67
SiO2 17-25
Al2O2 5-8
Fe2O3 5-6
MgO 1-4
Alkalis(Na2O,k2O) 2-1
SO3 1-3
12
3.1.2.2 Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC)
PPC is made by blending OPC with pozzolanic materials such as fly ash,
volcanic ash, or silica fumes. It offers improved workability, durability,
and reduced heat of hydration. PPC is commonly used in hydraulic
structures, marine construction, and mass concrete works.
Fig 3.4 Portland Pozzolana Cement
The characteristics are:

1. Durable
2. Corrosion resistance
3. Low heat of hydration
4. Compressive strength
3.1.2.3 Use of PPC

PPC is used for constructing hydraulic structures like dams, bridges over a river,
underwater structures and areas near the sea, etc.
 It is used in pre-stressed and pre-tensioned concrete structures.
 It is used for the construction of precast sewage pipes.
 It is used in masonry mortar and for plastering.
 It is also used in harsh concrete construction.
 It also gives a better finishing that’s why it is used for the construction of
the decorative and art structure.
13
3.1.3 Concrete
Concrete is construction material composed mainly of water, aggregate and
cement. In addition to this reinforcement and additives are often included in
mixture to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material
Concrete forms a fluid mass when fresh that can be easily moulded in shape The
cement forms a hard matrix over time which binds the rest of the ingredients into
a durable stone line material with many uses. Here we used the M25 grade of
concrete.
3.1.3.1 Characteristics of a good concrete
They are:
1. Workable
2. Free from segregation
3. Free from bleeding
4. Proper strength
5. Durability
6. Appearance
3.1.4 Aggregate
Aggregate is the other main ingredient in concrete, but it is often overlooked. It is

added in concrete mix to enhance the properties of concrete. To reduce shrinkage,
we need to reduce the total amount of cement paste in the mix—the aggregate
doesn't shrink. To reduce the cement paste, we need to minimize the spaces between
the aggregate particles. That is accomplished with a "well-graded" aggregate
mixture that starts with the largest aggregate size possible—ideally 1 ½ inches,
although it should be less than 1/3 of the slab thickness and few stamping
contractors will want to stamp a mix with aggregate that large. When aggregate is
evaluated, it is run through a series of sieves to determine the size distribution. The
classic distribution is to have between 8% and 18% of the total aggregate on each
of the standard sieves. A well-graded mix, as opposed to a more traditional gap-
graded mix, will have less cement and less shrinkage.
14
3.1.4.1 Requirement of a good aggregate
The requirements are:
1. It should be sufficiently strong
2. It should be hard
3. It should be durable
4. It should have a rough surface
5. It should be spherical or cubical in shape
3.1.4.2 Classification of aggregate

1. Coarse aggregate:
The aggregates which pass through 75mm IS Sieve and retain on 4.75mm IS Sieve
are known as coarse aggregates. Coarse aggregates refer to irregular and granular
materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, and are used for making concrete.
In most cases, Coarse is naturally occurring and can be obtained by blasting quarries
or crushing them by hand or crushers. It is imperative to wash them before using
them for producing concrete. Their angularity and strength affect the concrete in
numerous ways. Needless to say, the selection of these aggregates is a very
important process.
Fig3.5. Coarse aggregate

.
15
2. Fine aggregates
The aggregates which pass through 4.75mm IS Sieve and retain on 75micron
IS Sieve are known as Fine aggregates.Fine aggregate, which may be granular
material or crushed stone, is a fundamental component of concrete. The quality of
the fine aggregate and the density of the fine aggregate both have a significant
impact on the hardened qualities of the concrete. If the fine aggregate is chosen for
its grading zone, particle geometry and surface characteristics, wear and skid
resistance, soaking and surface moisture, then the concrete mixture will last longer,
become sturdier, and cost less.
Fig 3.6. Fine aggregate
3.1.5 Water
Water controls many properties of concrete such as workability, compressive

strength, durability, permeability etc. Duff Abrams discovered the direct
relationship between water and cement as water-cement ratio. The less water used,
the higher the strength of the concrete since too much water leaves lots of pores in
the paste portion of the concrete. For most applications, the water cement ratio
should be between 0.4 and 0.5—lower for lower permeability and higher strength
16
3.2 FLOW CHART
Fig 3.7 . Depiction of Methodology
17
3.3 PRELIMINARY TEST
3.3.1 Sieve Analysis
Purpose: This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes
obtained within a sample. The distribution of different grain sizes affects the
engineering properties of concrete.
3.3.1.1 Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregates
Apparatus used: Balance, Set of sieves (4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600μm,
300μm, 150μm, 75μm), Pan, Sieve shaker, Timing device.
Test Procedures:
1) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110+5 degree
centigrade and weighted.
2) The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
3) On completion of sieving, the material on sieve is weighted.
4) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a % of total sample
weight.
5) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregate
retained on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.
Fig 3.8 Set of IS sieves Fig 3.9 Seiving of fine aggreagte
18
3.3.1.2 Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregates
Apparatus used: Balance, Set of sieves(80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm),

Pan, Sieve shaker, Timing device.
Test Procedures:
1) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110+5degree
centigrade and weighted.
2) The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
3) On completion of sieving, the material on sieve is weighted.
4) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a %of total
sample weight.
5) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregate
retained on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.
Fig 3.10 sieve shaker machine with IS sieve for coarse aggregates
3.3.2 Determination of Specific Gravity

Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of weight of aggregate to the weight of equal
volume of water. The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure
of strength or quality of the material. Aggregate having low specific gravity is
generally weaker than those with high specific gravity. This property helps in a
general identification of aggregates.
19
3.3.2.1 Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregates
Following apparatus are used to conduct the specific gravity test and water
absorption test of aggregates:
1. Balance: A balance or scale of about 3 kg capacity to weigh accurately up to 0.5
g, and of such a type and shape, so as to permit within the basket containing the
aggregates when suspended in water.
2. Oven: A well-ventilated oven, which can be controlled thermostatically and it
maintains a temperature of 100 to 110 ˚C.
3. Wire Basket (Density Basket): A wire basket or density basket of not more than
6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient size with wire hangers for
suspending it from the
4. Water tight Container: A stout watertight container in which the basket can be
freely suspended.
5. Dry Clothes: Two dry, soft, and good quality absorbent clothes of size 75 x 45
cm. 6. Shallow Tray: A shallow tray of the area not less than 650 cm2 .
Test Procedure:
1) Taking a sample of 2 kg of aggregates. Wash the sample thoroughly to remove
finer particles and dust from it.
2) After washing, we place aggregates in the wire basket and immersing it in
distilled water at a temperature between 22°C and 32°C with a cover of at least 5
cm of water above the top of the basket.
3) Immediately, after immersion, we remove the entrapped air from the sample by
lifting the basket containing aggregates 25 mm above from the base of the tank and
allowing it to drop again. Continue this process at least 25 times at the rate of about
one drop per second. The basket and aggregates shall remain completely immersed
during this process as well as for a period of 24 ± ½ hours afterwards.
4) Then the basket and the sample are jolted and weighed in the water at a
temperature of 22 to 32°C. If it is necessary for them to be transferred to a different
tank for weighing, they are jolted 25 times as described above in the new tank before
weighing. Note down this weight of aggregates and basket in water as A1.
5) After that, we remove the basket and the aggregates from the water and allowing
to drain for a few minutes. After that, empty the aggregates from the basket on the
20
dry clothes and returning the empty basket to the water, jolting it 25 times and weigh
in water. The weight of basket suspended in water as A2 is noted.
6) Gently drying those aggregates with the dry cloth. We transfer aggregates to the
second dry cloth if the first one cannot remove optimum moisture residue from
them. After that spread out them in one layer for at least 10 minutes for surface to
get dry completely and avoid direct sunlight on them. Then the weight of these dry
aggregates are taken which are saturated and noted as B.
7) Next, placing the aggregates in the oven on the shallow tray at a temperature of
100 to 110°C and maintain this temperature for next 24 ± 1/2 hours. Then removing
aggregates from the oven and cool in an airtight container. After that, we measure
the weight of the aggregates and the weight of oven-dry aggregates as C is noted.
Fig 3.11 Wireness bucket in water Fig 3.12 Wireness bucket in water
Fig 3.13 Wireness bucket Fig 3.14 Setup of specific gravity test
21
3.3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates
Apparatus Required
Apparatus required to determine the specific gravity of solids using density bottle
method are:
• Density bottle of 50 ml capacity
• Digital balance of accuracy 0.001g
• vacuum desiccator
• Vacuum pump
• Oven
• Constant temperature water bath (27 0C)
• Spatula
Test Procedure:
Test Procedure to determine the specific gravity of solids using density bottle
consists following steps:
1) Firstly, the density bottle is cleaned and we put it in an oven at a temperature of
105 0C to 100 0C for drying. After drying, putting it in the desiccators to cool down.
2) Now the density bottle along with stopper is weighed using balance to an
accuracy of 0.001 gm and the is reading is noted as “W1”
3) Taking 5 to 10 g of oven dried sample in the density bottle and the weight of the
bottle along with stopper and dry sample is taken and the reading is noted as “W2”.
4) Now adding de-aired distilled water to the soil in the density bottle up to the soil
level and shaking gently to mix soil and water.
5) Now removing the stopper of density bottle and placing it in vacuum desiccators
and the vacuum pump is connected.
6) The air entrapped in the soil is expelled by applying vacuum pressure of 55 cm

of mercury for about one hour in vacuum desiccators. After that, the lid is removed
and stirring the soil using spatula. The soil adhere to the spatula is washed into the
bottle with air free distilled water. Again, applying vacuum pressure for some time
which is stooped when there is no more air evolved from the specimen.The
entrapped air can also be removed by heating in the absence of vacuum desicators
22
7) Removing the bottle from the desiccators and add more distilled water until the
bottle is full. Inserting the stopper.
8) To attain the constant temperature through the bottle, it is immersed into the
water bath for one hour.
9) Taking out the bottle from water bath after attaining constant temperature and
cleaning and drying the outside using smooth cloth.
10) Now the bottle is weighed which is the total mass of bottle, soil and water and
is noted down as “W3”.
11) In the final step, the bottle is emptied and washed and refilling it with only
distilled water. Now also placing it in water bath for one hour to maintain same
temperature during experiment.
12) Now taking weight of the bottle with full of distilled water along with stopper
which is “W4”.
13) Now the same procedure is repeated for three times and the average reading of
three observations is taken as final result.
Fig 3.15: Computation of Specific Gravity

Observations and Calculations
The specific gravity of solid particles is the ratio of the mass density of solids to
that water. It is determined in the laboratory using the relation-
23
𝑊2 − 𝑊1
𝐺=
(𝑊2 − 𝑊1) − (𝑊3 − 𝑊4)
Where W1 = mass of empty bottle, W2 = mass of the bottle and dry soil, W3 = mass
of bottle, soil and water, W4 = mass of bottle filled with water only
Fig 3.16 Density bottle Fig 3.17 Weighing balance

(accuracy upto 0.001g)
3.3.3 Impact value test

Theory:
The aggregate have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration due to
impact. This characteristic is measured by impact value test. The aggregate impact
value is measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may differ from
its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.
Apparatus:
1. Impact value machine (The machine consists of a metal base.
Cylindrical steel cup which dia 10.2 cm and depth 5 cm. A metal
hammer of weight 13.5 to14 kg, 10 cm dia and 5 cm long).
2. Weight balance.
3. A Cylindrical cup having 7.5 cm dia and 5 cm depth)
4. A steel rod (1cm dia and 23 cm long)
5. Sieves – the IS Sieves of 12.5 mm, 10mm, and 2.36 mm.
24
Preparation of the test sample:
1. The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes
a 12.5- mm IS Sieve and is retained on a 1O-mm IS Sieve. The
aggregate comprising the test sample shall be dried in an oven for a
period of four hours at a temperature of 100 to 110°C and cooled.
2. The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate
and tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod.
Further similar quantity of aggregate shall be added and a further
tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure shall finally be filled to
overflowing, tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregate struck off,
using the tamping rod as a straight-edge. The net weight of
aggregate in the measure shall be determined to the nearest gram
(Weight A) and this weight of aggregate shall be used for the
duplicate test on the same material.
Test Procedure:
1. We take some aggregate passing through 12.5 mm IS sieve and
retained on 10 mm IS sieve.
2. We now fill the cylinder with aggregate in three approximately equal
layers by tamping 25 times each layer by tamping rod.
3. The excess material from the top layer is removed by tamping rod or
straight edge.
4. The weight of test sample is now measured.
5. The test sample from cylinder is transferred to the cup of impact
machine which is firmly fixed on the base of the impact machine, and
the testing sample is compacted by tamping 25 strokes.
6. The hammer is raised above the upper surface of the aggregate in the
cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate.
7. The test sample is subjected to a total of 15 such blows.
8. The crushed aggregate is then removed from the cup and whole of it
sieved on the 2.36 mm IS Sieve until no further significant amount
passes.
25
Fig 3.18 Tamping of Coarse Aggregate Fig 3.19 Impact Testing
3.3.4 Aggregate crushing test

Theory:
The strength of coarse aggregate is assessed by aggregate crushing test. The
aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure of resistance to crushing under
a gradually applied compressive load. To achieve a high quality of pavement,
aggregate possessing low aggregate crushing value should be preferred.
Apparatus:
1. A 15 cm diameter open-ended steel cylinder, with plunger and base-
plate.
2. A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross-section 16 mm in
diameter and 45 to 60 cm long, rounded at one end.
3. Sieves – the IS Sieves of 12.5 mm, 10mm, and 2.36 mm.
4. Oven.
5. Weight balance.
6. A compression testing machine capable of applying a load of 46
tonnes.
7. A cylindrical cup for measuring the sample.
26
Test Procedure:
1. We take some aggregate passing through 12.5 mm IS sieve and
retained on 10 mm IS sieve.
2. The cylinder is filled with aggregate in three approximately equal
layers by tamping 25 times each layer by tamping rod.
3. The excess material is removed from the top layer by tamping rod
or straight edge.
4. The weight of the test sample (Weight A) is measured and the
plunger is placed on the top of the cylinder.
5. The cylinder on the compression testing machine is placed.
6. Applying the load at a uniform rate of 4 tonnes per minute until the
load reaches to 40 tonnes.
7. The load is released and the whole of the material is removed from
the cylinder and sieved on a 2.36 mm IS Sieve for the standard test.
8. The fraction passing the sieve is weighed (Weight B).
Fig3.20 Crushing test
3.3.5 Water absorption test on aggregate

