Land Law Easment

一`Ν
〓〓〓一c。一T一 r〓 ~泛'一 υ〓ハ cハ E一 ∝ ハ p“一 “ハ >ハ τ 〓i

υ υ
^△
od>rˇ 6^一 ~一 c一 c⌒ obP・ coハ CEハ o一
R
(`l
.o凵 ˇ〓江τ △cα G“
`C0~'/〓 0一 c〓 0〓一一 CF一 c〓 o△
%o一 Cハ ~g>CGo一一ハυ 一0ハ `cハ υ△ 6抚一
一
.・
・
纟一〓ハハ一〓〓ハハ〓〓一
△ 〓 υ△υ ハ ∩一ハ冖它一υ 〓・
`ハ ~一 ~ˇ Gハ >一 >旷
一
'υ
6^~〓 orcハ ooハ
E0△
.
`%0`“ >r0〓
ハ〓一冖〓 `ハ `乙ハ〓 0r〓 cハ〓 >'∷ ハ〓 J`ハ
∝ c一 `● oEdu△ ハ⌒一、υ￡凵冖一
ハ下宁‘・ co一 ˇ Ce一 ∝ CF一 c〓二
。〓一一
⌒ˇ r一ハ c>'c0‘ 0⌒ y〓 ~ハ △ /''ˇ ∞ ハハ△ハ ●
〓 “宀冖一 cハ日〓一 oo一 υ￠ >'⌒ ˇ 一“ CH钆〓 ⌒ˇ 二〓
`〓一' 一
・
一“ 一〓υ _cˉ
r⌒ 二☆
ˇ ``~`安
芒ハ心卜讠吆`辶 ``㈦ ~ˇ
∷ ∷・ I△
一△△△ △ 一
△一△ △
Φ ∞“ υ 0‘ 凵 ∞“ ∞ pcハ F冖 υ ∞“υ %ハ ∞υ● ∞ tハ凵υ ~△ “Ξ υ ハ〓凵 ∞υ 0“△u∞ 0〓一 u“‘ 凵ハ ∞“ハ ∝ C〓 υ〓 L一二〓
沙
扫 gυ 冖日 0cd口
咱 ooυ 叫一 o叫臼ハ一υ“△“ ‘ 一ˇ 一 .・
一
^一一 r二
二〓I
υ ハrˇ `口 c“ cハ >000〓
>t△ “〓 F启 `ハ ∞ 0一 0“ △“ Φ 0∞ pcハ F・ H0o“ 00>〓 ●戈 υ z∷ tCe一一〓二〓〓 . .
ハ C一ハ凵 △一
“ 一 ∝ “ ‘ 凵 >“
00‘
〓 %ハ >'oCυ
占一冖〓一>'υ △ 0哂 △Φ 凵 Cqυ 冖● O>/一
K..涕 “ ￠ qυ ∈ △ 一一
〓 .. .
υ￡一〓 υ ハハ ∞ 〓
c≡ `ハ cr<二 ~〓 o△ oco⒍ C一
υ 日 ● ￡日一O△ 一 △O〓 υ c“ 一凵cハ门>△ Φ `Φ 冖它 >^一
一・二二
口△ハ Gα ハ `ハ一〓
r一 c〓 >ハ冖Ξ ハ一一 0￡ :υ ~τ ハ・
C△ ハ￠ >Po一 CΦ 一广 Hハ ∞ υ ￡ μ 凵一r屮co△ ⌒一兰〓 ∷ 〓〓
.丐g“ 〓〓一二・・一 ˉ
一一 cハ一>△ υ `ハ冖〓 △ c6一凵 c“ G门 d日 0υ 0Ξ 凵ハ凵一门“ G“ E∞ 〓ハ凵
凵
.υ
0>cυ `0〓
0￠ “ C门 ~Co一 υ ハ冖一
一 cハ `∝ c〓 ˇ〓ハ ^一ハ°α
一 C・一一一 0`0~~冖
∝日 “
冖 0υ 0一 ˇ G一 ∞一 Gハ F一ハ‘ ∷一・△ 〓
⒍ 冖日 “× 臼・>“ 一一冖一 ∝
%0 ∞ハ冖 >' △ 6一〓ハ〓一 6● ハ G一ハ c“ 一 ∞一
一 C门 c一 ~ ~go・
C△ Φ c><ˇ 〓・
一 _ _
∩一 op`⌒ :〓冖屮∞ ~△“ △ハ∽ c0ハ ∽ハ o中 ˇ
.υ
G“ Ξ 一ハ占凵ハ υ ￡凵 Co● Cハ冖dハ ∞“ ハハ >● 6扎 0〓 ' 一二・・
Go一 0￠萨
〓 0凵￠ Φ 门>△ 0∞ ハ冖〓 >￡ `二 >〓ハ“ △“ 一口ハ〓 △△ G>C“
〓 ● △ 一O△ α >它ハハ t一 .〓二.
● “ 一凵 CΦ 门>△ υ ∞ υ 冖〓 ● r△ υ ハ￡一 Ξ 爿 △ハ一△ 〓〓〓¨ 二¨
.υ
%00∞ C>ro9￠ 0iF一 0∞ >Pυ 0~c~一
>“ 冖● υ ∞“ υ υ “ u∞一 ‘ `歹∷ ∞凵
dcucΦ >〓 q∞0色 C0d口 0∞ c00>‘
~∞0α 〓 “ ハ△“ 〓ˇハ〓 ^二〓・二・ ¨
>υ “ハ二 “ ハ >“ ￡ ~“Ξ ~〓g∞ 引∞ duυ ハ△υ c凵 ˇ
一 C6.υ
∞“ g一 “一υ .>、
“ >P%0`一冖一 L
〓〓・〓一一・
一
・^ζ —— CO∞ △ハ⒐ △υ￡凵 CC“ υ c“ 一 υ￡凵 △ハ
%ハ一 >oυ
〓∷ ・・・
一nc∞ 门υ△ハ× υ ∞一一 6〓 ~ 一・
凵￠ “ 一 .0△
ハ “∞ ハハ υ ∞0● ハ⌒一〓一・〓・二〓
c0冖 0∞ 0Φ >〓 ooo.‘ p“ cc≡ 0>● d△ >〓一 `f・〓
∷凵 Cハ冖Cハ Cハ凵凵cυ rr一ハ∞ ハ〓 P.一 υハ∞门ハ△Φ× υ `一〓∷ 一一
一 ..I
△ハ >o一 ∪ c“ 一 υ ￡凵 %ハ ∝ C叫ハ ⌒一ハ F〓一 υ 冖它 △ 0%△ ハ C・萨 oυ
・ ~冖一凵 `C门 “∞ “ /一 Eハ〓 r二一・一〓 ¨
υ￡ P一￡ ∝ ~△υ Ξ ㈠冖 Co`C∞
一CΦ cハ￡扫“Ξ 9υ C“ 一ハ c一〓ハ ∞ C门ハ￡ハ F~Jハ
〓一〓 :一・二.
ハ冖丘 “Φ υ一 o〓￠ハハ￡一△ ・ .萨一H.υ c“ 冖 g“ 凵∞ハ△ 0一 G一 G“ ∞△ 弓 C●
￡ △υ 〓一〓 ^ˇ 一一・ I・ ˉ
f
duoハ
・
一 ι 宀● h0一
访υ一
召“ 0ΦΞ一￠ハハ Φ 0>一口冖0“ハハ△ υハ △ ・・〓
ハ二一・ C一 △。屮τ “ハ 0￠ハ hα × ハ
q“
>匕 0Φ 0一 cハ Cυ 0〓 odo△ ‘ F〓 i〓一 Hハ σ 0凵ハハ
〓 O￠￡
o
ˇ一 ≡
〓 “臼・ 0co~τ
△ 。凵“ C● ハυ `“ 日出 ˇ c●冖
∞“ 官门△ ● σ ∝ 一 I纟〓一一
>
Φ 0〓彦一iハ ∞“ハ一“‘ 凵一△。占 0ハハ￡凵 Go ‘ ￠ ●
C△
GH● CΦ 日 Φ∞“Φ c“ uハ cgU〓 I〓〓
〓c ι
cυ
. ∞ υ ￡凵△ 0一
“冖一 0￠
《
冖〓
∞ υ ハ∞Φ‘出 △ △氵 >υ
〓〓ˇ t一〓
・
G“
υ ハ〓 oc
∝
υ Φ >△ ハ∞
coΞ coハ oΦ co臼 CO〓 coハ E● 00>专 r:一
〓J t一ハハ冖一
“
一 ∞
0>・ `￡
∞“ ×ハ彐“ 卜 “冖C ∞凵‘ ∞“
△ υ州〓 — 丐凵× υ C∞ ハ〓ハ⌒一 ι 〓一一〓・ < ∞Φ∞门
△⌒ △α 。 u
“
p∞“ 0∞ Oハ C〓・ F~ハ
Ξ G“ “口 Hハ
ˉ △
l△ ..
q 一
c 〓 0α
C一
勺。〓
一ˇ
JCハ
凵‘ ∞ ‘ ∞`Φ 一d● 妇ハ”
0凵 g>rOGO‘ ∞ “ △ O^υ q“
一∞ι ● o￡ ‘ ∞ qハ g∞ HE△ ハ一
υ c一 ~〓〓〓〓〓〓 dgハハハ舀凵〓￠ハ
一ハハ● oc 6
・
0∞
<
0>△
o凵
ˇ芳一⌒ α 。￡ ∞
ハ占 ∞ハハ凵μ亠〓一一 ⌒:一ハ丬
・
0一
~ハ一 o`υ
一 C“ J“ ハ一
ˇ〓 ˇ〓一一〓一一
'〓
△
.00C“
扫∞ q“ 一 0臼 .υ
ωυ
c7一
C`△ ..
C>Potc“
.一
qハ 0×ハ
. q ○
∞ˇΦ ⌒屮 △ r 一i一 t△ o一
υ ￠“ ・
~〓〓
∞〓￠凵」飞一 ∪ハ >ハ一Cハ由 >ハ
吆ハ υ 一ハ冖△ △ハ〓一〓工一一
〓〓 0∈
一 ≡
〓ハ
c忒
dgハ 0d一 OC“ >ハ :?褊 c“ Cハ凵 0E
“日
Go〓
7~〓ハ
Ji 一ˇ 。ハ●o
￡ ˉ 5
C一
C一
co日
/一 ` ~~`⌒ ˇ
一亏〓 ~〓
三・
ˇ `'
`
`
h‰⒋
〓〓〓 j 一 .`・
^一
0〓 r:・
〓”ˇ
(
^
一
一〓
^
一
C一
H`㈧
0`Ν
。∞ 。￡一〓 ●门
△。 υ 。口“冖 ∞△“υ >υ 冖〓 cr
.一
〓● 一〓宀 “
r一 ˇ〓。
・“一 0⌒门
Go。
'“ >’ ~一 c一 o￡ G。 >'一 ``rυ
>“ ⒐
ˇ
υ△“〓一
. ` ~ c C ~0 0 0 ∈ υ冖一oα 。 .G“ 〓ハ扫￠ υ冖〓 C一一ハハ一
￡ハ ∞ Cハ一 f〓
〓 07一 6F一 △ 一 oco●
∞ ハ△ハハ￠ ~舀一。冖〓一ˇ一
。・ハ〓〓
0二〓〓
`υ
“
>'υ f¨
〓氵一二〓〓〓㈡ υ∞ c。 >一 >'`一 p〓 ~⌒
以・
5c一
C一 crc。
〓 ● 一以。￡凵冖
“ 口〓ハ ⌒ 一。诏
Ξ 。υ C“ 一∞ c下〓 3〓二
。〓一 ‘ι P.υ 〓〓
>'￠
ハ r〓冖〓 `。 `〓 0二 G。 `。 c△ o￡
∞ハ。 “ c“ "E^ˇ 〓〓
・
ハ〓一一 c`一。 c>'00二一。 `.一〃
“ 〓 ~。 >''△ ~~亠冖一 o一 crcυ
〓臼 %oc一
C>'0一
・
`〓〓ˇ' 一
一
垦一〓ˇ 心△讠ハ叫
H⒆ 冖 Ξ υ c∽°冖一众 `、丶%疋
冖 `~ρ `。 ``㈦
〓 υ ~ι 一一
υ一 △ υ￠“。
。凵ハ“一“￡ υ υ‘ 凵 ∞υ凵“△凵∞ 0〓诏凵“冖
G〓 .三
0∞ “ 00~冖 pc~∞ 一日。冖 ~一υ c“ C`0〓 '〓
n一 d0」 uoo雨田中 ooハ JouΦ 0。 dudJυ ~、 ~
⌒一 H△ 〓△ ・ .・
ΦΦ∞
ˇ ∽凵￠ “￠ >〓 △“一△ 闩J∞ υ ハ △“Φ￡ `凵￠ 0尸 ● 0￠ “0 ハ >口 “⒇ υ一 z .丐
d“ 〓〓〓〓〓二〓
式
C一 cc一
0>C。
C
工〓〓ハ ‘一‘ 〓、’υ一一υ一 C一〓。
υ一凵“Ξ 凵 >“ >' C冖 υ C“ 一〓 L
“
`’0d
c彦
°￡一 0凵 △dd 一c /一
==舀 =≡=宰辜重手≡≡≡
￠
一一ハ〓p >￡勺ι
C
ハ∞“之 ι ハΞ 凵一c 诊一工 υ〓。￡ C
一 C“ 0H卜 ry.
'υ
Φ￡凵 ’ r一 ^ˇ c〓 F一 C△
r〓 `ハ
0
° 工
一
⌒〓` ハ〓凵 ∞ ￠出 ¤ Φ△ △Φ‘ 〓ハ dGO由一υ G>旷 c 凵CΦ “>一 Φ￠ハ￡一〓 n“‘ 。△ ￠一〓〓
~一 C⌒ >0冖
扫d 弓￠ “ 凵‘ ∝ 一 ∝凵‘∝ 〓 ˇ
一
一〓
: ~ c . ￠υ创 Φ￡一 0一
口￠ i 一ハ￠ °Ξ 扫 △ 0>C 6EEct
c凵
0~>△
E ￠ Φ H识Φ￠“。
扫 G6C一 F一 o一 ˇハ ‘一co `工 c〓 ˇ〓。 ⌒一・ E 〓ハ Go● ∞ Cu ~‘∝ υυハ一
。 C一 ∞凵 0>一
・>△ 萨 ● 〓。ハ〓一6α 一眈一〓
∝￠一
∞0 △ 一C〓 △Φ ●r纟 ^ˇ 〓 0一
吗ハ ° υ
“× 口 ∈冖 C“
∞ハ一
“
F一
C ハ ‘一 . G● o “υ・ “∞ υ〓一一
° ∞ ∝E
凵冖一 △υ一ハ `ハ ˇ
^芍
￠ 6J △ΦΞ 凵 CΦ dq0∞ 0>〓
<
C一
0一 C凵 G^ˇ
“
>〓ハ“△ 6一一υ一

一△ d∩一 >C“ 〓⌒i‘ o一 o >凵ハΦ白υ ^
一
CC △ 0C>'0 一dυ ∵ζ ハ￠ハ ‘一 >夕 >〓
C 0 C 一 GΦ ≡>△ ハc ハ〓一￡凵rF υ△ハ%ハ
△凵 C一凵 ×ハ
冖之 υ ~PG`
C0凵
.υ
g“ υ J一〓 0∞ 〓 0d一 F・
垂≡萎里里堇
>“ 冖日凵Cυ F“ ハ >● △ OG Ξ 〓≥ `凵 G0￠一υ `“ 0Φ >一〓 ∞0α 〓“ Φ 一“ ° Φ￠。〓〓

