: Help = Helping

Verb + Ing functions : Cook = cooking, drinking, driving.

1. Present continuous : He is singing : Dia sedang bernyanyi
2. Gerund : My hobby is singing : Hobby saya bernyanyi
3. Participle : I saw her singing : Saya melihat dia bernyanyi

Anything, something, stocking, siblings: noun

1. Present continuous : functions as a verb

2. Gerund : functions as a noun
3. Participle : functions as an adjective

Study, hope, need

She is cooking, she is not cooking, is she cooking? S + P + O, S + aux + Sc
For me, to me, before you, after him

Gerund functions
1. As subject: Reading is my hobby
2. As object: I love painting, I hate fishing
3. As a Subjective complement: my hobby is writing
4. After preposition: Before eating, I read basmalah. After studying, I read hamdalah.
Besides writing, I like reading.
5. As appositive : (keterangan tambahan), I like my hobby, reading.
6. Compound noun : (kata benda majemuk); waiting room. The fitting room, smoking
area, cooking stove, sleeping bag. (e.g. Participle/ Noun modifier: a crying baby,
inspiring woman, sleeping boy.)
7. After possessive adjective: your writing is good, thanks for your coming
8. Short prohibition: no smoking, no parking, no cheating.
9. After certain verbs: hate, love, like, continue, start I like camping
10. After the verb ‘mind’: I don’t mind giving him money, do you mind living here!
11. After number: this is our first coming /meeting
12. After the verb GO: he goes camping, I go bicycling. I go sightseeing, I go running, he
goes shopping (rekreasi)

I stop smoking :
I stop to smoke :

Saving money now is almost impossible

To save money now is almost impossible
Participle (Adjective) – ing, ed (v3) speak spoke spoken, run – ran – run, bring – brought –
brought, cook – cooked – cooked, d, t, Cooked, hoped, hoped, needed, collected, completed,
water-watered…

Interesting, interested, finished (adj) e.g. I have finished my work, I am finished (adj)

- Ing
1. As Noun modifier : crying baby, inspiring woman, sleeping boy. (….yang tidur,
menginspirasi, yang menangis)
Compound noun (Gerund): fitting room, cooking stove, sleeping bag.

2. After Verb of perception: (panca indera), e.g. see, hold, listen, watch:
I watch the cat sleeping on the tree.
I see him running across the road

3. After certain verbs: sit, stand, lie, come go….

The paper goes flying in all direction

4. As/ since/because: walking too long, my body was tired. Going to Cinema, I found
many boys stuck in the rush

5. Replace relative pronoun: The man who wears glasses is my friend

The man wearing glasses is my friend

- Ed/past participle
1. Menunjukkan keadaan (noun modifier): she is an educated girl. I like fried chicken.
The unforgotten experience.
2. Menerangkan perbuatan: please have these dress cleaned