Theory:
Water absorption gives an idea on the internal structure of aggregate. Aggregates
having more absorption are more porous in nature and are generally considered
unsuitable, unless found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness
tests.
27
Apparatus:
1. Wire mesh bucket
2. Setup of water absorption test
Procedure:
1. About 2 kg of aggregate sample is taken, washed to remove fines
and then placed in the wire basket. The wire basket is then immersed
in water, which is at a temperature of 220C to 320C.
2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the
sample by lifting the basket 25 mm above the base of the tank and
allowing it to drop, 25 times at a rate of about one drop per second.
3. The basket, with aggregate are kept completely immersed in water
for a period of 24 ± 0.5 hour.
4. The basket and aggregate are weighed while suspended in water,
which is at a temperature of 220C to 320C.
5. The basket and aggregates are removed from water and dried with
dry absorbent cloth.
6. The surface dried aggregates are also weighed.
7. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and heated to 100 to 1100C
in the oven for 24 ± 0.5 hours. Later, it is cooled in an airtight
container and weighed.
3.3.6 NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST
Apparatus:
1. Vicat apparatus
2 .Weight balance
3. Gauging trowel
4 .Plastic measuring jar
5. Enamel tray
28
Theory:
The standard consistency of cement is defined as the consistency which will permit
a vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of
33-35 mm from the top of the mould. The apparatus is called as vicat apparatus.
This apparatus is used to find out the % of water required to produce a cement paste
of standard consistency The standard consistency of the cement paste is some time
called as normal consistency.
Test procedure:
1. Initially 400 gm of cement is taken and a paste is prepared with a weighed

quantity of water (say 24% by weight of cement) for the 1" trial.
2. The paste is prepared in standard manner and filled into the vicat mould within
3-5 minutes.
3. After completely filling the mould, the mould is shaken to expel the air.
4. A standard plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm long is attached and brought

down to touch the surface to the paste in the vicat mould and quickly released
allowing it to sink into the paste by its own weight.
5. Readings are recorded by noting the depth of penetration of the plunger.
6. Similarly second trial (say 30% of water) is conducted and the depth of
penetration of plunger is measured. Similarly trials are conducted with higher and
higher water cement ratios till such time the plunger penetrates for a depth of 5 to 7
mm from the bottom of the vicat mould that means cement is of normal consistency.
3.3.7 TEST FOR INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME
Apparatus:
1. Vicat apparatus
2. Weight balance
3. Gauging trowel
29
4. Plastic measuring jar
5. Enamel tray
Theory:
Initial setting time—
It is defined as the time elapsed from the moment when the water is added to the
cement and to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity.
Final setting time—
It is the time elapsed from the moment when the water is added to the cement and
when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness
to resist certain definite pressure.
Test procedure:-
Preparation of Test Block:
1. At first cement paste is prepared by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
2. Distilled is used in preparing the paste.
3. The paste is gauged and filled in to the vicat mould in specified manner within
3-5 minutes.
4. Stop watch is started at the moment water is added to the cement.
5. Temperature should be 27 degree.
Determination of Initial Setting Time:
1. The test block is placed confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous
plate, under the rod bearing initial setting needle (diameter -1 mm). The needle is
gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly
released, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
2. In the beginning, the needle will completely penetrate the test block.
30
3. This procedure is repeated until the needle, when brought in contact with the test
block and released as described above fails to pierce the block beyond 5 mm
measured from the bottom of the mould.
4. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the
time at which the needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5 mm measured
from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.
Time Determination of Final Setting:
1 The needle of the Vicat apparatus is replaced by the needle with an annular
attachment.
2. The cement is considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to
the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon, while the
attachment fails to do so.
3. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the
time at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the
attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
Range: Initial setting time should be not less than 30 minutes. Final setting time
should not be more than 10 hours.
3.3.8 TEST FOR FINENESS OF CEMENT
Apparatus:
1. Sieve (90 micron sieve)
2. Cement sample.
3. Weight balance.
Theory:
The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence
on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement
offers a greater surface area for hydration and hence the faster and greater
development of strength. Increase in fineness of cement is also found to increase
31
the drying shrinkage of concrete. Fineness of cement is tested either by sieving or
by determining the specific surface by the air permeability apparatus. Specific
surface is the total surface area of all the particles in one gram of cement.
Test Procedure:
Fineness of cement is tested in two methods:-
1. By sieving
2. By determination of specific surface by air permeability apparatus.
Generally Blaine Air permeability apparatus is used. Expressed as cm²/gm or
m²/kg
By sieving method:
a. 100 grams of cement is weighted and is taken on a standard IS sieve 90

micron. (w₁).
b. Air-set lumps in the sample is broken down with fingers.
c. The sample is sieved continuously giving circular and vertical motion for a
period of 15 minutes. Mechanical sieving device can also be used.
d. The residue left on the sieve is weighted. (w2).
32
3.4 MIX DESIGN CALCULATION
Mix design is defined as the process of selecting suitable materials of concrete and
determining their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of
certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. The design
of concrete mix requires the knowledge of material properties and properties of
concrete in plastic and hardened condition and also the experience of concreting.
The design mix should broadly meet following requirements:
In fresh state mix should be able to be transported, placed, compacted and

finished without segregation.
In the hardened state, it should achieve the required strength, adequate durability
and minimal shrinkage to maintain dimensional stability.
Mix should be as economical as possible.
The mix proportioning for a concrete of M25 grade is as follows (As per IS:
10262-2009)
Design of concrete Mix
Value of coarse aggregate
Name of the Test Result Remark

Specific Gravity 2.79 N/A
Water Absorption 0.90%
Impact Value 15.95% Satisfactory
Crushing Value 18.53%
33
Value for fine aggregate
Percent As per IS: 383-2016

Sieve Size
Passing Zone-III
10mm 100 100
4.75mm 91.8 95-100
2.36mm 87.2 95-100
1.18mm 77.2 90-100
600 micron 54.6 80-100
300 micron 16.6 15-50
150 micron 10 0-15
Name of the Test Result

Specific Gravity 2.6
Moisture Content 0.1%
Water absorption 0.40%
34
Stipulation for Proportioning
Grade Designation M25
Types of cement Dalmia Cement (PPC)
Maximum
nominal
size of
aggregate 20mm
250 kg/m3 (from
Minimum Cement table 5 IS 456 2000)
content
Maximum water
cement
ratio(I.S.456:2000) 0.5
Medium (slump=75mm)
workability as per I.S.456:2000
Exposure
Condition Severe
Degree of
supervision: good
Crushed angular aggregate
Type of aggregate
Method of
concrete placing Hand
Maximum cement 450 kg/m3 (Cl 8.2.4.2 IS456
content 2000)
Test data for material

