PRECALCULUS REVIEWER 10/26/2023

CONICS point F (focus) and a fixed line I

• Conic Section- a curve obtained as (directrix) not containing F.
the intersection of a plane and a • A=0 or C=0 but not both
right circular cone with two
nappes.

Circle
• A special kind of ellipse. • Axis of Symmetry-
• A=C perpendicular to F. Divides the
• Consist of all points on the plane parabola into two parts.
equidistant from a fixed point • Vertex- peak point; the main
called the center. point of the parabola that lies
• Distance from any point on circle is at middle portion of the curve.
constant and is called radius. • Focus, Vertex, and Directrix are
equidistant to each other.
• Latus Rectum- segment
containing the focus with its
endpoints on the parabola.
Always twice the length of
focal distance.
• Finding the Center: Length= 4a
√ (𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 • Distance Formula
• Distance between two points: o Vertex-Focus= a
o Focus-Directrix= 2a
𝑑= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
o Vertex-Directrix= a
• Midpoint Formula:
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥=
2
• Standard Form:
o If in (0,0)
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
o If not in (0,0)
(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + ( 𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2
• Completing the square
Formula:
𝑏 2
( )
2
Parabola
• is a set of all points on the
plane equidistant from a fixed-
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• Standard Form of Equation
o Upward:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘)
o Downward:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘)
o Right:
(𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 4𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)
o Left:
(𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = −4𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)
• Solving for each part of
Parabola:
o Orientation:
▪ 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑: 𝑥 2 +
▪ 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑: 𝑥 2 −
▪ 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡: 𝑦 2 +
▪ 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡: 𝑦 2 −
o Vertex:
▪ Opposite sign of the h
and k.
o Focus:
▪ Solve for “a” first.
▪ Use the Vertex.
▪ 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑: (𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑎)
▪ 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑: (𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑎)
▪ 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡: (𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑦)
▪ 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡: (𝑥 − 𝑎, 𝑦)
o Directrix:
▪ Use the value of a.
▪ Use opposite operation
of focus.
▪ If the graph is upward
and downward:
𝑦=
▪ If the graph is right and
left:
𝑥=
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o Axis of Symmetry:
▪ If upward and
downward:
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑥
▪ If right and left:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑦
o Latus Rectum
▪ Get the value of 2a first.
▪ Use the coordinates of
focus.
▪ If upward and
downward:
(𝑥 ± 2𝑎, 𝑦)
▪ If right and left:
(𝑥, 𝑦 ± 2𝑎)
o Length of Latus Rectum:
▪ If upward and
downward:
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
▪ If right and left:
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Ellipse
• Set of all coplanar points such
that the sum of its distances
from two fixed points is
constant (foci or focus).
• Major Axis- line that passes
through the foci of an ellipse.
Can be horizontal or vertical.
• Vertex- endpoints of ellipse.
• Midpoint- center of the ellipse.
• Minor axis- line that is
perpendicular to major axis.
• Co-Vertices- endpoints of
minor axis.
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• Latera Recta-l line segments
that passes through the focus.
• We use a,b,c to denote:
o a → center-vertex
o b →center-co-vertex
o c → focus-center
• Standard Form of Equation
o If (0,0) Horizontal
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
o If (0,0) Vertical
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑏 2 𝑎2
o If (h,k) Horizontal
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
o If (h,k) Vertical
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2 Hyperbola
• Solving for each part of Ellipse:
o Solve for value of a, b, c
first.
o To get c, √𝑎2 − 𝑏2
o Center:
▪ The opposite sign of
the h and k.
o Orientation:
▪ If denominator of x is
bigger than
denominator of y,
Horizontal.
▪ If denominator of y is
bigger than
denominator of x,
Vertical.
o Vertices:
▪ Use the coordinates
of the Center.
▪ If Vertical: (𝑥, 𝑦 ± 𝑎)
▪ If Horizontal:(𝑥 ±
𝑎, 𝑦)
o Co-Vertices:
▪ Use the coordinates
of Center.
▪ If Vertical: (𝑥 ± 𝑏, 𝑦)
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▪ If Horizontal: (𝑥, 𝑦 ±
𝑏)
o Focus:
▪ Use the Coordinates
of the Center.
▪ If Vertical: (𝑥, 𝑦 ± 𝑐)
▪ If Horizontal: (𝑥 ±
𝑐, 𝑦)
o Major Axis:
▪ 2𝑎
o Minor Axis:
▪ 2𝑏
o Latera Recta:
𝑏2
▪ Use
𝑎
▪ Use the Coordinates
of Focus.
▪ If Vertical: (±𝑥, 𝑦)
▪ If Horizontal: (𝑥, ±𝑦)
• Determined by a constant and two
fixed points, called focus point.
The difference between two
distances is constant.
• Principal Axis- line that passes
through the foci.
• Vertices- two points that lies on
the principal axis.
• Transverse Axis- segment that
joins the vertex.
• Center- midpoint of transverse
axis.
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• Conjugate Axis- perpendicular to ▪ If Horizontal:

