CFLM1 – Character Formation 1 Nationalism and Patriotism

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GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Gender and development (GAD) – defined as the development perspective and processes that is
participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights,
supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials.
➢ It focuses on the socially constructed basis of differences between men and women and
emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations.
➢ It is more concerned with women and her specific roles, responsibilities and expectations in the
society.
World Bank – was one of the first international organizations to encourage the need for the women in
development by appointing a woman adviser in the year 1977.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED LAWS AND ISSUANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women)
Approved on August 14, 2009 which mandates for non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality
and equity measures to enable women’s participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation
of policies, and plan for national, regional, and local development.
Memorandum Circular No. 2011 -01 dated October 21, 2011
Addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus,
State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) Government –Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs)
and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures for the establishment,
strengthening and institutionalization of the Gender and Development (GAD) Focal Point System
(GFPS).
Republic Act 7877 – Anti – Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.
Republic Act 9262 – Anti- Violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004.
RA 7192 – a law on Women in Development and Nation Building Act.
Memorandum Circular No, 48 Series of 2013 – directing all concerned government agencies to adopt
the Gender Equality Guidelines in the development of their respective media policies and implementing
programs in order to promote gender mainstreaming.
RA 10354 – the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 or the RH Law.
1987 Philippine Constitution (Article II Sec. 14)
The State recognizes the role of women in nation building and shall promote the Fundamental Equality
before the law of women and men.

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Terms Related to Gender
1. Socialization – is the process by which social norms, roles and expectations are learned and
internalize.
2. Gender socialization – is the process by which norms and expectations in relation to gender are
learned by women and men.
3. Gender stereotype – a form of prejudgment, bias or limitation given to roles and expectations of
males and females.
4. Gender equality – gives men and women the entitlement o all aspects of human development.
5. Gender inequality – refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their
gender.
Areas of channel of Socialization
I. Family – is a group of people related either by consanguinity (recognized by birth), affinity (by
marriage) or co-residence (like relatives and servants).
Two types of Family:
a. Immediate family – include spouses, parents, brothers, sisters, sons and daughters.
b. Extended family – include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and
siblings in law
General Classification of Family Structures
a. Matrifocal family – it occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their
children by themselves or where men are more mobile than women.
b. Patriarchal family – is a family in which the father is considered head of household or a stay
home dad.
c. Conjugal family - a traditional form of family that includes only the husband, the wife and
unmarried children who are not of age.
d. Avuncular family – a family composed of a grandparent, a brother, his sister and her
children.
e. Childless family – is sometimes the forgotten family and does not meet the traditional
standards set by the society.
f. Extended family – a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents,
aunts, uncles, and other relatives.
g. Chosen family – it refers to the group of people in an individual’s life that satisfies the typical
role of family as a support system and commonly within the LGBT community.
h. Blended family or Step family – describes families with mixed parents, one or both parents
remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.
i. Monogamous family – an individual has only one partner during their lifetime or at any one
time.
j. Polygamous family – a family composed of a marriage that includes more than two partners.
 Polygamy – a man is married to more than one wife at a time.
 Polyandry – when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time.
 Fraternal Polyandry – where two or more brothers are married to the same wife.
 Polyamory – if marriage includes husbands and wives, group or conjoint marriage.
Processes Involved in Gender Socialization in The Family
a. Manipulation – means that people handle girls and boys differently as infants.
b. Canalization – means that people direct their children’s attention to gender appropriate
object.
c. Verbal appellation – telling children what they are and what is expected of them.
d. Activity exposure – familiarizing children to their gender appropriate tasks.
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 II. Church/Religion – it is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that
relate humanity to spirituality and moral values.
Effects of Religion
 It linked to healthy, stable family life, strong marriages and well-behaved children.
 It leads to reduction in the incidence of domestic abuse, crime, substance abuse and
addiction
 It increases physical and mental health, longevity and education attainment

III. Mass Media

Effects of Mass Media in socialization
1. Media’s sexualization of young female celebrities.
2. Video games that promote violence and negative stereotypes.
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote negative stereotypes and violence.
4. Sex stereotypes in kid’s TV program.
Different Types of Mass Media
1. Broadcast Media
2. Print Media
3. Outdoor Media
4. Public Speaking and Event Organizing
5. Digital Media

IV. School – an institution for educating children for the purpose of socialization and cultural
transmission.
How the school performs the function of socialization
1. Through curriculum school provides basic intellectual skills.
2. School socializes students to become a good member of the society.
3. They help in shaping values and attitudes.
4. They widen the mental horizons of pupils and teachers to new ways at the society.
5. They offer young people opportunities for intellectual, emotional and social growth.
6. They enable the child to learn social roles and skills.