Dalmia Cement
Cement Used PPC( IS 1489-1(1991))
Specific gravity
of cement 3.15
Specific gravity
of coarse aggregate 2.79
Specific gravity
of fine aggregate 2.62
water absorption
of coarse aggregate 0.9% (Part 3, IS 2386:1983)
water absorption
of fine aggregate 1.55 % (Part 3, IS 2386:1983)
Seive Analysis
Coarse aggregate conforming to table 7; IS 383:2016
Fine aggregate conforming to grading Zone 3 of table 9; IS 383:2016
35
PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETE MIX DESIGN:
Target strength for mix proportioning:
f′ck = fck + 1.65×s
= 25 + 1.65×4 (s= standard deviation from table 2: IS
10262:2019)
= 31.6 N/mm2
Or f′ck = fck + X
= 25+5.5
= 30.5 N/mm2 (for X, table 2: IS 10262:2019)
The higher value is to be adopted. Therefore, the target strength will be 31.6
N/mm2
Trial:-1
Selection of water-cement ratio:
For 0.48 water cement ratio

From Figure 1, (IS 10262:2019) the free water cement ratio
required for the target strength of 31.6 N/mm2 is 0.48 (from curve 2). This is
lower than the maximum value of 0.50 prescribed for ‘severe’ exposure for plain
concrete as per Table 3 of IS 456:2000.
0.48< 0.5, hence OK
Selection of water content:

From Table 4, (IS 10262:2019) water content = 186 kg (for
50 mm slump) for 20mm aggregate.
Estimated water content for 75 mm slump = 186 + (3×186)/100 = 191.58 kg.
Calculation of cement content:

Water cement ratio = 0.48
Cement content = 191.58 ÷0.48 = 399.125 kg/m3 > 250kg/m3 , hence ok.
Approximate air content (clause 5.2. IS 10262-2019):

For nominal size aggregate of 20mm air entrapped is 1.0 m3
Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content:

From Table 5, (IS 10262:2019) the proportionate volume of coarse aggregate
corresponding to 20mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone III) for water-
36
cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.64
So the water-cement ration is less by 0.5-0.48=0.02
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.48. So, it is increased by 0.02. For
decreased by 0.02, volume to be increased = (0.01÷ 0.05) × 0.02= 0.004
Therefore, the corrected proportion of the volume of coarse aggregate for the
water-cement ratio of 0.48= 0.64+0.004 = 0.644.
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1- 0.644= 0.356
Mix calculations:
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
1) Total volume = 1 m3
2) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 0.01 m3 [ IS 10262-2019 Table
3]
3) Volume of cement = (399.125 /3.15) × (1/1000) = 0.126m3
4) Volume of water = (191.58 /1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m3
5) Volume of all in aggregate = 1- (0.126 + 0.191 + 0.01) = 0.673 m3
6) Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.673 × 0.644× 2.79 × 1000 = 1209.219 kg
7) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.673 × 0.356 × 2.62×1000 = 627.72kg
Table 3.6 Mix proportions of 0.48 w/c ratio
Cement 399.125 kg/m3

Water 191.58 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate 1209.219 kg/m3
Fine aggregate 627.72 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio 0.48
Proportion obtained 1:1.57:3.029:0.48
(cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate: water))
Volume of ingredients:
1. No. of cubes to cast = 2
2. Volume of 1 cube = 0.150 m× 0.150 m× 0.150 m = 0.003375 m3
3. Volume of 2 cubes = 0.003375×2 = 0.00675 m3
4. Adding 15% extra volume for losses
Total volume of 2 cubes =0.00675× 1.15 = 0.00776 m3
37
Weight of ingredients:
1) Amount of ingredients for the 2 cubes are,
2) Cement =0.00776×399.12 = 3.09 kg
3) Coarse aggregate =0.00776×1209.219 = 9.38 kg
4) Fine aggregate (sand) =0.00776×627.72 = 4.80.48 kg
5) Water = 0.48×399.125x0.00776 = 1.48 litre
Trial 2:

required for the target strength of 31.6 N/mm2 is 0.46 (from curve 2). This is lower
than the maximum value of 0.50 prescribed for ‘severe’ exposure for plain concrete
as per Table 3 of IS 456:2000.
0.46< 0.5, hence OK

From Table 4, (IS 10262:2019) water content = 186 kg
(for 50 mm slump) for 20mm aggregate.

Cement content = 191.58 ÷0.46 = 416.47 kg/m3 > 250kg/m3 , hence ok.


38
Mix calculations:
2) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 0.01 m3 [ IS 10262-2019
Table3]
3) Volume of cement = (416.47 /3.15) × (1/1000) = 0.132m3
4) Volume of water = (191.58 /1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m3
7) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.667 × 0.352 × 2.62×1000 = 615.13kg
Table 3.7 Mix proportions 0.46
Cement 416.47 kg/m3
Water 191.58 kg/m3
Fine aggregate 615.13kg/m3
1) No. of cubes to cast = 2

2) Volume of 1 cube = 0.150 m× 0.150 m× 0.150 m = 0.003375
m3
3) Volume of 2 cubes = 0.003375×2 = 0.00675 m3
4) Adding 15% extra volume for losses
5) Total volume of 2 cubes =0.00675× 1.15 = 0.00776 m3
39
Amount of ingredients for the 2 cubes are,
1) Cement =0.00776×416.47 = 3.23 kg
3) Fine aggregate (sand) =0.00776×615.13 = 4.77 kg
4) Water = 0.46×416.47x0.00776 = 1.46 litre
Trial 3:

required for the target strength of 31.6 N/mm2 is 0.47 (from curve 2). This is lower
than the maximum value of 0.50 prescribed for ‘severe’ exposure for plain concrete
as per Table 3 of IS 456:2000. 0.47< 0.5, hence OK

From Table 4, (IS 10262:2019) water content = 186 kg (for 50 mm slump) for
20mm aggregate.

Cement content = 191.58 ÷0.47 = 407.61kg/m3 > 250kg/m3 , hence ok.

40
Mix calculations:
3]
3) Volume of cement = (407.61/3.15) × (1/1000) = 0.129 m3
4) Volume of water = (191.58 /1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m3
7) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.670× 0.354 × 2.62×1000 = 621.411 kg
Table 3.8 Mix proportions 0.47
Cement 407.61kg/m3
Water 191.58 kg/m3
2) Volume of 1 cube = 0.150 m× 0.150 m× 0.150 m = 0.003375 m3
3) Volume of 2 cubes = 0.003375×2 = 0.00675 m3
Total volume of 2 cubes =0.00675 × 1.15 = 0.00776 m3
1) Cement =0.00776×407.61 = 3.16 kg
2) Coarse aggregate =0.00776×1207.5678.219 = 9.37 kg
4) Water = 0.47×407.61x0.00776 = 1.45 litre
41
Table 3.9: Compressive strength for different water/cement ratio
Sl no W/C ratio Concrete 7 days 28 days Compressive

portion Compressive Strength(N/mm2)
Strength(N/mm2)
1. 0.46 1:1.47:2.89 21.77 30.55
2. 0.47 1:1.525:2.93 20.99 29.86
3. 0.48 1:1.57:3.029 18.99 28.74
After testing the samples of the above-mentioned W/Cs for compressive strength
at 7 days and 28 days, it has been found that the concrete blocks with W/C= 0.46
have passed the compressive strength test successfully. So, for further
experimental works, we have considered the W/C= 0.46
42
TRIAL 1 :
FOR 0.8% REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BANANA PEEL ASH
Mix calculations:
2) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 0.01 m3 [ IS 10262-2019 Table 3]

