Gs 1 Basic Answer Craft Book

ANSWERCRAFT
UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING WORKBOOK
GS-1
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Dear Aspirants,
We, the team at UPSCprep.com, are delighted to present to you “AnswerCraft : UPSC
Mains Answer Writing Workbook” a meticulously crafted book that will serve as your
guiding light on the path to success in the civil services examination.
In the highly competitive landscape of the civil services examination, mastering the
art of answer writing is essential for securing your desired position. It requires the
ability to articulate your thoughts effectively, present logical arguments, and
demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject matter. With this in mind, we
have put together a comprehensive resource that encompasses strategies,
techniques, and insights necessary to excel in this area.
The creation of this book is the result of the collective efforts of our experienced
mentors at UPSCprep.com. Having successfully cleared the civil services
examination themselves, they have dedicated their expertise and insights towards
conceptualizing this invaluable resource. Through countless hours of brainstorming
and meticulous planning, our team has carefully crafted a comprehensive toolkit
that aims to empower you with the skills required for exceptional answer writing.
To ensure that you receive the most relevant and effective guidance, we have
actively sought feedback from top rankers in the civil services examination. Their
invaluable inputs and suggestions have been incorporated into this book, making it
a testament to the wisdom and expertise of those who have achieved remarkable
success. We firmly believe that their insights will provide you with an edge and help
you navigate the examination with confidence. Through the inclusion of answers
from top rankers, we aim to showcase the highest standards of answer writing
excellence and also offer valuable insights into the minds of those who have
excelled in the examination.
The heart of this book lies in the extensive collection of answer writing exercises.
Each exercise is accompanied by detailed explanations, allowing you to analyze key
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points, content, and structure, while providing you with opportunities to learn from
your mistakes and hone your skills.
We firmly believe that success in the civil services examination is not a matter of
chance but a product of meticulous preparation, unwavering dedication, and the
wisdom shared by those who have achieved remarkable success. With
“AnswerCraft: UPSC Mains Answer Writing Workbook" as your trusted companion,
enriched by the experiences and feedback of top rankers, we are confident that you
will develop the necessary skills, confidence, and mindset to conquer the challenges
that lie ahead.
As you embark on this transformative journey, remember that each page you read,
every exercise you complete, and every lesson you learn brings you one step closer
to your dreams. Stay focused, persevere, and have unwavering belief in your
abilities.
We extend our heartfelt wishes for an enriching and rewarding experience with this
book.
Warm regards,
Abhijeet Yadav (AIR 653, UPSC CSE-2017)
Adv Shashank Ratnoo (AIR 688, UPSC CSE-2015)
Ketan (AIR 860, UPSC CSE-2015)
Rohan Salunke (Educator, UPSCprep)
And the entire team at UPSCprep.com

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Why is this workbook vital for you?
1. This workbook will help you to develop your unique way of

writing answers.
2. You can decode the question and address the demand
more effectively.
3. You will be able to generate points effectively when there’s a
lack of content.
4. You will be able to learn and improve your answer quality by
learning from previous years toppers’ copies.
5. You will learn to develop the best of the Introductions and
the Conclusions. Also, you will get some already prepared
introductions and conclusions on a few thematic topics.
6. You will be able to learn the art of using Subheadings and
Diagrams to improve your presentation skills.
DISCLAIMER:
1. All observations are based on past trends.
2. Subject to change whenever UPSC decides.
3. These steps can improve your score by up to “1 mark in each question” which
amounts to “20 marks in each GS Paper”.
4. This workbook will provide basic facts, diagrams, introductions and
conclusions.

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Index
Sr. No. Content Page

Number
1 Baseline test 7
2 Importance of PYQs and Syllabus relevance 16
3 How to prioritize attempting Qs in Mains 21
4 Identifying the sub-parts of Qs 27
5 Writing a good Introduction 34
6 Paragraphs vs points 53
7 Using and preparing diagrams 74
8 Clear & precise writing, with examples 85
9 Using Frameworks to generate points 97
10 Writing a good conclusion 103
11 Measuring improvement from baseline 114
12 Themes and Fact sheet for GS 1 131
13 Importance of Notes Making 160

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GS1 Syllabus
Indian Heritage and Culture
1. Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture

from ancient to modern times.
History
2. Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until
the present- significant events, personalities, and issues.
3. The Freedom Struggle — it's various stages and important
contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
4. Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization within the country.
5. History of the World will include events from the 18th century such as the
Industrial Revolution, world wars, the Redrawal of National Boundaries,
Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism,
Capitalism, Socialism etc.— their forms and effect on society.
Society
6. Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

7. Role of Women and Women’s Organization, Population and Associated
Issues, Poverty and Developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and
their remedies.
8. Effects of Globalization on Indian society.
9. Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism.

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Geography of the World and India -
10. Salient features of World’s Physical Geography.

11. Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia
and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of
primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the
world (including India).
12. Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic
activity, cyclones etc., geographical features and their location-changes in
critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in
flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Note : The detailed topics from the above syllabus are given in the Step 12 of this
workbook. These thematic topics are decoded on the basis of Previous Year
Questions.

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Step 0
Baseline testing
In this step, the aspirants are expected to write the answers to below questions on
the basis of their existing knowledge. Don’t worry about the time you take to write
the answer, just focus on quality for now (but do calculate the time you are taking to
write the answer).
The answers must be written in the space provided below in order to emulate UPSC
Mains pattern.

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Question 1 (Modern History)
Q. “Mauryan Pillars were the prototype of Achaemenian Pillars, therefore were

imitation rather than innovation”. Critically Analyze
(10 marks - 150 words)

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Aspirants may judge their answer on the following parameters -
Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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Question 2 (World History)
Q. The end of World War II marked the birth of a new international order. Examine.

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Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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Question 3 (Society)
Q. In light of persistence of various forms of violence against women in India, discuss

the ways in which the issue can be addressed efficiently.

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Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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Question 4 (Geography)
Q. Identify the main volcanic belts of the world. What are the positive effects of
volcanic eruptions?

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Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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STEP 1
Importance of PYQs and Syllabus relevance
Analyzing previous year's question papers (PYQs) is a critical aspect of UPSC mains
preparation. By reviewing and understanding the patterns, themes, and question
styles from past exams, aspirants can gain valuable insights into the exam's
requirements and expectations. This analysis enables candidates to prioritize their
study topics, develop effective answer writing skills, and devise a strategic approach
for the upcoming mains examination. Overall, PYQ analysis serves as a guiding tool
for focused and targeted preparation, increasing the likelihood of success in the
UPSC mains.
Analyzing previous year's question papers (PYQs) is important for UPSC mains for
the following reasons:
1. Understanding Exam Pattern: Analyzing PYQs helps aspirants gain insight
into the pattern and structure of the UPSC mains exam. It provides
information about the types of questions asked, the distribution of marks, and
the overall format of the examination.
2. Identifying Important Topics: By going through PYQs, candidates can identify
recurring themes, important topics, and areas that are frequently tested in
the mains exam. This helps them prioritize their preparation and focus on
areas that have a higher probability of being asked in the current year's
exam.
3. Familiarizing with Question Styles: PYQs provide an opportunity to familiarize
oneself with the different question styles and formats used in the UPSC mains.
By understanding the way questions are framed, aspirants can develop the
ability to interpret questions accurately and provide relevant and precise
answers.
4. Developing Answer Writing Skills: Analyzing PYQs helps in honing answer
writing skills, which is crucial for the mains exam. It allows candidates to
observe the level of detail, structure, and depth expected in their responses.