V. Peer groups – are groups or members who are likely to influence the person’s beliefs and
behaviors.
Positive Effects of Peer Groups
1. Serve as a source of information.
2. Teach gender roles.
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood.
4. Teach unity and collective behavior in life.
5. Identity formation – is a development process where a person acquires a sense of self.
Negative attributes of peer groups influence
1. Peer pressure 4. Aggression and pro-social behavior
2. Future problems 5. Sexual promiscuity
3. Risk behaviors
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1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals, promote the general welfare, conserve and develop the patrimony of our Nation, and
secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of democracy under a regime of justice, peace, liberty, and
equality, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

VS.

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society
and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve
and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.

ARTICLE 4. CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship - is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership
implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part
of the State.
• Citizen - it is a person having the title of citizenship. He is the member of a democratic community
who enjoy full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory
of the State.
• Alien - is a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing through another country. He is a
popularly called “foreigner. “He is not given the full rights to citizenship but is entitled to receive
protection as to his person or property.

Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
(3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
(4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Citizenship, Defined - a term of municipal law and denotes the possession within the particular state
of full civil and political rights, subject to special disqualifications such as minority, sex, etc.
Modes of Acquiring Citizenship
1) Involuntary Method – by birth
a. Jus sanguinis - by blood relationship - children follow the citizenship of the parents or
one of them - predominating principle in the Philippines.
b. Jus soli or jus loci - by place of birth - a person becomes a citizen of a state where he
is born irrespective of the citizenship of the parents.

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 2) Voluntary Method – by naturalization Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are
Exception: In case of collective naturalization citizens of the Philippines from birth without having
of the inhabitants of a territory which takes to perform any act to acquire or perfect their
place when it is ceded by one state to another Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine
as a result of conquest or treaty. citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3),
Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born
citizens.
Kinds of Citizens
1) Natural-born
2) Naturalized
Citizens of the Philippines
1) Citizens at the time of the adoption 3) Citizens through election under the 1935
of the Constitution Constitution
2) Citizens by blood relationship 4) Citizens by naturalization
Naturalization
- The act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of the state and clothing him with
the rights and privileges of citizenship.
- Implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of entrance to a similar relation
towards a new body politic.

Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
Loss of Citizenship
1) Voluntarily - expatriation
a. By naturalization in a foreign country (RA 9225);
b. By express renunciation of citizenship;
c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and laws of a foreign
country; and
d. By rendering service to, or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country
2) Involuntarily
a. By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by the court; and
b. By having been declared by a competent authority, a deserter in the Philippine armed forces
in time of war.
* In time of war, a Filipino citizen cannot expatriate himself.
Reacquisition of Citizenship
1) By naturalization, provided the applicant possesses none of the disqualifications provided in
the naturalization law;
2) By repatriation of deserters of the Philippine armed forces and women who lost their citizenship
by reason of marriage to an alien, after the termination of their marital status; and
3) By direct act of the Congress of the Philippines
Repatriation
- Effected by merely taking the necessary path of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and
registering the same in the proper civil registry.

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Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act
or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
Effect of Marriage of Citizen to an Alien
- A citizen who marries an alien does not lose his/her Philippine citizenship even if by the laws of
his/her wife’s/husband’s country, he/she acquires her/his nationality.
- Exception: renunciation by subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and
the laws of a foreign country.
- Thus, a Filipino woman, who upon marriage to an alien acquires his citizenship, will possess two
citizenships – Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.
Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
Dual Allegiance of Citizens
- continued allegiance of naturalized nationals to their mother country even after they have
acquired Filipino citizenship
- prohibited
- declared inimical to national interest, and Congress is required that it be dealt with by law
Dual Citizenship
- Possession of two citizenships by and individual, that of his original citizenship and that of the
country he became a naturalized citizen
- not prohibited
- arises because our laws cannot control laws of other countries on citizenship
- not per se objectionable, but such status may be regulated or restricted by law where it is
conducive or could lead to dual allegiance

• In the case of public officers and employees, whether elective or appointive, dual citizenship may
be constitutionally prohibited by law for as public servants, they are required to serve the people
“with utmost xxx loyalty” and “act with patriotism” in the performance of their duties and functions.
(Art. 11, Sec. 1)

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