4) Volume of Banana Peel Ash =(3.33/1.95) × (1/1000) = 0.00171 m3
5) Volume of water = (191.58 /1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m3
6) Volume of all in aggregate = 1- (0.131 + 0.191 +0.00171+ 0.01) = 0.666
m3
Table 3.8 (a) Mix proportions 0.46 with 0.8% replacement

Cement 413.14 kg/m3
Banana peel Ash 3.33 kg/m3
Water 191.58 kg/m3
(cement:Banana peel ash: fine aggregate: coarse
aggregate)
3) Volume of 2 cubes = 0.003375×2 = 0.00675 m3
5) Total volume of 2 cubes =0.00675 × 1.15 = 0.00776 m3
1) Cement =0.00776×404.35 = 3.21 kg
43
2) Banana Peel Ash=0.00776x3.33= 0.026 kg
5) Water = 0.46×404.35.61x0.00776 = 1.45 litre
TRIAL 2 :
FOR 1% REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BANANA PEEL ASH
Mix calculations:

5) Volume of water = (191.58 /1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m3
6) Volume of all in aggregate = 1- (0.132 + 0.191 +0.0021+ 0.01) = 0.665 m3
7) Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.665×0.648× 2.79 × 1000 = 1202.2678 kg
8) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.665×0.352 × 2.62×1000 = 613.289 kg
Table 3.8 (b) Mix proportions 0.46 with 1% replacement
Cement 412.30 kg/m3

Water 191.58 kg/m3
(cement :banana peel ash: fine aggregate: coarse
aggregate)
44
3) Volume of 2 cubes = 0.003375×2 = 0.00675 m3
1) Cement =0.00776×412.3 = 3.19 kg
2) Banana Peel Ash=0.00776 x 4.16= 0.0322 kg
4) Fine aggregate (sand) =0.00776×613.289= 4.822 kg
5) Water = 0.46 × 412.3 x 0.00776 = 1.47 litre
TRIAL 3 :
Mix calculations:
3]
5) Volume of water = (191.58 /1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m3
m3
45
Table 3.8 (c) Mix proportions 0.46 with 2% replacement
Cement 408.1406 kg/m3
Water 191.58 kg/m3
aggregate)
3) Volume of 2 cubes = 0.003375×2 = 0.00675 m3
1) Cement =0.00776×408.1406 = 3.167 kg
2) Banana Peel Ash=0.00776x8.3294 = 0.0646 kg
5) Water = 0.46×408.1406x0.00776 = 1.456 litre
TRIAL 4 :
Mix calculations:

13) Volume of water = (191.58 /1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m3
46
m3
Table 3.8(d) Mix proportions 0.46 with 3% replacement

Cement 403.98kg/m3
Water 191.58 kg/m3
aggregate)
3) Volume of 2 cubes = 0.003375×2 = 0.00675 m3
1) Cement =0.00776×403.98 = 3.07 kg
2) Banana Peel Ash=0.00776x12.49= 0.095 kg
5) Water = 0.47×407.61x0.00776 =1.442
47
Table 3.10 Concrete Mix Proportion Weightage
PARTICULARS AMOUNT
(Partially only Cement is Replacement % amount (Kg)
replaced by BPA, rest are 0% 0.8% 1% 2% 3%
same)
Cement 3.23 3.21 kg 3.19 kg 3.167 kg 3.07 kg

BPA 0 kg 0.02584 kg 0.0323 kg 0.0646 kg 0.0969 kg
Fine Aggregate 4.77 Kg 4.776 Kg 4.822 Kg 4.76 Kg 4.722 Kg
Coarse Aggregate 9.35 Kg 9.34 Kg 9.33 Kg 9.35 Kg 9.13 Kg
Water 1.45 L 1.45 L 1.47 L 1.46 L 1.443 L
Fig: 3.21 Compression Testing Machine
48
3.5 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
3.5.1 Slump Test
Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump test
1) The internal surface of the mould was cleaned and oil was applied.
2) Placed the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3) Filled the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal
layers.
4) Tamped each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod
in a uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the
subsequent layers, the tamping should penetrate into the underlying
layer.
5) Removed the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6) Cleaned away the mortar or water leaked out between the
mould and the base plate.
7) Raised the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical
direction.
8) Measured the slump as the difference between the height of

the mould and that of height point of the specimen being
tested.
49
Fig 3.22: Slump Test
Table 3.11: Slump Value and Workability
Sl no. Description Slump Workability

values(mm)
(replacing cement
by banana peel
ashes)
1 After replacing 30 Low

0% BPA

0.8% BPA

1% BPA
2% BPA
5 After replacing 45 low

3% BPA
50
3.5.2 Casting
1) The mould was cleaned and oil was applied.
2) The mould was filled with concrete in 3 layers.
3) Compacting each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer
using a tamping rod (steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long,
bullet pointed at lower end)
4) Top surface was leveled and smoothened with a trowel after

compaction of the last layer.
5) After 24 hours the specimen was removed from the mould and
submerged it into fresh and clean water until time of testing.
Fig 3.23: Casting of cube
51
3.5.3 Curing
As all over the world concrete is accessed by its compressive strength so curing of
concrete cube in a proper manner having great importance. Concrete cube can be
cured in a following manner:
1) Leave the test specimens in the mould for at least 16 h, but not longer than
three days, from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. Protect
the specimens from shock, vibration and water evaporation. Store the
specimens at a temperature of 27 ± 3 o c.
2) After removal from the mould, submerge the test specimens in clean, fresh
water immediately. Store the test specimens in water at a temperature of
27±20C and take it out just prior to testing. Alternately, store the test
specimens in a chamber at a temperature of 27 ± 20 C and a relative
humidity of at least 95 percent until just before testing.
3) If the test specimens are to be sent to a test laboratory, cover the test
specimens with wet cloth or wet sand/ sawdust or other suitable material
or seal the test specimens in plastic bags containing water to ensure that
the test specimens are delivered to the test laboratory in damp condition not
less than 24 h before the time of testing. At the test laboratory, store the test
specimens in water at a temperature of 27 ± 20C until taking it out just prior
to testing.
52
3.5.4 Compression Test
Apparatus : Compression Testing Machine

Procedure:
1. For this test mainly 150mm x 150 mm x 150 mm cubes were used.
2. Cleaned the moulds properly and applied oil inside the cube frame.
3. Filled the concrete in the moulds in layers approximately 50mm thick.
4. Compacted each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping
rod (steel bar 16mm diameter and 600 mm long).
5. Levelled the top surface and smoothened it with a trowel.
6. The concrete cubes were removed from the moulds between 16 to 72 hours,
usually this done after 24 hours. Removed the specimen from water after
specified curing time and excess water from the surface was wiped out.
Dimension of the specimen was taken to the nearest 0.2mm. And then the
specimen in the machine was placed in such a manner that the load should
be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast. The specimen was aligned
centrally on the base plate of the machine. Rotated the movable portion
gently by hand so that it touched the top surface of the specimen.
7. The load was applied gradually without shock and continuously at the rate
of 14kg/cm2/min till the specimen failed.
8. The maximum load was recorded and noted.
53
Fig 3.24: Compression testing machine
Fig 3.25: Concrete block
54
CHAPTER 4
TEST RESULTS
4.1 DETERMINATION OF
(A) Gradation of Coarse Aggregate
[As per IS 383-2016]
Table 4.1 Gradation Of Coarse aggregate
IS Weight of Cumulative Cumulative Percentage Percentage