transverse axis. (𝑥 ± 𝑎, 𝑦)
• Asymptotes- two lines passing o Focus:
through the center; serves as ▪ Use the coordinates
guide in graphing the parabola. of center.
• Standard Form of Equation: ▪ If Vertical:
o If (0,0) Horizontal: (𝑥, 𝑦 ± 𝑐)
𝑥2 𝑦2 ▪ If Horizontal:
− =1 (𝑥 ± 𝑐, 𝑦)
𝑎2 𝑏 2
o If (0,0) Vertical: o Equation of the
𝑦2 𝑥2 Asymptotes:
− =1 ▪ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎
▪ If Vertical: 𝑏
o If (h,k) Horizontal: ▪ If Horizontal: 𝑎
𝑏

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1 Mathematical Induction
𝑎2 𝑏2 • Sequence- set of terms with
pattern.
o If (h,k) Vertical:
• Series- sum of the terms in a
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1 sequence.
𝑎2 𝑏2
• Formulas for Arithmetic:
o Sequence
• Measurements:
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (n – 1)d
o a→center-vertex
o Series
o b→center-conjugate axis
▪ If last term is not present:
endpoint 𝑛
o c→focus-center 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
o Transverse Axis= 2a ▪ If last term is missing:
o Conjugate Axis= 2b 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
o Principal Axis=2c 2
• Solving for each part of the • Formulas for Geometric:
Hyperbola: o Sequence
o Solve for the value of a, b, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
c. o Series
o To get c, √𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ▪ If last term is not present:
o Orientation: 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
▪ If Vertical, +y 1−𝑟
▪ If Horizontal, +x ▪ If last term is missing:
𝑎1
o Center: 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
▪ Opposite sign of the
h and k. Sigma Notation
o Vertices: • Properties of Sigma Notation used
▪ Use the coordinates for different situations.
of center. 𝑛(𝑛+1)
• Function PNS: ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 =
▪ If Vertical: 2
(𝑥, 𝑦 ± 𝑎) Used for sigma notation that has
function i.e. 5d
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• Constant PNS: ∑𝑛𝑖=𝑚 𝑐 = 𝑐(𝑛 −

𝑚 + 1)
Used for calculating when the
sigma notation only has constant
i.e. 7
• Sum and Difference PNS:
∑𝑛𝑖=𝑚 𝑓 (𝑖 ) ± 𝑔(𝑖 ) = ∑𝑛𝑖=𝑚 𝑓 (𝑖 ) ±
∑𝑛𝑖=𝑚 𝑔(𝑖 )
Used to separate operations of
two terms i.e. (2x-3)
After separation, proceed on
using Function and Constant
PNS.
• Constant Multiple PNS:
∑𝑛𝑖=𝑚 𝑐𝑓 (𝑖 ) = 𝑐 ∑𝑛𝑖=𝑚 𝑓 (𝑖 )
Used to separate the constant
from its variable. Basically
putting the constant outside.

Binomial Theorem
• To refract and expand a given
expression.
• Pascal Triangle- Blaise Pascal
constantly adding 1 on both sides
Starting at 010.

• How to use?
o Look at the exponent.
o Look for the nearest row that
has the same number as the
exponent.
o The row of numbers will be
your coefficient.
o The expanded term will be
n+1.