“
0cdハ
〓
厉 0 〓 t >“ 丶’ 一 ∝
C∞ p冖~一一
〓 0〓
“ハ一一“ υ d△
'ハ
>υ 〓 C〓一 00一 C一 c● 6C△
“
0>“ ~“ r〓
c
<〓 ˇ υ一0“ ∞沼。一。×。￠冖凵“‘凵凵‘ 丬〓
E
△ G0∞ △ 0⌒ 一 △υ冖△ C￠丐 G6一 υ〓一一 0>⌒
一 cυ υ￠。α
Φ 爿∞ >“ 0△ 0凵 “口￠一υ >△ “∞ υc 0
△⌒ ハ >〓氵OG 0∩一 >“ 冖¤ ￠一~F
《
F出 6。
υ C。一 >〓 Φ c ハ〓尸ハ υ△υ× 。￠一凵Ξ〓
.υ
`一
0cハ F一 uc0门
C ∝ υ e
△ 一 C Φ￡凵 ~∞ C一 “∝ 6 〓ハ。〓ι ~〓 C△
一 0>c 一ハ ‘一〓 rc〓 0rt 0rrF・
d“ G~0n
.υ
Φ￡P 凵￡ ∞ △ υ r〓 F一 O由 ∞一Cυ ￠。° 凵 d〓一 υ￠ “ 一° ￡一〓 C ∞ C~ハ ⌒亠 υ dGJ ハΞ 一启一・rˇ . 厂E0凵
⌒
υ 一@“ 。。△ o一 Φ￡舀污一 C一一υ PC~ c“ c一 υ g“ ￡ △ハ‘uc Φ￡u c0 J冖 p
三一△ ˇ `旨 α × ハハ￡ cdJ凵一υΞ一 dハ cc Φ旨 α × Φ ^:●
σ Cu ハハ● og ￡凵
C“ p`υ
.υ
C。 C凵
COFH
C ￠ ∞ α △c `ハ￠ “
凵・
〓一“α υ〓一 ω υ￡宀一Go υ冖n“ ハハ△ 0〓一 od∞ "FEΦ gハ〓 “山民ハ凵“￠一
叫一△00 >“ ~g O
Ξ △ハ二凵〓
》
.υ
C“ ˇ●
00Cυ
cΦ τ
o%c。
>'凵
`υ 0冖 c⌒ G“ 0一
《
△ 之 ∪一 E〓T υ ˇ
∷
.
.∝ ∶
0 亡一一一一〓￠“Ξ 凵△Φ凵
“冖一CG
|
.一
〓纟 “0 “
`
r〓 L〓
￠“ c〓 `￡
0“〓一 ~〓 0∞ C“ υ ハ〓 υΦ Φ∞ J
oCCC0
口
uCOHˇ
C一 0Gυ 0￠ >△
.0∝
0￡弓一
“
0>“ o￡
:
∞ ∞ Hυ PHΦ 0 `%∞
dp.〓 ∞ >Φ Ξ 凵υ Φ 0一>^ˇ三 .上
三 2〓 × H∞ t￡〓召・
“ G ハ ‘一
一⌒‘ ∞Φ∞ H● υ△ “ υ△ τハ一
dd“
%ハ
GOハ
0∞ 0冖〓一〓
CO一
Co△ ~υ Coハ 0.GC c一 C△ c△ C〓 cυ
一一礻ハ
>“ ￠一ヵ凵‘ 瓦 △ υ ∞ 0冖讠一凵× 0C ∝ C“ υ△●⌒一 0~〓 L〓 α ×Φ
υ O△ ハα “● 凵ハ“△㈠
一 0 一△
ハ‘
.“
0∞~×ハ一
△ t〓
0G ・
G Φ∞
oo弓
￠
COハ C● 00口 0>△ 0~
△。 ° 冖 F△ ハハ丘￡ C
∞诏。 ‘ △ハυ ￠〓
⒇ 〓〓二一〓 : 〓“0> 一￡￠~一
⌒ ' 0 0 c “ .厄Φ
〓一
`・
/一∝ 〓
CF〓
广
.υ
C一 c;u
0冖讠 △ ⌒ˇ g“ u0冖 0号
凵 `冖〓 △ υ u×ハ
“
d>PC C臼 cυ
d
C一 `一
一‘ ∞ 氵 “￠凵°∝ c
△°υ △ 〓一 `
・ˇ一'一 'ˇ 二 f一弓一 C一一ハ占扫・
υ~
:〓
>ハ￠ “
I〓
℃Φ
C一 c凵
Φ F〓 Φ cΞ C一 G>rotdd一 d“ `〓 C一
tc“ Cυ ハハ二凵%ハ coddC一
F〓
一二工〓
%0 υ￠ “一ハ〓一 △ 0>C υυ
. C oυc 一ハΞ
● △ >C一 cハ `一 0〓 α ×ハ一△ Jσ ハハ〓 oc
“ 冖一0一
c一 c凵 × “∞ `⌒
一υ△ハ一υ 一
Cˉ
一上
poC“ r一 uCo冖
C“
祠
~~一
・
≤E ≡ 〓ハハ一
ハ ⌒一
c一 `
一一 >ハ c“ Gハ凵 r一 dυ 、冖
〓三三一一
)
00一
《
``乙
〓 0〓ハ〓〓二〓: 二〓〓二 `
△ △ ∷ 〓一一 0
Ξ 一一ハ
一 ● 〓ˇ 。〓一
`ハ r〓 ~● 0口
:
.c〓
`。
一
~F一 0￡
・二二三二: 〓二三〓 Ir二 3一 `'0 ・
^一^一一三一〓
● u一ˇ一
冖・一
一‘ 〓
〓冖 u`〓
/〓 F三三
醯
〓 `Ν υ￠ “ ∞△ハ Oυ ハ召 0冖 C∞ `丘
υ ハ凵υΦ凵ハ△α Φ△Φ >贮 ∞扫 “凵∞ ハ￡〓
.岿
Ξ ∞υ ハハ∞ “ υ ￠ “ ∞Φ∞“ハ白 “凵`' 二
・ C〓冖“ υ υυ△ O幅%“ 〓△ ハハ q“ 凵∞
∞●“ハハ 0υ “ハ△υ
^ハ
g~△ o幅
∞ハハ凵凵￡〓 E“ ^υ
Ν`Ν
Cuハ G“ 一
凵‘∞ qハ〓∞△CΦ ￡凵ハμ∞∞Φハハ宁 `
OG∞
∞“ >'∞ ￠〓∪一ハ丘、一ハ凵ハ“G>ハ △
C>'ハ
>° ●￠一“ “。 ∞>ハ △
ˉ〓冖〓叫 ∞叫
￡ %ハ Φ 戈
Op∞ Op∞ :〓 cハ >一ハ△ハ冖G∞
0>r一 >'J.υ
>“
〓门Φ∞H△~μ ハ￠ υ一●
goΦ
o`臣凵Cハ GΦ
~
￡ υ日一“∞ ハ冖冖
・
∞△υ <匕
默入q℃ 0
确俏
嚯〓
∽∞∽舀凵 M口 ~冖 0⌒α一一 ∽硬荩哂△丶 ∽ 途 ``门 KPKr⒇ `Φ s露 `Φ `ハ &0ˉ 8心 s丶
`''・
\\ˉ /・ `\、
丿 ''\\
) / ' \ \
躞黪黪黪黠黠黠躞黪锱曩黪黪鹬黪黠踯 — — — — 丿、
— —「—
)''<丶
/`・
L黪
\)/'``、 \)/\\)/'```、
~㈥0∞ /'\`・
\
/`\\
/\、
〓`⌒一 0ハ扫 ~¤ 吮 0〓 ~〓〓 “ハ ~一 `一 Co讠万ハ α ハ￡卜・ ''・
\\
・
\ ` / ' ・` \ ) ・丿
.￠一一
υ ‘一ハハハ ⌒“ 〓× 一〓〓〓・
/\丿 \ˉ
〓 0￠ “
`//``\、
//`・
启
/'```\丿 ''・
C● rCo一 o一 `∝ 6△ `冖 ~一0Ξ '\`\
/'\\ˉ
ハ〓ハ启 υ〓一 ⌒ˇ~υ υ△〓一ハ一ハ△ 一>旷凵 C“ 一● 〓二
of VKi.rav
~“ ^ハ c一 ~・ ~ ~FC一 ~力 c`F^丫 000〓 H出 ~启 Cハ >00 0〓
∞〓 “门口〓 υ ￠〓
滂・o— 二
00υ υハ丐ハ ‘ pr一 o△ 〓一 υハ冫 0〓 ‘ 0“ ∞门 Go△ 0一 `一
￡ˇ
P・ `‘ c0>'0〓 0嗝 `〓一一 ⊥
/'\\・
〓一・ug“ 凵
co一 ”口一
ハ× υ υ冖〓 C扫 co氵 Lυ `∞ ハ⒍ 0凵凵￡∞ 一
一∞下一∞￠ ~`一ハ△ハ× ハ冖㈤ 0钴 %△ υ C>Poˉ o0υ Go一 Gυ >ι 一
扫CΦ 一>△ Φ∞
Rigllt
一
0一￠ P一“⌒一 corF≈ 0ハ υ 冖T“ oco万 ∞υ∞∞ハ G%ハ宀扫 Cハ △ △ハ ‘・0ˉ
g‘〓 o00‘ 〓⒋。 υ名。△。 '。 ˇ
〓一一
———「
ハ〓〓ハ ∞ ハ△ o~υ ⌒一
一阝〓 `ハ ∪〉〓・ハ
一 `● c一 0≡
.一
ハ >υ >'0〓 ∷ co“ ￠∞ 0￠ ò⒍ %ハ
>〓 CΞ
一ハ凵一ハ `。〓 I..
〓
∞一△“α ~日一
~一 0￠一
丿ハ一冖〓 ~△“
u冖￠“冖冖凵一C。 “ 〓 o・ △υ ￠ C● ~α 〓 ^ˇ 一 ˇ
一〓
⌒
一
Co冖 ù△ CCF江
口
Co0υ >ro・
<0Zυ m0臼
㈦ o△ υ ~rroˉ o0“ `<.∞ G一 υ 一● nυ ‘一 G一 ∽七 Gハ △ハ
%ハ ^∞ C>ro'υ 冖〓一一“ >￡
弓。 G>'ハ ˉ0ハ ~〓了二
ハ△c亠ハ `● 冫 7一 υ τ ハ〓〓 “⒍ 〓 △ c∞ 一 ¤ 萨 ‘ ∞〓 “⒍ 〓
” ``翎 `
.△
~〓 >rハ 0`r一 ocυ C0冖 0C0一 0〓 ~0`υ co〓 :¨
一
υ ~一凵 υ≡ 一 Cυ ~τ ハ Cハ ~~Cυ ≡ >%υ ` “ 一
ハ C~ '〓 c● υ υ∞一' >、
一ハ >叫 ∞ハ冖υ× 00冖
△ υ~ ● cυ 〓〓〓一二
μ ˇ ⌒一 ^ˇ ~一y“ ￡ J￡扎 FCハ △ハ冖〓 υ△υ￡ `’
〓∷名￠△ 一一 oハハハ× υ ハ〓一¨
一
C 凵J〓〓
>氵
F一 c一 6ハ `ハ `△ g● `Ξ 〓一 Eυ υ 门>△ Φ∞ ハΞ 凵 △ 0>0
'●
''o
凵 gΦ
cdc一
F一
>“ >'
E ￡ハ≡Ξ
C0扫
￠ ∞“ >/ 一 cハ凵
“
~Gハ Gハ
工一
江一一 Ξ 丐υ ‘ハ υ 一o〓冖△ △ υ ∞≡ 0〓 ≡〓二・
〓 ^〓 0一 ˉ 吐ハ “ ΦΞu ￠一亠ハ △υ日° ●α ハEu00 ∝￠
~~〓 >'● cハ 0>υ r一 >'ハ C~`ハ 6E`%C一 Cˉ `‘ olo0“
0￡
△
0q>'0
一名国 ∞
∩
~~^υ
000“
tG“ 0>H⒇ ^出
一c〓广一〓一6● υ 一υ 〓一一一ハ ˇ 〓￠。 ˉΞ 一ハ冖日ハ二 ∷¨ ⌒〓c
Go一
一 ~≡c●
〓ハ
一凵 ~〓戈 E
>ハ 6C门 ~‘ o△
￠冖一 d￡￠“Ξ 宀冖
CLυ ''ハ cc`一 c0~τ
Gハ
△“υ冖
ハ ⌒冖 “° △ハ〓 0ハ α ハ u ハ
^υ
冖
“
Ξ tc弋
冖一'、 .cc〓⌒一
cd“
ハハτハハ `一〓一一 `一〓一一一cハ冖●⌒一
ハ一ハ >ハ
υ ハ凵 %ハ
H由 “⌒一 ∞
~△ C一上 ∞ c〓二二〓・ ‘ 〓ハΞ〓 ^∞
`ハ
^∩
℃ハ
~'一 ~;灬 ~ch⌒
F一
υ υ J一一 0>0 ∞∞“α μΞ ⒇E ・
“ ￠“ J 兰
C>'ハ
“ハ △ハΞ°一
q~〓
C㈠ .υ
宀 ˇ r〓〓〓≈一`'〓一r一ハハ一扫 ≈冖出“ ハ凵“一一 ~`中⌒ˇ ヵ一
∪“⌒卩一・i
〓一一一 cハ 0冖〓
一0Φ △门υ ˇ △一%OΦ
一一 C
.`・
r一 r〓 ~● `r・
一 c￡
G~~F〓 >'`〓 `00冖
0
0曰 cdE F一 0Φ Hα ￠ △υ ハ国凵 ⒋一 ∞ G~ △Ch
“
g>贮
∩
00￠ ~氵
ハ冖△ 一ハ一c一〓工一
ι 氵一一 0一 — — ￠冖〓一〓。〓一・L 〓
一一冖 0
^6>/・ /ˇ /〓 do一 r●
一cυ
>ハ ~ˇ `τ C0冖 L0>0∞
℃ ￠“
6τ
c~CC0υ
ccυ cハハ冖一
ハ“ 0一△
C凵
~ˇ 一 `一~冖 ~一一● r 一 0
d
0￡
s日 o‘ 口一凵∞“×
‘∞●
0
一Cハ一cハ Ξ “⒍ υ 〓 ● 。ˉ一 ∷・
>ハ
〓〓 ˇ ハ r一〓・・
一
uハ￡
一￡￡
C
F一 ~一 %⌒ `△ 0凵 .
ι 冖〓江〓μ
ハ >ハ一cハ
0~0>ハ ~~“ oJuハ
冗￠“一吐
C>'0υ
0一
>@υ
0￠
~F一 0一
000Hα △ハΞ uog“
0￡
△一⌒0冖 H“
冖冖一一 >ハ一ハ υ ハ冖讠ハ °一⌒一0一
>● `扫冖一
一一u启冖〓 ~ˉ〓
审。 ⌒一一〓・ ι〓2 一 GΦ 一>△
￠⌒ˇΦ
0一 0冖 T`一 `●
ハ￡一
00口 G~冖 0>ハ ~~C“
飞￠ “一
`7二
扫Ξ瓴召
0∞
ハ冖△ >一 ∞ ∝ Coˇ 一 ∞ C一 υハ c∞ 一o 一“一。ハ J△“色 ∞“ H出〓Cハ冖 Gυ 一〓兰 ˇ ˇ一・〓Ⅰ
0Φ Hα △ 0>○
￠“ 心口ハ冖Cハ ∞“ハ￠ <
cハ cor一 cd0r一
`交 Φ灬
≡丈・
・・ Φ R灬 rb`sΦ ``~``Φ ∽ .丶
父心 `R心安 0⌒Q心 Φη “ 一
r`△
α ˉˉ ハ
%d丶
`Φ ``Φ
^rq H.Ν
NH
￠一 C0F一 0一 υ >υ ^c・ :g一冖△一叫二一一・・
〓〓〓 △ 一
广一ハ △Φ凵凵“ g・ Hu00一
至 ● ∞ Φ￡凵 ∞ C△ C△ O吗 Gdハ
ハ至 0∞ハ￠ ∞
%Oハ ~n“
ˉ Hu￡
H△Φ￡凵・
.ˇ
一ハ ˇ Cハ ° ￠ハ ∞ ∞ 凵一弓冖〓ハ
^υ
ハ〓・j
・〓0Cハ日一Φ
一 “ ~∞ 0Ξ C“
一 uc“ c一 d● o0一 0亠 '〓
ˇc“
一 q0凵 ug“ C△ 日 0υ ハ￡〓ハ凵“υ υ“ ∞〓 Φ p
OF冖 coハ
0∞● 冖 Cu￡
.υC“ ￡・
`6一 uυ `ハ一
￠ハハ‘ 凵dハ HHハ￠ 600Ju∽
υ υΦ G△ Φ∞ CoHogハ
甲叫冖一 Cハ rcυ ∞〓 0Lι 〓 '〓・ .
“
∞ go∞ 〓Φα
∞ 一￡ υ ^~ハ ⒍ υ￡凵￠一o△ 一 υ￠ “一扫〓 ι 一 ¨
〓 “ o△ c￠ハハハ“ υ冖〓 “
r一 0υ 〓一ˇ・× 一一`〓冖冖
.∞
'・
υ 凵qΦ “>△
ì>~>P〓 oJυ 0o● .
υ 凵g“ ￠△日ハ￡一 %○ ∞△Φ
GuCΦ C0gΦ
0∞ g“ 0υ C>'ハ ΦΞ0 ・
〓ハ“ ⌒一一一￠Ξ ‘μ∷ ハ〓一〓 ˇ ・二・
rˇ i〓 >“ >r宀 c6△ C“
一υ〓凵 υ夕 ~o一
0υ △ ● cハ ∞一 υ冖一 υ CC一
一￠ハ凵凵
dΦ dcハ c0r‘ 0∞
υ g“ 凵￠ “ C△ “ ハ° ● F出 ΦΞ0
u∞ ・
c0υ
0△
。〓一 `<.丐 c~一 c>ro一
~~一一￠ C一 6〓 C一 H△ ハ冖● 0∞ “υ 冖一cυ o≡ 0一 0× υμ occ“ υ υ 口 “ 一0^ˇ △ 二・・・ ..
△〓〓 %○ ∞ 0● ∞〓ハ
:〓 0ri0c“
△“￡ハ一“△日 Φ∞∞ハ △●
υ ,石 ●ハハ Φ国△
00“
0吧 0C〓 Cハ υ
∽父 0≌ Φ吧 `父翌 OR一 QΦ `
灬
● 〓芝 `宅 FΦ s山一 `sΦ 丶eΦ ∽ `s心、安心 s灬窭 0QΦ
弋 `σ 迎 Φ R惑 0Φ &卜
J〓 ˇ
〓〓 0F一
○ ∞冖“ Φ△Φ
`cハ OoOuυ 0△ △ Cハ
￡凵卜冖
∞ △ハハハ. △
>r`Φ g~υ
● CΦ ~q0∞ “Φ
1△ 一 △一 △ 一 ι〓一ハ
书艹 ˇ凵ハ凵“凵∞Φ
⌒
`ハ 0￡ Φ∞● “ハ ∞△ ‘凵〓○ 凵‘∞△ ΦΞ△
9CO∞ O‘
〓●〓¨二〓〓〓一 ↓〓ハ〓〓〓一 `工〓〓二
0ハ
二〓〓〓ι △〓丐一〓〓
OC`萨
3一 ':一 ^〓 `一 >〓 /〓一
〓 ~一 c`〓
一 C一 r〓
∠ 〓二三二二 T一 L〓彡 :ι
〓一 3一
tι 〓 ● 二〓〓 cc`一 '、
〓 ''一 3△ △
一〓 ι 〓￡〓 ^一 <〓 :
二〓二一
工・
㈠ Z臼 Ξ 0⌒ 〓〓
'ι
〓一一ι 〓了二一二・〓一二 ι 〓 c'△ ˇ 一 Iι 〓一ι 〓ι ι 二一〓 ι 〓
.〓
''一 rι L● 'ハ `一二 0〓 0二
〓 `〓 .・
〓二一一〓〓〓一△ 一一一二三三. c ˇ一
二三〓 ^一・ˇ〓一ι ⌒ˇ一一〓 ∷ 〓〓一 ˇ〓。 /二
二上一〓
r二
・
E ハ~
`〓
一一`
`二 3'一 rfi一
ハ 0一
i一
t
i・
一● 〓:
'一
E一 `△ `・
・
0一 0>>
二〓二〓 —〓〓Ⅰ
三三〓二三一 F二三 τ〓〓
E〓 F三 j〓 TLit⒎
EI二 cr● c彡 c〓
0'〓
一^ ˇ〓
・ ⌒
`<'
一 0E
'〓
≥
::一二三 △ 〓三三〓〓三二
:一 `〓 11〓
〓〓
・t一
ELIc一
〓0 ∷
ˇ
I〓二三 IL〓〓二三 i三 J三 rT三一〓〓〓彡 :二三二 :〓 rr;三
二 Ξ T〓〓二三
7・
(
〓 :三三 :二 ι二 '二二 tI二 L〓 — 〓〓〓 :Fr〓〓 Ljf二
〓 EILII〓
^
一 ∷
一
丶c、ハ〓“ `'、● ⒍ “冖
一ハ〓一 c一 c〓 c凵一υ C>'0μ
妇凵￡∞△
“ C“ 〓 C・ . <ハ
.凵Cυ
“ 〓∞凵
‘ ∞〓ハ‘ 0一 C
一●冖〓一 uc~~υ C△ 一ハ‘尸一
ハハ LJ“ Cハ￡凵 COυ 。 C△ ● uc0● ∞ 00σ 0‘ h`>uハ
α 。一α ハ￡ p哈ハ
〓 ic“ ハハ二一一 oo△ Φ C>ro0‘
υ pod“ “∞“ 凵‘∞〓一
“●凵ハ“△凵 CO0>一 °△● α “ 口 0⌒ 一凵￠ハ F一ハ `〓 ι 一i〓〓 c〓 ι 〓一一一〓 ''一 ˇ。一
。。〓 cc00⌒
一 o一 ^ˇ `〓 ˇ 6冖一一~~ハ个一Jυ c“ 一ハ冖宀一一 oハハ H>
ˇ一 “
c● 一 cc`“ `<'凵
丘ω〓 ∞“
‘ ∞“ uc“ υ￠ Φ%Φυ ΦΞ凵 Φ● ∞ ハ口 υ 0△ △ Cハ pod∞ “ >r蛄
“〓￠ “
“一α υ〓△ 二工〓。〓〓二〓 '`c〓 `c〓 cυ ±〓
弓一 `‘ ハ GG● F扫〓宀〓一
ˇυ c● c〓 α ~● ハ舀一二
一二 c〓一〓工丐〓一 `下一
〓。冖 C冖 ~cハ F一 υ〓 ’σ υ△ ∞△△ 宀〓〓 “￠凵ハ日一u一υ ˇ〓“α υ￡一ハ￠ハ
〓ˇ
宀 0⌒ 〓〓
卜 Z臼凵 `rˇ 〓 >`^ˇ 0`00Ξ 0H△ ˇυ∞ υ冖〓
一“Ξ 一一 ~`“ ‘亠一 α K心
、
・・ `心这ハ òs安 ι ``〓`ハ γ GH
‘υ C>'0ucυ △△ 000C口ハ 0ハ况 “凵c“ 'υ “
● c0~〓 υ `~〓 ι r〓〓￠〓 >`一 ˇˇ〓〓 i一 . 〓 >一。△ `τ 冖〓冖〓 △υ 冖讠 “△ υ c“ 一一c“ ￠ △ 日ハ υ ハ￡凵 o凵扫Cυ Cυ ￡ ‘。 υ 0。一口Cハ冖 gυ C0凵
υ 冖一 r一ハ一~一>r一 ‘ ∞一
一 ∞〓一 E:>'υ
ハ cυ 一υ一一
υ 0C一 △⌒“ Co〓ハ 6C~0∝ CE⌒
〓ハ一ハυ〓一一〓〓〓二.
一 ι〓厂〓ˇ ~τ。冖τ >’o一 Cυ 一
“ F〓 ocυ 冖
它￡〓 >'丐ハ口ハハ CCCハ
一
>、一 cυ ハ一C●
一
・
`ハ ⌒
一⌒ˇ
二“
υ 自ハ υ 〓一 ˇ ￠ u“ハ ∩一 υ〓 ⌒一
υ一 α ⌒ˇ‘ 一一一〓〓〓一
〓日ハ υ ハ E一 ⌒:一 αα “ 凵 cυ △ Cυ ∽“
` 一
~ハ
υ日 ~屮ハ弓ハ冖广〓ハ∈ “ハハ〓一二一〓
>~Co凵
r〓 C“ C⌒ ~`氏 ~~一 C“
.△
t 6G△ C“ c。 t● 0⌒ odυ `0~〓 00」
∞ pd0个一 0△ 0￠ ∩一凵●
“ハ一 GCu一 ∞一
冖一一 υ〓r一 `冖 '一 0以・
υ 一
ˇ c“ ハ冖ハ ∞ ハ冖一一 H冖〓冖一υ ハ凵￠ “一〓 υ c△ 一一〓〓〓二△
。冖一
凵ハ一一“ C6ハ υ冖〓贮 c纟 cd⌒
一ハ E一 do≈ g● ˇハ
一一 `“ ハ冖 H“c“ ハ ~~芍 υ c〓 ‘ ^ˇ 96冖〓 >C“
'
α ● 〓 ˇˇ `〓心 tt安 0⌒ 叫 0咬 `0`丶 `ハ寒“
安 `ハハハ只 `%、 >一 `安 υ寒、 0● ㈦
`、 0一 F一 ≡ ~~H
旷
∞ △ ∞υ⒐ 叫G△ ハ一 p・ ∞ 。。 △冖△
￠卜 0<〓 ●υ一 ∞“‘ υ￡ u“Ξ 凵一“叫 “ E∞● C一〓凵 G一 ● c● .F~一
● '〓 ˇ ˇ一 ⌒ˇ0凵￡ ∞ 一
ˇ 一 “ GH“ 凵ハ△ o凵￡￠尸‘・ >~~冖 C∞ G一 t一 ● 0>ハ △ハ一∞ˉ日一● F一 υ‘ 9一 o
冖 NHυ 叼〓 ~⌒ ⑽ 0∝ 0`ハ α q`s`丶
`t ●〓一
.。
。 c“ 一∞ C一 △ o臼 .υ
∞“υ冖 0〓凵“ハ υ ハハ
~△
⒍ υ冖口 ∞日门
△口 υ ∞Φ∞△日ハ△Gυ υ∞“ハ一υ ‘凵
“一0△ `“ υ△ 0一芍 △ 〓 ●△● △ O冖 υ ハ E凵〓。 α ≡
‘ ∞△ハ￠
^`冖
G“ C“ ~∞ >ro
.υ
HH一 C6一 C6一
〓 ι〓一△氵 ~一 υ△“ 0“ Ξ , ∞>“ >' ∞￠υハハ d COF一 cco0 一υ‘ p0 υ C6 .∞
>“ >旷 G
υ∞ “∞∽“
〓`一 “〓冖〓一一∞一~一~“ α
ハ一一
ハ× ハ・
ˇ“￠二一一一
ι ∞“ υ ￠“ 宀 o一 dハ ∞ υ 〓。0 ハ‘ ≡ ￠ “ ∞ HC● ∞ハ ∞“。冖
~卜∷ 一 cハ冖cハヵ“υ 一 υυ〓〓・一 Gυ `F 0ハ
co〓 ^ˇ ~τ `~〓 00冖 ~〓 `~~一 i一 >^ˇ FHυ
一叫 ˉ C一
ハ个一 ~ハ冖〓 “ “一
ハ一ハ冖官冖日冖“ “ ￠△ 0一ハ口~〓凵凵 r一∞ 一
一一υ 二〓〓〓一 “E一 υ ⌒一ハ一ハ ‘ 一。 υ。∽∞υ冖 υ υ〓 0∞ 一 υ△ o〓 ∪
一 `下 C≈ o冖
.c一
・ 0一 C~±
HC・ e0υ ~~~〓 >一 ~~一 C00△ 0冖 cハ ~d・ >ハ 'ro一
>r● C>'o△
一 o臼 .υ 一 o〓 ˇ C“ 一 `一 r一ハ凵〓 G一 ∝ ￠ハ一ハ ⌒亠一
ˇ C“ 一 △υ 冖〓 o 一。 >ハ一 Cハ冖 C0∞ ~0
・扫ハ σ υ一
〓一一
〓 6G00“ △ 0%0一门 `￠ハ ⒍ ∞≡一一
⌒一 co‘ “⒐ ハハハ oハハ“△d⒍ υ∞ ι 0%凵￠ハ FHハ
.do● 00一￡ 0cCc“ >'υ c“ 一υ ￡ ~Coυ ハ凵ハΞ 丐 Coυ ￠∞ 0C△ Ξ ⌒一 t〓一〓〓ハ ~〓 0Gυ 0~Cυ ∵ r一 υ ` υ τ“ 凵c● cq冖 ● o弓ハ E口 %ハ α 一o一υ ●
~冖 >`ハ 0〓 ”〓 ~⌒一 0`Lo一
门￠ “ ∝ 一 CΞ 一 `∩ 〓氵一
△ハ ⌒一
υ ハ一 Cocυ ⌒一名 0“冖△ 扫ハ〓卜 `一 cハ冖〓 υ∞“υ 〓 “ ￠“ 凵〓一
× υ 一u一ハ g∞ 一∝ 一「〓〓扫 ^0冖冖 ~0冖日一0氵 υ一扫υ ⌒一一ハ `υ
`一 r一 υ ハ凵ハ〓。△
一〓
t一
~Cハ 0ハ C“ ‘ oup冖
i`● H一 0一 000~~υ
υ、 .~冖
△ Z㈣ Σ 0⌒ 〓二 `0`“
一 ~.~.㈧
.△ c“ 一ハ r一 cC一 υΦ一ハ〓讠〓 ^・・
``υ E一 `ハ ⌒一 0‘ 一一ハ ⌒一 υ￠ “一 υ r〓凵Cυ cυ ⌒一扫 oCυ
υ 一一
一 `“ 扫Cハ冖‘ 0∞ ~0C6∞ “ ∞ c〓至 '〓 ¨
一
.∝
C〓 ˇ日ハ ●一
ハ一^一 ic一‘ハ一ハ c'6>'一冖一∞ 一
一ハΞ ~〓亠扫一 `“ >'‘ ハ 7一 >'∽ ハ υ co.cυ c● o一 ∞ 一6・一
υ >υ ￠ Co~￡
〓 TF二一一●ハ凵ハ冖日 %ハ一
ハハハ一
ハ。 ‘一 rt一。ハ一。 ``0C● c0>C0υ △一
一%ハ Go〓 υ ,一 poco0
ˇハ△ ● ハ〓 ●〓ハ
一〓〓
~冖 uC~一 υ一
υ υ ￡一艺ハハ Ξ `0日 “一
ˇ日 υ一ハ一
ˇ ハ冖△ %ハ一△ rFυ
￡一ハ凵 υ一“ハ￡〓∷ ・ ˇハ
一 g>'ハ ˉハハ 0~一
一 uC“
一一υ >ハ一Cハ冖 C0￠ “υ 冖〓~ υ >“ 冖冖凵 oC一ハ一,。。 υ冖一
`.υ
i'〓 ^ˇ 一一〓工一
〓 ~~一〓〓一ハ冖一一“〓 ~一ˇハ FH〓
〓υ 一
ˇ冖〓ハハ `ハ 0~一 0〓乙
^一 G6一 ˇυ c>'o〓
△ 一 c● 〓⌒一・〓〓〓: ˇ
一 ~Eυ 冖冖υ `,Oハ υ夕一 OG一ハ ⌒亠刂 0oCr一 C一 cυ ￡ uo一召 “ˇ 'υ 冖它
∞・ 0口一%〓ハ H〓
二一一
。一ˇ只 ˇ △ ∞一
。ハ冖〓ハ口 ∞￠ハハハ“ υ一
〓一Gυ ￠△ “ 一Gハ〓㈠
C一 CoC~●
〓 0~υ `FL・
+〓 C一
∞㈠ υ<L
△ Z㈤ Ξ 0CDb
ˇ
~⌒ 二一`了一〓 p∠ 迢γ
ˇ 〓
∝ハ、
∽￡心 8蚤
.υハ一ハハF一C凵 ∞一
。
c“ 丐 Gハ ∽ハ υ ハ冖△ ~出ハ ~￡〓￡
.△
>ro一 ooC冖
〓〓〓 C・ F一 J一ˇハ ``“ ⒍ υ冖一∝ `υ 冖￠〓 △ ooEΞ ~C~gυ Ξ一 c一 ∝ c000△ ￠ ~“∞ c扫〓〓 υ J一
△〓一
ˇ E乙 o一 ∝一一Eυ cυ ￡ `￠ハ C氵口 ⌒一〓ハ υ 冖α F〓ハMυ d司
¨
u￠ 0〓〓〓一J 二〓 3△
⒍ υΞ
〓〓￠引“冖 p〓 ●∞。△“ ∞司 ¨υ引υ >冖ハ
υ υ‘ 冖一
。“‘〓 .萨 d△ 0ハ υ >夕
冖。一ハ以ハ H`
一c“ F‘ 冖 cC一 √ 。〓一。〓〓ˇ cF〓〓ハハハ ● >、
“ 厂一一
ˇ c“ 一υ 冖一
凵 co.υ υ一ハハ一
ˇ ~一ハハ `￠ υ ~泪 `一 ~￡ .
△“ 一ハハ〓・・ 3一 ˇˇ
一 ~。 ˇ只 ˇ∞“〓rˉ 一c“ 弓￠ υ一ハ υ ハ冖出一 ●
一 cυ 冖τ “⒍ υ⌒㈡
u一￠ハυ“>△ υ吮 υ△一
臼ハ ~出口” ⌒一
ハ ~它 `△ ハ〓ハ
一 ^一一讠〓一一〓〓 r一一 ~.`ハ `0α △ 0α ∞∞ハ冖日 ∞ハ ⌒一 △ o%υ ハ ∞● ∞一 υ G“ 一 υ ‘ 凵 υ一υ 〓>/ 〓 i一 υ〓 <l・扫氵 C△ 〓α 。冖
讠ハ u△ ooC冖
它 C一 Cυ 冖
△ υ c“ ud“ υ Cυ
〓υ弓。 EuC一一u一 c`
△ 0日 0乇 0c“ `氵占 △ EJo一 υ >〓ハ一 8‘ α 冖~r丿 0`:二 :x一
一一〓￡〓 “υ Φ￡ △ △ oo一
一￡ J￠ “￠ハ冖△ 0凵 ”● “凵∞ υ 〓凵ハ一 CΞ Φ￡ u一● o△ “ ``ハハハ“
υ￡ J一 ⌒ˇ ~cハ Ξ 〓 ^c一〓ハ一
υ c● 。 `〓 υ ‘一 r它 rF乇 υ ~ハハ CCoハ
>〓 Cハ HハC∽ 一~￠ ∞“ >'●
冖ハ%△ 〓 <ˇ ˇ Lf r〓
〓一冖一
ハ一‘ >'^`△ 00υ
卜￡ co一ハ yo冖 ●∞ ハ冖△ ∞ dH>ハ冖Cυ △ >0μ 00口冖〓〓〓 :ν
一ハ冖〓ハ〓一 τ ⌒ˇ ˇ〓 0∞ “ υ 至一￡ ∞ 一
△ ハ￠“ υ σ f 。ハ ∞
ι 〓一一出υ 萨出●∞ ハ」凵 >￡彡ハ >〓
~υ ￠〓〓。。△ ˇ;
.υ
0G0口 6C~∞
△ ~ハ
.c0一
cdr一 ^ˇ ~o凵 <.PCυ ~τ G“ `~>扫 ~ハ cr〓 G6冖 CE〓 ICoo一
υ 一△ o〓医亠〓 ∞ 一〓ハ〓ハ〓 `● “ ∞“ 扫 i一ハ一cυ o一 Cυ υ ￡凵ハハ一● 一〓〓一〓∞“
一△〓一一。。‘ 〓一〓“ p∞一ハ >“ >r卜 ⌒一 `“ ハ 0引￠一 ^〓
.宀
~〓
~〓 6CU冖 ~c亠 C“ ￡ Cυ 0ocυ C>/一 Coυ `,ˇ >'〓 `FJ〓
色 υ冖〓。一一~^〓 △
冖° “ 0一 ●一 >〓 ˇυ /一ハハ一
υ口一~υ 一。ハ〓
‘ GF● ハ× υ 一 o一 ∝ 一 6￡ハ υ・丿ハハ ˇ二・〓〓△ ^一 o△ GG“ ハ‘ ハυ t弓一
口υ Cυ ￡ ⌒一
`>、
.Φ
.υ
冖
.υ
一 oυ r〓 po一 Co>〓
d>υ oCH一 Ec0>●
C`υ
μ之㈦丶 <.㈦∽ <㈦
∽ `宝
<QQ之 <日 0之 0ˇ 0之 Q丶
G K@Ⅳ G∠ AⅣD LA【〃
`foⅣ
tlnconncctcd with the usc Of thc lcasecl land, which con△ pnscd a ll(~`1 t11c case1ment.A scn-lcr
boathouse 1t 1might bc argued con11cction could
a CX1st, as a boa tl1o j`= ′
tlblCct 1△ 1attcr of t11c grtll
littlc tlSC if thcrc ls no nght tO put the lD()ats it houscs
On tllc watcr bl g11t of△ ivay,Ortllc pipc、
A house alsO cotlld bc said tO lDcnc11t f10n)
i∶
1t ls built, l
a nght to put 卜 - ∶
1C1ˉ rnay,11。、
a r1vcr or canal the sa1nc TVa y as it beneflts io11△
11△
vcvcr,scIDar|
a right to usc a garctiˉ
the plaintif ras assert11△ g a sole and cxclusi tCt 1△ 1atter of thc case11nc
\、
VC rigllt tO tlsC thc canal
T\广 as thus secking tO
「|1c One exception t(D thls1
protcct his busincss at11cr than hance
1・
c1△ his tl′ C ●cquirc the scrvicnt O、 ˉ
land. Casc Of thc lal△ d acco111n1oclating
It viras a 11
the right、 not tllc
accon△ naodating thc usc Of the land,
∫f/〃 ″ z″ pper illu stratcs
~i5 1Vo￡Jc`zrs`乙丿
Oo厂
thc sOn△ et11△ 1es arrc)凡 v distinction bet、 vce11
1△
、
/o`
tha 1mcrclv confcrs a pcrsOnal C)r Con△ n△ erCial advantagc and
Onc that 、ht will not cluali0 as an
said to benef1t thc dominant tcnc111cnt
as such This qtlcstion ls pcr l∵ ˉ `
1cr frol△ 1 0CCtlpation of rllt
the nlo1・ c clilhcult to rcsOlvc accoln1nodation 0f thc land a1ˉ 1、 c`
\、
`11crc
a bcncF1t to t11c business conductcd ()11
lc・ servicntland~A-11gllt rc)
thc land, for a bcnef1t tO thc ^∶
11S rCasC)ni
w・ ill 1nvariablv bc of a Co111111crcial
r1attlrc
A practical CC)1△ scquCncc Of thc rcqulrc111cnt
that a1△ casen|1ent
ac()o11111D()datc tIDc do111inant tC1△ C111cnt
that the don△ inant and
ls
tcnclncnts rnust be ph ysica11y clOsc tO cac11 Othcr altll()tlg11 6(￥ 9c/‘ ⒎ 九
not
aOacent
`7‘
E ″〃9。 zr(g乃
In 刀e ・
* S c)n1c Ofthc h ouscs surrotlndcd tllc
.`/‘
CTs
z`・
others crc not qultc S o`。close`‘