Sieve(mm) Coarse weight weight Passing passing of
aggregate retained percentage (%) graded
Retained (kg) retained% aggregate
on Sieve of nominal
(Kgms) size
40 0 0 0 100 100
20 0.462 0.462 47.55 90.76 85-100
10 4.312 4.774 99.99 4.52 0-20
4.75 0.163 4.937 100 1.26 0-5
PAN 0.063 5
Result:-Nominal size of coarse aggregate here is found to be 20 mm
55
(B) Zone of fine aggregate
Table 4.2 Zoning Of Fine aggregate
[ As Per IS 383:1970]
IS Weight Percentage Cummulative Cumulative Remark

Sieve Retained of Weight weight Percentage
on Sieve Retained retained of Passing
(gms) (%) (%)
4.75 41 8.2 8.2 91.8 Zone

III
2.36 23 4.6 12.8 87.2 Zone
III
1.18 50 10 22.8 77.2 Zone
III
600 113 22.6 45.4 54.6 Zone II
300 190 38 83.4 16.6 Zone
III
150 74 14.8 98.2 1.8 Zone
III
75 6 1.2 99.4 0.6 N/A
Pan 3 0.6 100 0 N/A
Result : According to IS 383:1970, table 4, the Fine Aggregate is of zone III
56
4.2 RESULT OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY
(A) For Coarse Aggregates
Table 4.3: Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregates
[As per IS:2386(Part-3):1963]
Sl. Description Observed Observed

No.
Value- 1 Value- 2
1 Weight of aggregate 2.169 2.108

with basket in water
(W1 Kg)
2 Weight of basket with 0.854 0.854
water (W2) Kg
3 Weight of surface dried 2.001 1.987
aggregates in air (W3)
kg
4 Weight of oven 1.986 1.966
dried aggregates
(W4)kg
5 Specific gravity: 2.58 2.63
𝑊4
𝑊3 − (𝑊1 − 𝑊2)
6 Water Absorbtion: 1.06
0.75
𝐖𝟑−𝐖𝟒
𝑋100%
𝐖𝟒
Result : As per IS : 2386 ( Part III ) – 1963

1. The Specific Gravity of a given sample of course aggregate is found to be
2.79
2. The Water Absorption of a given sample of course aggregate is found to
be 0.9%
57
(B) For fine aggregate (sand)
Table 4.4: Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates
[As per IS:2386(Part-3):1963]
Sl. Description Observed Value- Observed Value-

No.
1 2
1 Weight of density bottle 0.047 0.047

(W1 Kg)
+ dry soil (W2) Kg
+ dry soil + water (W3)
kg
4 Weight of bottle + 0.153 0.154
water (W4)kg
5 Weight of Soil 0.11 0.118
(W5)
6 Weight of soil after 0.1086 0.1159
oven dried
5 Specific gravity, 2.556 2.72
W2 − W1
(W2 − W1) − (W3 − W4)
6 Water absorption 1.81
1.289
W5−W6
𝑋100%
W6
Result:-As per IS : 2386 ( Part III ) – 1963

1. The Specific Gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to
be 2.62
2. The Water Absorption of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to
be 1.55
58
(C) For Banana Peel Ashes
Table 4.5: Specific Gravity of Banana Peel Ash
[As per IS:2386(Part-3):1963]
Sl. Description Observed Observed

No.
Value Value
1 Weight of density bottle (W1 Kg) 0.048 0.048
2 Weight of density bottle + BPA (W2) Kg 0.069 0.068
3 Weight of density bottle + BPA + water 0.156 0.153

(W3) kg
4 Weight of bottle + water (W4)kg 0.145 0.144
5 Specific gravity, 2.1 1.82

W2 − W1
(W2 − W1) − (W3 − W4)
Result:-As per IS : 2386 ( Part III ) – 1963

The Specific Gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to be
1.951
59
4.3 RESULTS FOR IMPACT VAUE TEST
FOR COARSE AGGREGATE:
[As per IS 2386 (Part 4) – 1963
Table No.: 4.6 impact value coarse aggregate
Sl. No Details of sample No of observation
1 Total weight of 1 2
aggregate sample filling
the cylinder measure = 326 317
A gm
2 Weight of 49 55
aggregate passing
through 2.36 mm is sieve
after the test
= B gm
3 Aggregate impact value 15.03 16.87
4 Mean value 15.95
Results: The impact value for coarse aggregates = 15.95%
60
4.4 RESULTS FOR AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST
FOR COARSE AGGREGATE
[As Per IS : 2386 ( Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970]
Table No.: 4.7 Crushing value of coarse aggregate
Sl. No. Total Weight of Aggregate Mean

weight of fines crushing value
dry passing value (%)
aggregate through
(%)
(Kg) 2.36 mm
IS sieve
(kg)
1 1.6 0.293 18.31 18.53
2 1.6 0.300 18.75
Result : As Per IS : 2386 ( Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970 Crushing strength of
aggregate is 18.53%.
61
4.5 RESULT FOR CEMENT TESTING
(A) FINENSS TEST OF CEMENT
(As per IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1988)
Table no. 4.8 fineness of cement value
Sl no. Weight of sample Weight Cement Fineness (%)

taken (g) Sample
Retained on 90µm
Sieve
1 100 8.25 8.25
2 100 7.95 7.95
7.95+8.25
Average fineness of cement = 2
= 8.1%
Result:- The standard value of the fineness of cement should have a fineness of
less than 10 % or fineness of cement should not be more than 10% as per IS
Recommendations.
62
(B) CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
[As per IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988, IS: 5513-1976]
Table no. 4.9 Normal consistency of cement value
Sl Weight Water Weight Plunger Consistency

no. of Content of penetration Of cement
cement % water (mm) in %
taken taken
(g) (g)
1 500 30 140 15
2 500 34 170 6 34%
3 500 35 165 0
Result:- Normal consistency of cement is 34 %
(C) INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

[As per IS: 4031 (Part 4) -1988, IS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988, IS: 5513-1976]
Table no. 4.10
Setting Time Time Period Time
Initial 3.30 pm – 4.15 pm 45 min
Final 10.15 am-3.55 pm 5 hours 45 min
Result: -
1. Initial setting time of cement is for the given sample is found to be 45 min
2. Final setting time of cement is for the given sample is found to be 5 hour
45 min
63
4.6 FOR AMOUNT OF W/C, FA, CA, BANANA PEEL ASHES
AND WATER
Table 4.11
Replacement(%) Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight Weight

cement(kg/ fine coarse of water of
m3) aggregate( aggregate( (kg/ m3) Banana
kg kg peel
/m3) /m3) Ash
(kg
/m3)
0 416.47 615.13 1205.882 191.58 0
0.8 413.14 614.211 1204.07 191.58 3.33
1 412.32 613.289 1202.2678 191.58 4.16
2 408.14 613.811 1203.5378 191.58 8.323
3 403.98 612.82 1201.3628 191.58 12.4941
64
4.7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
4.7.1 Replacement of cement with Banana Peel Ashes
Table 4.12: Compressive strength values at 7 days

