TUGAS

MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS

OLEH :

Gusti Ayu Ratih Wulandari

NIM. 211310843

D3 TEKNOLOGI LABORATORIUM MEDIS

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN (STIKES)
WIRA MEDIKA
BALI
 URINE CULTURE

1. What is a urine culture ?

A urine culture is a test to find germs (such as bacteria) in the urine that can cause an

infection. Bacteria can enter through the urethra and cause a urinary tract infection

(UTI). Your urinary tract includes the kidneys, bladder, and the tubes that carry your

pee (ureters and the urethra).

2. What Can urine culture test for?

Urine culture can identify the microorganisms, typically bacteria, which cause a UTI.

3. What do the results tell us

The negative results of a urine culture that is reported as “no growth in 24 or 48 hours”

usually indicates that there is no infection. If the symptoms persist, however, a urine

culture may be repeated on another sample to look for the presence of bacteria at lower

colony counts or other microorganisms that may cause these symptoms. The presence

of white blood cells and low numbers of microorganisms in the urine of a symptomatic

person is a condition known as acute urethral syndrome.

The positive results of a urine culture typically, the presence of a single type of bacteria

growing at high colony counts is considered a positive urine culture. Results from a

urinalysis can be used to help interpret results of a urine culture. For example, a positive

leukocyte esterase (a marker of white blood cells) and nitrite (a marker for bacteria)

help confirm a UTI. If a culture is positive, susceptibility testing may be performed to

guide treatment. Occasionally, a UTI may be due to a yeast, such as Candidaalbicans.

 24-HOUR URINE COLLECTIO N

1. What is 24-hour urine collection ?

A 24-hour urine collection is a simple lab test that measures what's in your (human) urine. The

test is used to check kidney function. A 24-hour urine collection is done by collecting your

urine in a special container over a full 24-hour period. Thecontainer must be kept cool until the

urine is returned to the lab.

2. What can be 24-hours urine collection ?

A 24-hour urine collection may be done on an outpatient basis. This means you go home the

same day. Or it may be done during a hospital stay. Procedures may vary dependingon your

condition and your healthcare provider's practices. Generally, a 24-hour urine collection

follows this process:

• You will be given 1 or more containers for collecting and storing your urine. A

brown plastic container is typically used.A special pan that fits in the toilet or a

urinal may be used tocollect the urine. You will need to transfer the urine from

the collecting container to the storage container. You will need to keep it cold.

• The 24-hour collection may start at any time during the day after you urinate.

But your healthcare provider may tell you when to start. It is common to start

the collection the first thing in the morning. It is important to collect all urine in

the following 24-hour period.

• Don't save the urine from your first time urinating. Flush this first specimen, but

note the time. This is the start time of the 24-hour collection.

• All urine, after the first flushed specimen, must be saved, stored, and kept cold.

This means keeping it either on ice or in a refrigerator for the next 24 hours.

• Try to urinate again at the same time, 24 hours after the start time, to finish the

collection process. If you can’t urinateat this time, it is OK.

• Once the urine collection has been completed, the urine containers need to be
 taken to the lab as soon as possible. If you are doing the urine collection at

home, you will be given instructions on how and where to take it. Depending

on your specific health problem, you may beasked to repeat the collection

over several days.

3. What do the results tell us?

The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a

normal fluid intake of about 2 liters perday). A normal test result shows less than 150

milligrams of protein per day. The examples above are common measurements for results

of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some

labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the

meaning of your specific test results.

The abnormal result can interpretation the amount of protein in the urine may signify

kidney damage or disease. Protein levels may also rise temporarily due to factors

such as infection, stress, or excess exercise. If the protein is caused by kidney

damage, the test results will help to determine the extent of that damage. The protein

amount can also be used to monitor any disease progression or measure your

response to therapy. Proteinuria is associated with many other conditions. Disorders

that cause reduced urine volume include dehydration, not enough fluid intake, or

some types of chronic kidney disease.Some of the conditions that cause increased

urine volume include:

a. Diabetes insipidus – renal

b. Diabetes insipidus – central

c. Diabetes

d. High fluid intake

e. Some forms of kidney disease

 f. Use of diuretic medicines

PREGNANCY TEST

1. What is a pregnancy test ?

Pregnancy tests is check your pee or blood for a hormone called human chorionic

gonadotropin (hCG). Your body makes this hormone after a fertilized egg attaches to the

wall of your uterus.This usually happens about 6 days after fertilization. Levels of hCG rise

quickly, doubling every 2 to 3 days.

2. What can be checkced with a pregnancy test ?

A pregnancy test can tell whether you are pregnant.

3. What do the results tell us?

The Negative Result of Pregnancy Test

If you are not pregnant, a single window test would only show the single test line.

For two-window tests, the first window would show the test line and the second

window would show a single line that looks like a minus (-) symbol. This means you

are not pregnant.

The Positive Result is Pregnancy Test

Traditional at-home pregnancy tests come with a single window or two windows on

the pregnancy stick. All tests will have a test line to make sure that the pregnancy

stick is actually working. For the two-window tests, in one window a test line would

appear and in the second window a plus sign (+) will appear even if it is faint to

indicate that you are pregnant.