T\ˉ
l)tlt ncvcrthclc SS 、Vcrc
clOsc cnOL】 gh to
fron1 thc park By Co1△trast, a rigllt
to ptlt u p an advcrt1s1ng s1gn
=lDlaintiff、 vasthe c)\v1.cr ofJ
1
Ba y n△ ay bcncnt a lDtlsillcss 1~n 、厂
11ˉ
tlen Long but it cannot be sald tO

I)c11cf∶ ∶ ∶
land u pon 、Thich the bus1ncss 1S conductcd lard、 vasl)y a strip()flal△
cI tl
It cannot tllc1・ cf(Drc qualiR îircd as part。
cascn1ent fhis btlsincss
ItlsC to park cars On thc s[1
J Orcllard,
12,2,4 7乃 eP想乃莎Jr钐 sr B。 c夕p夕沙/‘,♀ Fo`7” 砌 g/`,e szヵ
/・
/ec'/lf磁莎
e`・ q厂
夕 (了石
夕
`2彦 I)GMENT
NO right car1 l)c clainlcd as an casc111cnt tlnless it 1S Ca pa blc Of bcing r CC)tlrr CC)nsiclerccl that tllc ck
by dccd It 1S sOn△ ct1111cs said that casc1ncnts ilie
a11 1n grant A n u11nlD c r CrC casc1△ 1cnt,l)tlt for ot\-ll c.∶
co1△ ditio11s rlox、 i・
△01n this rcqu1rc111cnt
12彤 1 certain″
Tllis liluiration is 1110st kccl
T1△ c right must be sufficiently ce⒒ ain to pemit accurate denniti。魍 ″〃″C`'c‘ ,`z/9夕
l9‘
,/〃
f as wclu
eXamplc.a nghtt。 lightthrOugh a denncd channelis capablc ofbeingⅡ
n.1□ ∶、 [Orage of cars;but1n ll乃・
stlCCcptcd as an cascnlcnt `g/″
II
cascment but a gcncral oghtto light orto a vicw is not,Likewise a ri驷
Ⅱ
-・
airthrough a defined channelis capable Ofbcing an easement,buta gcm吒 roragcwas notcclin C`^匆 sz9))z_l
rightto airis not,A cOvcnantthat p1ohibits building on a piece ofland 1叫 ■ -∶ ghtc)f storagc cotlld stlcccccl
howevcr,achicvc thc rcsult that an unrestricted right to light Or air ca1△ ■ l()lc()f thc scr、 .1ent tene111c11t
△
日■ 1-Free,and it11△ tlst bc consiclerc
`rc sinlila1・ considcrat1。 ns alDIDl
12242 1N・ oI)()sitivc Burclcn on scrvic1nt(i)、
ner \・
￡・
e`.・
iaoo/61馆 v 61oz`″ cz` 夕・
z″ /`7[19I
J`・
A right \、ìll nc)t bc adn1ittcd as an casc1nent

`″
QB 688
requlrcs thc SC1飞・
if it lcnt Alt1】 ough山 1s agrccmcntis not part
to lncur an~ y cxpenditurc C)r takc any pos1tlve action Thc rolc of thc cnforccablc again~st subscquent scp
Owner 1S ess cntially pass1 VC Hc ltIst allow thc cloluinant O`\η Cr to CXci- principlcs rclatiΩ g to covcnants.incl
11・
ˉ
thc eascn△ cnt and hc l1△ ust rcf1a1n fron△ Cascn】 cn~ts 111ust bc creatcd f。
taking a1△、i action that wOuld 【
nt℃ -「 i-
r a rcn
~ò勿 es″ P``ce[1965]2 QB 618
2 Ibid r1949)2K:744
276 r1972J1、 vLR 1355
￡⒕sf/⒈ r￡ⅣIRs
ocl wl△ ic11 co1uprisccl i l1 -." --casc111cnt A scrvicl△
Ⅱ t()\、 △△
cr cannOtthcrcfc)rc lDc 1・
∶
1 CoulCl cxist,as a lD(x1ti -~・ cqt11rcd tO rcpair
rct r11attcr of tllc gra11t~f()r i11stancc,rhc roadx、
∶ ˉ -ay、 -llerc thc right
`lt I1()klscs On tl△ c飞、atc-「
-
^ )t`・、
ay)Orthc pipcs、 vhcrc thc 11ghtis a rightto drainagc。
c∶ 1crlt f1ˉ Ol△ la1ˉ igl△ t tc)I)1i^ ~—
ltlV,hOTvˉ cvcr,scparatcly cxpressly()r irnplicitly agrcc t。 A se1飞厂
ient
∶
∶`hˉ C)11△ a riglatto tlsc a f二 ∶ ~
i∶ lattc1・ Ofthc cascn1cnt・ 1ˉ c.pai1ˉ t11c
-∷ ìvc rigllt to tlsc t11c c△ i1- I1C
・ cXCCption to r11is rulc is t11c Obligation t()Fnaintalln a Fe11cc、
∶
J tllc|1ˉ t11an crlllancc 11ij~、 .I
-j1rc t11c sc1、广
icnt O、 vncr tO bcar tlle cOst。 vln1cl)
11i-lClt11ing thc rigllt.11(11ˉ l f rcpalr 5
1Vo￡。
c/`/s″ le O`'`/。
△d
lλ
/``'occ〃p‘〃 ″
rrox\・ distinctio1△ bctv..J.-.
`。
~∶ dl aclvantage and()11c ti-~
`-ill not quali0 as an cascmcnt ifit in cffcct cxcluClcs thc sel飞
`~ic11.'「 11is qtlcsti()n is1`:r
′
∶
r)111。 cctlpation()fthc se1.・ icnr
10Clation of thc lanclˇ 1--`∶ ˉ icntland or constitutcs ioint。
飞ˉ
1∶
`∶ 1Cnt lanc1,A1ˉ igl△ tto park cars。 cctllDati(D1△

;land,for a benentt。 the n a s111all arca can catlsc problellls
∶casc)ni
∶
∶rclllc11t t11at a11 casci一了^
;that thc do1△ 1inant and
∶′
●tllcr,alt11Ougl1 11()[】 1=-△ -
6’
∞ e肠 ″‘
幻 J
2]Ch 488
ˉ
r illc 11c)tlscs sttrrotlnc1c`∶ ∶吁
吐css were closc cnougb
′ˇ
●n ttclvcrtising s1gn in|1__
nrilr`ras t11c。、vncr ofan orcllarcland adj。
~~「 ir c・ a11nc)tl)c saicl tc1^`.- ining 110tlsc
t\-as by a strip()flancl tlpon xvl.ich tllc clcfcndantF)arkCd Acccsst。
cars tllatl1~c r11c
1.Itcannotthercfore qud口 iaspartOfllisbusincss'Γ
1.c cic1℃ ndant cla1nncclan cascn△
~[()park cars。 11 tI1c str1ID()fland、 cntr11rougl)
stlbiecr t()t11c plt11ntiff・
arcl s acccss t。
冖″″留r`,Ps`r0/Ocr l五
`-=.
ENT
、s Ca pable Of lDei ˉ
∶tc・ C)nsiclcrcd that tllc clcfcnda1△
11clnts・ lie 1n gr11nt・ s clainl a1110tlntcclt。 t′
r`∶ 1_— ~~sC111Cnt,butfor。 .t cla1111 11。 t fC)r
ncrsl△ ip()ftIlc srrip ancl as stlcll[Inc
`...iˉ clailm failcd
` lin1itiation is 11△
。st kccnly fclt in rclat10rl t() rigllts of storage I1△
ˉ
△ .l Cj′
● n11t acctlratc dcfio∶ ˉ

∶ ・ r as wc havc alrcacly sccn,thc c。
c・ 1ˉ
- -.gc
`Fe`'7`,〃
`‘ ofcars;burin I【 urts rcicctCcl a claim
,'ìg/,`z`.l∫勿c〃 ‘
iti1t111nel is capablc c)f-.= .ì‘
/″ 77()fl 1ˉ 1gllr t()st。 rc coalin a s1.ccl
-i,ic\\・ =prccl as an cascllacnt IF。、
vcvcr,t11c cli士仁
is not,Likc\`-i>.ˉ 1cultlcs prcscllted by rigllts
~
tCWasnotcdin C″
)eing an case1.11ent,but 息s′ ,))z△ 勿加〃/OTw11creBnghtmanJdoubtcdwhctllcr
f storaig・ c
cotlld succccd tvllcre it a1110tlntccl to cx・
′ ˉ
~ilciing()n a piccc(。・ cltlsivc use of tI)c
i--∶ i tllc scr、icl△ t tcllel△
lc1△ t T11c qtlcstic)1△
∶
辶k|C11ˉ 1ght tO ligllt()1ˇ .一 is t11tls cssc,ntially onc。
、111d it111ust lDc considcrccl in thc lig11t。 f
ˉ fthc facts。 cacll parrictllar
11iltlr c()nsidcrations apply in rclat1(Dn to t11c grant()f afrigllt tO 1)ark
),`ner
Pr9o/ot)・ c;0″ ″c`/z刂 ″″″
l1977]Ac 239 an(lr,〃庇,‘ y△;tv″
l`8 ″″ ″・ ,s/‘
″〃 |19851
r it1ˉ c(ltli1・ cs tlle sel`∶ t∶ -- 1~lgll this tlgrccrncllt is llot r)art()F tllc cFlsctl)cnt,it 111aV ncvcrtllclcss `l(力
bc
ˉ、|cablc against sulDscqtlc11t sc】 ˉ
=jctic)11,1.11c rolc Of illir`∶ ・
vicnt(-)、、
-o cl()luinant O、 ● 1ncls as a lttl)cl c・
ovcnant tlndcr t]lc
∶∶ v11c1ˉ t r
tij)lcs 1ˉ cla1111g t()c・
ovciktnts 111C1LIcling lc。
^∶
llCja1~S11】 lscllC)J(|c・ ovcnallts,1oi in IIc)r)g Kon‘
lls1 bc crcatccl k)1 tl tc1ˉ
=i11\âCtior1 t11at R・ c)u∶
一 `∶ ・′
.f十
rce[196512 QB 618
lll ~J all
|j2KB 744
ˉ
2-l l\\/ˉ LlR 1 355
277
1||排 i ∷
嘤 1.i
.1●
IIIllllli . . .il
ˉ
″oⅣ C KoⅣ C I1AⅣ D I沮【
乃 .⒎
cars()n thc、厂
iCntland,
`.rholc Or pa1t of tllc sc1飞 Cr,`77`770`2 Eas‘,`77C`7‘
lZ 251 Capablc G1ˉ antor/′ Grantcc ˉ

二、Ofillustration ofthe charactcnsti(
:∶ DfultO listsOFne Ofthe n1ore corrn1(
T11cre 1ˉ 11ust bc a pcrsOn capablc of granting thc eascn△ cnt t111:~
Licrllents∶
capablc Of rccciving t11c cascnlcnt FOrinstancc,if a cOInpan)ˉ 1>
easc1△ 1cnt, it 1〕 △ust bc authoriscd to do sO by the pO`..rers sct i_|
~1∶ S Of、Vay
1△ △
en△ Orandu111,Furthcrn△ Orc,an caselucnt cannot be grantcd b∶ -'
__1S tC)ⅦTatcr and drainage
,ˉ
inhabitants of a tox`..i・ 1)Or othCr fltlcttlating bocly,・ rhcy d。 11。 t

__rs to light and air througll a cicri∶
co11cctivc capacity as cal)aˉ blc grantors and grantecs, 1
~1tS Of support Of builclings
^Jiˉ
1ght tO Fcnce
1⒉ 2.6 1、勿r″ ″ 咖、Vzt)E‘ 〃
se`″ 召呐 `
~-lt`to usc facilitics,eg、 vashing i∶ 工

'Γ
hc class Ofrights t11atthc courts n1ay recognisc as casenlcnts 1s 11^l =rightto usc a sign,11
C11angesin our1n-odc of living rcquircs t11c laxv to lDc stlfFicicntlv
・ 1ghts
accoll△ n1()clatc nc、、 Cars,s、、
ì111111~ing pools,and telcvis1C/1
∶
‘ Acquisition of Easc1m.ents
1ˉ
lDccc)nlc part of cvcllrday lif辶 in tl△ c2oth centtlry and、 vith the111
nccd to considcr Tv11cthcr a 11ght t(D use a parking spacc,O1ˉ thc sT
rc are a nul1△ ber of、 vays in、 vhich eas〈
poOlora'I^`厂 aCrial ca1△ cx1st as an Cascnlcnt,IIO`/cvcr,thc courts1△ a、 c
rcluctancc to recognlsc as casclucnts rigllts that arc signincantl\ 1T`ˉ o lnain categones:express granti
nlarised as follows∶
△om those trac11tionallv acceptcd as Cascn1cnts N O doubt t11`
conselvatls111 ar1scs ion1 a justinablc reluctance tO create tOO 111an、 ˉ
burdens OVCr 、F2.2 Acquisition of Eascnlcnts
courts havc statcd that it 1S
land, In particular t11c
an cxtcnsion of ncgativc easc111cnts、 votlld bc justiflcd 1・ 11e purp(∶ |:
negative casenlcntscrves is Oncn lu。 rc convcnicntly achievcd by titt Acquisition oJ
a rcstrictivc c()VCnant,T11c cotlrt・ s attittldc tO ne-`冫 ncgativc
illustratcd in:
1]xprcss III∶ `-
P乃巾ps Fl P‘ ?〃 [1965]1QB
`t、
iced Bys 16 cPC) By enforccable

FACTS
agrccr11ent
Thc plaintiff and defcndant Ow'ned adjoining prope△ ies,which`rere

vcryclosetogcthcralthoughtheywercinfactdctachcd,Because oft1△ e(
prOxirnity Of thc propertics) the wàll Of the plaintif′ s house that adj
|
C)∶ 1t-
∶
1\Tcccssitv
dcfendant’ S propcrty had not becn rcndercd propcrly against thc
Thc dcfcndant’ S housc fcll 1ntO disrcpa1r and he -was rcqtlircd tO ``
bv t11c local cotlnci1,-As a rcsult of tlle dc111O11tion,tllc xvall of the

11Otlsc 、
、・
as cxpc)scd t()thc x\IcatIlcr and stlffcrcd cla111agc、 \11ich tllc ・ gss c觞彻莎
E∶
Ψ约 ∝ E夕se绍 e勾 ‘″ 召s(
sOught to recovcr fro111 the dcFendant on the grotlnd that hc cnjovci
casclucnt of protccti()n frol△ l t11e・丙.catllcr
~1cre an owner grants a nght ovcr hislan(
ttlSC11△ entis creatcd.′ 函⒎
here an owncrse
JUDGMENT `11to rctain a rightto pass Over thc part(
rland v`hich re1nains in his O丐 vnership.A
Thc plaintiff was not entitled to rccovcr darnages as a nght to
±1()r】 1the wˇ cathcr 、vas not a right thc la 、V would
rccogn1sc g1vcn its D'ezz e/`″ roz矽
ncgatlve nature. ~1△ Ec`72召 èr(1832)3B&Ad 735
``crs z'歹 [1956]Ch 3o4
278 Co/歹汐e`g″ E歹`'尸
`èr″ `'o钅
z″ 夕四〃s[195o]ch
247
⒈
ro。勿 ″sre熙 /es(1879)LR 12 ch D 261
∶
n-1cntland,
J冶 FⅣ
sE.i.1.F・ 2・ 1~5’
ˉ—
~ 6o`″
″70`zE〃 s‘9`77C″ ‘
i tty c)fillustration ofrl△

cc、 Ilaractcristics()fcasc111entlust cxanlillcclit11△
-、
of granting the casen△ ent and a =IIDftll tO list sO111c c)frllc n1。 re cc)1111△1On rlgllts tllat11avc l)ccn rccognisccl ay
「)r1nstancc,if a co1npany is
|∶
-ise111ents∶
∶| d()sO|)y thc poxvers sct ~- |

‘∶∶gllts of、、ay
l`c111Cnt Cannot be grantccl lDx- ˉ `・
i
J.jatilag lDody ・rllcy d。 not q1∶ ~ ˉ
∶
∶gllts tO、、ater ancl clrainagc.・
t 1、 Cl grantccs ∶g11rs tO ligl△ t and ai1ˉ

t11△ throtlgl△ a clcr11△ cd
. ∶g11rs of stlpport of btlildings
c11tlnr1cl
. le rightto Ftnce
一
、・
. -igllrs tO use facilitics,cg、

vaslling li11es ID。 les,′
ilc right tO usc a sign.ll [c)11cts, lctrc1ˉ bc)x∶ ∶
∶
av rcc。 gnisc as casclllcnts is r1cI
∶
il cs t11c la、 rt。 bc sufficicntl、 -
∶
i^∶
1u111ng pools,and tclcv1s1c)∶ 1-^~
2|lt11 c・ cntt11、・ -i -3 Acquisition of Easeincnts
a11d`rith tllc111. ∶
〉usc a parking space,or the
ciue】 △tI・ 1owcver,t11c
courts ha1ˉ c c arc a nt11nbc1ˉ Oftvays in\vllich casc111enrs can lDc acquircci,'「
ats rights that are signincant1) [`・ O1nain Catcgoriesi cxprcss grant a11d i111pliccl grant,、 11csc fall
as casernents.No doubt th.0 △larisecl as f′ Ollosvs; v11ic11 1△ 1ay bc
=rcluctance to crcate tOO rnany

d∶ )tlrts llavc stated t11atit is 、F2.2 Acquisitio11 of Easc111cnts
ˉ
\r)tllCllDc justi11cd Thc purrl∶ `ˉ ・
∶
C CC)nVcnicntly ac11icvccllDv 1--= Acquisition c)f Lascmc1△
s
attitude to ncw negativc
Exprcss 刁
Presurncd~
Is[1965]1 QB 76 Prescnption
dccd Bys16 cPO BV cnforccablc Common LOst Prcscription

ccr1)ent
tlg1・
Law Moder11 Act
_|011111△ g propcrtics.、 v111Cl1-ˉ Grant
~】
=i- 1832
∶辶 :二 )LtCt CtctaC11cd,IBccausc・ |iÎ l
Dfthe plaintifPs house that
1cicrccl propcrlv against t11c-- Ncccssity Con1n1O11 .・
.7,O。
=∶
ˉ 1.i・ l|T・
/‘ 夕
∶I~1 clnd 11c\vas rccluircd t。辶 I11tc11ti(Dn
it∶ Ò″
Bo`7'oz‘ s
c de111Olition,thc、 vall of t1△ e
nd suffered dan△ ageˉ ・
△1e J1
ˉ∶‘ ```h1c1△ 丑矽绍 ss C″夕刀莎
∶ 丿 ll tlnc grc)Ll1△ cl t11at llc c∶ 1 Q厂 E伢s召 ‘炊 esc印勿 s
`77e绍
ò勾
=rc an ow1△ cr grants a right ovcr hisland in fav。
Jascn∶ 1entis
crcatcd, Whcre an 0、 ur ofneighb。 unngland,
vncr sclls。 ffa piece ofhisland,he Inay
-1to rcta1n a nghtto
pass Ovcrthc part Ofthc land sOld f。
・c∶ ˉdarnagcs,as a right t()ir r ~andl丙 hich ren1a1ns r thc benef1t of
in his Ow11crship..人
7・
gain an cascl.lcntis crcated,but

~j飞 ise glvcn∶ ∶
`
`()tlld rccog1△ D`^召 zz e//″。印助
'(1832)3B& Ad 735,
2・
-If/〃召 ∠。 ″c`、 z莎〃[1!

