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LN Teaching Anthro Final
LN Teaching Anthro Final
Teaching Anthropology
For Health Extension Workers
Zerihun Doda
Debub University
In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center,
the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education
November 2004
Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00.
Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter
Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education.
All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without written permission of the author or authors.
This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or
students and faculty in a health care field.
Acknowledgements
The development of this lecture note for training Health Extension
Workers is an arduous assignment for Ato Zerihun Doda at Debub
University.
Recognizing the importance of and the need for the preparation of the
lecture note for the Training of Health Extension workers THE
CARTER CENTER (TCC) ETHIOPIA PUBLIC HEALTH TRAINING
INITIATIVE (EPHTI) facilitated the task for Debub University to write
the lecture note in consultation with the Health Extension
Coordinating Office of the Federal Ministry of Health.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ------------------------------------------ i
Table of contents -------------------------------------------ii
Introduction -------------------------------------------------- 1
ii
Disciplines ---------------------------------------------19
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2.4.4 Language and Culture -----------------------39
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UNIT FOUR: Gender, Ethnicity, Race and Health Issues
4.0 Objectives ---------------------------------------------59
4.1 Defining the Concept of Gender -----------------59
4.2 Gender Role Socialization ------------------------60
4.3 Gender Stereotypes and Stratification ---------60
4.3.1 Gender Stereotypes --------------------------60
4.3.2 Gender Stratification--------------------------61
4.4 Implications of Gender Role Socialization for
Health ---------------------------------------------------62
4.5 Differentiating Ethnicity and Race ---------------63
4.6 Ethnic and Racial Stereotypes and
Discrimination and Inequalities in Access
to health Care ----------------------------------------66
4.7 Summary and Review Questions ----------------69
4.7.1 Unit Summary ----------------------------------69
4.7.2 Review Questions -----------------------------71
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UNIT SIX: Anthropology and Health
6.0 Objectives ---------------------------------------------81
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Introduction
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UNIT ONE
Definition, Subject Matter, History,
Sub-Fields, Uses And Methods Of
Anthropology
1.0. Objectives
After completing this unit, the students are expected to:
• Define anthropology and its basic concerns and
subject matter;
• Describe the different fields of anthropology;
• Explain how and why anthropology as a science
emerged;
• Appreciate the uses and applications of
anthropology in personal and professional lives;
• Compare and contrast anthropology with other
related behavioral or social sciences and;
• Describe the methods of anthropology.
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1.4.3. Archeology
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1.8.1. Summary
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UNIT TWO
The Concept Of Culture
2.0. Objectives
At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
• Define the concept of culture;
• Describe some major characteristics or features of
culture;
• Understand the relationship that exists between
culture, individual behaviors, health and disease.
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1. Culture is encompassing:
Culture encompasses all aspects, which affect people in
their day lines.
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4. Culture is symbolic
Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to humans and to
culture. Symbolic thought is the human ability to give a
thing or event an arbitrary meaning and grasp and
appreciate that meaning. A symbol is verbal or nonverbal
within a particular language or culture that comes to stand
for something else. There is no obvious natural or
necessary connection between a symbol and what it
symbolizes. Language is one of the distinctive capacity and
possession of humans. Culture encompasses language,
and through language, culture is communicated and
transmitted.
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6. Culture is shared
It is a possession of individuals as members of a social
group; it is learned by observing, listening, talking and
interacting with other people. Culture shared give people
common experiences.
7. Culture is patterned
Cultures are not haphazard collection of customs and
beliefs, but are integrated, patterned systems. The parts
are interrelated. If one changes the other changes. For
instance, if women joint work outside homes are disrupted
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• Cultural Universality
Anthropology assumes that all human beings are
fundamentally alike and they share the same basic
interests. All people all over the world have certain
common obligations one to another. All people are
members of a single community; they all have the same
root and destiny. This belief is either explicit or implicit in
most of the great world religions. However, it is by no
means acceptable to many people in many advanced
societies. However, this fundamental anthropological
doctrine was accepted as a truth.
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Cultural Generalities
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Cultural particularities:
These are cultural traditions which are unique to only few
societies. They occur rarely. For example, Homosexualism
or lesbianism as a way of life, polyandrous marriage
practice, eating of raw meat, etc
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UNIT THREE
Kinship, Marriage, The Family And Health
Issues
3.0. Objectives
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The family the most basic unit of all social institutions and
the building block of any society. It is so important to
individuals and society because it responds to some of the
fundamental human needs, both individual and collective.
These needs include the needs for love and emotional
security, the need to regulate sexual behavior, the need to
produce new generations, the need to protect the young
and the disabled (the sick), and the need to place people in
a social order.
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UNIT FOUR
Gender, Ethnicity, Race And Health Issues
4.0. Objectives
At the end of this unit students will be able to, among other
things,
• Define the concepts of gender, ethnicity and race;
• Understand and appreciate gender, racial and
ethnic influences on health;
• Differentiate between biological and socio-cultural
aspects of gender; and
• Identify and be aware of the gender -, ethnic- and
racial-based prejudices, stereotypes and
discriminations in a given country.
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voice, hair distribution over the body, etc. They also differ
in average weight, height and physical strength.
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This being the real fact, people since the old times have
believed that there are superior and inferior races, and this
belief is still rampant even in so-called modern societies. It
is the source of exploitation and domination of the minority
groups by the majority.
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Ethnic and racial stereotypes are the sources for the ethnic
and racial discrimination in a given society. They are the
strongly held (often negative) assumptions, beliefs and
attitudes people have to-wards a member or members of a
certain ethnic group. Such wrong ideologies lead to ethnic
and racial stratification and discrimination.
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UNIT FIVE
The Anthropology Of Religion
5.0. Objectives
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UNIT SIX
Anthropology And Medicine/ Health
6.0. Objectives
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APPENDIX 1
References
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