The coefficients can be given/assumed, such as a music synthesizer or time samples of a waveform.

In the latter case, the exponential form of Fourier series synthesizes a discrete-time Fourier

transform where variable represents frequency instead of time.

But typically the coefficients are determined by frequency/harmonic analysis of a given real-valued

function and represents time:

Fourier series analysis

(Eq.5)

The objective is for to converge to at most or all values of in an interval

of length For the well-behaved functions typical of physical processes, equality is

customarily assumed, and the Dirichlet conditions provide sufficient conditions.

The notation represents integration over the chosen interval. Typical choices are

and . Some authors define because it simplifies the arguments of the sinusoid

functions, at the expense of generality. And some authors assume that is also -

periodic, in which case approximates the entire function. The scaling factor is

explained by taking a simple case: Only the term of Eq.2 is needed for

convergence, with and Accordingly Eq.5 provides:

as required.
Exponential form coefficients[edit]
Another applicable identity is Euler's formula:
 (Note: the ∗ denotes complex conjugation.)

Substituting this into Eq.1 and comparison with Eq.3 ultimately reveals:

Exponential form coefficients

(Eq.6)

Conversely:

Inverse relationships

Substituting Eq.5 into Eq.6 also reveals:[3]

Fourier series analysis

(all (Eq.7)
integers)
The coefficients can be given/assumed, such as a music synthesizer or time samples of a waveform.
In the latter case, the exponential form of Fourier series synthesizes a discrete-time Fourier

transform where variable represents frequency instead of time.

But typically the coefficients are determined by frequency/harmonic analysis of a given real-valued

function and represents time:

Fourier series analysis

(Eq.5)

The objective is for to converge to at most or all values of in an interval

of length For the well-behaved functions typical of physical processes, equality is

customarily assumed, and the Dirichlet conditions provide sufficient conditions.

The notation represents integration over the chosen interval. Typical choices are

and . Some authors define because it simplifies the arguments of the sinusoid
functions, at the expense of generality. And some authors assume that is also -

periodic, in which case approximates the entire function. The scaling factor is

explained by taking a simple case: Only the term of Eq.2 is needed for

convergence, with and Accordingly Eq.5 provides:

as required.
Exponential form coefficients[edit]
Another applicable identity is Euler's formula:

(Note: the ∗ denotes complex conjugation.)

Substituting this into Eq.1 and comparison with Eq.3 ultimately reveals:

Exponential form coefficients

(Eq.6)

Conversely:

Inverse relationships

Substituting Eq.5 into Eq.6 also reveals:[3]

Fourier series analysis

(all (Eq.7)
integers)