'″ ・
σ o/‘ /乡 e`・ g夕
`77e`'P`r)〃 956]ch 3o4.
E歹印勿药〃 sr1950]Ch
247
lr(`。
〃/″ sre袈扫s(187t,)LR 12 Ch D 261
279
聃啊黝
揣 |Ⅱ
|i△ 炒
.‘
1.。
l1, i"|||i .i"|||1.Ⅱ
,"|1.||||热
"= ..脐
il1 ."|illllii .¨
・
i
曲涮
一
屮硎
以 ≡
・
G KOA`・ C zi4ⅣD L4【 . . ・ ..1....′
`faⅣ
this 111stanCe lS tc1ˉ nlcd a rcsc1飞

‘ iation
bcca usc thc (DⅦ.r11cr as
11△
it
-^11 By Deed
l△
thc right but instcad has disposcd
Of llis 111tcrcst 1 thc SC1飞・1c1△ 11i・
t
to thc rese1・ v11t1on 0f a right
for the bcncnt Of thc etaincd do1△11na n∶ 1・
cxa1△1ple A ls thc 0、 V1△ cr Of t、 .gal cascrnents n1ust be grantcti

、O pleces Of la11cl、 LOt 1 and
LOt 9 Li
..i・
Onto the pu blic road btlt LOt 2 does not,

and acccss 1s Obtaincci i ilc)1c1,a legal easc111c11t111ust ai、
Over LOt 1 If A sclls LOt 1 to B, hc will
I【
ecd to rcservc a right Of 1△

lC casc1△ 1ent rnust not excccc:
Of Lot 2 A, as t11c CC)11rinuing C)``.n C1ˉ ~nant or scrvientland,Thus 1frll∈
Of Lot 2 thc d()nli11allt tcnc11=J∶
``^ti
rcscrvation over LOt

1ˉ
thc SC1ˉ cnt tenen△ cnt. If A had sOld 1c lcase ofthc se1、 ricnt
-∶
Lot 9 I-,∶ ∶ lancl i、 -

Lot 1 llc wOulcl nccd to crcatc `△
a1△ C11SC111c1at OVCr LOt ˉ
= 1∶ Cd forlongcrtI1an 75 ycars.Tilc
1 1 h VO t11・ 11・
T11us cascn1cnts and rcs ervatiol△ s arc `crvicntland lvas f。

the sanlc intcrcst 1t 1S thc1r r999、・
ca1・ s`】
Crca tio11 、vhic11 diffcrs `=、 n casci△ lcnt for anotllcr pcr1|Ⅲ
At Co111111On la W it ls not possil)1c fc)r a
dominant △1cr tO (D\飞
△111not cxist at la`厂 bLlt onI\-111u・
sell t11c
la11cl subjcct to a eservatio11 IPrcvi()uslv
1ˉ
t11c right had tO bc crcatc`∶
Of rcgra11t by thc purchascr Of thc ˉ-J2 By wrlting o1・
sC1Ⅳ 1cnt tcnen△ cnt Accc)r(△ -L ot11cr R1ca11s
ass1gnl△ lent of thc scn△ cnt
tcncnlc1△ t had tO be exccutcc1
by thc
and tllc rigl△ t、Ould bc construecl agalnst thc purchascr
its clf ..・
C al)plicat1On ofthc rulc in l1-‘
the 1)rilOc1plc that construed agalnst t11c grantO1・ Scct1011
a rig11t 1S
^△
1g rnaybc tipheldin cqtlitv、 -11crc
`人
、
`∶
6o`7夕 c2夕 ‘/ ″〃 Prope″ -ilalDIe 、7here the grantis rnadc c

`zc``7g ,` O`r/`″ ‘ z now provides that a rcsc∶ -
rights Ca11 be n△ a de dircctlv 1 the `7CC’ ^1(∶
)fan equirablc eascn1c1△
ass1gn11△ ent SC) tha no rcgrant
11∶
t iftlle g
1S
It ls thtls clcar tha a )tl1ˉ `[oppc1.15
c11asc1ˉ does not 11avc
to Cxccutc the
hox、・
1∶
cvcr. it lS 0t clcar l丙・ 11ethcr r11c section

1△
also eversc tlk
2 B、 s
1ˉ
CC)nstrtlction of r11c 1・ igllt agtlinst t11c.ptlrchasc1ˉ `7111 _—

z6r′ 丿♀/・
印‘
7″ t
``9e cb`″
卢lJ1g r2.3 Eascn1cnts al△ cl Rcscrvatio11s ^- )11 16(I1)statcs.
U111css t11c contra1、

inte11[i(D ll ∶
Public Road
i・
assigni11ent shall opcrare to t】

~ 5>∶
f
q・
。. l)fivilCgcs, casc111cnts or rlpp~∶
Lot 1I B appcrtaining to tllat lancl or tlt titi
0
oCCtlpied or cnjoycd、
《 `・ ith tllat i~
PulDlic R。 ad
无 ~∞
1^-le ObJcct。 f r11is sccti。

n,s\...i・ h1c1115)∶
μ●
~9.2;is t。 cnsurc t11at()n tl△

Rcscl飞 ario11
0-02● 太 c salc(△
nハ
--cgcs apptlrtcnant to the lanci i1,∶

Lot 1∶ A ∶
hd<”
∶
cl aut。 luaticallypass t。
t11c purc11.、辶
ˉ
II)ress nlention.iBcforc the scctl。
I1~
`tlsual to cxprcssly insert sin11Jai・
i
LOt 2∶ A J\c t11is rcstllr,16
刀冖
Easen1cnt =lD`・ cVcr,t11c sccti。 n1△1ay

havc tllc cˉ
∞ 〓湃ハ叶
J
Crc pcrn△ ission int。
an easc111c11[ It:
Lor 1∶ A 1c casc Of∶
'
Lot 2I B
&￡歹勿‘ 9sz‘ c乃 J,òc6勿 ″Bo勿

`77〃 ♀厂厂,刀勿″ce夕 σz‘ No 2,[197)l
2so 468 `sD″ `1)...,a孕 '〃
`油
e(・
EAsFii'FⅣ 「‘
s
^二
:10r1bCCt1usc t11C)()、、ne1・ llaì
.′
~1 By Dccd
l ir llls lntcrcst ln the se1飞
ˉ1e11∶ -f
・
′C11Cfit C)ft11c rctaincd c1()111111~∷ 1^
~il casen△ enrs 11ˉ ltlst bc grantcd l,y dcccl13-As allland ln I-】
C.Cs()fland,Lot1 and Lot2 L
∶ Olag Kong is
1∶ )ld,a lcgal casen△ entl△ ltlst alsO bc crcatcclfor a rcrrn of、 ˉ
ca1・ s T11c te1・ 111
c`11()t,tlrld aCccss is ol)talinc`∶ -
easc11△ ent n1tlst not cxcccd thc pcriod Of the leasc c)rˉ
-∶
∶
∶∶1ccclt()1ˉ cscl飞 ’
c1tllcr thc
C a rigllt o⒈ `~~ 1-0lt or serv1cntland.'Γ htls ifthc lcasc Ofthc cl()1uil△
al△ tlancli`999\ˉ cars
1=∶ i)fLot 2、 tllc dc)11△ inant tcI1c∶ 1
i leasc()f t11e servicnt lancl is Onl)T75 ycars、
the casc111e1△ t calnlnc)t bc
1∶ Ic11C111ent,IfA.llad sold Loi i r~ -~iR)r longer tllal1~75 ycars ’
rhc sa111c、 v()tlld bc t11c casc if tllc ic.1sc c)f
1c.`sC|111Clnt(Dvcr I'Ot l in fa、 (∶
ˇ
~r
r\-icnt lancl s、 as for 999 vcars and thc lcasc of clo111i11a11t ltllnc1、
..i・
ˉ
“∶ l ˉr\n casc1ncntfor a1△
\ˉ a、 5
=rllc sa1nc interesrl tt ls rllcli∶ Othcr1)er1od tlla11 a tcrnl of\ˉ cars fc)1ˉ 1n`ttlncc ft)r
-.it11not exist at la、 vl)ut()nlv in cqtllt\-
∶
t IDIˉ t1cl()111inant O、 nCrtO scll∶ 1--ts-.¨
`厂
,1ously the right had to bc crcatod刂 ~2 By VCriting。 rC)tl△ cr RÌcans
trle scr、/ient tenement.AccOId|qJ
lent had to be executed by the F曰门田 c application c)fthc rulc 1n 1.,.V.・・
l“ 。 F/c.a grant()f an cascluer1tin
itrued against thc purchaser,acod
/‘
rhcrc
--g111av bc upllcld in cquity、、 spcciF1cpcrforn1ancc
`s`,z.i工
``s‘ Oft11e agrccnlcnt
ued against the grantor,SeCtion a】日 -.llablc `X厂 llcrC t11c grant is 1△ △
aclc Orally,cquity 11△ ay again recogn1sc tl△
夕
F″ ”Ce noW provides that a rel℃ i口弓 -`Df an cquitablc cascn1cntifthc gral△ e
tec can rcly on part pcrfor11△
△
ssignmcntsO that no regrantis1△ 曰】 `-r)ppe1,15
ancc1|
c`11()tllavc to cXCCutc thc a、、
1=工 :ˉ ||
∶ilc|scction、、 ìll also reversc t∶ 了^ 2 `3)`si“ y丿 r`/・ r′ 9O Co`″ iq田 ″c``lg刀

1=∶ 、 C11asCr,12
∶
P`。 opO`t)丿 O`ˉ ‘
″
tl 1ˉ `7〃 `7夕 `7CC
--l1116(1)states∶
)ns
tJnlcss thc contra1飞 l i1Dtcntion is cxpresscd in tlle assignn△

cnt. an
Public Road assign1△ 1.cllt shall opcratc to assigll、
∶
刀一
\itl△ tl△ c la11d.all 1ˉ 1g11ts,intcrcsts、

privilcgcs, casc111cnts Or appurtcF1a1△ ccs ll△ ^cr,lDclo1△
〓一
.O、 gi11g o1ˉ

二ハ
aippcrtaini11g to tllat lancl or at t1△ e tilue of tllc assig11111Cnt uscc1,11cld,

LOt 1∶ B C)CCtlpicd()r cnjoycd、 vith that land. ,
i'<●
k
^=lC objcCt ofthis section,whic11 is similartO s 62 Ofthc z‘

)
ˉ ″r.c?/P`(`po`ヵ・
9.P5、 is to cnstlrc tllat on t11c salc Or()tllc1・
clisposal oflanc1.ttll rigl△ ts ancl
・一
刂
1'
. '
10t|2||A| cgcs t11)ptlrtcnant to thc land, not iust fornlallv gralltcd cascll△
一
'
cnts,
・
Lt autO111~atiCally pass tO tllc purcllascr or otllcr gra11tcc`。

1thotltt11c nccd
-II)rCss 1△ △
ention,Beforc the secrion、 vas passcd on 1st NovelulDc1∶
1984,
ùsual t()cxprcssly inscrt siluilar、 v()rcls 111 tln ass1gnlnent in orclcr to
C t11is rcstllt 1()
Public Road =`ˉ
f.)\VcVcr,the sect10n 111ay 11avc thc cffcct of clcvat1ng a licencc cnjoycd
刀订〓一 c一
=∶ =t crC lDCrn1issiO1△ into an casen1cnt,Its cffcct 1n this 1ˉ

cspcct is illustratccl
Lot 1:A | C・ Casc(i)f∶
>
'<●
k
L0t|2||B|
`cc(ion 1 ofthc Clo″ ‘

.e)・
″″c/″g〃 (~.)pt,``,,(’ ′ ‘ C・
’
Cap 219
‘
|足 11∫
``z〃 s″ Clrò天 ,c(1887)35 ch D `7″
681`十 `‘ `″ `″
.|`乃・ J″ ″ ‘
t'、 I严 /″ ff`k乃 I1967]2 QB 379
F`刀勿″ce″ C′ ‘ e(No刀 [19丐 Tilc clatlsc、^```?C`″
vas knc)、 vn as・ t11c gcncral、、(Drcls clausc.
`磁
`(yˉ
281
d0`・
|盯 ●
i|i illl|!.llil|||l il||| ||ll|.
酃
i ll l l l l i l l lll l l - | | | | | i l i i i l|lli . i i l l l i l i i .i||lll|||l1.|
一
|llllll1・ i ・
‘‘
”
1。
I.蹰 ‘ l ii||||||||‖
|
ii|| Ⅱ Ⅱ
llF i l ( I .‘
| 则h
侧
!~i● 9′
||‘ |1~ ||||li .||||

・
〃o″ GK@Ⅳ c L4Ⅳ D∠ .′. ・
41..・ 1・
w饣′ ’
0乃 ′‘业 Fc夕〃夕
f‘
[19491 2 KB 744 ∶
itC to transfer or crcatc d.c11η
`97
FAcTs J∶ ∶
DC of 1,口勿 z。 2.・ 7.s‘ ;勿 z.è20111a
istin land in`s`9″
cquity,itis nortI1|
The plaintir a
=quity looks on as d。 nc`-hat
`vas tC1△ ant Of tW0 r。 Olns 0n ∶
△ 11cnt is spccif1cally perf。
clcfc1△ dant’ s
housc, Thc defcndant `vcckly the top . ・ J∶
rn1a
gavc
fˉ
shed e plaintif pcrnlissi。

1 his gardcn.
A cOLlplc of years n [( tl△
ˉ^2 2 AII Rights,Intcrcsts.IDrlv

11ˉ
latcr tI△ c dcF辶 ndant

a new tcnancy Of thc tW0 rOO1ns grantcd
plus allothcr rOOn1,
n1ade tC) tIlc coal sI1cd btlt no
11△ thc new
tcnancy agrecllle11t, i∶ ∶gllt111ust be capablc ofc~x1stlr1。
to tlSc thc coal s11cd 1・ 11c plalntirl
until thc clefcndant dc111anclccl -ipps夕
usc paylncnt for 1ts Jle夕 2】
`s∶
JtlDGMENT .、 r1nc vicw,Oran cxpansc c)r

to a housc,butit.v。
tlld not pi
Thc plainti3・ s right tO LlSc use a coalshed ort。
9
thc Coal shed was an go aJOng

s 62 Of t11c cascIncnt 、 v11icll ′ Thc reason bcing thatt11esc la
z〃〃l 〃 P`。 q・ ,召〃,, 彳 cr J(丿~’~5 On thc grant IDa′ r-
1△ CsV lcasc ``〃 Of t11c nc△ 、: tcn“
t11c Othcrs are not A nghtto pF
qtlali11ccl as an
ass1gn111cnr for i-
()1)Cra ted tO the purposcs Of kn0、 \...'n to t1)e law,1t d。
pass all CX1Sting nghts, includ1ng thosc
t11c sC辶 :∶ - es nc)〔
pcr1111ss1On Of the that lcre hcld
SCR1ent O`V1・ 1cr `飞 -^23 Ovcr,Bcl。
nging,Or AplDcr
-rcisanecdfordivcrsityofoccuIDa
T11c sCCtion clocs
n()t ()pcratc
The nght bccolncs apptlrrcnant ltlst pass thc nght as a n1erc to 1C t1111e Of tI〕
e assignn1cnt, s111c
to the land, and irtcnancc to thc land bcing sold
status 0f an caScnlcl△ as such 1S clc、・
arcˇ ∶ ˉ
t, It a y bc argucd tllat this 11△
∶
cnt tcnc111cnt,′
the clevation Is not
Of thc sCctio1△ but thc English
1ˉ1〕 is rcquire111cnt l
``/ording ,
atlr11O11tv
1S strong and agalnst this
ed 1r1 support for cxisri11g
V\..rcll CstalD1is1。
arguccl that thc inforn1ality atlt11Ontv 1r
Of thc Onginal pennlss1。
fornlalitv Of the ass1gnn1cnt, n 1S IDcing ‘curcd Zo′ 7黑 ″Cozz勿〃J
althotlg11 this stiF1cation
that t11c partics 111a Ju 1gn。 rcs the
y ha VC originttlly intcnclcd
C)r pcrsOnal the 11ght only to bc ]Ts
、Fc no`・ IO。 k111。 rc cl()sely at thc provisj。
ns Ofs 16, ~rDInn1On o、 ivner oft、
v。 nvcrsicie ID1.
12,3,21 A-ssignincnr iot 2 in.Orclcr to ctlt、
Veeds tlnci it
i`âs1ˉ 1O1’ adl as sticll ovcr L()[2r()ij
△
aratc IDurcllasers,and t11e purcl⒈
crc must be
'「 J・
l△
ss1gn1uCnt fOr thc
- tiglltto pass Ovcr Lot 2 ro repail tⅡ
1 a1・
SCCtion to Opcrate
t】
clefincd 1n s 2 Of t11c
C)o`″ '9c)‘ ⒎
″c``'78 〃 P`。 ty,e``` O″ /``7‘ r`7ce and
lease, n1Ortgagc
and ‘
Cvcry `7〃
asstlrancc
1nstruinc11t′ T11is last lancl
C)r convcyance Of i▲ 1FNt′
hcacl has bcen hcld
tO quali灯 thc rest
1・ 11tIs 1 Oral lcasc
a1・
does not quali灯 beca usc Of t1△ c
agrcclnent to aSs1gn 1t lS not an 111strtln1cnt -ˉ IJ rciectect thc plaintif,s claln1 Tiˉ
C)r leasc als。 ∶
clocs not q ualifl/ bcca tlSc whilt ˉ Llot rCpaircd rllc lDank a11cI cllt
1nstrt11ncnt, 1t docs not itsclf quali、 as ass ura11~ce, ∶
1C1△ anttO L。
a1・ 1
An asstl1ˉ ‘
:∶ 1~∵
t1,He had d。 nc s。
lDl
夕
ˉ
8
1】 C decJs1。 n did attract s。

nle conrro、 ˉ
”
|
=・
clccisi。 n of
B幻 o″..・
扫夕 W饣幻s2 t/・
`‘ ` ``物
sCc Scctior1 5 3
282 1965]1 QB 76 at84
∶
1897]1 ch 602
∶
EHSE1,rFⅣ 「‘
s
″ ∶ transfer or creatc thc intcrcst,.人

i●
`[1949]2 KB 744 lt11Otlgh a11 agree1ucnt undcr thc

)fˉ 1..F勿
=∶ z‘ 7/e2。 n.1ay have the cffcct。
^t11and in cquib厂
/|‘
`、 `,″
``2s‘ fcreating orrransFcr an
,1tis notthc agrccnlentitsclftllat d。
es sO buttllc fact
r\-looks。 n asd。 nc what oughtto bc done~but(Drll\-`ˉ
1t is specifically r)erf。 11crc t11e
oftwo rooms On thc top J∶
rn1ablc
l△c the plaintffperrruss10n
ˉ_ _、 li Rights,Interests,Privilcgcs,Ease1・
∶J[crtllcclcfcnclantgrtlnrt~
1△ cnts,Or~A~p1)t11(c1111nccs
ls anothcr roo111,but no
~ ∶
111ust bc capablc Ofcxisting as an easci△
11c\ˉ agrCcnlent,Thc pla∷ 丁~r lent,AsLOrd E)cnnlng nc)tcc1
rf/9Pe夕、r1
[lt den△ andedpayrncntfof
-△ 11c Vie`′
,Oran cxpansc open to thc、
∶∶t housc,btIt it矾
vinds,1nay be anàdvantagc
Ould notlDaSS undcr scction 62
`厂
`c a coalshcd orto g。、￠hercas a rig11[to

ˉ along a passagc、、Ould pass tlndcr sccti。
∶tc rcason bcing thatthcsc last arc rig11ts knoˉ n62
.厂
iwas ancasernentwhich
-C Othcrs arc not,A rig11tto protccti。玑̀n to t11c la`厂
,`-hcrcas
・
歹on the grant ofthe ne-△ r

n frOIn~the Tveatheris not a rigllt
ir∶ )\`..rn to t11c la、
~∶ for t11c 1)tlrposcs()1ˉ \,, It clocs n。 tthercfore pass undc1・
tilt-
scction 62,
.cludlng those that、「
crc
- - (Dver,Bclonging,Or rippertaining to'Γ
hat Land
`.l nccdfordiversityofoccupation。
fthe do1△
ne of thc assignn△ c11t, sincc thc righr l△ 1inant and scrvicntland
^-∶
o pass thc right as a 1△ 1erc

j∶ 1ancc tO thc land bcing s。 ltlst bc cnjoycd as an
e land,and as such is ld and not bccausc()f。
∶∶ ˉ
c11c11・ 1cnt This rcquircn△ 、
、ncrship of tllc
iˉ
ì ll)tlt r11is clevation 1、 ∶

l - cnt△vas cstablislled 1nl
1glish authon″ agahst
Ⅱ
∶
rⅢ Jrt fc)1・ cxisting atlr11(i,r△ -
nal perlnission is bcing zo′ B召 ^″ (7‘

″[1 923] 2 Ch 177
`″ `勿
hisjustificationigno1es
t∶ 1clccl tl△ c rigllt onlv tc1--.
-in()1△ 。、vncr oft△ v()riversicle IDropCrrics、

冫
rOvisiOns of s 16
∶2 in c)rdcr to cut、 L。 t l anclLOt 2,tlsccltO pass
vcccls and 1ˉcpair thc bank oft11c rivcr,alt1△
`Jl()path as stlcll ovcr L。 Otlgh
t2t。 tl.c river bank L。
iC IDtlrchascrs,and thc purcllasc1ˉ ts 1 clncI 2、 vcre s。
ld
。fLOr 1,r11c plaintiff,clain△
s-1〔 to l)asS()ver LOt 2 to rcpair the rivcr bank and ctltthc wrcccls,ccl l.c
:`CCt1on tO Opcratc
/P7ˉ 0pe`.・・
Il O`'〃 ″ ⒎
`7‘ `7CC NT
= ()1 CollVCya1△ Cc l∶ .r ~
ld to qual灯 tI△ e rest of
ausc itis nOt an rCiCctCd thc plaintifr・ s clai111,′
î)[ repaircd Γ11c c・ On111△
On oˉ Ⅵncr()fL。
tllc l)ank a11cl ctlr tllc reeds in cxcrcisc Of at1and
1ˉ I.ot
..・
s not quali灯 bccau砣 . ˉ

△11ttO Lot 1, Fle llad donc s()by virtuc。
i an assurance.19 An iglnt
f llis()\vncrs11ip of Lc)t2
I2ch 165;and(了。 .乙
e嗟r矽
=C1S1On did attract s。 1nc controvcrsv as 1t appcarccl
`〃
Jdsion of召 ˉ contra∶ y to thc
幻。″
?/汩 W・ 7``物 22\vhcrc no 1・
rrr
divcrsitv。 foccuparion
pcr】 ocl not '‘ `″ `77s
|:′ fol insti.△ ~・ >Cction 5 3
r scc,,亏 77g乃`vrittcn
莎z'J犭勿c勿历切”r 511 QB 76 at84
î1ch 602
283
■
陋峒
≡ 艹≡
〓咖
帜邺
Tc KoⅣ G IjAⅣ
rfo7ˇ D L/1ˉ 〃
asrcquircdforarighttolig11ttopasstlndcrthcscction saria11t~^
`「・
p/rc″
t11is carlier decisiOn as conrlncd to rights to light、
r`,・ c`'〃
vllich for111cˇ ∶ `z'
tO,rather than a basis for.thc gcneral rule.Thc HOusc OfLorJ`r
t、 eenthatan ol丙 ncrcannot
r`%lesr`,7O″ 腐 c昭彻
i・
zr‘ 防 γ Q/・ 5)拗 re)乃 ″rm77`72e`7F11.ˉ t

