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Section 1.
3) By examining the following sequences, write a difference equation to

represent the change during the nth interval as a function of the previous
term in the sequence.
a) {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}
-First differences are:
-nth difference:
-Difference equation:
b) {2, 4, 16, 256, …}

-nth difference:
c) {1, 2, 5, 11, 23, …}

-nth difference:
d) {1, 8, 29, 92, …}

-nth difference:
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5) By substituting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, write out the first four algebraic equations
represented by the following dynamical systems:
a)
b)
c)
d)
7) You currently have $5000 in a savings account that pays 0.5% interest
each month. You add another $200 each month. Formulate a dynamical
system that models change exactly for the described situation.
Section 1.2
3) Sociologists recognize a phenomenon called social diffusion, which is the
spreading of a piece of information, a technological innovation, or a cultural
fad among a population. The members of the population can be divided into
two classes: those who have the information and those who do not. In a fixed
population whose size is known, it is reasonable to assume that the rate of
diffusion is proportional to the number who have the information times the
number yet to receive it. If denotes the number of people who have the
information in a population of N people after n days, formulate a dynamical
system to approximate the change in the number of people in the population
who have the information.
6) A certain drug is effective in treating a disease if the concentration
remains above 100mg/L. The initial concentration is 640mg/L. It is known
from laboratory experiments that the drug decays at the rate of 20% of the
amount present each hour.
a) Formulate a model representing the concentration at each hour.
Let ,
b) Build a table of values and determine when the concentration
reaches 100mg/L.
640mg/L
512mg/L
409.6mg/L
327.68mg/L
262.14mg/L
208.72mg/L
166.98mg/L
133.55mg/L
106.84mg/L
85.47mg/L
After 9 hours the drug will no longer be effective.
8) A humanoid skull is discovered near the remains of an ancient campfire.

Archaeologists are convinced the skull is the same age as the original
campfire. It is determined from laboratory testing that only 1% of the original
amount of carbon-14 remains in the burned wood taken from the campfire. It
is known that carbon-14 decays at a rate proportional to the amount
remaining and that carbon-14 decays 50% over 5700 years. Formulate a
model for carbon-14 dating.
Section 1.3
6) You owe $500 on a credit card that charges 1.5% interest each month. You
can pay $50 each month with no new charges. What is the equilibrium
value? What does the equilibrium value mean in terms of the credit card?
Build a numerical solution. When will the account be paid off? How much is
the last payment?
Equilibrium Value:
The equilibrium value is very unstable. It represents the amount of money
that should be paid per month to counteract the interest, basically that is
how much should be paid per month to pay off the card as if no interest was
being added.
The account will be paid off after 11 months. The last payment will be
$45.81.
9) Your grandparents have an annuity. The value of the annuity increases

each month as 1% interest on the pervious month’s balance is deposited.
Your grandparents withdraw $1000 each month for living expenses.
Currently, they have $50,000 in the annuity. Model the annuity with a
dynamical system. Find the equilibrium value. What does the equilibrium
value represent for this problem? Build a numerical solution to determine
when the annuity is depleted.
Equilibrium Value:
The equilibrium value is very unstable. It represents the amount of money
they would have without the withdrawal each month.
The account will be depleted after 990 months.
10) Find the equilibrium value of the digoxin model. What is the significance
of the equilibrium value?
Equilibrium Value:
The equilibrium value tells us that it is stable and remains in the bloodstream
long term.
Section 2.2
1) Show graphically the meaning of the proportionality .
This is a line that goes through the origin, with slope k. Since k is a constant
it will be a straight line.
2) Explain the meaning of the following proportionality argument and

illustrate it graphically.
If we have data we should get a line through the origin if w is a constant.
3) If a spring is stretched .37in by a 14lb force, what stretch will be produced

by a 9lb force? By a 22lb force? Assume Hooke’s law, which asserts that the
distance stretched is proportional to the force applied.
Section 3.2
2) For each of the following data sets, formulate the mathematical model
that minimizes the largest deviation between the data and the line
If a computer is available, solve for the estimates of and .
Let be the max of over M.
a) Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use
Using Wolfram alpha, the minimum of
Using least squares of data:
b) Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use

with
c) Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use

with
3) For the following data, formulate the mathematical model that minimizes
the largest deviation between the data and the model . If a
computer is available solve for the estimates of
Let
Let r be the max of
Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use
4) For the following data formulate the mathematical model that minimizes
the largest deviation between the data and the model If a computer
is available, solve for the estimates of .
Since our equation can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use
the following equations
Section 3.3
3) Derive the equations that minimize the same of the squared deviations
between a set of data points and the quadratic model Use
the equations to find estimates of for the following set of data.
The following is needed:
Then:
Lets us make a quadratic fit,

Now,
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.06 0.23 0.36 0.65 0.95
0.042 0.159 0.352 0.621 0.966
0.018 0.039 0.0077 0.0289 0.0157
4) Make an appropriate transformation to fit the model using
equation (3.4). Estimate .
7 14 21 28 35 42
8 41 133 250 280 297
ln 2.079 3.714 4.89 5.521 5.635 5.694
Least squares curve with transformed data gives, ln

So, .
5) Examine closely the system of equations that result when you fit the
quadratic in Problem 3. Suppose What would be the corresponding
system of equations? Repeat for the cases and . Suggest a system
of equations for a cubic. Check your result. Explain how you would generalize
the system of Equation (3.4) to fit any polynomial. Explain what you would
do if one or more of the coefficients in the polynomial were zero.
So,
Look at
Here,
Now look at
Now,
Basically, from the patterns above. It is assumed if one of the , whatever

row and column went with it get deleted. The coefficients change according
to whatever gets removed or added.
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Section 1.

3) By examining the following sequences, write a difference equation to

b) {2, 4, 16, 256, …}

c) {1, 2, 5, 11, 23, …}

d) {1, 8, 29, 92, …}

After 9 hours the drug will no longer be effective.

8) A humanoid skull is discovered near the remains of an ancient campfire.

9) Your grandparents have an annuity. The value of the annuity increases

The account will be depleted after 990 months.

2) Explain the meaning of the following proportionality argument and

If we have data we should get a line through the origin if w is a constant.

3) If a spring is stretched .37in by a 14lb force, what stretch will be produced

Let be the max of over M.

a) Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use

Using Wolfram alpha, the minimum of

Using least squares of data:

b) Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use

Using least squares of data:

c) Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use

Using Wolfram alpha, the minimum of

Using least squares of data:

Since can only have positive points, to minimize it we will use

Using Wolfram alpha, the minimum of

Using Wolfram alpha, the minimum of

The following is needed:

Lets us make a quadratic fit,

0.06 0.23 0.36 0.65 0.95

0.042 0.159 0.352 0.621 0.966

0.018 0.039 0.0077 0.0289 0.0157

8 41 133 250 280 297

ln 2.079 3.714 4.89 5.521 5.635 5.694

Least squares curve with transformed data gives, ln

Basically, from the patterns above. It is assumed if one of the , whatever

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