% of Days Area Weight Compressive Compress
replaceme (mm2 load(kN) ive
(kg)
nt ) strength(
N/mm2)
0 7 150x150 8.132 490 21.77
0.8 7 150x150 7.992 502 22.30
1 7 150x150 8.072 507.8 22.67
2 7 150x150 7.883 522 23.20
3 7 150x150 7.785 514 22.83
Compressive strength at 7 days

23.5
23.2
Compressive strength in (N/mm2)
23 22.83
22.67
22.5 22.3
22
21.77
21.5
21
0% 0.80% 1% 2% 3%
Percentage of replacement of cement by Banana Peel Ashes
Fig 4.1 : Graph between compressive strengths at 7 days with respect to

Percentage of replacement of Cement by Banana Peel Ashes
65
Table 4.13: Compressive strength values at 28 days
% of Days Area(mm Weight Compre Compressive
2)
replaceme ssive
(kg) Strength(N/mm
nt load(K 2
)
N)
0 28 150x150 8.227 687.7 30.55
0.8 28 150x150 8.471 707.6 31.46
1 28 150x150 8.127 723.9 32.17
2 28 150x150 8.095 757.5 33.67
3 28 150x150 8.123 731.5 32.51
Compressive strength at 28 days

34 33.56
33.5
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
33 32.51
32.5 32.17
32 31.46
31.5
31 30.55
30.5
30
29.5
29
0% 0.80% 1% 2% 3%
percentage of replacement of cement with Banana peel ashes
Fig 4.2 : Graph between compressive strength at 28 days with

respect to % replacement of cement with banana peel ashes
66
4.7.2 COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 0%
REPLACEMENT (STANDARD M25 CONCRETE)
The Compressive Strength for the standard M25 Graded concrete mix at 0%
replacement is found to be 21.77 N/mm2 at 7 days, 30.55 N/mm2 at 28 days.
Hence it can be said that the strength of the specimen has increased significantly
over time. From the above graphical representation, it is possible to observe that
the amount of strength gained by the standard concrete mix in 7th and 28th day
after casting.
Table 4.14 Compressive Strength of M25 Grade Standard Concrete

Ages (days) Compressive
strength
(N/mm2)
7 21.77
28 30.55
Compressive strength Vs Days

35
30.55
compressive strength (N/mm2)
30
25
21.77
20
15
10
0
7 days 28 days
Age (days)
Fig 4.3 Compressive Strength vs. Age (Days) at 0% Replacement
67
4.7.3 COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 0.8%
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BPA
(STANDARD M25 CONCRETE)
The Compressive Strength for the standard M25 Graded concrete mix at 0.8%
replacement is found to be 22.33 N/mm-2 at 7 days, 31.46 N/mm2 at 28 days. Hence
it can be said that the strength of the specimen has increased significantly over time.
From the above graphical representation, it is possible to observe that the amount
of strength gained by the standard concrete mix in 7th and 28th day after casting.
Table 4.15 Compressive Strength of M25 Grade Standard Concrete with 0.8%
BPA

strength (N/mm2)
7 22.33
28 31.46

35 31.46
30
25 22.33
20
15
10
5
0
7 days 28 days
Age (days)
Fig 4.4 Compressive Strength vs. Age (Days) at 0.8 % Replacement
68
The Compressive Strength for the standard M25 Graded concrete mix at 1 %
Table 4.16 Compressive Strength of M25 Grade Standard Concrete with 1%
BPA

strength (N/mm2)
7 22.67
28 32.17

35 32.17
30
25 22.67
20
15
10
0
7 days 28 days
Age (days)
Fig 4.5 Compressive Strength vs. Age (Days) at 1 % Replacement
69

BPA

strength (N/mm2)
7 23.2
28 33.67

35
33.67
30
25 23.2
20
15
10
0
7 days 28 days
Age (days)
70

BPA

strength
(N/mm2)
7 22.83
28 32.51

35 32.51
30
25 22.83
20
15
10
0
7 days 28 days
Age (days)
71
4.7.7 ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT
THE END OF DAY 7 and 28:
By plotting the compressive strength of 28 days aged cube with various
replacement percentages, we got the following graphical representation graph.
Overall compressive strength increment

40 31.46 32.17 33.67 32.51
30.55
35
30 21.7 22.33 22.67 23.2 22.83
25
20
15
10
5
0
0% 0.80% 1% 2% 3%
7days 21.7 22.33 22.67 23.2 22.83
28 days 30.55 31.46 32.17 33.67 32.51
Percentage of cement replace with banana peel ash
7days 28 days
Fig 4.8 variation of compressive strength in 7 days and 28 days
COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/MM2)
7 DAYS AND 28 DAYS

0% BPA 0.80% BPA 1% BPA 2% BPA 3% BPA
33.67
32.51
32.17
31.46
30.55
22.83
22.67
22.33
23.2
21.7
7days 28days
0% BPA 21.7 30.55
0.80% BPA 22.33 31.46
1% BPA 22.67 32.17
2% BPA 23.2 33.67
3% BPA 22.83 32.51
TIME (DAYS)
Fig 4.9 Variation of compressive strength in 7days and 28 days
72
percentage of compressive strength
percentage of compressive strength increment
12% 10.21%
10%
8% 6.42%
5.30% 6.90%
6%
5.20%
4% 2.90% 4.47%
2.70%
2%
0%
0% 0%
0% 0.80% 1% 2% 3%
Compressive strength 28
0% 2.90% 5.30% 10.21% 6.42%
days
Compressive strength at 7
0% 2.70% 4.47% 6.90% 5.20%
days
percentage of replaced cement with BPA
Fig 4.10 percentage of Increment of compressive strength at the end of 28

days and 7 days
The compression test results are shown in above fig. From the following graphical
representation, it is observed that the maximum result or maximum compressive
strength is obtained at 2% of Banana peel Ash replacement in concrete. The 28
days compressive strength for conventional M25 grade concrete is found 30.55
N/mm2 and that for 2% Banana Peel ash concrete is 33.67 N/mm2 . It shows the
10.21% improvement from conventional concrete. Thus, optimum use of Banana
Peel ash is 2%. Again, it is also observed from the graphical representation that at
1% banana peel ash replacement the strength improvement is 5.30% and at 3%
banana peel ash replacement the compressive strength changes it falls down from
10.21% to 6.42%.
73
4.8 SAVING OF CEMENT
Table 4.19
Percentages of replacement of Amount of Cement (kg/m3)

cement with Banana Peel Ashes
0 0
0.8 3.33
1 4.16
2 8.323
3 12.494
Amount of Cement Saved