'/`9e f`饣 ill 0``・ nCr has bccn acctIst(
￡o`'`g ″ COFr/‘ )rr `″ and a 1)provcd thc nccd fc)r divcrsitv Of C)CCt∶ ∶
^.^
--△ XVay,、、厂
hic11 is ofl,encrltt【
therc Of occupation
1ˉ
1s no divcrsitⅤ t11c right 1nay hO、vcvcr

.・
・ -i quasi~easc111cnt Allt11e elc
rulc
11△ 彤.・
【乃Oe`‘
″ Bz‘ r`'o“ ,s, 、liliCl△ C sllall lo()k at shortlv \厂 V、
jrs1ty c)f occul)ation ofthc cll
.「
``7
As a rcsult Of this nccd for diversirv Of occupat1On、 thc
`‘
i part ofthc land,t11erc is dll

1s largcly con11ncd tO thc ltll△ cllord and tcnant
cc)ntext If a11 C广 ;
part Of his land, thcre 1s 1△ O diversity Of oCCtlpation bcforc hc ir llltC)an ease1η -cntdisplaylng
′
∶△11CC.△Vhcre A-。、nst、、
alandlOrd rc11c、、・
s a lcasc Ofland) which ls adjaccnt tO land he
,io lot
în(Drdcrto gct froln the ro11cl
.・
-which
oVC1・ the tcnant Cnloys sOrnc right C)r pri\ilcge、 therc 1`
∶
∶1ng thc road cannot exlst
oCCu pation vcen thc don1inant land, △・
lDct、 11ich 1S stlbject to the
-∷
1 tc11cllncnts are in the o`-11c

landlorcl s adj accnt servlent lancl A salc Of thc landlord′
S C\ˉ c∶ ` 1・
-ti lot furt11est fi。 n△
clc)nlinant land tO thc tcnant 、 vill alsO providc an
tl△ e road t
Opportt● 1-- r11t
opcration Of S 1 6 FlC)r 111stanCc、 if L lcts a propcrty tO T ancl allc)下 `
・∶
luplication()fan casc11.cnrli
0VCr 11is adj| O1n1ng propcrty as a short cut tO thc public road、 s 1
6 lccl cx)n11uon intcntion Of tlx
11∶ 1 thc evcnt that L eithcr rcID-eX`..i・ s T’ S lcasc ()1ˉ scll his rcvcrs1Oll
-1jon contcn△ platcd by tlle pa
Altl△ otlg11 tlnc right 1nust lDc appurtenant tO thc land assigncd
:∶ 1t Whcre thc partics havc F11i
havc tO be a ppurtenant to thc cxact cstate 11|1 the land that IS as卜 !=∶ ˉ.-
~t ifn。 cascnlcnt is ilnpliecl i
11△ G昭乃‘/`77 ″ P`9
25
a purc11ascr of thc 3ˉ celDOld Of a11 Old coach ^-ilright Of access t。
`/cOJ the F)ubllc
ablc to clailη -thc bcneflt Of a right of、 vay thatlle had cnjoycd L15工 ˉfo1・
part Ofthe coach~housc.In HOng KOng t11c diffcrent estatcs`-∶ B’ s purchasc is frustratcd
∶
∶ .∶ 11plied easc1.1cnts arc bascd t
r1ˉ cell。 lcl and lcascholct、 1-)ut cotllctlDe diFrcrcntlcasc11。
lcl cstatcs
-PL】 rtiCS,tllcv、 vill giveˉ
a tcnant of a sh()p-`冫 h()、 ()n t11c rcnct\`ttl of l△
、
vis11cs to is lcasc、 -Dartlcs `.ray ro a
Opcrations and thus takcs a rle、、 lease Of his Original s11op plus .'
・rc arc thrcc instanccs Tvhcn a

could clail△ 1 thc right 1 respect Of both un1ts and not
JuSt thc or1● ∶工
11∶
~
1-)alc Of thc qtlasi~dorninant tcl
12,32,4 -Atthc Tin1c ofthc‘ 人ssignl△lcnt

-icr tlle rulc in l17,eO`‘ ・
∠ ~B〃
′ `″
ti11Cnts arising l)y ncccssityi al `
1・ he rig11t illtlst be Cxcrcisablc at t11c tiluc Of the

`‘
ass1g1△ 11△ Cnt A `-Jn1cnts of con1111。

cxtingulshcd prio1ˉ to tllc assign111cnt、 vill n intcntion.
not be rcstlrrccted bv [∶
=:
For 1nstancc a rigllt ln a leasc that ls stlrrcnclcrcd C)r ()t11c r、 visc ・
)rc t11c lcasc 1s rcnc、 vcd 环7111
1 Γhc Rulc in 1...r%‘ ,``氵 9 Jzi
vill n。 w
9‘
IDcf〈
not pass 26
This result 、 e、 ei
P`‘
n△ crcly has bcen a clclay in cc)n1plcting t11c rcnc、val()fthc leasc s() `‘
-t1S OnC ofintcntion,T\..rhicll ls

is a tin1c gap bct、 vecn the cxpiry ofthc old lease and thc con1plctiJi工 _Ⅱ
rene、 `1crogarc froln1 his grant'rhc ci

`.ral’Itis thc datc ofthc rcnewed leasc,latc though it llla1-卜 >e 、 ri・
LT i11 tl△ c casc。 f1.i.1|777Oc,`‘
dec1slve,一
‘ `。
`7J
1ˉ his requirc1△ 1ent provides an escapc r。
utc for ox、 nCrS、 .i'ho do ...・
-91)tllc grant bv tllc O、 vnc1・

to elcvatc pcrn11ss1 VC rigllts If the rigllt 1S tcrnlinated of tt
Just pr1!r ∶is t11cn tIscd ancl cnjovcd.tI1`
assignn1cnt,it cannot passto a purc11ascr tlndcr thc section,
T11e -c)ntintIOtls and apparcnt easci
gives、vay t()a contra1飞「1ntcntion,
∶
义lasi-casc111cnts)Or,in~othc1ˉ
、\
lèccssa1ˉ・
∶ y to thc 1・
eas(D1△ ablc cni(
-lllich havc bccn and arc ttrtl)c
刀刃
r19791 Ac 144
scc 12 3 3 1 ∶
`ftllc cntircty R)1^tllc bcnctlt(∶ )f
252627
[1984]QB7・ 17
・ ˉ78∠ /‘ ′
.1r`己 4￡ c9c′ z’ |71`△ 1987)・ l llc・ I・ i11】 cs 22(Dct()bcr
`,8`″ `'C```rr/(・
Co/‘ /Derg″ ￡力r‘ `′ `,2sr‘
``匕
`s[1952]Cl1 247. -f8)]2 cll D 31 at 19.
^/
^xˇ
'△
EAs四 1MEN「s
j(、 underthc scctlon, r`?够 ,//c〃 σ /`7'
)rights to light、 vhich fonned

`'‘
∶
1cra1 1ˉ ule Thc HOuse of c scenthatan olⅨ ncr cannot havc an casc111Cnt OVcr his O\、 -nlandˉ I3tlt
..i・
‘
7rey。 /v″ 叨e`Br 2=
″ an o、 nCr has bcen accustorncd to using onc part(Df llis lttncl in a
`^r`,eE” `厂
:nccd fo1ˉ diversity Of 、vay、、hiCh is Ofbenc± 1ttO t11c rcst Ofhis land,his usc ls co1111n(D111y
iia1・
∶1:llc tˉ igllt 111av.ll(-)、 VCVC1ˉ 1● ˇ′

∶′ J~ia quasi-easc1△ △
`.i・
c1at,Alltllc cle111cnts c)fancasc111cntarcprc卜 c1△ tCXCCpt

ˉ-^
∶`∶ 1`-c s11all look at s11Ort1、
crsity of occupation oftl△ c donlinantand sc1飞・ icnt tenc111c|nts (E)1△ the
-cr>it、 ˉ
^part of thc land,t11ere is divcrsity of occtlpatio1△
()f oCCupation,thc [lnd t11c llgllt 111a、・
ci tuld tcna11t contCXt,If an IDintoancasc111Cntdisplayinga11thccharactcrist1csxVcllavccxtt111i11c・ d.
s1小
ôf occupation bcfore hc Ìance,-`11crc A.oxvns tvyr()1Ots of lallcl and it is 11ccCSSar\ˉ to pass o、 cr
∶111 OrCtCrto gct fronl thc 1ˉ c)ad to tllc Ot11crlot.thc1ˉ 1g11t[o pass ove1・ tlle
`-hlch is adiacentto landhc
I)1C1ˉ 1ght Or privilcgc,therc i` -ILing thc r()ad cannot exist as:1n caselucnt,f(Dr rllc do111i1△ a11t anc1
1∶ la11d、 xvhic11is subjccttO it tc1△Cnlcnts arc in thc Oˉ
ìnCrship
--lc lot furthcst fron1 tllc road tO B.tllcofr1gllt
onlv of`:a、
one pcrson
・ Btltif^`t11c11
~-\sale Of thc landlord′ s pc11 1ntcD a11
`-l111△
1ˉ nl als。 providc an -cnt
L lets a prope】 y tO・ r and rir11plicationofancasenlcntinthesecircurnstanccsisbascdtlpontl△ c
1ortcutto the public road,s16 -∶ 1cd coln1△ 1on intcntion of the parties,In c)rdcr to give cffcct to tllc
T`lcasc Or scl1 11is rcvcrs1c)∶ 11 ~t1on contcn1platcd by tllc parties,it lnay lDc ncccssarV to iluply an
)purtcnantto thc land assignec t・ 1ntˉ hcrc tllc p111tics havc failcd tO 111cntion cxprcssly thc right FO1・
`厂
ˇ
~tt CstatC in thc lanclthatis -∶ t|、 if no Cascl△ lcnt is i111plicd in c)ur cxan1plc,thc lancl sold l)yA.ìill
rr(~)l tl△ cfrccholdofanold ~(D rig11t of acccss tO thc pt1b11c road,It xvillt11cn bc Oflittlc tlsc and thC
庄ofwaythat he had cnjoyedas l for B’ s purchasc is flustrated.
1● I(Ong thc diffcrcnt estatc> `∶ mpliccl eascments are bascd upon thc prcsumcd common intcnt1On
.lpe diffcrcntlcascl△ old estatc卜 -lDartiCS,thcy、 vill givc`rav to an cxprcss contra1v intention d1splaved
renewal of his leasc,wishes to ~part1es,
∶
casc of his original s11op pltl` -=rc are t11rec instanccs x、 .illC1△ a gra11t of a11 ctlsc111Clnt 111aV bc i1△ △
plicd
rˉ lDOt11 unlts and notiust the salc Ofthc quasi-(1O11△ inant tcncrnc11t∶
-s n111ent icr thc rulc in VF・ 7,c,‘

9`‘
//)″ zi~″ z.r`'`^c)rt s:
`tIncnts arising by ncccssity;anc】

∶
thc tirne of the assignrrlcnt.A `clucnts of co111nlo1・ 1 intcrltion,
ncnt`7ill not be resurrectcd b△ r
1at is surrcndcred or ot11crv`-lsc ∶1 T11c Rulc inˉ

VV′ 79cc9`〃 (,`?″ 止″ roz‘ s
``ˉ
ROt pass.26 This rcsult`ˉ 111 noiⅣ
leting the rene、 val Ofthe lease ~:c1s Onc ofintcntion,-吼「 hich is basecl upon the principlc that a nlan
IIˉ 111c Old lcasc a1・ 1d tllc ∶dcrogatc F1ˉ on1 his grant,Tr1c clc1.1cnts C)f t11c 1△ 11c、vcrc ide1△ tined l)y
ˉ
1C`^Cd lCase,latc thoug11 it 111tr‘ tc1・ 1.Tin thC casc c)f l17,‘ ?O`‘ vzz's aSl)cing;
`'`zi B`/`″
`。
△escapc routc for o-w-ners,vho `t)n the grant by t11c。、

vncr of a tcnc1△ △
e11t or part Of t11at tcnclncnt lls
・
thc right is terrninatcd ju瑛 ∶
t1s thCn tlscd ancl cnjoyed,thcre`λ iill l)ass t()t11C grantec all thosc
Irchaserunderthe scction,the ~ontintlous and apparcnt casc111cnts(bv、 v11ic11.Of cotlrsc,I111ca11
【
1. tluasi-easc111ents~)()r,i1△ Otllcr、v()rds.all tl1~Ose casc111cr1ts x\^111C11 arc
llccessa1)ito thc 1ˉ casO1△ able cnjoy111cnt oftbc propcrtv grantcc1.t111Cl
\\-llich havc bccn al△ cl arc t1r t11c ti111c()fthc grant usccllD、 -tllc()`。 nCr
~)f t11c entirctv fc)1・ tllc l)encllt()fthc part gralltcd 2・
6o Ir歹 (1987)Thc Tirrles 22 0ctobcr.

∶`ˉ 8)12 Ch「 )31 at 49
285
崂侧
粞
曲
曲渺 "咖
|}娜 |‖ 1. i"驷 i ^
ⅡoⅣ iC Ko`VC LAⅣD LAlV
Thc rule providesthat a quasi-casen△ ent1△△ ay dcvclop byin△ 一 ˉ

plicat∶ △11 rcquirc1△ 1cnt,tllat thc 1・ 1.
eascn△ cnt,provided thc user satisncs thrcc elerncnts∶ ˉ・

′ to 11飞 thc cnjoylncnt tts`-cl
(G
it 1ˉ 1ˉ 1ust bc c()ntinu()11s an(l apparcnr; COntintlous and apparcl

it 1△ 1ust be reasOnably ncccssary forthc cnjoyn1cnt oft∶ 1=
s()ldl and ●ilt does 110t havc to bc coll
〓
Ⅱ
it lutlst l)c in tlsc at t11e tilllc Of thC salc _ _iSCd,A rig11t。 f、 vay,for 1nt
`l)assi1△ g day and nigllt ovel
In l17,c,‘,′ ‘
￡9```^`t,∠ ‘
/```7 `` ‘ requirc1△ 1ents (i) 111ad (ii) arc ~li)ecn givcn thc、 vidcr 11△ cal
altcrnativcs,butthcrc is sO111c suggcstion that both lilnl)s1△ △ ust bc -jn ifa rightis not contintlotIslI
that,at t11c vc1y lcast tl△ c nrst lin1b 111ust l)c found o1t,T11crc 1△ 1ust bc sOn1c rctl
~C・ arcful inspcction by a pc・ ]
`cs t11c cxistcnce Ofthc case111

・
Tl’ zz`″ ″-Kif`功 /‘ [1967]Ch 194 )uld pointto a right ofˉ
```〃
i・
wˉ ayF-i
~∶ 1nanl△ olc c()vcr,`Voulc1 11△ di
「ACTS ~△ 】
tt11c rightto cntcr thc ntrlu、
・
1/∠ 9-zC/`姥 /夕 ″汪 sincc t11cre、 ˉ
as
FOr 1△ 1any years pric)1ˉ to 1928,t11c plaintifr.s cottagC and t11c ∶
11Vard to s11。、、r t1△
at a qtlasi~c
farn△ hotlsc had bccn oxvncd by thc church 1n 1928 the cottagc、 `忄
t11c plaintlff・ s prcdcccssor in titlc、 togctllcr、 vitll t to use t11c
a 11gl△ Reasonably nccessa1飞 :
farn111Ousc va1・ d for un1oading coal In 1942 thc dcfendant becalut~
Ofthe far1△ △
11Ousc,Fron1~1942-1954t11c plaintiff)s prcclcccssorin titit 111s rcquirc11△ cntis not applic(
tl△ c farn△ yard in ordcrto luaintain the`氵 all。 ft11e cottage Thcre`△ 卜 :1 --~ijssary that、 vithoutitthc pror
、 tthe cottagc 111 1 ^-∶
Cllitates thc rcasonablc cnio\
`.iray ofn1aintaining the cottagc,Thc plaintifFl)otlgl△
convcrtcd it.Fron1 1954-1958 thc plaintiffalsO cntcrcd tllc far1△ 1varci∶
=
t()111aintain thc c()ttagc In 1958 t11c clcfcnda11t l)Ot1g11t tllc -2 1..iV。・
%c,O`〃 o`7″ B```7'0“ .s ancl
rcftlscd to allo\、 i thc plaintiff to cntcr tllc farlη yard to n1aintain tllc
∶
l)ilaritv betxvecn s 16 c)fthc c
JUDGMENT t rtlle in l1 7,‘ ,P/‘ ;'0`7″ z为 ./`・
∶
∷ons: `r~9″
vard tO l△ laintain thc cottagc could exi`1

'Γ
11c rigl△ t to entcr t11e fa1・ 11△
casc11△ cnt.l)tlt it cc)tllcl llot pass tc)tllc plaintiffulldc1・ ∶∶

tllc rtllc 11∶ 1 on 16 Opcrates瓦 hcrc tl△ crc 1卜
Brr`・ 1s notcontintlous and apparcnt'Γ llc rigllt clid. 11o`ˉ ci ri ∶
tcrcforc dc)cs not apply to qtla `..i.iˉ
ò``sas itˉ `△
unclcrs 62 c)f tllc￡ r″ ‘ `f!/P`ppe″ c产 r9’ ~529t()tllc plaintif・ s ∶
∶ast,Opcrates
t1ˉ in just t111s s1[u‘
titlc\vllo t1cqtlirccI t11c property in
`△1928 --ii(Dn 16 Opcratcs Only、
v11crc tJ
- 1)ropcrty but、 o.「 /,`7 z.-8
~tC111c1△ t to assign `,c9O`〃
orlcase.s|
U11gocd T11omas J in l△ is iuc1gluent consiclcrcd wllct11cr thc tion 16 will pass rights that
that、 verc rcasc)nably ncccssal).r for thc enioyn△ cnt of thc propcri.‘ Jònably ncccssa1y forthc cnlo
forrucd a scparatc catcgo1、 r fron1 thosc rights that、、・cre continucˉ ~` ^rcvcr,theright111ustbc cnjoycl
apparcnt,and notccl tllat t11crc、 Vas no casc in xvllic11 a positive c ∶
l()n16 and thc rulcin【 B7,‘ `c9/‘ r”
falling、 vithin tllc rule llad not bccn continuous and apparcnt'「 llc illtioncxprcssedbythcpartics I `′
.orCq11irc111cnts\verc alternat1vcs Orc()nctlrrC1△ t

Of`/11ctl△ crt11ct、、 ^~iSCd upon thc prcsunled intcnl
t\..Tas alSO raiscd,but not nnally scttlcd,l,cforc t11c English COurt of `c tlnless it is、厂
、1thin thc i111pllcc
s・ g``‘ /`F`z′ -Ff‘ 7`^`^`s-S`,``//,・
v)T11c court dccidccl,\vit11()ut 11Olding thar iI
-J-而
^:;tC〃 ziJ‘
召`g(,[1921]1 Ch 322 tul(i

`刁
刀 ∞
Scc s 16 ofthc Cb″ ″ J勿 ″ î” `^(1887)1 II&N916∶ sc、

c/7″ c′ ″P`・ Ope``・ o`z```7〃 ″c‘ 7
旧 σ 冫
`饣
助 [1930]1C1】 J193
(1981)42P&CR 118 at 121 ``‘
`?″ `l〃
i`[/`・ Kr`烫 ‘
/r19691c11194
/‘
`″
286
f4SEj.i1.・ Iff.\′ 「s
trtllnay clevclop bv ilup∶ ∶

~~ .uk"|lⅢ
叮「∶ ial requiren△ ent,that the nght of way in qucstion was reasonably
`-11rcc clc1ncnts∶
=.“ ary to thc enloyrnent as玑厂
cll as being continuous and apparent,
.・
ml1~|・
oIDparcnt; ~ Continuous and apparcnt

`àrv⒈ ()rthc cnjoynlcn∶ ˉ
∶ -∶
."l|!ˉ
∴ght does not have to be continuous in the sense that itis constantly
-cc)fthe salc Im・ lit uscd.A right of way,for instance,does not nced to have son1eone
ll||∵ ”.-△ passing day and night overthe road or path、
ray.‘
has ()ontinuous・
CI11CntS (i) and (ii) are 三~been glven thc w1der rncaning of per1△
||屮 |Ⅲ |||.r∶
i)11L1、lt l,ot111ilmbs inu`∶ -.

1ancnt.
∶
∶ [-.en ifarightis notcontinuouslybeingused,its existencernustbeal△
I`tl)c found ‖‖
I.△ 二 rcnt,′ Thcre Inust be so111e feature on thc se|n厂
vays
¨・ 1ent land.ascerta11△ able
ll 1。 careful inspection by a person conversant环
△th such F△ 1atters,tl△ at
∶scsthe eXistence ofthe ease11△ ent.Forinstancc,a roadˉ ˉ
.[1967]ch 194
|||||||I..¨
″ ˉ △ayor a dist1~nct
i‖ △ouldpoiFltto ar1ghtofway;31 and a draiF1,or 11△
|1.・
`口 t1△ e cascofa subrnergcd
‖|^.~i.i△ nanhole cover,would 1ndicate a right to dra11△
r・
ˉ
age.32 It△ 、as on thls
l扯.|||tnatthe r1ghtto cnterthe farrnyard to rcpairthe cottage did notsuccecd
.iii7叨
vK犭磁砌伤呓 sincethere was nothing apparentfrom an mspecuon。
)1aintiff’ s cOttage and the f
ll|・
1ˉ irrnyard to sho、 v that a quasi~easerncnt arose.
1`lrc11 I1△ 1928 thc cottttttˉ .
∶
cr11cr x\1th a rightto tlsc 1Iˉ l ¨
Reasonabl、 neccssav
∶
l 1942 thc dcfencla1△ tl)c、 ~~一 :
e plaintiff’ s predccessori1△ 呼“‘
工this requirernentis nOt applied 1~n thc stnctsense thatthe nghtnilust be
i-ill()ft11c cottagc Tllc△ ˉ ^llrJessary that`ìthoutitthe property can~not be used.but ratherthatthe
t-
tî11tiff l)()tlghtthc cotra● 一・
= △ ∶△Cilitates the reasOnable enJoyll△
Cnt ofthe prop・ eFty.
Jˉ
irlfrˉ als。 cntcred the farr1-._— ~
ticndantl∶ x)ugllt tl△ c fiiˉ -

.-i2 1彤.%,e召
`∶
i0刀夕23笏约
。彻
11c far1uvard to 111aintaii。 i `〃
`'・`sand s 16.
|r`n1ila11ty between s 16 ofthe 60绍
″e”伤勾c勿 7g夕刀
1~ii△ 冫̀Om歹夕绍c召
e1ˉule in T夕 %ceJ歹。勾 ″23笏 r约oz,‘ 'Prope″ `勾
1ber of
ii-工
Ct1Ons: `s is stn.k1ng,butthere are a nun・
~.∶ ∶
1tL1111 tl〕 c cottagc c()1∶ ~` ~
plaintiff undcrthc n△ 1e in ′叮Ction 16 operates、 vhere thcrcis divcrsityofoccupation before the salc,
apparent.The right did, ilInerefore docs not apply to quasi~easernents.呦
29 to the plaintiff’ egz'i0彬 ″B笏卿10彻
z~92L5・ s ∶∶ntrast,operates in just this situation. `s,by
28. ′
cction 16 Operates only w11.crc there is a fon・
nal assign△ ncrtt orlease of
i工 c prOpcrtyˉ
but w乃 ceJ〃 i0绍 z/JB彻 7.7。 “ l apply whcrc there is an
~JCcFn~ent to assign orleasc,33 `s lVⅡ
nt considered whether the ●cction 16ˉ 环hll pass rights that are not cont1.nuous Or apparent Or
∶
-iC cni()yrncnt()f rllc i-f ˉˉ ˉ:jsonably ncccssary forthc cnJoyrnent ofthc propefty.34In bOth cases,
`c1ˉ igllts that xvcrc cc-r∶ 一 -
îˉ
r`^cVer,thenghtrnustbeenjOyedatthet1rneofthclcaseorassignFnent.
1 1 CttsC in`vllicll a pc)s1t-^了 ′
cction16andtherulein l彩勿召eJ〃 i0绍 ″
ˉ-= .B笏 ″1。 “
nt∶ 11uotls alld apparent 工1cntioncxpressedbythepa△ `s bothgivewayto acOntrary
ies.HOw・ ever,马 `hereas w%ceJuo绍 v￡
lcrnat1Vcs Or cc)nctlrreln∶ rr 勿7扭 9ms
1。
・Dased upon thc presurned intention ofthe parties so that a。
△cforc t11c El△ glisll cOuI一 ˉ
~=se unless itis within the irnplied contractual r1ghts ofthc grantcc,s16
ghtcannot
J Jiclcd,ˉ t11Out hold111g tr~ˉ
`△ ˉ
JVo`‘ /″ 乃 [1921]1c11322
ˉ =j`.Ch``c・ (1887)1H&`1916|and
`8。
sc乃 z‘ 勿‘
1″ Or〃夕刀ce o/'。 ″[1916]2C1112f)&459
Cr`γ/” I//l[193o]I cl1 495 ```z)σ
`。
1・ i″ r″oz・
`刀
Iˉ r`z・ r/`功 /‘ ″[1969]ch 194
`″
287
■犄・
蜘〓〓巾晡
曲咖
≡
〓嬲
洄
.渺
一
"〓
一i一
巾 `
"
"一
`
徇
〓
口
"〓
rfoⅣ G K@Ⅳ cz∶ 4ⅣD EAI`T..・..∷ .・
n1ay Operatc to crcatc an easclncnt tO 、

vllic11 t11c grantce
u11dcr thc contract by -De in1plicd.Indecd,as sa11uor
he acqulred 1△ is 1ntcrcst tllc
=|
``111ch 11I・ 1
~iv ca11、 / 。n thc busincss,fc
1234 E伤 se陶 e绍莎sQ厂 Necess9夕
□ ˉ-i∶ :Ons then in forcc,
An eascment ofnecess灯 iS arig11tthansso essentialtothc cnjowm叫

ⅡI
land thatthelandwould be uscless毗 ^`1ntercsting t()ObscLvc tllat l
■ h。 ut止 T1△ c classic cxample引
of way to land△ ockcd prope卿
吲■ -11g卜 IR,t11ar atthc ti1△
ˉ 1c tllc lcas`
It had bccn th。 ugl△ t that the basis for implication of easen口
neccss灯 layinpublicpolicy‘
■■ Diggcr cluct be crcctcd.TIlc1-T
1ns clearlynounthepublicinterest,pad刂刂 ■ îinsp11・
ed,tllat tllc cxisting\-cFlti
in Hong Kong where usable land is s。 ■ )rc thatrhc rcstis not s()1utlc11
scarce,that land shoFld。 =j∶
^-1c1r prcsu1ned intcnti。
uscless.H。 wcver,山 is view was rcJcctCd in
Ⅳ rc肠 s。勾 v:伤绍夕czo甥「J■ ■ |
n`ˉ 。ul(!
doctⅡ nc is bascd rathcr on thcimplicd intenuon。 nl口■
prcmises arc sold,and is山 fthe p删 es atdne叫
〃 intention,
us subjectto a cont⒓ ■
%cextentofeasemcntsimpliedbynecessWisstrictlylimitedtoru■
■ ′′ ’
77彡 /‘ ‘ ose`△
切″。″
ofthe la?d atth叩 me ofthc grant and may bc exeKiscd t。 `′
``?‘
purpose Dut no。 tner. ma山illl
刂■ -∶ )L11・ ts arc 1110rc 1・
cILlcta11t to tllDI1・
∶
r()fthe grant。
r丐 \..rhcrc tlle quasi~
12.3,5 E溺 se`御 e刀沁・ sh()uld not bc all。
Q厂 C。 ″7`,・ 70绍 f勾莎
e绍 ″o″ 1ˉ
・ xvccl t。 c
∶ lsta11Ces arc clcar t。
Easements may also beimplicd to give effectto the comm。 tl.c gralI
^-cd in favour of t11c grant()1ˉ
n intenjα 耐■■
JII
pades.Thatintention may anse becausc the。 ∷`)1△
()n∶
tention。 fthc partiesi btl[til
山eland c。 ntemplated bythc partles,orbecause ghtis necess岬 for血 11△
surrounding cirα
are such mat me partics must have contcmplated such a right,An e■】Ⅱ
曰目■■
△■ - t・ asc Of tl△ c i111plicati。
11。 fa gi-;
lcnt.An cxanlplc(Df d1c c。
ˉ
ofthc implicauon。 fa right。
n山 e basis。 fcommon intcntion is fou△ u■ ■ ∶
~cnt bascd upon cO1△
urt、 s△
Case of Ⅱ日■■ 11η On 111[c11r△
・ 1kkPÎ彤 o33‘ ze‘ 「

三
1..F.・ b`7g∠ ￡V夕 zr`″ 。
J
P`'(pO叮、r″饮￠z/‘
`7` [1965]|1 QB IT3 `s(二
丁s
`
FACTs
^・
dcfcndant、 vas tlle lessee。
A lcasc Of a ccIlar rcqulrcd ^|i sublct the rest。 fa buⅡ di
thc lcsscc tO pren1is Cs as a tlSe tllc f the fl。
to tlSc his best cnclcavOurs -icasc,thcre wcrc tw。。rs t。 thc
tO dcvcIO1) thc IDusincss,
all s1△ 1clls and to to control and advertisernent
Co111ply with thc hcalth _— ∶
et to the plaintiff,A.ner ten ycars the
regulations r()r thc tinlc
f()rcc Thc partics icasc.N-cithcrthe onginal or new sut
clid not alDprCciatc _—
t11at thc cXisting
satisf、 llcaltll vcntilat10r
` regtllati。 ns, The plainurr acfl tlircd
thc rcslduc Of tllc
工△∶to Fna1ntaln the advertiseInents.
11r1Ordcr tO colupl y with rCgulations
、
visIDcd to flx a biggcr
()utsiclc Of thc btlilding, duct △.iGM・ ENT
The clcF。 11dant, t11e Original landIOrd ,s
titlc rcftIs CCl to allow 11in1 tO do SO
・defendant had no r1ghtin thc abscnce(
JUDGMENT r advertiscIncnts.The rnere fact that thl
-icase and did notsubscqucndy objectl
T1△ c COurt Of Appcal -prcnliscs f。
9`厂 aS tlnaniluotls its v1e、 v r advcrt1sing was not suf
ilnplicd 36
11^1~
that an Cascr11cnt
Tl△ c tcrn△ s Of rntion to iFnplyan easc1・
t11c leasc cotlld not be pcrforn1ccl 11cnt.IfthclandIc
tlnlcss
35 lI the onus、 vas on hina|t。
[198]J c11 426 sh。 w tha1
36
Rclcrcncc was n1adc to ~ìstcnt`。 th any。
C11sC111c11ts of ncccssitv lDut
thcr explanauon,
ncccssttrv thc
it ls clcar that an ea$ciu.△ ・
strict sellse, but was ncccssa1γ n
lntcntion (lisplavcd ln oi dcl ro glvc cffect
288 thcir lcasc to thc
FHSE1..1.rFⅣ rs
i CttsC111cnt tO T\..Thic11 t11c gra1.tcc l1.i=-i
1人 J111c tlcqtlircd 1△
-ì bc i111plied,r11dccd,as saln1On LI()bscrvcd,tllc IDlaintiffalso c。
is intercst in thc li工 -.lllv carry on.thc btlsincss, for to d。
~ tlld not
so 、
v。 tllcl brcacll t11c l△ ealth
- ations t11c11 in forcc,
~<`J「 l
(It t11a 1S SO Csscntial

∶∶
to the CnJoI ∶
l is intercsting tO Obscl飞 rc tI1at it Tvas acccptecl、
0`s \`ˉ 1thout it, T11c classic exan1pl 111 partic・ ular lD1ˉ
li11ng RIIR,tl△ at att1ˉ Lorcl
1c tinlc t1△ c lcasc、 vas granrcd tllc lDaltics clicl11c)t lFlrC1△
ct l)1ggcr ductlDc ercctcd,'I11cy wcrc tlnclc1・ d
the bas1s for in1plication
of C`t`ri ∶transpircd,that thc cxisting vcntilation systc11】
thc 11△ 1IDrcssi()11 111isttlkc111y
clead ynot thc public 1ntercs[ 11^1
as aclcqtlate rt clplDctu、
-i cFk)rc t11at t11c tcst is 1・ `ˉ
~I∶ k! 1s s○
sca1・ cc that land △Ot so 1η tlcF1、 Vllat tllc IDalt1cs aCttlally lntenclccl lDu[
shoul [their prcsun△ cd lntention x\・
rcJ ccted ・ -、
。tlld
1 c乃c久,° bc iftI1c3ˉ
1∶ F・
″ B‘/`″ 彳 c ”
∶
∶ 1 plicd `` `^Crc ln full p()sscssi()n ort11c
∶ lntcntion Of thc partics
`・
`厂
a r∶ lt-
bject to a contrary intcntion
~R6 f``,7,``召〃夕
np11ed byneccssiVis strictlylimitedtood c)、 e″ 1夕卢
`r``7
grant and may bc exercised t。
maim刂 ■
=Cotlrts arc n1Orc 1ˉ elucra11t t。 tlpllold thc in1plication c)f a rcscrvatio11 111
)L△ Ofrhc grantOr T、 11crc t11c qtlasi~scrvic~nt tenclnent is sold、
11r()1ˉ sh()uld not bc allO、・ lDecatlsc a
口o`7J`z莎e绍莎 cd t。 dcrogate froln his grant tlnlcss tI△
-tllllStanccs arc clcar t。 c
'o`z thc grantee,-An eascn1cnt nlav l)c lr11plicc1,
′
=lVCCl in ntv。 L11ˉ Of thc grant。 1・ on t11c basis Of 11ccesslty,or ctuc to tlle
11111()n intention oftllc 1)arricsi but tIlc c()urts\vill ac1Opt L】
-ilc casc Of thc i1101)licat1On(Df tt grant i1△ stncter tcst tllan
ˉ R】 v()t11ˉ 。f thc(1Llasi-do111i1△ ant
ClllCnt.An~exa11△
1)le()ft11c cOurt・ s srrictcr atrirtlcie to tlDc 1111plication()fan
′
C111Cnt bascd tlpo11 corllnlon intc11t10r1 1s∫
()tlncl ini
1~~..
Pe 1|.1||7oDD s iO夕 s。
[∶ 1 951]1c118o8
i ●C'``1. z'z/sr ‘
」 z卢 /[1965]1 QB 1T3
\CTS
亡dcI℃ ndant△ vas tIlc lcssec()f a build1ng,Hcc)cctlpicCi tl△

jl sublct t11c 1ˉ c grot111cl llc)。
`CC usc thc prcl△liscs as a Csta1~r~'
[o csr of thc nc)。 rs t。 t11c plaintiff,-At tllc r1111c。
1ˉ
=′
Dlcttsc,t11crc t\・ cre t`・ f rlle initial
.lop
1・
thc btlsiness, tO control and o advcrtiscnlents()n tl△

、 c、valls Of tllc tlppc1・
lct to tIlc plaintiff i\ftcr tcn ycars t11c clcfcntlant 1・ t1。。rs
llcalth rcgtllations for .cCl tlle 1)lalntir1・ ′
thc tin1c )lcasc,∶ 卜
cllc、、
clatc tI1at thc existing 闷cit11cr tllc Original or 11c\、厂 s
ventilatio11 subleasc rcse1・￠ cd to tllc dcfc11clant a
o∶ il t!Ⅰ r ac(luircd thc =|nt to l.laintain t11c aclvcrtiscrllcnts
Of t11c lcˇ rcsicltl C .
9`
∶ ∶
biggcr duct tO nx a
`v1shcd L)G、 1ENT
l utt111, thc Original
J∶
landIOrd 9s succc`` ˉ
^
∶
C|clcfcnclant llad 1・ △
。rigl△ tin r11c alDsencc。 fexIDrcss rcscrVation tO nlaintt1in
.c advcrtisc111cnts 1・
lle 111c1ˉ c n1Ct tllat tl△
c rcnantl、 nc`.r at t11c clatc()f tl〕
-blcasc Flnd clitI not sulDscqucntly obicct to tllc lancllorcl tlsing t11c、 c
・
、
alls of
lousin its Wcw thatan easemcntshα IDrcl△ liscs F()r advcrt1si11g la.・ as 1△ ()t stIfficic11t tc)csrablisl.rl△
(∶
- ~.~』团■
山田■
I
lcntion ro inaply ai△ casc111c11r rft11c lancllorcl、 c rcclulrCCl

1 could not be perfomed unlcss the q■ vis11ccl ro cstabllsll a11 11111)liccl
J1t, t11c(D1△ tls、 Vas C)1111i111 t()s11O`,tlltlt tllc facts \、
icrc nc)r lcaso11ablv
.nsistcnr飞 vith:111v Or11cr cxplanat1On
・~```sit、
l)t1t it is clcal tll(tt ala cLisc111c.1∶
-
-(``‘ ti△ ill()r(tcr t()gi、・
c cffcct tc)tllc f1~— —
—
289
〃o~Ⅳ c Ko`Vc LAA.7|D LA” ′
It is not possiblc to in1ply a rcscr・

v・ ation L】 nder t11c 1△ 11e in
J,Fg`彡 o乃 z夕色‘、 0绍该勿 42 thoug1
刀勿绍 c召
`/`・ `0zrs,In fact,this svas thc point at isstle in thc casc, ・ ng,forthey cxpressly app.Led d
i1丿
~△ -!・ 3 In vlew。
f thls uncertain3
∷
.乃
.-Diect`'iII Only be covcred in ou|
Wi・ O召丿Bz‘ ″Vzt s(1879)
o″ ‘ 12 Ch D 31 There arethree waysinwhich anea
'″
FACTS
・ at con11non law by IOng usc sin
・ underthe doct。
Mr 、7hccldon and r BurrOw・ s acquircd ne oflostrnod(
adi Oln1ng pleccs of land rr i-
R....【
・underthe P留
sa1△ 1c vcndor. Mr Btlrro△
vs ptlrcllascd his land ancr lVIr W/hccldon sc彬p″ 。″彳c莎 F831
nghts hc cl△ j()ycd ()、・Cr ˉ so
S land wOuld havc had tO -:
N...trr
.cfore loOking atthcse tI・
icd `Vhccklon lla`、三
rescl飞 by c Co111111(-)n vcndor Ir V△1ecldon
t1△ .・ ee rnet1△ 。
cticd and 11is wifc, N..∶
in11critcd the land、 put up a

hoarding that OlDstrtlctcd thc light pa``∶ ` =rescnptive use,、 vhich is c。 n.nc
∶1= i^~△ 1rnonlaw,the doctnnc oflostrn。
svorks11op On Burro`/s’ land Ⅸ̀ Btlrro、 vs clain1cd
r、
...Ir
that a right .Ir

to
11r1 his % Vour by ir11plicd rcse1vation
li~3.7,1 Prescnptive 1Jse
JUDGMENT
・clairnant byprcscnption Inust bc al
NIr fnght’ Or,in Othcrˉ
Burroˉ 环/s 、vas
not cntitlcd tO a right tO ligllt by iinplication w-ords,the usc I・ .
vcnclor had failed tO rcsc1飞 rc cxprcssly Thc =ropc1・lygrantcdt。 hiFn,The usernus
a rigllt tO light 1 his salc Of the iCΠnission.^dso,the exercisc of thl
SC1飞・
11ˉ
1c1△ 1 lancl tO Mr 、 11cclclon. and

,厂
wOuld bc tO dcrogate ion1 his
it ^.nat玩
A.Ir Wr11ccldon tO 刂ll consututc sufscicnt c。
1ply a right 1n the ali)scnce Of an express lon thc naturc ofthe use,~fori1△ntii
i1△
lilniratior ~「
st
f`・ ay
is rarely continuously exerc“
It 1s intercsting to 11Otc `:^1ent owncr that a continuous rigl
R..Ir Burro``s n1ay、 t11at
vcll llavc StiCCccClcd 1ril[
acqtlircd his lanc1 ar rhc san1c dine
as A.Ir Ⅵ F()r rllc rulc 11△
″ Bz/`饬。〃/s has bec11 appliccl `11cclclon,
tO sin1ultancOus clispOsals 37 =3.7,2 con△ mon Law
12,3,7 P”csc`巾 ″。″ 「∶s``'cFF estab1Ished that prcscnpti。

:osehOld c。 ntex・ t and is tInus unavaⅡ
n
^^Duld havc t。 al
‘
Prcscription
thc acqtlisition of an Casc11ncnt by
lS bc establishcd since t1n
1ong usc If a right 11a` ∶^~in1~n10n law to be 1189,a date clearIy
exerc1scd fc)r a stlFFicienr pcr10d
Of tin△ e thc la、厂 111 prcsulne thc
original grant Of tha rigllt as an LIc)wevcr ``・
casc111c)nt 【
prcscrlption can be appllecl 11△
it 1S tlnccrtain t\^ li 3.7,3 LOstM。 dern Grant
HOng KOng, S11△ Cc an cstablis11cd kat、 ∷Ⅰ
p1・ cscription at
con11△ 1O1△ la ′1S [hat
the right 11△ tlst be accltlircd lDv a fcc 了1)Overco1・ nc the prOble1△
Of thc do1△ 11nant land
0TV11 c1・ `、
agalnst the fce si1△ 1~ple owncr Of 1s of cstablisll」
tl△ e sc1飞 1cnt -iults evolvcd the ncti。
A leaschold 0、 1cr who cxerc1scs a
.冫
right oVcr thc land Of anothcr

V1・ n。 f a lost grant
TrDvides thatiflong usc c。
prescribc nghts for hilnsclf but only uld be estabL
C)11 bchalf Of the fee sinlplc
C)wˉ n cr t「 untis prcsu1・ 11edtohave bccnFnadethal
land. It was fc)r this rcasOn that a right to light arls1ng by prcscr1puon ^cannot bc produccd.亻
Cicctccl 5△
K勿彻一 1.e ncu。 n is s(
flc,o
级g
s乃饣 P″ 刀莎 g P印ss. 38 This ・
1
zc,c夕
1ˉ
11・
″
ever bcen
clccision has :Dutted by ev1dcnce that nO such gran
criticised, 39 ancl subscqucntly ∫’
` `绍
thc court ‘7`'7tg K乙″‘
/″ ~″ r″
1∶ r・ 1
f △odcrn grant has,in England,n。
61乃 o/~`,(∶ y)40 rcftlscct tO disl△ 11ss totally
thc pOssibility that a right by appl
tion 111ight arlsc 1r1 HOng KOng, 41 Cleady the drancrs Of t11c -r切 ,″ c″ r
夕
Cap 88,
sc`,zz....’ 勿 ″ (JIc`/'o勿
[1916]2 ch 12o 11 6o in the schcdule to cap 88
38”
Scc Ite1・
(1953)37
`7″
HKLR 2o8 SCC Chcshire airld Burn,Ⅸ
Kncebonc(1977)7 HKIJ 373 。dc11】 Law of Rcal]
如
C14dl cd)51亻 and M・cgarry&wadc,The

`Ⅰ
(1989)~Hct HcA N。 A2o91 of 1989, La`-

姐
sons Ltd,198亻 at869 f。

Scc also贺 B幽 A怎 zJ~s勿 notcd in No仗
r fuithcr dctail
0n Kyshe;Ⅱ 彡
s莎 ov q/・ r`,eI勿 z‘
jE)勿
勿夕/刀黑z`s6・ 61o C1881)6 App cas i40
~Kio″g(Vˉ ctch an.|d `òs夕
Lcc I・ iong Kong 1971)at 51o Q'Ⅱ °,皙
’~
^y
肠加`'°
″” 1・ f``ze彻 /sz助 ” 杨刀 [1971]2 QB 52
`,7,够
Ensfi..” .f召 Ⅳ7s
ˇ
,1・ CsClVatiOn tlnclcr tllc R11e ln ll
∶
∷ is′ 】z‘ zzr(9石‘
)111t at isstlc in tl△
i′
c casc '`7Cc9 12 t11Ougllt prcscriptic)n1△ acl sO111c cff℃ ct in IIOng
t fo1・ t11cy cxprcssly
`/`7‘ applicd the F9`'()sCrFpr`。
i rn vicw。】
c产 J(sJPlntO F1()ng Kong
`7
f tllis tlnccrtainty stirrouncling prcscrlptioll t11is cliffictllt
tCt sVill only bc c。 vc1・
B〃邵0zt s(1879) 12 Cll r)31 eCl in()utlinc,4・
ic arc tllrcc waysin whic11an casen△
cnt n△ ay bc acquircd IDy prcscr1ption∶
) -∷
[Co1m~1uon law冫 by long usc sincc tilne in11ncn1Orial∶
l1 -inclcr thc d。
′‘ ctrinc Ofl。 st 1~()dern granti and
′tlui1ccl acljoining r)iCccs of la11℃
∶∶ t -indcr the``?sc`^`”
1△
工 |!|.
-~`CCl llis lancl aftcr NIr`X``hcelc1()ll ` 〃O″ 月c`zs`;2.
∶ |∷
Ìtir)11・ s lanCl\v()tllCl llavc llacl to i-~ ~ i.".
i lrc IOOking attl△
csc tl△ ree l△ lcthocls it 1s 1・
∶\ll`\llcclcl(〉 n clicd and llis\、 ˉ △
cccssar\-to look attllc nattlrc c)f
ifc ~II scriptivc use, 、、rhic11 1s c。
j∶ 、 ∶ !llg tllat()l)strtlctcCl tI1c ligllt ID.′ ′~_ 1n111On to prcscril)tion -lletllc1ˉ
、、
ln1On lalv,thedoctrincoflost1noclerngrant.Ortllc P`t,sc`ˉ tlnClcr tllc
J II I3】汀 roX`・ s clainlcd t11at a rigllttc)∶
∶ 〃,'/0``△ cr z♂ t;2
-∶ IIn
∶ = ."v1.
-′ 71 Prescriptivc LJsc
-`tin1antbyprcscription111ustbcablctosh。
tllatllc cxcrciscd thc usc tls
ecod
|gllt・ ()r,in othc1・
、
ar呼 ttolightbyimplication.△ `厂
v()rCls,tIˉ 1c tisc Ilas l)ccn cxcrcisccl as iftt rig11t11ad bcc11
冫rc.ssly a rightto lightin his sale Oftheqd■
!)crly grantccltO I1ilu,T11cuscn1ustthusnotbcinsccrctorbyfc)rcc c)r`・
lulssion AlsO,tl△ c cxcrCise of the rig11t 1D1ust IDe continuotls,111t11Oug11itI△
ln甲 ltγ °uld bet。 dcrOgatc from 1△ 1sgid■ rtt△vill c。1△ stitute sufficient cc)ntintlity for tl)csc lDtlrposCs、
11nc absencc of an expressli血
tatim~H ln t11c naturc c)ftllc tlsc,~R)1ˉ
i11stancc,、、
丙ill dc~pcnd
.c llavc alrcady sccn thattl rig11t
^vay is rarcly co1△
tintl。 usl1・ cixcrCiscd It nlust,11c)△
1cnt O、 v1△ er tllat a co11tinL10t1s 1ˉ
vevcr,lDc clcar t。
・
1ˉ
t11c
BurrOws111ay、 vellhavc succeeded 1g1^lt is l)c|ing asscrtcd
le as MrWheeldon,forthc rule in W
・ ~D72 cOn1111c)n△ asv
;Ⅱ nultaneous disposals,37
′′
′iCll cstablisIlccl that prcscripti()n atc()11111no1△
1a`ˉ lnas lDo l)lacc i11 tllc
,、 c11。 ld c()ntcxt ancl is tlltIs unavailablc 11△
lulcl llavc t。 1i。 ng Kong.In ar1)-c\Cnt,usc
′Ctt、 be cstablishcd sincc tilue ilu111el110rlal~、
∶∶ cluc11tl)vlong usc,Ifa rig11tl1~∷ 、111c11
i)ln10n la・ :to lDc 1189,a date clcarly inappropriarc t()FF()ng K。1s tal(cn at
- ’[lillC.tllc la、、
`
v、
.i xVill l)rcst1111c ˉ ngl

~1--
~.′ tîllCllr I-I。
、
、・cVcr,it is L】 nc・ crttlin ˉ
′ 1 ~3,73 LOst卜 Ⅰodcrn Grant
∶ (】 (()11羊 g,sincc a1n cstal)lis11ccl lc.~∶
~-
∶∶|人 :igllt1uustlDc acqtlirccl bv a lt c` -
|()VcrCo1nc t11c problc1△
` △ ˉ 1s()f cstablishing usc s1ncc tin1c lnan1cln()ria1,thc
C●cc sinllDlc(i)飞 \:nC1・ ()fr11c sc1飞 — ttrts eVolvccl the nct1。
ic∶ ~
ˉ′~i 1・ tllt()vc1・ n。 f a lost grtu△ tin t11c latc 18tll ccntury,Thc F1cti。
[llc lallcl()fan()tllci -- )vicles t11at if lon~g use coulcl bc cstal)lis11cd f(DJ・ n
ll i、 Cllalf()1ˉ rllc 1ˉcc sillaplc(D、
\-11 ci^ ^ ~ˇ lllt is prcstllneCI to l△
2o vcars or111Orc、 a forn△ al
・ ave bccn n1adctl△ atsL1bscquc11rlvl△
=!ll t()ligllt arisillg l)vI)rcscrilDr∶
ˉ- tia11not l)c pr()ducccl∷ J5・ as bccn lc)st.sO t11at
Î`ì.″ rllc ncti。
KF’
S Tlns clcclsi。
1)IL` ^.)tlttcd l)v evidcnce t11at n()stlc11n grantàs
is so`.cll111acle,|()Prcscriptio1△
cstablls11cd t11at it can】
△
0t lDc
-i′ `丫'ss-′
tll l山 cc()urr1n F,‘ )clern grant has,in Englanc1,no applicatio11`ìr11 rcspcct Of lcascll()lcl
by lost
-il辶
/`7(g~A・ 1zr‘ /`7一乃r-j` -【
lx)、 s11)ilitv tilat t1 1・ igllt lD)-I・ .-` -

i.~ri\rhc clraRcrs c-)f1hc.typ/`cc-
p一
Cap 88,
8・
scc Itc111 6o in thc schcdule to cap 88

△
sCC Chcshire and Burn,Modcrn Law of Real Propcrb`,∶

C14th cd)514 and iⅦ cgar1、 Buttcr环严
。1ths,Lond。 n,1988 at
&wadc,Thc La玑 òf Real Propcrty(5th ed)stcvcns and
SOns Ltd,1984 at 869 f。
r furthcr detail
.0
11r1NOnon Kyshc:Ff彡 E)勿 /ò刀 ″ 月勿g笏s8Go C1881)6 App

。 e助 ″ 。 cas 740
与
71)at 51o,
s莎
')pF功 rf 7・b乃 9‘7)义lr/`7e饵夕打 z莎 ‘
/″ Alo`'`7・ 7勿
2Q:528,
`zr1971】
29∶ z
〃@∧ /CK(9Ⅳ c LAⅣ D EAly
land 47 T11is exclusion has been questioncd,48thus thcre is a poss珈

”汪■
p唧 iption叩 ostmodcmirTtC° uld be applied in Hong KO鸭 .泸 Ιlxp`饣 ss c`z/`″
△c extent and nature of an cxpressl

12374 .P箔召sc纠!p历。陶
'4c莎
'852
:WOrds ofthc gnnt,A right may be
魔 lll △1-be cxercised at any tirne and in ar
he act、vas intended to rcFnove thc difficulties of the other R】
T・
由出■■■ int1s restr1ctcd in thc tirncs Orthc Ina
prescription,but unfoⅡ unatcly it was so pOO” ~.喟■
■■■
■■■
dr破 cd that it臭
I
thc acquisition ofa right to11刂汪■

stancc,a r1ght ofway1nay be restnc1
cornplicatcs the position.The act treats
p e np on dffe en yfron|1 hea qu ono ohc gh byprescrl甚 u■ ■ ■ | crciscd only dunng the daylight ho
′
V可herc thcre is difficulty in c。
n.
TOunding circun△ stanccs atthe t1△
G)Easements o herthan a righ to ligh .h
lll|
t the terlns Of the grant・
1△ (
吼111 not
rurr1stanccs whcre thc cxtent ofthe
T11e actnrstsceksto assistintheproofofaclaimatcommonlaworud■
n1the tcrFns Ofthe grant,52
modcmgrantbyprovidingthatausefor20yearsormoreca1△ notbedeng■
by evidcnce showing thatthe use did nOt sta筑 until after 1 189.secod目 ■
■ An example Ofthe courtlooking l
act introduces a statutow pcriod of prcscription of 40 years,whchl确 ■■ lstruc the tcnns Ofthe grantis foun
dependentuponcommonlawprescriptionorlostmodemgra1△ t.Ncved嘁 ■ ■
usc fo“ O years must still be‘ as ■■
prow咽 ■
of right’ and will not assistin t11e le猫 Ⅱ
contcxt,A use fOr 4o years咖 11 not be dcfeated unlcssit can bc c■ ∠″ ・
7纫 ″〃s抄勿〃″‘ ,`c乃
D`。 cc^~
7・ 7・ 9
the nght was enjOycd as a result ofa w血 en pcmission gkcn either申 ■■ `.:冫
`ps“ [1975]1珥
oratthc sta丘 Ofthe peood,oran oral pemission givcn beforc but no呐 ■■
the pe。 od Inthe case ofthe 2o~ycarperiod,a pemission~whether明汪■ CTs
Or oral~g1ven cither before or during the period of use wm bc%taL|■ J■
periodsofusemustinbothcascsbcimmcd1atelybefo1et11eactioncom正 ■ e plaintiffsold soFl△ eland to thc defen
and must not havc been intcrrupted,savethattheactprovidcsthatndu■ 田口■ ■ i churchyard,but-玑 .7as sOld subjectto
is deemedto bc anintermption unlessithas been submittedtO Oracqui(叫 ■ hc churchwas bya path,part of-R11icl
in by thc don1inant o,vnerfor1110rethanaycar ■■
iIII dc up ofsand and graveland c。
vere(
(b)mghttolight E
cther thc right。 f、 vay ovcr the patl
liclcs.
The acquisition of a oghttO light by prescription isrnorc gcncrously扛 DGMENT

¤刂■■■
by the act,There is only onc statuto〃 period of p∞
scription Of 2o闭
毗ichwillgk。 seto aoghtdcemed‘ absolutcandindefeasible.Furthemg■ e right of way was a nght on fO。
t on11
a grant of‘ a right of、
the use nccd notbe a use as ofrightand,morcimpo△ antly,inthe Hong啊 vay’ ,but the p
context,it appcars thatthe use n△ ay bc rnaintaincd by a tenant both aig叫 □■ tated thatit cOuld not have bcen intc1
■
■■■
a landlord,proWded thatlandlord is not the CrOM,and against a盂
tenant,whethcr ofthe sarne or diffcrentlandIOrd. d■
g■
1■ 1■ 1■ 1
Whcre thc c。 urt cannot f1nd a clear a1
丿
n1thc tcr1△ 1s ofthc grant and the surrc
111struc the grant against thc grantor,
12。唾 Extent of(Jse
The extcnt ofan exprcss grantis not c(
'Γ C11ghtwas Onginallyintcnded atthe tIn△
hc nattlre a11d cx-tcnt of an cascnlcnt`ˉ ill dcpc1△ .llctllcr it is c∶
d Or1、、 1c~∶
(
ention tO that effect.An。
cxprcssly()1ˉ 1111I)11cclly,
=
ftcn~quoted c
″c″勿″泸″i0治 s`沙 o`△ ・
・・W″ 汝‘
饣 z莎 ″,53`l△ e1
17
′′ ^召
加′ ″^(1834)1 Cr M&R211∶ ′ 1uinant
`,`功 tencn△ ent、
l干 ″o`7 zⅡ ilF夕加[189313 Ch 18(anc1 Ⅰ 'E夕
vas a private dTveⅡ i
‘,C17‘ yt9、 ,
r19o1]1I(L3△ 57 `夕
48
`?(P‘
sincss purposcs`l△ en the housc、
Scc Dclancy(1958)74L(Q!R82
`‘
vas c
49
scction 2 oftl c n-,sc`巾 ″。″△c/1832
scction・ +Ibid
51 灭Ⅰeg`è″ H`770r[1965]1 QB 334
Scct10n 3 Ibicl
[1913]1 ch 113
292
四⒕SEJi1.・ rE`v⒎ s
JI1△ tlCstioned|18 thus t11crc is a pc・
ˉ-=l
-
`(∶
￡xp`6s c7昭 ″产
1.li||i||
∶
△1Int c。 uld bc applicd in「 IOng K(∶ ∶
1●
~CXtcnt and nature Of an exprcss cascluc1△

t、 vill clcpcncl prl111tlrllv tlpon
ords Oft11c grant-A light11η ay lDc gcncral、 ˉ
--be cxcrciscd at any tilllc and in anv`・
`ˉ 111c11、 111c。 11fcl a r1gllt tl△
at
・t11C dif(1ctllt1cs of′ `・
1 I`辶
t11c ()r11ci ˉ ∷ ayl or lr 111ay lDc 11111ItcCl、 ˉ
、llcre tl△ c
^^∶
|Ⅱ
~ˉ i ls rCstrictcd in thc ti1ncs Orthc n△

[ 、as sc) pOOrlv draftcd t11j∶
\ˉ
- .I屮 anncrin`・ h1ch lt11na、 ˉ
bc cxcrcl、 ccl FO1ˉ
lnce,a r1ght。 f、 vaˉ y1△ 1ay bc rcstrictcd to passagc lD\-fc)。
"
`∶
~ì ti Cats tllc aCquisirion c)fa1・ ˉ t()111\ˉ o1ˉ
1g11∶ ~ .I||| ~lClscd onlv cluring t1△ c daylight llotlrs 111aV lDe
ˉ
t.tCCluisiti()11c)f otllc1ˉ 1・ igllts b)-lγ t`-・ I t\11crc thcrc is difhculty in construing t11c tcrlus of tllc: gra11t tlle
∶
∶()uncli1△ g circu111star1ccs at t11c tin△
1n a right to light49 e ofthc grantlua\-ass1st Constrtlct1c)11
∶t11c tcn1△ s Of t11c grant
、vill nc)t bc ctlt d。 x\-1△ b)- t11c stlrrOtlncii11g
-tuη -stances\vllcrc tl△ c cxtcl△
lt iDrOc)f of a clair11 at co111111()n laV` i- t ofthc casclllcllt Can bc aclcqtlatcl\-clcri11ccl
i11 thc tcrnls ofthc grant,52
I-~I`C for 2o vcars c)rln1Orc cannotl`c-=
AL1 cxan1plc Of t11c court look11△
g to tllc stlrroul△ ding circtllusta11ccs t()
~∶ `c CliCl ll()t start tIntll ttrtc1・ 1⊥ 89 sc` 一 ∶
lstruc thc tcrn1s Of the grantis 1()tlnd ini
I)rcsCript1On()f1o ycars、、
`| ()l′ \-il∶ -
∶t`CrilD[io1△ OrlOstl△ 1()dcr1△ glu11t,`c・

..— —
` i rigllt・ andˉ
∶ 卢
∶ `rill not assist in t11c ir~、
1,rlDc clcfcatecl tlnlcss it can bc p∶ ˉˉ 7潋sDzr`γ 夕 ′ps“ 饣
c乃 D/。 c‘ Ps‘ r″ BO夕 ‘
.F`∶
`/`77z/` '/・ ″夕 C`‘r`^乃 ‘

A・ 0,2丿
^ i tt\\1・ =- `7‘
`'〃 `7ce″
irtcn 1Dcr111issi()n glvcn cltiltI-- [1975]1 、7LR 468
ˉ・
△tl lDcrn1issi()11 givclllDelk)re l)tlt 11
∶~ .. CTS
-tl lDcr1()cl、 :1 pcrluissi()n-、 v11ct11r-
∶_|△ li11g tllc 1)cri()cl(j〉士tlse la-ill l)ci~- I
ˉ t plaintiffs()ld s()l11C land to t11c defcnclant,Tlne lanct surrotlndcd a c11urc11
∶i1|tIl)cCliFltcl、・
bc1()rctllc acti()n ccl∶ 1 ^^- ~
t・
ˉ tl c11urcl△ yard,btlt△ \ras solcl stlbicct tc)a rigllt ofàvt。

c`l `tl`c tllat t11c act l)rovidcs tl⒈ thc cllurc11.Acccss
i′
●∶ -
・
i^C`ìt lkts lDccn stlblnittccltO(,1ˉ
lllc c1111rc11、、as b)raI)atl1.IDart of、
-r11cll x\-as O1nl、
、
ttc-~- . fotlrfcct.slx i nc11cs、 vidc,
ˉtllttn -tlc tlr)Ofsand and gravcl a11d co、・
l ∶
廴 L1 Ⅴcar sll crcc1-`-itll lca、 es T11c qtlcstio11 arOsc of
lctllcr t11c rigl△
t()f、vav ovcr tIne path T\-as oln R)ot(D111、 -()r cxtendcd tO
∶
liclcs,
i
ˉ・ c.sCr△ ˉ
r)GNIENT
l)∶ )t1c)111s111()rC gc11cr()tlì i-ˉ
ˉ
∶ ~~i~|l飞 l)c r1()cl c)1・ cscril)ti()11()⒈
l)1・ L
-lc rig11t Of、 vay、、as a rigllt on fOOt。
--diD`(~〉 lurcanclinclc1。 asiblc・ - nly.'r11c gra1.t、飞ˉ
as cxprcsscd nlercly
`・
,「 tnti△」
à grant of(a right of、、ay’
∶
-i~ir人 l il)()rc i1ulDOrtttr1tlv.i11t11c Fl(-J∶ ,but thc p11ysict11 charactcristics Of thc path
..iˉ
1~∶
ˉi`c illainlainccll)\・ -tratcd thatit could not11avc lDcen intcndcd RD1ˉ
1 tt tcnant ID()tli__ \ˉ c111Clcs,
-l`llot r11c cr。、・
、n.11ncl agai11、〔J∶ -
△`!、 nt lai)cl l()rc1

Ⅵ广
lnCrC L11c c()urt canllot hncl a clcar Ft11sˉ
tllcir task of c。
circt11nstanccs,thcynstrtlction
c1・ ll△
)1η t11c tcr111s Of t11c grant ancl t11c stlrrotlncling
`・ l△
,lnstrtlc tllt:grant。 lust
】gainstthc grantor
T・ 1△ c cxtcnt()far)cxprcss grantis nor c。
nr1ncd t。 t11c purposes1()r`・
c r1gllt、vas()riginallyintc1△ hic11
lment wi11 dcpend on whethcritis ct△ dcdatthctin1coft11cgraF1t,tlr11css t11erc is a clcar
月 lcnrion~t()t11at crrect,l`1△
Oftcn-cltlotCd cxlt1111DlC is pr()v1clccl bv tlne case()f
乃欣?z・ C`衫 7″ ‘ 、
、ˉ ’
Ⅰ″
lnInant tc△ 1cn1c11t、
`ri,k?È勿
lV′乃O夕扌o″ ″ J...Fi勿 pèr18931 3 Ch钅
8;and vas `DO`^``‘
a privatc`53
dwclling
whcrc all()usc、
rightc)f way grantcd w11cn tllc
`・
as llclcl to cxtcncl to \・
ls11ncss I)tlrposcs、 \・ 11cn t1△ c110usc、 vas convc1tcclto a 11Otc1,
〓 △
KOg暂 ″爿
.
'[1965]1 QB 334
[1913]1 ch`72°113
293
ffoⅣ C`Κ ‘
,Ⅳ c Ij4Ⅳ D EAlV
HOwever,while a change ofuse ofthe dOminanttencment may△

曰△■■
the burden placcd on the scMcntlandit must notlcad to such anin吲 ,3
=,△
月召陶e″ 勿s
in use as`7ˉ Ould unreasonablyinte1・ fcre`/iththc nghts。
fothcrs,Foring口口g■
沙勿 ″扬 ″耐亻where agoculturalland was conve芷
in乃 ′ .^Drlually an agg。
aag
|
ed to a cara、・ eved party,whethl

for 2oo caravans,the court d.ecided the hcreased.use was excessiviie山 △iustified intqrferencc with an ca
印uII
thegeneraltcmsOfthegrant ButinHongKongtheincrcaseduseofau Icessive usc,、 hll seck redrcss byo1
ofway rcsuhng from the redeyelopment of a singlc residencc into花 1^`rayofda11.agcs,Injunction,ordec
was not cOnsidcrcd exccsshe.55 △■
J■ oc actionablc1trnust be substanual
T1△ erightmustbe usedforthe c句 Oy111ent ofthe dominanttenement叫」v takc action ifan Obstacle irnped(
the use of a nght of way for the purposc of acccss to land a的
oinhg日 ■■
■ additiOn to the nonn|a1111ethods。
dominanttenemcntis precluded,56 irnerrnay abate thc intcrferencc hirf
But,unlesstherc are express wordsto the contra1),thC rightmaybe叫习■ lllust cxerc1se abate1△
ent cautious
by a叩 One expressly or implicdly autho。
sed tO use it,provided th由 ■ ticc to the scrvicnt
。wner, and
accommodates thc dominanttenemcnt.T1△ 刂 ■ ncccssary da111age,58
favour Of a don1inanttenernent on which a
us a suggestion that a理
busincssis conducted lslL“叩叫■
tO the Owners Ofthe bushess and cxcludcstheircustomersis unacceptau|III■■■■
-~日 ■■■
2,5 Tern・ Ⅱnation of Easeinents

12亻 2F勿 %p″ 扬 (乃勹免绍莎
-sI 罗,`z〃乃
Animpliedgrantislimitedtothepurposeforwhichitwasuscdatthe0■ Ⅱ `.rcr0`z6)/・ `77P
the right arose T1△ us a right ofway ofnecess” ■ a pr。 pc唧 for agrimh△ Cascnlents in【・
IOng Kong n1t⒈ stIDc g
■
t。
purpOses would nOt e救 cnd to acccss tO a faCtO〃 ^crallv lDc F。
thatthc dominant m△ r t11c sh。 rtcr oftllc tcrIll
maywish to crect On theland.M increascin useis not prccluded,how刂 ■ ∶
ninant tt11d sc1・
、1c11t land-At tllc c11c
unless it is so excessive as to posc an unrcasonable inte1・
fercnce w抽 I钮
■ `∶ antcd,ir will sinlply cxp1rc b、
11ghts Of others cntitlcd to thc grant,
∷
■
■■■ statutorv rcnc△ val。
,・
cfrlt∶ c
-ii,thc gra1.t lnay tllsO rI)c

cxtcnsion()⒈
dcc111cd t(ii[
B″ 刀夕 )‘
s Bo‘/`'〃 F`G`‘
z)’
11965]clD 587 -:2 乙 7″
9・
Ozr72O`奶
`^乃 ``z‘ `、 ”
``9/・
FACTs =rc r11ust bc divcrsityofOˉ 、
vncrs11i1D。 f∶
△n cascluentto ansc,、
ˉ 刀lcrc t11e O`..
h18亻 7 tl△ c mIwaycompa呷 1aid a忱钛dutcutofdle accessto sone日亡lllCnrs bcc。 111cs vcstcd in thc sa111c r、
°鸭
・
cKcept by way of a crossng that№ d becn c()nstructcd” ■ ∶
∶11Ction ofthc cascn1cnt-`:111 bc IDc.rr1j
c()mpan、 .F。 r manyycarsthe nclds n`crc uscd”
创口■ the】
butthe n△ ullbcrs llad grom细 bstantlau、

αlllapc阝 and Gl⒓ ˇ
叫■
n.IDutthc casclucnt`.11 111crcl\-bc、
.1cnttcnclncnrslDcc。
`ˉ
à】】
d由 c涮 way companyt叫
糅
f mCc啷 .The tspondcm d啷 d m eas习 ■ ilessee tlndcr a sh。
111c vcstcclin[11c-
-`lolllii・
llcasc-人 I1
rtcr teri△
△
a11tland、 vill bcsus~pcnclcd dtlr1∶
l
illc lcascs Of tlle dc)11111.ant tu△
cl scl△ -∶
c
∶
vc ifthe lcasc()fcit11cr t11c sc1、
^^lrcs sO thattllc o、 ,・
1c11[(∶ )∶
ˉ
v1ˉ 1erShip(Df eacll tc-r
111c plant研sad血 dcdulatthc fielcls∞ uld bc uscdforc猛
va“ ,but山
thc incrcasc n usc was unacccptable,1△
c co1rt of^ppeaI d1d not印
刂■ ~:3 Pe/c夕 sc
引■■
ricasc 111av lDc cxprcss。
r in1pliccl _\ll i
lutIIst bc b)rdced,60 alt11。
“
[1968] l\Ⅹ iiLIR 589 ugh cqtli[\∶ l1-

5556’
lF″/ˉ 晶 /f″ ″ 严 ″“9″ 幻.Hc`″ 勿 Ps I盯 [1966j HKLR 399

à)I″L1cll 127 ).ro(△
t,、
!V勿夕笏 ,。勿
r‘
Co夕 I历
1、
Ff〃 F7`,〃 .e`(・ 19o5)7亻 e1g Bze勿 c乃勿 gD,ef″

ge
`∶
z丿
`黑
子 `r`、 Scc s 15 cl乃。勿.,``ze勿 `9,莎
lr,c,渤。〃se 3 60￡ /山 )K`|`*`‘ ``刀 rD0勿 ses O.石 z彦 /刀勿刀ce cap钅
:`z/1/[197o]]、 △R1185 O巧〃饣勿ce Cap 150, o and(
294 sccu。``勿
n4。 fthe Co`7″ q,.`历刀c`刀g夕
。pe″ )Jo
`7歹
`约
EAsJMFⅣrs
r ri`l、辶
i oF rllc d()n1inant tcnc111cllt∶ 1~
i^∶ ℃∶ 1t lanc1,it 1ntlst nc)tlcad tO st1ci^-^
- ip 2‘ ,``è‘ es
∶
∶ltCrfC1・ c xvit11 t11c rigllts Ofot11c1ˉ i 1 ˉ `多
∶tllrural land、、 1.lllv cln aggricvcd party、

|ˇ
∫as convcrtcclt()~`~ ・、
vllethcr 11c bc tt c1O111illa11[。
=∶ ~
、Vn C1ˉ clailuing thc
J~∶ ticcl tllc 1ncrcasccl tlsc x、 ras cx(c`` `∶ 1⒈ lcc1.illtcrfcrencc、、ith~an~casc111cnt()1ˉ
∶ a sc1飞 ˉicn[ 。、、ˉ
11Cr Clail△ 1ing
I 3`ltin I1c)ng1<Ong thc il△ crcascci~`Ⅰ `ìve usc,、 ill scck rcdrcsslDy onc c)frllc usualluctllocis~actt。
.yofda1△ 1~agcs,i1△ n citllcr
-ic・ .-cl()1Dnlcnt Of a singlc rcsiclc11ˇ
c∶
- ^-
∶ Jtlnction)()rdcclaratio11 Btltinordcrl(Dr til11 111rerlcrcncc
-~tCtionableit111ustbcstlbstantial Forinstancc tllccloF11111ant(D\、
1ilc cnioV11ncn-tc)ft11c don△ tlkc action ifan c)bstaclc inlr)Cdcs thc rctlsO11al)lc cxcrc1sc c)f11is rigllts
in c1・ ca r1
i1△ anttcrl[∶ - 1-
「∶
ilc ptlrp()sc()f aCCcss to lanCl t、 j - ・ J1tlo11 t。 t11e11~()r1na11△
1cthods Ofsccking rcclrcss b、 -actlo11 Lt CloI1unant
tctl(i =rlnay al)atc thc intcrfcrc1△ cc 1111△ 1sclf lDv rc111()、 -ing t11c olDstrtlction Btlt
r```\ˉ (DrCls t()t11c c()ntrary,t11c r1gllt i1-- -1・ ∶
~lst cXcrCisc abatcnlcnt caut1Ouslv。
l lnd slloulcllllakc surc:[llat 11c gi\ˉ
∶
∶culy atltllorisc(l to tlsc it,pr。 vicic~--i・ c to t11c scrvicnt OT、・ ci s
ncr, and catlscs tlle lcast clisrupti()n tt11ci rlo
∶∶I1C111Cnt ・
Cˉ 「11us a stlggcstion[11j∶ ~- =ˉ 、cssa1・ 3..r dan1agc.58
n11ilI△
Ìnicil a lDusincss is conduc[c~~ ` |
∶
1~l cri`・ tcltlclcstl)cir ctlstO111Crs is ulltit~~
~5 Tcrr1Ination of Easerncnts
ˉ(⊥ 岁匆77``c″o″
)’ (,/・
乃
`77o
∶1c iDull)()sc l〈 )r Which it was usccl`∶ - |il
ˉ rtlscFncnts in I・ 1。
jl t)l llCCcssity tc)a propcrty Fo1ˉ ng KOng 111tlstlDc granted fo1・
.~∶ .ii a ter1n of ycars,wl△ ich、
~`0CsS t()tl ilCtO1ˉ v t11at tllc cton11I1~∶ ˉ
- |・ crallv l,c for t11c sl△ ()rtcr oftllc rcrn1s crcatccl by thc cro-、 vlll
ˉ vn lcascs()f tl△ c
1.
△∶illCrCasc ill tlsc is 1)()tF)rCcltlc1c(1 - lli11a1△ t ancl sc1、,ic1△ tlanc1 At t11c cind of tllc tcrl11 For、
′ ..rhich t11c eascnlcnt
、
∶Ⅱ`C ttll tlnrClts()ntlblc intcrfcrcllct- l`| --tlntcd,ir、 ill si1.1ply cxplrc l)y cfF1~tlcIjon oftinac~alt11()tlgl1ˉ
w・ hcre thcrc
-.∶ 1〔 t11 Or extcnsion ofthc cro、
`∶
`tattlrory rcncˉ vn lcasc tcrn1。 f tllc sc1飞
J,thc gra11t 11△ ay`「111sO l)c cleclllcd t。 ìcnt
cont111tlc s^J
∷∷ ∷∷●∷
∷ ∷
.∷
∷
`J`‘
|∷ ∷ ∷ |∷
rss r1 965j cl1 587

-F2 C切 tl)￠ O“ )`7绡乃p
``t/`9(I17‘
=rc r11tlst bc clivcrsity of()w1・ △

crs11ilD Oftllc dolllinant and scl飞
~tn casc1m~cir1t to arisc,・ lc11t tc11cr1n cnr
、 hcrc t1△ c(D、 vncrs11ip ofthc c1o1111nttlnt llllcl se1飞
・
7・
山da“ ackthatcutofthcacccsstosOIIle0J C111cnts bccc)n△ cs vestcd ill t11c sa1△

1c IDcrson,t11c easc111clnt`111 ccasc Tl△
icnt
that had been constmcted by the∶ 洒
^∶
llCtion oftllc cascnlent△ c
、J .vvn,butthc casc11△
vi11 1)c pc1△ nanent、
v11erc O`-11crsllilD vcstS in tI1c
aeld~s wcrc usecl by campcrs and-cara△
■■口■ entTvil1111crcly lDc stls~pcnclcd、
1bstantiallv and the railwav con△ panviL】司
i icnttellelllenrs bcc。 vhcrc tllc clon1111antan~d
日日■■ rnc vested ln the san1c lcsscc.lDc tlltlt a cro、
・
△1c res。 ondCnt claimca an造 aseI.lm门 .tlcsscc undcr a sllc)rtcr te1△
11 1casc,nt1△ v easc111cnt attac・
11cd
、
t()tllc
n lcssec
lcasc。 f
~iJO111inantland、 vill bc stlspcndedduring thcpcri。
cl。 fc()L11111On o、 Vncrship
lllc lcascs()fthc d()111inant ancl sc1飞
îvc iftl△ ìcnt tcnclncnts.・「hc casc111cnt、
c lcasc()f cit1△ cr t11c sc1ˉ vill
vicnt or d。 11.intlnrtcnclncntis assigr1cd or
p1rcs sO tllat thc OTvncrs1△
ip of each tcnc111catis()ncc agait)sc1Daratc
℃lqs,co望 d bC uscd forcaravans,butcl由《
回
ptabie,Thc cOu丘 OfAppcal did not印 ~53 `c/‘ 9‘
/sc
9o■
icleasc 1△ 1ay lDe cxprcss()r illlplicd,An cxprcss rclcasc、
l‘
,111tIst lDe lDy cleccl,60 althc)tlgll cqtliry 1△

t。 be cffcctivc at
1ay rccog111sc a rclcasc
cFFcctcd bv
Fo(￡ ∶
s莎勿歹[1966]IIKLR 399 岬‘
″ ″￡〃・
″乃e`・・
l\z`″
'es z莎 `。 ``(Jb l
sccs15 c)。
ig B/O〃 c乃 g
p/e″ 刀 (3・ f△ ″ ?`s′9``z召 Cb I'‘ /r19271 Ac 226 at 245
″″7 ze夕 ses `・
|、
C,)'‘ ‘ Cap亻 0a ncis
``'`g `″
丿￡灰
歹[197o]1、7LR 1185 0四‘
/`2〃・
O CaD ``7cc
7 1\‘ 丿
″‘D` ze历
ses‘ 丑Υ莎
7・ D)∶
150 `l″ 'ro`77`、 e刀 s'o`彦 ,
'`‘
Scction 1 ofthc C1-,″ ″c,,‘ 7″ c``召 ″″〃尸
`tpc`1),c,`‘
/″ 亿″
`cc cap 219
295
ˉ
″OlⅣ iG K@Ⅳ GI彳.Ⅳ ID LATy
lcssformalmcans,AnimpliedrclcascmayarisebythedeemedabandorⅢ Ⅱ
Ofthc。 ght.T1△ e merefailureto cxcrcisc an casemcntis notdecisivc evi曲叫■ 3 Cl`'/s/`````〃〃s
11onlycOnstitutc abandOn血 entfitis cxphc叫Ⅱ
`′
`)'刀 `廴
Ofabandonmcnt,NOn-use硕
Only On the assumption thatthe dominant ownerintendcd to give up|1■■ ~custornary nght is a nght that i
nght.The point is clearly illustratcd by: jstoma1△ `nghts differ from easen
■■ ∶1inanttcncl1|1ent;andtheydlffcr1
.r△
1rnited to a particular cornn△

unIty
∶common law a customav五
`lf(,o`‘9z`″ 〃″.lso″ C1 824)3B&c332 ght
~1SOnablc,and continuous.lJndcr
・nsidercd ancientifit has bccn eni
FAC・Γs
∶山in li、 1ng memory,unlcss there
lplication ofsuch a testin IIOng Ko
Tllc p1ant1ff cnJoym a nghtt。 hg1】 tto cc山 mwndows HcdcmoWd■ any custoli11aly nghts ItInight be泛
wan in whch thc whd。 ws wcre sitlla腔 d and iebmtthe wau蹈
w血 do而 s FOu砣 ecn yca阝 later d△c defcndant crectcd a bullding旧 =tcrr1torythc application ofthcEn￡
wOum腕 ve。 bs⑾ Ⅱd由 c nght t。 thc。Id w血 doⅦ subscqleIm日 dthatcustO1n.shouldbeacceptedfil
plaⅡ △
t1仟 nla(cancw w1ndow whcre onc d伍
c oId wh面 wshad b∝ o闸
■ l
thc tcrritory,IIO、 vever,the qucsti(
■ `・
Tcrritones,whcrc thc quesdor
。
cerncd by chinese custornaryla、 ˉ
营
1
JuDGilliiithtiiici∶
o,4 S茁夕r″ 莎 E伤 sc`1・ 7饣 e勾莎
o`・
3'′ s
an Ⅱltc1】 t1on to abandon d△

idn。 us ul ph・ nt1ff
e r1ght,
s n。 n・ sC d mon二
,臼 I■ scn△ cnts rnay be created by statutc.
:E勿 c`″ c勿 Ab勿 o`^乃 6拗 /zrro?E夕 5
Ⅱ
|crcatiOn by statute Of certain casc刀
12.6E贺 emer△ ts and s血 ar Rights ' ln clectricity nctwork by thc po、 ˉ
e
荔袱描 bidisinguishedtomanumbCr。 f。 hersimilarr1ghts蜇 Ⅱ 6,5 P伊 ^6,乃莎

♂
1261N吻乃
莎
宫s i profltis a nghtt。
iˉ the servienttcncn△
cnt,ˉ 、厂
hilst an casei
takc sO1ine part oft
■
``侈 ihc servienttcncn△ cntin sornc way.A
Natural rights exist as a natural incident to the ownership of land.10口 profit 1nay exist in gross、・
11creas a
eascmcnts they arisc autOmatically,as an incident of ownership,E2m|叫 ■ -∶ r11inantteneI|11ent.In the light。
fthe dl
ofnatural oghtsinclude thc r1ghtto suppo皮 ■■ iDng Kong,pronts are n。
oftheland(butnotanybu曲
erectcd on theland)andtherighttOsurfacewaternOwingthrougha调 q■ tc。 niln1or11y
channe1,Butthe law has notrccognised a rightto light as`hthin the g口日■ 26,6 zrce绍 ces
Of natural rights A。 ghttO light can only bc acqu屺 ■■■ |
d as an caseme口 LIIII C11Cc ConFcrS a l)crlnissioll tc)1Dcril∶
″驷
t-ˉ
1262 .P汤 c JP纟

ÌDass Licc1|△ ccs anCl casc1△
1cnrs tllLiì∶
扌
iCr,fO1・ t11cv nccd nOt c。 1.R)1ˉ ln t\-.∶
public righF,as their namc implics,arc cxcrc立 lll .111incd ca11jcri11tl△
is cllaptcr A llcc1η
sable by anyone.Eh1■ 人t
caser11ents they are not appurtcnant to any do111inant tcnen△
ent.CoⅡ ■
■■ ~iit ncecl not bc appurtcna1)tto()1・
aCc
public rights includc the right to usc the public highway,to use na呐口■
■ :∶ 1Cc rnaV bc c1・ catcd Tvith t11c1111111111tII1
watcrs,and fish in the sea;but thcsc rights arc frequently rcgul妞 d■ ■ ∶

`r atla、
be CrCatccl b、 7dccd 1\11 ctil`c∶
\厂
ordinance.Forinstancc thc righttO usc thc public highwayforthe pu甲刂■ dlDablc()f binding r11ircl partics,x\ˉ
llcit
ofadelllonsLationorprotestInarchislin△
itcdbytheP笏沙刂■ ∶
11crc lDcrsonal rights tllar`11I n。
r 】
erO笛口口■■■ ccting tllird partlcs
1`
``c Om溺 '加

61
Cap 245. section 13A`lez‘ ∶
7z9'`彡 /r)幻 es O'歹
,″ 夕刀ce CaD 9:
296 Cap 357
￡'4szr`lFε
Ès
:Icaseruayansebythc deer1△ cdabarl
`、
~)3 clF./s`(``77‘
R农乃莎
♂′
:xerc1sc an easer11cntis not dccls1ve 'γ
〉rllvconstitutc abandonn△ entifitise
-dstOn△ a1△ rig11t is a rigl△
t that is cnjoveci lD\ˉ Lt partic tlla1・
..・
te do1111nant。、.`ncr 1ntended to gll co111111tlnity.

`[O111ary 1・ igl△ ts diffcr fiOIn ease11△
ated bv∶ cnts ln-tllat tllc\-tlrC 1n()t tlttaCllccl to a
-11111anttcncn△ cnti and thcydifferFiO111IDublic r1gllts in t11artllc】
~~IT TiiT T T T=ˉ ∶
illitcd tc)a lDFlrtictllar con1111tln1ty ancl not clli(-)\-cCl lD、 1ˉ cnio\-111C11t
tllc l)tlbllc L1t la1 gc.
~()1nnlon la、 ..r a custO111aly right ctln arisc Onl)-lf it 1s.】
-.`′ ``f(1824)3B&C332 ònablc,and c()ntint.lous,LI1△ der tllc c(D11u11()111a` ol′
1n C lc11[ ccltaln,
Ellglttilcl a 11gllr i、
lsiderccl ancic11tif it 11as bccn c11i。
ved slllc・c1189()1・ it lnas IDccil c1nloVcd
i1】 n living lnc111Orv,tlnlcss therc is c、
1clcncc t11at lt tlro、 c。 lnc1ˉ
1139 -A11
iillcation(-)fsuc11 a tcstin I-】 Ong Ko11g t、 -OLllci clcttrl、
ightto certain windows,He dern( rtllc Out[llc cx1`tc1n CC
-d1V Ctlsto11△ a1)7 rig11tS It 111igllt lDe L11gucd t11at l11[llc 11gllt()f r11c 111sLc)i飞
tre situatcd and rebuilt the玩 ra [crlitOrytheapplicationoftIlcEnglJs11con1111()n la`rtllc 1s inaplDr()1DriatC
ˉ
0⒈
r thc defendant ercctcd a bund1 ~i[I1at ctlstO1△ △s110uld lDc acceI)ted ifit11as bcc1△
rht to thc old、 vindoˉ cxCrC1scd sincc cstablis11111c11t
ws,subseql lilc|tcrritO1△ ・H(D`・
cvcr,t11c qtlcstion is tlnlikcly to arisc sincc lat1cl iln t11c
hcre one ofthc old windOws had J△
^Tcrritorics,w・
I1crc the questic)n of ctlstO1η
-is 1norc 11kclv to arisc|、
- ^crncd by chincsc custOrnary laìratllcrthan the Eng11sh con11uon la、 is
v6●
-.)△ 57夕 o`V∠ 勿sc`77P″ 扌

、
'`z产
lotjustthc plaintiff’ s non-use,detⅪ 曰 `c1ncnts n△ ay be crcatccl by stattltc,In Iˉ

IOngl《 Ong\、 c llave,rk)r cxanlplc,
,c″ /c勿 10砌
.・
″攻 ,u`￡钮 O`″ P`z/、丿0`扔・ 7″

/ζ
=￡ '11`0/z‘ ris扔
cc)“ whicl△ pcrn△
r crcatio1△ by stattlte()f ccrta11△ `ˉ its
cascluc1△ us nccessa1飞`7‘`R)1ˉ
tllc cstablis1△ 111cnt
~111 ClcCtriciry nct、
・Rigl△ts `()rk lDv rlle 1)()`・ er co】
11panics
~● .5 P“
∶
∶∶llu it ntlnlli)crofotl)c1・ si111ila1ˉ r∶ ~
`/`^
∶
Drofit ls a ngl△ tro takc s。
nlc 1i)art oft11c naturaliproducc,s()11.or 111il△
-11c sc13ìcnttcne111cnr,vvhilst an easc1△ erals
^11c sclvlcnttcnclmcntit1 so111c、 1ent nlcrclv cc)nfcrs tt1ˉ
1ghtto tllc|tlsc
厂
ay~A ftIrt11cr distinction 11cs in tllc fac・
氓 pr。 nt rnay exist in gross、 vhercas an cascll△ t tllat
△cident to the o、 vnership of land ■ cnt n△
tlst bc attacllcd to a
n1inanttcnenlent In thc liglltt)fthc dcclining i111p()rtancc Ofag1・
yi as an incident of ownership.∶ E 11g KO1△ g,proflts 1culturc in
ttrc not co111nlonlv cncountcrcd
)supportoftheland(butnotanvb
o sur%ce waternOwingthrougha ~r),6 ￡
gnised a right to light as withi11:山 `cc。 ``ces
△
n only be acquircd as an easen△ iCC1△ Cc Confcrs 1】
.pcrn△ ission tc)1Dc11Or111 a11 act tllat`・
J′
ould。 tl△ erT\itse bc a
1DrlSS,Liccnccs ancl casc1△ 1cnts t1111s()VcrlalD.lDtlt tllc tllnbit()f liccnccs is
-`lcr、 r()rthcv nced not c。 nf()rr11 Tvit11 tlle charactcrist1cs of casc1ncnts
△ll)111△ cdcarlierinthiscl△
apter A~licc1△ cc 111ay cxtc1nd to a rigl△
ics、 arc excrcisablc by anyone tiit nccd notl)c apl)tIrtcna nt to c)r accor111110datc a clor11intlnt t()foccupation
tencn1cnt,A
ntto any do11△ inant tener∶ ncnt~C tncc rnay bc crcatcd、 vith tl△ c11△
inin1tln1 OfF0rnlality、、
sc thc public higl△ 、ray,to use 1△ vllcrcas an casc111cnt
~ist at laⅥ
`bc crcatcd by dccc1,An casc1ncnt crcatcs 1111 1ntcrCstin land t11at
△
ese rights are frequent灯 mgd .ttpablc Of bincling third partics.`/11crcas a licencc falls、
lusc the public highwayfort1△ ep vit11in thc sID11crc
tucrc pcrsonal rights tllarˉ
()t)in thc norlnal cotirsc,bc calDablc c)f
slm△ itedbythePz`汐 cO饩溺er(9'1'j ccting tllird partics, `1111△
'″
Scction 13 1\L″ ‘
z・
yt'`″ ^`/。
‘C” z//``‘ 7``cO Cap 9:
Ca1)357 `γ
297
@Ⅳ G Kr9Ⅳ G rHⅣ D乙 4” 9
`氵
1267 6’ (,z)‘ ’ r``港

`7‘
13 Leasehold c。 v(
A covenanr asccts the manncr
t、「ic11 an 0`V11c1ˉ of land
l△
1a y usc
land V`.7 hereas a positivc casclucnt
1△
grants the clO111inant OT\.rnCr

cxcrcisablc C)Vcr sOlllcOnC else 13.1 Introduction
land A ncgativc easc111c1△ however
a closcr resenlblancc tO
t、
covenants lDcca use it als。 11upcdes

a sc1、厂1c11t Î「
frcc C111 oy1△ cnt Of his o、vncrship e havc IOOked atthe typc of
Of lanc1, Ncgativc eascnlcnts a1・ c
to a s1nall nt11111)cr Of cxisting rases and shortcrtenη
rights while covcnants providcd ˉ |lcases lr
△ˉ
thc、
lancl 1ay CoVcr a
1△
rangc Of activitics (DOvcnttnrs and hich these c。 venants 1nay aff(
`ridc casen1cnts
si1△ ilarity 1 t11cir nccd for tWo △ls lcase,on thc。
11i・
tencn△ cnts tO St1 pport and
lDcar tlk- ne hand,and(
C()vcnants arc crcattlrcs Of cqt11ty ∶
△s rcversion,On thc Other.
and 111ust be crcatcd byagrccl.lent
Eascl△ lcnts, On
the other hand, n1av cXist at la as wcll as equ1tv
be crcarcd cxprcssly or inlplicdl y.
V`...r
11ˉ 1
13,1,1 彳s怨绍陶召绍莎

ˉ
Tˉ hcrc a lease Or a lcaseh。
ld r(
-tssor,as t11c casc 111ay・
be,for
rurpOscs,drops out。
f thc pict
rropcr・ .His ass1gnce steps 1-nt(
b厂
~∶ 1iccting the land:it is thc partiel
i31.1.1 .人 ss1gnrnent ofthe Lca5
Csscc、 Vla()disposes Ofl)1s lct】

-lllc rcn1111e cnj。、c
ys to the IDtlrc・ i1.
Jiong Kc)11g,、 .、 ,・
hatis1・ cF辶 rrccltc)i
-∶ in thar is l)cing assigncd lD\ˉ
t
ìatlcc)an。、
vncr,△ vho holcls tt(
ri・ c arc 65 ycars still to 1ˉ
-`lcltlc of11is cr()、
L11△ `-ij
.n lcasc t。
tln c Fl
tile land,T11c assignn1cnt of s11(D∶
=、
c lcascs Tvill cOntain a co、・
cna111
iCrcst
r 1.J 2 Assignr△ 1cnt c)f tlle Lcasci
ia1△ cll。 rd 11.ay als。 wish t。

-cs not arise in t1△ clispo1
c casc OfH。 11g K(
iro`・ n lesscc.vho haslct1.is p1・
op
illcsc circun△ stanccs,h。 Ids his cr(
.j sllorr-rcrn△
lcasc l△ c1△as gra1△
rcd
ll assign 11is cr0、 ..rn leasc ter111,\、
-I〕
∶ 11 thc l)cnef】 [。
f the s11。 rt~tcr111 1c
ˉ
c ass1g111△ 1cnt of a leasch。
^∶
lcl tc1・
-1)ictCCl in the folI。・
、ing`厂 aVi
298

Land Law Easment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Land Law Easment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

一`Ν

〓 〓〓 一c。 一T一 r〓 ~泛'一 υ〓 ハ cハ E一 ∝ ハ p“一 “ハ >ハ τ 〓i

>〓 ハ“△ 6一一υ一

>“ 冖日 凵Cυ F“ ハ >● △ OG Ξ 〓≥ `凵 G0￠ 一υ `“ 0Φ >一 〓 ∞0α 〓“ Φ 一“ ° Φ￠ 。 〓 〓

others crc not qultc S o`。close`‘

tlen Long but it cannot be sald tO

△01n this rcqu1rc111cnt

A right \、`ill nc)t bc adn1ittcd as an casc1nent

`∶ 1Cnt lanc1,A1ˉ igl△ tto park cars。 cctllDati(D1△

● n11t acctlratc dcfio∶ ˉ

lZ 251 Capablc G1ˉ antor/′ Grantcc ˉ

inhabitants of a tox`..i・ 1)Or othCr fltlcttlating bocly,・ rhcy d。 11。 t

~-lt`to usc facilitics,eg、 vashing i∶ 工

iced Bys 16 cPC) By enforccable

Thc plaintiff and defcndant Ow'ned adjoining prope△ ies,which`rere

bv t11c local cotlnci1,-As a rcsult of tlle dc111O11tion,tllc xvall of the

i tty c)fillustration ofrl△

∶| d()sO|)y thc poxvers sct ~- |

t 1、 Cl grantccs ∶g11rs tO ligl△ t and ai1ˉ

. -igllrs tO use facilitics,cg、

as casernents.No doubt th.0 △larisecl as f′ Ollosvs; v11ic11 1△ 1ay bc

=rcluctance to crcate tOO rnany

dccd Bys16 cPO BV cnforccablc Common LOst Prcscription

gain an cascl.lcntis crcated,but

-If/〃 召 ∠。 ″c`、 z莎 〃[1!

this 111stanCe lS tc1ˉ nlcd a rcsc1飞

cxa1△1ple A ls thc 0、 V1△ cr Of t、 .gal cascrnents n1ust be grantcti

Onto the pu blic road btlt LOt 2 does not,

ecd to rcservc a right Of 1△

rcscrvation over LOt

Lot 9 I-,∶ ∶ lancl i、 -

T11us cascn1cnts and rcs ervatiol△ s arc `crvicntland lvas f。

6o`7夕 c2夕 ‘/ ″〃 Prope″ -ilalDIe 、7here the grantis rnadc c

cvcr. it lS 0t clcar l丙 ・ 11ethcr r11c section

CC)nstrtlction of r11c 1・ igllt agtlinst t11c.ptlrchasc1ˉ `7111 _—

U111css t11c contra1、

assigni11ent shall opcrare to t】

1^-le ObJcct。 f r11is sccti。

~9.2;is t。 cnsurc t11at()n tl△

--cgcs apptlrtcnant to the lanci i1,∶

Easen1cnt =lD`・ cVcr,t11c sccti。 n1△1ay

&￡ 歹 勿‘ 9sz‘ c乃 J,`oc6勿 ″Bo勿

∶ilc|scction、 、 `ill also reversc t∶ 了^ 2 `3)`si“ y丿 r`/・ r′ 9O Co`″ iq田 ″c``lg刀

tJnlcss thc contra1飞 l i1Dtcntion is cxpresscd in tlle assignn△

\itl△ tl△ c la11d.all 1ˉ 1g11ts,intcrcsts、

.O、 gi11g o1ˉ

aippcrtaini11g to tllat lancl or at t1△ e tilue of tllc assig11111Cnt uscc1,11cld,

^=lC objcCt ofthis section,whic11 is similartO s 62 Ofthc z‘

Lt autO111~atiCally pass tO tllc purcllascr or otllcr gra11tcc`。

=∶ =t crC lDCrn1issiO1△ into an casen1cnt,Its cffcct 1n this 1ˉ

`cc(ion 1 ofthc Clo″ ‘

||‘ |1~ ||||li .||||

shed e plaintif pcrnlissi。

ˉ^2 2 AII Rights,Intcrcsts.IDrlv

latcr tI△ c dcF辶 ndant

JtlDGMENT .、 r1nc vicw,Oran cxpansc c)r

thc Coal shed was an go aJOng

1】 C decJs1。 n did attract s。

″ ∶ transfer or creatc thc intcrcst,.人

`[1949]2 KB 744 lt11Otlgh a11 agree1ucnt undcr thc

`c a coalshcd orto g。 、￠hercas a rig11[to

歹on the grant ofthe ne-△ r

o pass thc right as a 1△ 1erc

`i ll)tlt r11is clevation 1、 ∶

〓〓〓一c。一T一 r〓 ~泛'一 υ〓ハ cハ E一 ∝ ハ p“一 “ハ >ハ τ 〓i

>〓ハ“△ 6一一υ一

>“ 冖日凵Cυ F“ ハ >● △ OG Ξ 〓≥ `凵 G0￠一υ `“ 0Φ >一〓 ∞0α 〓“ Φ 一“ ° Φ￠。〓〓

-If/〃召 ∠。 ″c`、 z莎〃[1!

cvcr. it lS 0t clcar l丙・ 11ethcr r11c section

&￡歹勿‘ 9sz‘ c乃 J,`oc6勿 ″Bo勿

∶ilc|scction、、 `ill also reversc t∶ 了^ 2 `3)`si“ y丿 r`/・ r′ 9O Co`″ iq田 ″c``lg刀

`c a coalshcd orto g。、￠hercas a rig11[to

△escapc routc for o-w-ners,vho `t)n the grant by t11c。、

11r1NOnon Kyshc:Ff彡 E)勿 /`o刀 ″ 月勿g笏s8Go C1881)6 App

thc acquisition ofa right to11刂汪■