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By studying and analyzing model answers for PYQs, aspirants can learn to
present their answers effectively, enhancing their chances of scoring well.
5. Gaining Insights into Examiner's Perspective: PYQ analysis offers valuable
insights into the examiner's perspective and expectations. It provides an
understanding of the key concepts and dimensions that need to be covered
in the answers, enabling aspirants to tailor their responses accordingly.
For example
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
Analysis of PYQ -
● Here the question has been asked from the syllabus part - “Modern Indian
History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-
significant events, personalities, and issues.”
● From the above question it is also clear that Comparative Analysis of the
British army with that of Indian Rulers is an important topic. This must be
prepared very well.
Aspirants are expected to have a good command over the syllabus of all GS papers.
Once you have all the syllabus key terms in your mind, then it becomes easy for you
to identify from which section the question has been asked.
Identifying the section or part of the syllabus helps recall content matter and
generate more points as well as we will see in Step 9. It will help to set the context of
the question and gives you an opportunity to draw the attention of the examiner by
mentioning keywords related to the syllabus topic.
It also helps gauge whether the question is directly picked from the syllabus, or
indirectly asked from current affairs.

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For example
Question 1 (Modern India)
Syllabus Topic: The Freedom Struggle - Various stages and important contributors /
contributions from different parts of the country
Syllabus Topic: Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism
Question 3 (Art and Culture)
Syllabus Topic : Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and
Architecture from ancient to modern times
Syllabus Topic : Salient features of World’s Physical Geography

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Now that you have seen some samples of Qs with their syllabus parts, it’s your turn
to identify the relevant syllabus sections for the next few questions.
Practice Questions
Identify syllabus topics from which the following questions have been asked.
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STEP 2
How to prioritize attempting Qs in Mains
While attempting the paper in 3 hours, time management is the important factor to
score good marks. The student here must be conscious enough to identify which
questions he/she will attempt initially and which questions they will attempt later.
Attempting the easier question first helps aspirants to manage time efficiently,
score well in easier questions and build confidence while attempting the paper.
Thus, it becomes important for the aspirants to categorize the questions as per the
difficulty level. The difficulty level of the questions might be different for different
aspirants.
NOTE: These categorisations are simply done to show you how it can be done. You
may create your own categories to make your job of selecting which questions to
attempt easier.
Types of questions:
1. Type 1 Question - simple and straightforward questions which can be
classified as easy.
For Ex - Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks.
2. Type 2 Question - a statement of the context is given, and then a question is

asked.
For Ex - The political and administrative reorganization of states and
territories has been a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth
century. Discuss with examples.
3. Type 3 Question - questions containing interlinkages between different

topics. Usually these questions are quite a bit complex in nature.
For Ex - Analyze the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region
and religion.

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Another way that you can categorize questions is based on difficulty. Like given
below.
● Easy: Can be solved easily on the basis of acquired knowledge. These

questions must be attempted at first priority.
● Medium: For such types of questions, only limited knowledge is available.
These questions must be attempted after completing the easier questions.
Frameworks shared in this document can be utilized in such questions.
● Difficult: Cannot be solved easily on the basis of acquired knowledge. These
questions must be attempted at last. Frameworks shared in this document
can be utilized in such questions.
Note: Difficulty of the question is subjective. One aspirant may feel a question is
easy. While on the other hand another student may find the same question difficult.
Below is given General Studies Paper 1 from the 2022 Mains examination.
Categorizing easy, tricky and hard questions is subjective to the aspirants. Here
aspirants must try to categorize the questions given below based on their own
understanding.

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Self - Assessment
How many questions were in each category for you?
Easy :
Medium :
Difficult :
If you have 10 and above questions in the easy category, then your preparation is on
the right track. All you need is the right guidance, coverage of some marginal topics
for Mains and quality enrichment in your answer.
If you have less than 5 questions in the easier category, then buckle up for the next
three months for it is going to be a rough ride. You’ll get to your destination, but it will
not be easy.

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STEP 3
Identifying the sub-parts

Addressing the demand of the question is the most important step to score high.
Once the student is able to identify the demand of the question, he/she can address
it properly.In order to understand this demand, the student must break down the
questions into sub-parts and try to address them properly.
From this aspirants can learn how to address the demand of the question by
identifying each sub-part.
Some examples
Parts to be addressed:
1. What is the Simla Agreement?
2. What is the Lahore Declaration?
3. Why are they the key milestones in the history of the Indian subcontinent?
1. What is the basic idea of social security?
2. Economic empowerment as the dimension of social security ?
3. Social empowerment as the dimension of social security ?
4. Examples from Indian context.

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1. How did INC oppose Imperialism?
2. Did INC support imperialism?
3. How did INC make a progressive plan for socio-economic development?
4. How did INC fail to do that?
1. Definition of the caste system
2. How is the caste system predominantly associated with Hindu society?
3. How is it present across other religious communities in various forms?
4. Examples. (Giving examples is a MUST in this Qn)

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Practice Questions from GS 1 Mains 2022 Paper
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Directive Words
If you’ve gone through PYQs, you might have seen words like analyze, criticize,
examine, discuss at the end of Mains questions. These are called directive words.
Let’s look at what each of them demands.
Examine
It means to inspect something in detail and investigate the implications.

Candidates have to look closer, give the details regarding the important issues and
key facts surrounding the given topic. This should be a proper evaluation regarding
the given topic and you should try giving precise reasons as to why the issues
identified by you are the most important, as well as explain the different ways they
could be construed.
Analyze
Analyzing is digging deeper than examining but into every aspect of the question. It
is very necessary to dismantle the questions into parts and explain. One has to
demonstrate how principles, theory or ideas works, apply theory to practice or
through the use of specific examples rather than just describing how and/or why.
Look in depth at each and every part using supporting arguments and evidence for
and against as well as and how it interrelates to one another.
Critique
It is a detailed analysis and assessment of something, especially a literary,

philosophical, or political theory. One has to give your judgment about the
topic/issue or opinions about the truth of facts and back your judgment by a
discussion of the evidence, to show the good and bad points.
Critically Analyze
‘Critically’ is usually added when the examiner clearly demands a fair judgment
from candidates. One has to investigate and explain the nature of the definitions or
concepts of a question or topic and explain the way they are interrelated. This

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includes a vast discussion of the strengths and weaknesses, pros, and cons of the
definitions and concepts. Here one has to support their argument by providing
supporting evidence.
Critically Evaluate
Mark your verdict as to what extent a statement or findings as a part of the research
are true, or to what extent you agree with the findings of the research. This keyword
demands to cite evidence/ examples taken from a wide range of sources which
both agree with as well as contradict an argument. Write a final conclusion, based
on your decision on what you think to be the most important factors and then you
need to give a justification for your choice.
Comment on
This is the task where you have to identify and to write about the main
issues/problems, giving your responses based upon what you have read or heard.
Expressing a purely personal opinion can be avoided here.
Discuss
This is a written debate where one has to use your skill at reasoning, backed up by
deliberately selected evidence to make a case for and against an argument, or
point out the advantages and disadvantages of a given context.
Describe
This task word demands candidates to give the main characteristics or features of
topic/issue/schemes or to outline the main events. Evaluate: Site and form an idea
of the amount, your opinion or judgment of the topic’s validity or determine the
significance, worth, or quality of.
Give an Account of
Here one has to give a detailed description of the topic/issue asked. ‘Account for’
asks you not only what, but why that specific topic/issue has happened.