14
12.494
12
Amount of cement Saved
10
8.323
8
6
4.16
4 3.33
2
0
0
0% 0.80% 1% 2% 3%
percentage of replacement of cement with banana peel ashes
Fig 4.11 Amount of cement Saved
74
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The partial replacement of cement with banana peel ash represents an innovative
and sustainable approach in the construction industry, addressing both
environmental concerns and resource utilization. Banana peel ash, derived from the
combustion of banana peels, is an eco-friendly alternative that minimizes waste by
re-purposing a readily available organic material. In this comprehensive study on
cement replacement in concrete, we systematically explored various substitution of
varying percentages 0%,0.8%,1%,2%,3%. The primary objective was to assess the
impact of these replacements on the compressive strength and workability of the
resulting concrete mix. The compressive strength tests were carried out for 7 and
28 days on blocks with conventional mix design and varying replacement
percentages (0.8%, 1%, 2%, 3%). The results indicated a noticeable increase in
compressive strength with very minimal impact on workability.Interestingly, our
research uncovered that a 2% substitution of cement yielded the highest
compressive strength among all examined compositions. There was a slight
decrease in compressive strength when incorporating a 3% replacement of cement
with banana peel ash.
5.2 SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY
In this study, the effect of partial replacement of cement by Banana peel Ash has
been studied at a smaller scale. However, with some modifications, it may become
applicable for large scale construction work. As we have seen in this study that the
compressive strength increases at 2% replacement of cement by Banana Peel Ash
further researches can also be done .
 Further research can focus on determining the different percentages of
banana peel ash in concrete to achieve the desired results for workability,
and cost-effectiveness
 Extensive testing and analysis can be conducted to explore the effects of
75
different Banana peel ash percentages on various concrete properties and
performance.
 Further research can focus on the practical application and field studies of
Banana Peel Ash based concrete in real construction projects.
76
REFERENCE
[1] IS 2386 (Part 3) – 1963 “Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete,
Part 3: Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption and Bulking.”
[2] 383-1970 “Indian Standard Specification for Coarse and Fine aggregate
from natural sources for concrete. “
[3] IS 4031 (Part 1) – 1988 “Indian Standard: Methods of physical tests for
hydraulic cement, Part 1: Determination of fineness by dry sieving.”
[4] IS 456-2000, “Plain and Reinforced concrete code of practice”, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[4] B. Lothenbach, F. Winnefeld / Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006)
209 – 226.
[5] IS 10262-2009, “Concrete mix proportioning guidelines “, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[6] “Strength performance of banana fiber ash as cementitious material with
different temperature” Report by Nur Aqilah Bt. Abd Karim (2014)
[7] IS 383-2016, “Coarse and Fine aggregate for concrete-specification”,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[8] Gadgihalli et. al., Vol 5;Nov 2017 “Analysis of properties of concrete
using dried banana peel powder as admixture”
[9] “Exploring the Potentials of Banana (Musa Sapietum) Peels in Feed
Formulation”International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science
(IJARCS).Volume 5, Issue 5, 2018)
[10] R. S. Ranjani, et al. (2018). “Performance Evaluation of Banana Peel
Ash Blended Cement Concrete.” Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), 2392-
2397.
[11] Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment,Vol. 22(Special Issue
II) August (2018)Res. J. Chem. Environ.
[12] Anand & N. Tharunkumar / International Research Journal of
Multidisciplinary Technovation /2019, 1(6), 526-531
[13] S. S. Abideen et al. (2019). “Banana Peel Ash as a Supplementary
Cementitious Material in Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials,
204, 537-548.
[14] A. K. Jain et al. (2020). “Utilization of Banana Peel Ash as a Partial
Replacement of Cement in Concrete.” Journal of Cleaner Production, 266,
121980.
[15] Nura Muhammad Apr. (2022)”The effect of banana peel ash on the
properties of concrete”.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS
IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY,[IJIERT] ISSN:
2394-3696,ijiert.org VOLUME 9, ISSUE 4
[16] Kilani, A., Olubambi, A., Ikotun, B., Adeleke, O., & Adetayo, O. (2022).
Structural performance of concrete reinforced with banana and orange peel
fibers - a review. J Sustain Const Mater Technol, 7(4), 339–357
[17] Hassan Pyar et al.(2018). “Chemical Compositions of Banana Peels Fruits
cultivated in Malaysia using proximate analysis”. Research Journal of
Chemistry and Environment, Vol. 22(Special Issue II).
[18] A. B., Hassan, H. F. , Ibrahim, O. A. and Tabe, U. F. , Usher, , N. N.
(2018). “Exploring the Potentials of Banana Peels in Feed Formulation”.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science (IJARCS)
Volume 5, Issue 5, 2018, PP 10-14.

7th Sem Final Report 1-1

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Final Year Project Report On

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH

Department of Civil Engineering

JORHAT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &

A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Nirmali Chakravarty 200810001030

Under the supervision of

Nirmali Chakravarty 200810001030

to the department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Institute of Science and

The undersigned certify that the project report entitled “PARTIAL

The undersigned certify that the project report entitled “PARTIAL

(Signature of external examiner)

Nirmali Chakravarty 200810001030

Keywords: Banana peel ash, compressive strength

Certificate of approval from supervisor I

Certificate of approval from committee III

Table of contents iii-v

List of figures vi-vii

List of tables viii-ix

3.1 MATERIAL USED ................................................................................ 9

Figure Number Name of the Figure Page

1.1 Banana Peel ash…………………………………...2

3.1 Proximate composition of banana peel…………….....9

4.15 Compressive Strength of M25 Grade Standard…….….68

fck Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days

fck’ Target average compressive strength at 28 days

Fig1.1. Banana Peel Ash

 Waste Reduction and Recycling: By using BPA,which

 Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction: . Using

The main objectives of this research work are

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Li a et al. (2017), contribute to the literature by conducting a comparative

 Gadgihalli et. al. (2017) conducted an experiment for analysing the

 Xu et. al (2019), investigated the pozzolanic activation mechanisms of

 Wang, Q., et. al (2019), explored the influence of varying concentrations

 Kim, S., et al. (2020),conducted a survey that banana peel derivatives

 Johnson A., et. al. (2020),Within the broader context of sustainable

 Kumar et al. (2021), conducted optimization studies, exploring the most

 Greenfield L et al. (2021), they emphasized the sustainable nature of

 Chen (2021),explored the chemical composition of banana peel ash,

 Manan et al.(2021) reported an increased compressive strength of concrete

 Gadgidhalli et al. (2022) reported the bending resistance capacity of grade

3.1.1 Banana Peel Ash(BPA)

Table 3.1. Proximate Composition of Banana Peel

Carbohydrate 11.82 ± 2.17

Crude Protein 1.95 ± 0.14

Crude Fiber 8.37 ± 0.18

Crude Lipid 5.93 ± 0.13

Moisture Content 62.33 ± 0.14

Ash Content 9.60 ± 0.02

MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS *RDA(mg/100g)

Phosphorus 211.30± 1.24 270

3.1.1.1 Properties of Banana Peel Ash

Banana Peel Ash has various physical and chemical properties.

Table 3.4: Chemical Compositions in Banana Peel Ash

Silicon Dioxide (Si02) 48.7

Iron Oxide(Fe2O3) 1.4

Aluminium Oxide (Al 203 ) 2.6

Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 0.21

Loss of Ignition (LOI) 5.06

3.1.2.1 Composition of cement

Fig 3.4 Portland Pozzolana Cement

The characteristics are: