Biology textbook 13.1 – 13.

13.1
 Coded information coming from parents are the genes written from DNA.
o Gametes: reproductive cells.
o Somatic cells: all have 46 chromosomes; these are all cells EXPECT gametes and
their precursors.
o Locus: what location the gene is in along the chromosome.
 Asexual reproduction reproduces clones, while sexual reproduction gives off unique
combinations of genes.
Concept Check:
1. Because of the certain DNA, they gave to their offspring. If the dad gave his let’s say
blonde genes or the mom’s brunette. Correct 
2. Through asexual reproduction. Reproduce by mitosis.
3. Clone it, crossbreeding it will come to another totally different plant. Correct 
13.2
 Homologous chromosomes: the same length, position and pattern. Really just the same
all altogether.
 Cells with two chromosomes are diploid cells (2n), and cells with one are haploid cells
(n).
 Plants and algae have another step to the life cycle called “alternation of generations”.
Concept Check:
1. 12, 6, diploid. 12, 3, haploid.
2. 44, 22 pairs. 23 pairs, 2 sets of chromosomes.
3. An asexual one, plant or algae? Correct  (its algae)
13.3
 Meiosis I: first division, results in the cell having half the number of chromosomes as the
original cell.
o Meiosis II: second division, results in the cell having half the number of
chromosomes as the original cell.
o BOTH produce two daughter cells.
 Stages: Interphase, Meiosis I, Meiosis II.
o Interphase: has a pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid parent cell, then
duplicates pair to produce sister chromatids.
 Meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis.
o In Prophase I, each gene on one pair aligns perfectly with others on the other
pair. They form a zipperlike structure called a “synaptonemal complex”. This is
called synapsis.
 Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis.
 3 things that happens to Meiosis that are not in Mitosis:
o Synapsis
o Alignment of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate.
o Separation of homologues.
Concept Check:
1. In mitosis, the two single pairs come together to form pairs. While in meiosis two pairs
of chromosomes come together. Correct  (the answer is a bit lengthier though)
2. If crossing over didn’t happen, the two homologous pairs would not be associated at all.
13.4
 What makes sexual reproduction generate genetic variation? It’s because of the random
orientation of homologous chromosomes.
 Ex. n = 3, can have eight combinations. 2 X 2 X 2 = 23
 Crossing over produces “recombinant chromosomes”.
Concept Check:
1. Random orientation of homologous chromosomes. Mutations in genes can lead to
different versions of alleles.
2. Without crossing over, independent assortment can produce 2n haploid cells. Random
fertilization can produce 2n X 2n possible diploid cells. Two grasshoppers would produce a
greater variety of zygotes.
3. Crossing over contributes to genetic variation only when it involves the rearrangement
of different alleles. Being identical they are equivalent.
4. 224 Correct  That would equal 16777216.