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Illustrate
This keyword asks you to exemplify or to provide examples. Define the topic by
giving a detailed account as to how it happens and why it occurs, or what is meant
by the use of this term in a particular context. The writing should have clarity so that
complex terminology and sequences of events can be conveyed easily. Use of
definite examples and statistics will add more to your explanation.
Explain/Substantiate with examples
The key to tackling ‘demonstrate’ questions is to use several examples, evidence,

and logical arguments. Essentially, you are required to show how a particular
research topic or argument is valid by using evidence and arguments to support
your claim. You have to build a strong case. Similarly substantiate requires you to
substantiate already proven points and not debating between the various points.

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STEP 4
Writing a good introduction
Introduction plays a crucial role in setting the tone and context of an answer in the
GS mains paper of the UPSC CSE. A well-crafted introduction not only grabs the
examiner's attention but also provides a clear framework for the subsequent
discussion. Here are different types of introductions that can be used effectively:
1. Historical Introduction: This type of introduction provides a historical

background or context to the topic under discussion. It may involve
mentioning significant events, historical figures, or past developments
relevant to the question. By establishing the historical context, this
introduction creates a foundation for the subsequent analysis and
argumentation.
For Ex :-
Introduction:
The history of Bhakti literature dates back to the 6th century CE, with the
compositions of the Alvars and Nayanars in the southern region of India.
2. Statistical Introduction: This type of introduction utilizes relevant data or

statistics to highlight the significance or magnitude of the topic. It provides
numerical evidence or trends that capture the attention of the reader and
emphasize the importance of the issue being discussed. One must also keep
in mind that while quoting the statistical data, the name of the agency or
organization giving that data must also be mentioned. This gives authenticity
to the data and also leaves a good impression on the examiner.

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For Ex :-
Introduction:
According to data from the Geological Survey of India, landslides affect
several regions across the country. Between 2004 and 2019, India witnessed
an average of over 4,500 landslides annually.
List of organizations and institutions from India and international sources that
publish authentic data is given below. The statistical inputs given by them
can be quoted in the answer.
Government of India
● Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI):
Publishes data on national accounts, economic indicators,
employment, social statistics, etc. (www.mospi.gov.in )
● Reserve Bank of India (RBI): Provides data on monetary policy, banking
statistics, financial markets, etc. (www.rbi.org.in )
● National Sample Survey Office (NSSO): Conducts large-scale sample
surveys and publishes data on various socio-economic aspects.
(www.mospi.gov.in/nsso )
● Central Statistical Office (CSO): Responsible for coordinating statistical
activities in India and publishes national income estimates, industrial
production, etc. (www.mospi.gov.in/cso )
● Economic Survey: Annual publication by the Ministry of Finance
providing comprehensive economic data, analysis, and policy
recommendations.(www.indiabudget.gov.in or
www.economicsurvey.gov.in )
● National Family Health Survey (NFHS): Conducted by the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, it provides comprehensive data on
population, health, and nutrition. The latest survey is NFHS-5.
(www.main.mohfw.gov.in/ )

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International Organizations
● United Nations (UN): Publishes data on various global development
indicators, population, education, health, etc. (https://data.un.org/ )
● World Bank: Provides data on global economic development, poverty,
education, health, infrastructure, etc.
(https://databank.worldbank.org/)
● International Monetary Fund (IMF): Publishes data on global economic
outlook, financial stability, exchange rates, etc. (www.imf.org/en/Data )
● World Health Organization (WHO): Publishes data on global health,
disease statistics, health systems, etc. (www.who.int/data )
● United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Provides data on
human development, gender equality, sustainable development goals,
etc. (https://data.undp.org/)
3. Quotation or Anecdotal Introduction: This introduction involves starting with

a relevant quotation, proverb, or anecdote that encapsulates the essence of
the topic or presents a thought-provoking perspective. It helps to create an
engaging and relatable entry point for the answer.
For Ex :-
Introduction:
"Tribals are the custodians of our forests and biodiversity. We must involve
them as partners in conservation efforts and respect their traditional
knowledge." - Jawaharlal Nehru (Former Prime Minister of India)
4. Current Affairs or News-based Introduction: This type of introduction starts

with a recent event, news headline, or contemporary example related to the
topic. It establishes the relevance of the question to the present context and
demonstrates the understanding of the candidate regarding the ongoing
developments.

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For Ex :-
Introduction:
Niti Aayog recently revealed a report, 'India's Booming Gig and Platform
Economy', mentioning the socio-economic effects of Gig Economy in Indian
Society.
5. Conceptual or Definition-based Introduction: This introduction begins with

defining key terms, concepts, or ideas associated with the topic. It establishes
a shared understanding of the terminology and sets the stage for a more
nuanced discussion.
For Ex :-
Introduction:
Population education can be defined as a comprehensive educational
approach that aims to increase awareness and understanding of
population-related issues among individuals and communities.
In order to understand what exactly comprises a good introduction, we must have a

look over the introduction written by previous year toppers.

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History
Ishita Kishore (CSE 2022 Rank 1)
Why this is Good Introduction -

● It mentions the idea of ‘Tryst With Destiny’. This concept of "Tryst with Destiny"
continues to hold a significant place in Indian history and symbolizes the
hopes and dreams associated with India's struggle for independence.
Uma Harathi (CSE 2022 Rank 3)

● It mentions correct facts about the QIM and it gives historical context of the
event asked in the question.

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Jagriti Awasthi (CSE 2020 Rank 2)

● It mentions the efforts of Dadabhai Naoroji regarding national identity. Also it
addresses him by using the title ‘the Grand Old man of India.’
Ankita Jain (CSE 2020 Rank 3)

● It mentions the years in which the revolution took place. Mentioning the facts
(here year) shows the depth of knowledge of the aspirants.
● Also, it has mentioned the primary reason behind the revolution in precise
manner.

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Geography
Akshat Jain (CSE 2018 Rank 2)

● Here, the ‘State of our Environment Report 2017’ is mentioned which highlights
the impact of desertification.
● Akshat Jain (CSE 2018 Rank 2) gave the exam in 2017 - this is data from the
latest report. So it is expected that the student must quote the latest data in
the answers for a good impression.

● The precise definition of the term ‘footloose industries’ is mentioned.
● Example is also given for a footloose industry.
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Shubham Kumar (CSE 2020 Rank 1)

● The exact and precise definition of the term ‘Globalization’ is mentioned.
Society
Why this is Good Introduction

● Care economy is defined here.
● Numerical data from a report is quoted here.
● Name of the agency giving report is mentioned (Mckinsey)

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Shruti Sharma (CSE 2021 Rank 1)

● BR Ambedkar’s idea of Caste based Stratification is quoted here.

● The exact and precise definition of ‘Social Security’ is mentioned.

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Prepared introductions for GS1 Thematic Topics
Art Forms
Introduction:
1. As Rabindranath Tagore said, "Art is the purest expression of the soul."
2. Through paintings, sculptures, music, and dance, art forms transcend
boundaries and ignite emotions.
Literature
Introduction: Literature embodies the essence of human experiences and

intellectual pursuits. Literature, from ancient epics to contemporary novels, reflects
our collective wisdom and imagination.
Architecture
Introduction:
1. Architecture epitomizes the fusion of artistic expression and functional
design.
2. As Charles Correa stated, "Good architecture is not just about creating
beautiful spaces; it is about lifting the spirits."
Social Reforms Movements

Introduction: Social reform movements have been instrumental in challenging
social inequalities and advocating for justice. These movements have brought
significant changes, shaping a more inclusive and progressive society.
Freedom Struggle
Introduction:

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1. As Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed, "At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the
world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom."
2. The freedom struggle united Indians in their fight against colonial rule, leaving
an indelible mark on the nation's history.
Dawn of Independence and the Challenges for Nation Building

Introduction:
1. The dawn of independence marked a new chapter in India's history,
accompanied by the immense responsibility of nation building.
2. As Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel emphasized, "Every citizen of India must
remember that he is an Indian and he has every right in this country."
3. The challenges faced during this period laid the foundation for shaping a
democratic and inclusive nation.
Industrial Revolution
Introduction:
1. The Industrial Revolution marked a significant shift in human history,
propelling societies towards rapid industrialization and technological
advancements.
2. The Industrial Revolution brought about profound changes in manufacturing,
trade, and lifestyles.
World Wars
Introduction:
1. The World Wars reshaped the course of global history, leaving a lasting
impact on nations and societies.
2. As Mahatma Gandhi observed, "I object to violence because when it appears
to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent."
3. World Wars brought immense devastation and also paved the way for new
geopolitical dynamics and movements for peace.

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Redrawal of National Boundaries
Introduction:
1. The redrawal of national boundaries has been a consequential process that
has shaped the geopolitical landscape.
2. As Jawaharlal Nehru aptly stated, "Borders are irrelevant when it comes to the
commonality of people."
Colonization and Decolonization

Introduction: Colonization and subsequent decolonization have been pivotal
chapters in world history. Colonization brought exploitation and subjugation, while
decolonization marked the struggle for self-determination and the pursuit of
independence.
Factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector
industries in various parts of the world
Introduction:
1. The location of industries is influenced by a multitude of factors, including
availability of resources, infrastructure, market demand, and government
policies.
2. As Ratan Tata said, "I have always believed that the success of an enterprise
lies in the ability to identify the right opportunity at the right time."
Earthquakes:
Introduction:
1. Earthquakes are natural phenomena characterized by sudden shaking and
trembling of the Earth's surface, often caused by the release of tectonic plate
stress.
2. As Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam once said, "Earthquakes are nature's wake-up calls
reminding us that we are living on borrowed time."

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Tsunami:
Introduction:
1. Tsunamis are large ocean waves triggered by undersea earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, or other geological disturbances.
2. As former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam stated, "Tsunamis are a reminder of
the awesome power of nature."
Volcanic Activity:
Introduction:
1. Volcanic activity refers to the eruption of molten rock, ash, and gasses from a
volcano, often associated with geologically active areas.
2. As Dr. Homi J. Bhabha expressed, "Volcanoes are nature's way of expressing
its anger."
Cyclone:
Introduction:
1. Cyclones are powerful rotating storms characterized by low-pressure
systems and high wind speeds.
2. As former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi stated, "Cyclones teach us
humbleness before the forces of nature."
Unity and Diversity

Introduction:
1. India, with its vast cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity, exemplifies the
concept of unity in diversity.
2. As Swami Vivekananda proclaimed, "We are all one, we are all one soul."
3. Unity amidst diversity fosters social harmony, mutual respect, and a sense of
belonging, strengthening the fabric of a nation.

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Nationalism and Sub-nationalism
Introduction:
1. Nationalism and sub-nationalism reflect the complex dynamics of identity
and allegiance within a nation.
2. Balancing national unity and regional aspirations requires fostering a sense
of shared purpose and inclusivity while respecting diverse cultural, linguistic,
and regional identities.
Regionalism:
Introduction:
1. Regionalism refers to the identification and promotion of regional interests
and aspirations within a nation.
2. Regionalism seeks to balance the need for local autonomy and
self-governance with the overarching goals of national unity and inclusive
development.
Secularism:
Introduction:
1. Secularism is a principle that advocates for the separation of religion and
state, ensuring equal treatment and freedom of religion for all citizens.
2. Secularism promotes inclusivity, tolerance, and respect for diverse religious
beliefs and non-belief.
Communalism:
Introduction:
1. Communalism refers to the promotion of religious or ethnic identity over
national unity, often leading to social, cultural, and political divisions within a
society.
2. It involves the tendency to prioritize the interests of a particular religious or
ethnic community at the expense of others, which can result in social
tensions, conflicts, and fragmentation of society.

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Globalization:
Introduction:
1. Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence among nations through the exchange of goods, services,
ideas, and information on a global scale.
2. It has transformed economies, cultures, and societies by breaking down
barriers, facilitating trade and communication, and promoting cross-cultural
exchanges.
Urbanization
Introduction:
1. Urbanization is a rapid global phenomenon, with the United Nations
estimating that by 2050, approximately 68% of the world's population will
reside in urban areas.
2. In India, the urban population is projected to reach 600 million by 2031, posing
immense challenges in terms of infrastructure, housing, and resource
management.
Poverty
Introduction:
1. According to the World Bank, around 9.2% of the global population lived in
extreme poverty in 2019, surviving on less than $1.90 per day.
2. Tendulkar Committee : In India, despite progress, a significant portion of the
population continues to face poverty, hindering access to basic needs such
as food, education, and healthcare.

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Now, the aspirants are expected to write two different types of introductions to the
below mentioned practice Question.
History
Introduction 1
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Introduction 2
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Introduction 1
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Introduction 2
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Geography
Introduction 1
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Introduction 2
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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Introduction 1
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Introduction 2
________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Society
Introduction 1
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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Introduction 2
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Introduction 1
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Introduction 2
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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STEP 5
Paragraphs vs points
There are usually two approaches to write the body of the answer -
Paragraph Approach :
Akshat Jain (CSE 2018 Rank 2) has used paragraph format in a few places which
improves flow and connectivity between different dimensions of answer. To make it
easier for the examiner/evaluator, underlining of keywords is a must.

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Point wise Approach :
Shruti Sharma (CSE 2021 Rank 1) has used points format as it saves time,
accommodates more dimensions, improves presentation and also helps avoid
grammatical mistakes. Further, it makes evaluation easy which can result in better
marks.
There is a tendency to write long and inter-connected sentences in paragraph
format which sometimes leads to grammatical mistakes. Writing the answer in
point wise format reduces this grammatical mistake and also helps in writing the
points in a more precise manner.

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Tabular Comparison of Both the Approaches
Aspect Pointwise Approach Paragraph Approach
1. Provides clear and concise 1. Allows for a more detailed and

Pros
information comprehensive explanation
2. Enhances readability and 2. Allows for a smooth flow of ideas

organization of the answer and logical development
3. Allows for a more coherent and

3. Easier to identify key points
connected narrative
1. May lack depth and detailed 1. Risk of losing focus and deviating
Cons
explanations from the main point
2. Might not provide a holistic view 2. Challenges in managing time and

of the topic word count
3. Limited scope for exploring 3. Requires strong writing skills and

various dimensions of a question smooth transitions
Note: Both Paragraph and Pointwise approaches are correct and can be followed
by aspirants as per demand of question and structure of answer.

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STEP 6
Structuring your answer

Subheadings in answers have multiple benefits. They help candidates address all
the demands of the question, stay focused, and enhance the structure and
presentation of their answers. Subheadings act as signposts, guiding the examiner
through the response and ensuring key points are covered. They prevent
digressions, maintain a "to the point" approach, and provide a clear and organized
structure.
Overall, subheadings improve clarity, coherence, and precision, leading to

comprehensive and well-structured answers that meet the question's requirements.
We will learn from the toppers how some headings can be used to make your
answers more presentable.
Underlining plays a crucial role in answer writing. It helps to emphasize key points
and highlight essential information, making the answer more organized and
readable. Underlining aids in guiding the examiner's attention, ensuring they grasp
the main concepts effectively. It enhances clarity, facilitates quick reviewing, and
significantly improves overall comprehension of the written response.

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Ankita Jain (CSE 2020 Rank 3)

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Now, the aspirants are expected to write the subheadings which they will be utilizing
in the answers to below questions.

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STEP 7
Using and preparing Diagrams
Diagrams, maps, and flowcharts are essential in situations where there is limited
time, sparse content, a need for space management, or a desire to enhance the
presentation of answers. These visual aids facilitate creative answer writing by
condensing complex information, improving clarity, and effectively illustrating
spatial relationships, processes, or cause-and-effect connections. Incorporating
visual elements in answers saves time, makes information more concise, and
engages the reader in a visually appealing manner.
We will learn from the toppers how diagrams can be used to make your answers
more presentable.

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One should be proficient in the following to draw diagrams to questions from World
History, Indian History and Geography :
1. India map - under 5s

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2. World map - under 10s
Some readymade Diagrams
Aspirants are expected to bring their own innovation and creativity in drawing
diagrams. The following diagrams are just the references on the lines of which you
can think and frame your diagrams.

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Now, the aspirants are expected to draw the relevant diagrams which they can
utilize in the answers to below questions.

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STEP 8
Clear & precise writing with examples
Writing down points in a concise and precise manner holds great importance in
answer writing. It helps to organize thoughts, ensures clarity, and enables
candidates to address all aspects of the question effectively.
Additionally, the inclusion of examples strengthens the arguments and provides
concrete evidence to support the points made. By presenting information in a
structured manner and incorporating examples, candidates can enhance the
coherence and credibility of their answers.
From the below snippet, we will learn how the toppers have written their points in a
crisp manner by adding examples.

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The above writeup is clear because it conveys the meaning as per the demand of
the question. Also, it is precise since it shows the optimum use of words for
expressing the idea.

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Importance of Legible Handwriting
Handwriting plays a significant role in answer writing for UPSC exams. It reflects the
candidate's clarity of thought and attention to detail. Neat and legible handwriting
improves the readability of answers, aiding examiners in understanding the
response accurately. Well-presented answers create a positive impression and can
enhance the overall score. Additionally, the act of handwriting itself helps in memory
retention, enabling candidates to recall information more effectively during the
exam. Therefore, developing good handwriting skills is essential for effective
communication and maximizing success in UPSC answer writing.
The following write-up contains not-so-good but decent and legible handwriting.
Here the examiner is able to understand what exactly the student wants to say
through his answers.

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Shubham Bansal (CSE 2019 Rank 43)

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However in these writeups below, the handwriting is not as good as above. But it is
getting the point across clearly enough which enables the person to score good
marks.
Aniruddha Yadav (CSE 2022 Rank 8)

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Shubham Bansal (CSE 2019 Rank 43)

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In the below questions, the aspirants are expected to do reverse engineering. They
must write examples and then generate points on the basis of those examples.
Generally aspirants at times face difficulty in generating points while writing
answers. However they have a good compilation of examples in their mind. The
exercise below may help aspirants to generate more points.

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STEP 9
Using Frameworks
The importance of using already prepared frameworks and templates in answer
writing for UPSC Mains cannot be overstated. These tools provide clarity,
organization, and time efficiency by offering a structured approach. They ensure
comprehensive coverage, maintain consistency, and facilitate the effective use of
examples. Utilizing frameworks and templates enables candidates to optimize their
answers, saving time and enhancing the overall quality of their responses.
Below are some of the frameworks or templates which can be utilized when there is
a problem of point generation or organization on the points while writing answers.
Some ready made Frameworks
1. Sectoral (Causes/consequences/solutions) -
a. Historical - Geographical - Political - Economic - Strategic -
Technological - Attitudinal - International
2. Various dimensions of resources -
a. Natural - Social - Mineral - ecological
3. Geography -
a. Various dimensions of resources (Natural - Social - Mineral -
ecological)
4. Stakeholders -
a. Individual, Family, Corporate, Government, NGOs, Media
5. Causes/consequences/solutions -
a. Anthropological and Natural
6. Temporal Scale -
a. Prehistoric - Ancient - Medieval - Modern - Contemporary
7. Art and Culture -
a. Temple - Painting - Sculpture - Architecture - Religion - Dance -
Science and Education
8. C - PERKS (Caste Polity Economy Religion Kinship Stratification)

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Applying these Frameworks

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STEP 10
Writing a good Conclusion

Conclusion plays a vital role in providing closure to an answer in a positive manner.
It can be approached by considering futuristic dimensions, where potential
developments and possibilities are highlighted. Alternatively, a relevant quote can
be utilized to reinforce the main points made in the answer, followed by an
explanation of its significance.
Another option is to propose an innovative idea that can effectively address the
issue being discussed. Lastly, a connection can be made to a past event,
highlighting lessons learned and suggesting improvements for the future. A
well-crafted conclusion leaves a lasting impression on the reader and adds value to
the overall answer.
In order to understand what exactly comprises a good conclusion, we must have a
look over the conclusion written by previous year toppers.
Why this is a good conclusion -

● Mentions the way forward by quoting Niti Ayog’s Aspirational Districts .

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● Mentions about the inspiration from values of S.C. Bose and Gandhiji
as enshrined in DPSPs.

● Mentions about the futuristic idea of New India and Atma Nirbhar
Bharat.

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● Mentions about the idea of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.

● Mentions the constitutional articles and connects it to the way forward.
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● The way forward is mentioned in the conclusion by quoting the best
practice of the Kubuqi Model.

● Referring to QIM as August Revolution and mentioning it as the last nail
in British Coffin

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Basic Conclusions of Thematic Topics
It is expected that the aspirants must write specific conclusions as per the demand
of the question. However if nothing comes to the mind, then they may use the
following general conclusions directly.
Art Forms
Conclusion: In conclusion, art forms hold immense significance in society, serving as
vehicles for creativity, cultural expression, and emotional connection.
Literature
Conclusion: In conclusion, literature plays a vital role in shaping our perspectives,
expanding our knowledge, and connecting us to the shared experiences of
humanity.
Architecture
Conclusion: In conclusion, architecture wields a profound influence on our physical
surroundings and has the power to shape our experiences and interactions within
spaces.
Social Reforms Movements

Conclusion: In conclusion, social reform movements have played a pivotal role in
driving social change and upholding the principles of equality and justice. Their
legacy continues to inspire individuals and communities to work towards a more
equitable society.
Freedom Struggle
Conclusion: In conclusion, the freedom struggle stands as a testament to the power
of unity, resilience, and determination. The sacrifices and courage of our freedom
fighters paved the way for an independent and sovereign India.
Dawn of Independence and the Challenges for Nation Building

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Conclusion: In conclusion, the journey of nation building after independence has
been arduous yet transformative. Through collective efforts and perseverance, India
continues to overcome challenges and progress towards achieving the aspirations
of its citizens.
Industrial Revolution
Conclusion: In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution revolutionized the world and laid
the groundwork for modern industrial societies. While it brought progress and
economic growth, it also gave rise to new challenges such as social inequality and
environmental concerns.
World Wars
Conclusion: In conclusion, the World Wars served as powerful reminders of the
human capacity for both destruction and resilience. They prompted efforts towards
international cooperation, peacekeeping, and the establishment of global
institutions to prevent future conflicts.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the redrawal of national boundaries has had profound
implications for nations, communities, and individuals. It has influenced geopolitics,
cultural identities, and the dynamics of international relations.
Colonization and Decolonization

Conclusion: In conclusion, colonization and decolonization have shaped the
destinies of nations, leaving a lasting impact on their socio-political structures,
identities, and aspirations. They serve as reminders of the importance of preserving
sovereignty and upholding the principles of justice and equality.
industries in various parts of the world
Conclusion: In conclusion, the location of industries is a complex interplay of various
factors, shaping the economic landscape of different regions. Strategic planning
and inclusive policies are crucial for ensuring balanced industrial growth and
sustainable development.

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Earthquakes:
Conclusion: By investing in robust infrastructure, implementing effective early
warning systems, and fostering community preparedness, we can mitigate the
destructive consequences of earthquakes and work towards building resilient
societies.
Tsunami:
Conclusion: By enhancing coastal resilience, educating communities, and
implementing efficient evacuation plans, we can reduce the impact of tsunamis
and safeguard vulnerable populations.
Volcanic Activity:
Conclusion: Through comprehensive monitoring systems, public awareness, and
evacuation plans, we can enhance preparedness and minimize the potential
impacts of volcanic eruptions.
Cyclone:
Conclusion: In conclusion, addressing the challenges posed by cyclones requires a
multi-faceted approach, including improved forecasting capabilities, early warning
systems, robust infrastructure, and community preparedness.
Unity and Diversity

Conclusion: In conclusion, embracing unity in diversity is crucial for nurturing a
harmonious and inclusive society. Celebrating our differences while upholding the
values of equality, justice, and compassion enables us to harness the collective
potential of diverse communities.
Nationalism and Sub-nationalism

Conclusion: In conclusion, nationalism and sub-nationalism are multifaceted
expressions of identity and aspirations. Nurturing a sense of national unity alongside
accommodating sub-national aspirations contributes to a harmonious and
progressive nation-building process.

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Regionalism:
Conclusion: In conclusion, regionalism plays a significant role in recognizing and
nurturing the diverse identities and aspirations within a nation. By empowering
regions, promoting equitable development, and fostering cooperation between the
center and regions, a harmonious balance can be achieved, contributing to the
overall progress and unity of the nation.
Secularism:
Conclusion: In conclusion, secularism plays a crucial role in ensuring religious
harmony, protecting individual freedoms, and fostering a pluralistic society. By
upholding the principles of secularism, nations can create an environment where
every individual, regardless of their religious background, can coexist peacefully and
contribute to the progress and unity of the nation.
Communalism:
Conclusion: In conclusion, countering communalism is crucial for building a
cohesive and inclusive society. By promoting interfaith dialogue, fostering
understanding and respect among different religious and ethnic communities, and
embracing the principles of unity and equality, nations can overcome communal
divisions and work towards a harmonious and integrated society.
Globalization:
Conclusion: In conclusion, globalization presents opportunities for economic growth,
technological advancements, and cultural exchange. However, it also poses
challenges such as unequal distribution of benefits, cultural homogenization, and
environmental concerns. By embracing the opportunities while addressing the
challenges, nations can harness the power of globalization for inclusive and
sustainable development, ensuring that the benefits reach all segments of society.
Urbanization:
Conclusion: As Mahatma Gandhi once said, "The future of India lies in its cities." To
address the complexities of urbanization, concerted efforts are required, such as
effective urban planning, investment in sustainable infrastructure, and inclusive
policies that prioritize equitable development.

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Poverty :
Conclusion: Addressing poverty requires a multi-dimensional approach, including
poverty alleviation programs, inclusive economic growth, and social safety nets, to
empower individuals and communities to break free from the cycle of poverty and
achieve sustainable development.

History
Conclusion
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Conclusion
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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Geography
Conclusion
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Conclusion
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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Society
Conclusion
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Conclusion
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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STEP 11
Measuring improvement
At Step zero, aspirants initially wrote answers based on their limited knowledge.
However, after completing the exercises in the workbook, they have the opportunity
to elevate the quality of their answer writing.
Now that the aspirants have learnt the art of writing the best answers, they are
expected to rewrite the questions, which were earlier written in Step Zero and then
compare them. They would wonder about their significant progress!

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Question 1 (Modern History)
Q. “Mauryan Pillars were the prototype of Achaemenian Pillars, therefore were

imitation rather than innovation”. Critically Analyze

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Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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Question 2 (World History)
Q. The end of World War II marked the birth of a new international order. Examine.

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Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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Q. In light of persistence of various forms of violence against women in India, discuss

the ways in which the issue can be addressed efficiently.

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Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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Q. Identify the main volcanic belts of the world. What are the positive effects of
volcanic eruptions?

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Content
Structure
Examples
Presentation
Legibility
Time taken

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The answers to below questions are written by the CSE Toppers. Aspirants can now
have a look over these answers written by toppers and then they can compare. This
will enable aspirants to learn from exemplary answers and make necessary
improvements, thereby enhancing their overall writing proficiency.
Question 1 - written by Uma Harathi (CSE 2022 Rank 3)

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Question 2 - written by Shubham Kumar (CSE 2020 Rank 1)

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Question 3 - written by Shubham Kumar (CSE 2020 Rank 1)

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Question 4 - written by Shruti Sharma (CSE 2021 Rank 1)

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STEP 12
Themes and Fact Sheet for GS-1

By analyzing the past years' papers, candidates can identify recurring themes,
important areas of focus, and the depth of knowledge expected by the examiners.
Moreover, familiarity with the trends helps candidates develop a better
understanding of the examiner's expectations and align their answers accordingly.
By leveraging the knowledge of previous year question papers, candidates can
enhance their readiness and increase their chances of performing well in the UPSC
mains examination.
Question trends
Topic 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Modern Indian History 25 50 25 40 35
Art and culture 35 10 50 10 40
World history 0 15 0 15 0
Post Independence History 0 0 0 10 0
Indian society 10 25 35 40 35
Women and women's orgs 15 25 0 10 0
Urbanization 15 15 15 0 10
Poverty 25 0 10 0 0
Globalization 15 15 15 15 15
Empowerment, communalism,
Regionalism, and Secularism 40 20 15 10 15
World physical geography 20 50 0 25 25
Distributions of resources 10 15 40 25 10
Location of industries 30 10 25 15 15
Geophysical phenomenon 10 0 20 35 50
Total 250 250 250 250 250

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Themes in GS 1
History
● Culture
a. Art Forms - Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in Gandhara
art - excellence of the Gupta numismatic art - contributions of Gupta
and Cholas
b. Literature - Bhakti movement - Bhakti Literature and its contribution -
literary sources of medieval India - accounts of the Chinese and Arab
travelers - Vijayanagar learning and literature
c. Architecture - Temple sculptures and social life - IVC (its difference
with Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece) - Mesolithic rock cut
architecture - Vijayanagar - Buddhist Stupa-art
d. Safeguarding the Indian art heritage
● Social reforms movements
a. 'Indian Renaissance' and the emergence of national identity
b. Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj
c. Major issues and debates concerning women
● National Movement and Freedom Struggle
a. Decline of traditional artisanal industry in colonial India
b. Famines in mid-18th century
c. Mid-eighteenth century India fragmented polity
d. Success of British Army over Indian rulers
e. 1857 Uprising - important watershed in the evolution of British policies
f. Policies of various Governor Generals and their long term implications
g. Role of moderates
h. Constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi - significance of
thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi - difference in the approach of Subhash
Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi
i. various ideological strands
j. Role of British imperial power in complicating the process of transfer of
power
k. Role of women in the freedom struggle

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● Dawn of independence and the challenges for nation building
a. Formation of linguistic states - Indian Unity
● World History
a. Industrial Revolution - why first occurred in England
b. American and French Revolutions - foundations of the modern world
c. World wars - role of Germany - serious challenge to the Democratic
State System between the two World Wars
d. Redrawal of National Boundaries
e. Colonization
f. Decolonization - problems - anti-colonial struggles in West Africa
Geography
● Factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary
sector industries in various parts of the world
a. Resources of Arctic region
b. Mining industry in India
c. Implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil
d. Distribution of rubber producing countries
e. development of IT industries - socio-economic implications - new
problems
f. Location of iron and steel industries - away from the source of raw
material
g. Potential of solar energy and wind energy - regional variations in its
development
h. Petroleum refineries
i. Localisation of agro-based food processing industries of North-West
India
j. Significance of Industrial Corridors
k. Coal mining - adverse environmental impact - but still inevitable
l. Natural resources potential of Deccan Traps
● Important Geophysical Phenomena
a. Significance of troposphere and cryosphere - its affect global climate
b. monsoon climate
c. ocean currents and water masses - influential forces - impacts on
marine life and coastal environment - variations in oceanic salinity
and its multidimensional effects - role in fishing industry

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d. Geophysical characteristics of Circum-Pacific Zone
e. Alignment of major mountain ranges of the world - impact on local
weather conditions
f. Process of desertification
g. Earthquakes - causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and
Western Ghats
h. Volcanic activity - global occurrence of volcanic eruptions -
implications - mantle plume and its role in plate tectonics.
i. Cyclone - color coded weather warnings
j. Impact of global warming on the coral life system - spreading of ‘Dead
Zones’
k. Water stress - depleting ground water resources - Reclamation of the
water bodies - melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic -
melting of Himalayan glaciers - flooding and its impact
Society
● Tribes - discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs) - major provisions
enshrined in the Constitution of India - tribal knowledge system
● Patriarchy - continued challenges for women
● Caste system - Change and Continuity
● Indian values - spirit of tolerance and love - cultural unity - assimilation -
pluralism - changes and continuity in traditional social values.
● Nationalism and Sub-nationalism
● Regionalism - unequal distribution of benefits of development on regional
basis
● Secularism - challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism
- Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of
secularism
● Communalism - power struggle or relative deprivation - difference between
religiousness/religiosity and communalism
● Globalization - losing our local identity for the global identity - promote
cultural homogenization - New technology
● Population - control population growth - population education
● Urbanization - new middle class
● Poverty - various programmes for eradication of poverty - poverty is still
existing

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Fact Sheet
The data below can be utilized in the answers for adding value to it. When you quote
some factual data, your argument looks more authentic.
Unity and Diversity:

● India is home to various ethnic groups, with over 2,000 distinct ethnic
communities identified.
● There are 28 states and 8 union territories in India, each with its own unique
culture and traditions.
Regionalism:
● Regional political parties hold significant influence in Indian politics. In the Lok
Sabha (Lower House of Parliament), regional parties collectively held around
25% of the seats in the 2019 elections - Association for Democratic Reforms
Report
Population of Communities :
● Hindus constitute the majority religious group in India, making up around
79.8% of the population as per the 2011 Census.
● Muslims comprise approximately 14.2% of the population, while Christians,
Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, and others make up the remaining percentage.
Communalism:
● The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports communal incidents in
India. According to the 2022 NCRB data, there were 776 reported incidents of
communal violence in India.
Globalization:
● Merchandise exports have registered highest ever annual exports of USD
447.46 billion with 6.03% growth during FY 2022-23
● The information technology (IT) and business process management (BPM)
industry in India accounted for revenue of around approximately $200 billion
in the fiscal year 2022-2023

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Urbanization:
● Currently, more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. By
2050, about 70% of the world’s population is expected to live in urban areas -
UN ECOSOC
Poverty:
● The National Statistical Office (NSO) report suggests that rural poverty rose
nearly 4 percentage points between 2011-12 and 2017-18 to 30 percent even as
urban poverty fell 5 percentage points over the same period to 9 percent.
Short and precise overview of the Factors influencing the location of industries:
1. Natural Resources: Availability of minerals, oil, gas, water, fertile land.
2. Labor Availability: Presence of skilled and affordable workforce.
3. Market Proximity: Access to target markets for goods and services.
4. Infrastructure: Adequate transportation, communication, and utility networks.
5. Government Policies: Supportive regulations, incentives, and taxation.
6. Economic Factors: Cost of land, energy, and raw materials.
7. Political Stability: A stable political environment for long-term investment.
8. Technology and Innovation: Access to research and development centers.

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Important Keywords List
The following keywords when added to the answer impresses the examiner.
Keywords are important in UPSC mains answers as they address the question,
showcase knowledge, improve structure, highlight key points, and aid the examiner's
understanding. They ensure relevance, coherence, and readability. However,
substantive content is crucial, and keywords alone won't guarantee a good answer.
Topic Definition
The process of developing industries and shifting from an agrarian

Industrialization
society to a manufacturing one
A method of production where goods are manufactured in a centralized

Factory system
location using machinery
The increasing concentration of population in cities and the growth of

Urbanization
urban areas

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Technological Innovations and improvements in technology that lead to the
advancements development of new tools and systems
The production of goods in large quantities through standardized

Mass production
methods and assembly line
Division of labor The specialization of tasks to increase efficiency in production
Social and Transformations in society and the economy that impact social
economic changes structures and relationships
An economic system characterized by private ownership, competitive

Capitalism
markets, and pursuit of profit
Industrial growth The expansion and development of industrial sectors within an economy
Allies and Axis Opposing alliances during World War II, with Allies including the US, UK,
powers and Soviet Union

138
A type of combat during World War I characterized by fighting from
Trench warfare
trenches
Holocaust Systematic genocide committed by Nazi Germany during World War II
Use of atomic bombs by the US on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during

Atomic bombings
World War II
Peace treaty signed in 1919 that ended World War I and imposed
Treaty of Versailles
penalties on Germany
War strategies Plans and tactics used to achieve military objectives during a conflict
Post-war Process of rebuilding and revitalizing societies and infrastructures after
reconstruction a war
Alterations in geographical boundaries and land ownership of states or

Territorial changes
regions

139
Border Modifications made to existing political boundaries between
adjustments neighboring territories
Partition Division of a territory or region into separate political entities
Treaty Diplomatic discussions and agreements to settle disputes or establish
negotiations terms
Right of a people or nation to choose their political status and form of

Self-determination
government
Process by which colonial powers grant independence to their former

Decolonization
colonies
Population Forced or voluntary movement of individuals or groups from their
displacement original place of residence

140
Conflicts characterized by tension or violence between different ethnic
Ethnic conflicts
groups
Political Delimitations that define the territorial extent and jurisdiction of a
boundaries political entity
Conflicts or disagreements over the location or interpretation of political

Boundary disputes
boundaries
Policy or practice of acquiring and controlling territories outside one's

Colonialism
own borders
System in which a dominant nation extends power and influence over

Imperialism
other countries
Major European nations engaged in colonialism and imperialism, such

European powers
as Britain, France, etc.

141
Areas taken over and ruled by foreign powers during the era of
Colonized regions
colonialism
National liberation Movement or struggle to achieve independence and self-determination
Decolonization Series of events leading to the granting of independence to colonized
process territories
Anti-colonial Resistance movements and efforts to challenge and oppose colonial
struggles rule
Ability of a community or region to govern itself and make decisions

Self-governance
without external interference
Transfer of power Process of transitioning political authority from one entity to another
Post-independenc Issues and obstacles faced by newly independent nations after gaining
e challenges independence

142
Continuation of economic and political dominance by former colonial
Neocolonialism
powers or external forces
Social structure Hierarchical organization and relationships within a society
Shared expectations and standards of behavior within a social group or

Social norms
culture
Social institutions Established systems and structures that fulfill specific societal functions
Ranking or order of individuals or groups within a society based on

Social hierarchy
social status, wealth, power
Social classes Divisions within a society based on economic and social differences
Behaviors, rituals, traditions, and customs characteristic of a particular

Cultural practices
society or group

143
Ways in which individuals or groups communicate, relate, and engage
Social interactions
with each other
Transformations in social structures, norms, attitudes, and behaviors

Social changes
over time
Degree of unity, cooperation, and solidarity within a society or social

Social cohesion
group
Matters or problems that affect society, such as poverty, inequality, and

Social issues
discrimination
Concept of maintaining social or political cohesion while valuing

Unity in diversity
cultural, ethnic, religious differences
Policy or ideology that promotes coexistence and recognition of multiple

Multiculturalism
cultures

144
Practice of ensuring equal value, respect, and involvement of all
Inclusivity
individuals and groups
State of peaceful coexistence, cooperation, and balance within a society

Harmony
or between groups
National identity Sense of belonging and identification with a particular nation
Patriotism Love, devotion, and loyalty towards one's country or nation
Distinctive cultural, historical, or geographic characteristics shaping

Regional identities
regional identity
Transfer of power and authority from a central government to regional

Devolution
or local governments
Autonomy Right or condition of self-government and independence

145
Movements prioritizing the interests and perspectives of specific identity
Identity politics
groups
Secessionist Movements seeking to break away or secede from an existing political
movements entity
Regional Combining and coordinating economic, political, and social activities
integration among multiple regions
Regional
Associations or alliances of countries within a specific region
organizations
Regional Collaborative efforts and actions taken by countries or regions to
cooperation address common challenges
Regional Economic, social, and infrastructural progress and growth within a
development specific region

146
Regional Inequalities or variations in development, wealth, and opportunities
disparities between regions
Regional Level of self-governance and decision-making authority granted to a
autonomy specific region
Political dynamics, interactions, and decision-making processes specific

Regional politics
to a region
Conflicts or disputes arising between different regions, often related to

Regional conflicts
territory or identity
Political entity separating religious institutions and affairs from

Secular state
government
Separation of Keeping religious institutions and government functions independent
religion and state and separate

147
Right of individuals to practice their chosen religion freely and without
Freedom of religion
interference
Secularism and
Application of secular principles and values in government functions
governance
Moral principles and values not based on religious beliefs, focusing on

Secular ethics
human well-being
Education not influenced by religious doctrines, providing a neutral and

Secular education
inclusive environment
Secular societies Societies where religion does not play a dominant or central role
Acceptance, recognition, and celebration of diverse beliefs, values, and

Pluralism
cultural identities
Emphasis on the interests, rights, and identity of a particular community

Communalism
or religious group

148
Religious Belief in and promotion of religious exclusivity, leading to conflicts
communalism between religious groups
Divisions and conflicts within a religious group, often based on

Sectarianism
differences in interpretation
Identity-based Political movements or ideologies prioritizing the interests of specific
politics identity groups
Communal Peaceful coexistence and cooperation between different religious or
harmony communal groups
Conversations and efforts to foster understanding and cooperation

Interfaith dialogue
between different religions
Communal Deepening divisions and hostilities between different religious or
polarization communal groups

149
Economic Increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of economies
globalization worldwide
Cultural Diffusion and exchange of cultural ideas, values, practices, and products
globalization across boundaries
Technological Global spread and integration of technology, particularly information
globalization and communication
Exchange of goods and services across national borders, facilitated by

Global trade
international agreements
Transnational Corporations operating in multiple countries, with global operations,
corporations supply chains, and markets
Interlinking of individuals, communities, and societies through

Global connectivity
communication networks

150
Coordination and management of global affairs and issues through
Global governance
international organizations
Globalization and Impact of globalization on income distribution, wealth disparities, and
inequality socio-economic inequalities
Globalization and Exchange, blending, and diffusion of cultural ideas, values, practices,
cultural exchange and products on a global scale
Cultural Process of eroding or diminishing cultural diversity, resulting in a more
homogenization uniform global culture
Adaptation and integration of global ideas, products, and practices into

Glocalisation
local or regional contexts
Process of designing and organizing the development of cities and

Urban planning
urban areas

151
Uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of urban areas into surrounding
Urban sprawl
rural or undeveloped land
Movement of people from rural areas to cities in search of economic

Urban migration
opportunities and better living conditions
Revitalizing and improving urban areas through redevelopment projects

Urban renewal
and community initiatives
Efforts and initiatives aimed at reducing and eradicating poverty

Poverty alleviation
through economic, social, and political measures
Perpetuation of poverty across generations due to limited access to

Poverty cycle
education, healthcare, and opportunities
Unequal distribution of income among individuals or groups within a

Income inequality
society

152
Social welfare Government initiatives providing assistance, support, and resources to
programs individuals and families in need
Poverty prevalent in rural or agricultural areas, characterized by limited

Rural poverty
access to basic services
Poverty concentrated in urban areas, associated with inadequate

Urban poverty
housing and limited employment opportunities

153
Quotes
Adding quotes in answers holds significant importance as they lend credibility,

support arguments, and demonstrate a deeper understanding of the subject
matter. Quotes from renowned personalities, experts, or historical figures validate
viewpoints and enrich answers with diverse perspectives. They enhance the overall
quality and depth of responses, leaving a lasting impression on examiners.
Art Forms:
● Quote -
○ "Art is the lie that enables us to realize the truth." - Rabindranath Tagore
Literature:
● Quotes -
○ "A writer's job is to tell the truth." - Anita Desai
○ "Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the
necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides." - C.S.
Lewis
Architecture:
● Quote - "Architecture is a visual art, and the buildings speak for themselves." -
Julia Morgan
Social Reform Movements:

● Quotes -
○ "You must be the change you wish to see in the world." - Mahatma
Gandhi
○ "The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others."
- Mahatma Gandhi

154
○ "Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other
time. We are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that
we seek." - Barack Obama
Freedom Struggle:
● Quotes -
○ "Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be
demanded by the oppressed." - Bhagat Singh
○ "Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time
comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure,
but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the
world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom." - Jawaharlal Nehru
(on the eve of India's independence)
○ "Our nation is like a tree of which the original trunk is Swarajya and the
branches are Swadeshi and Boycott." - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Dawn of Independence and the Challenges for Nation Building:

● Quotes -
○ "A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people." -
Mahatma Gandhi
○ "We have to shed mutual bickering, shed the difference of being high
or low, develop a sense of equality and banish untouchability. We have
to restore the conditions of Swaraj prevalent prior to British rule. We
have to live like children of the same father." - B.R. Ambedkar
○ "India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a subcontinent of nationalities."
- Jawaharlal Nehru
○ "The first task of any nation is to control the birth rate, to secure its
prosperity, and then only think of social justice." - M.S. Swaminathan
Industrial Revolution:
● Quote -

155
○ "The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams."
- Jawaharlal Nehru
World Wars:
● Quote -
○ "In war, truth is the first casualty." - Rajendra Prasad

● Quote -
○ "No real change in history has ever been achieved by discussions." -
Indira Gandhi
Colonization and Decolonization:

● Quotes -
○ "The only way you can conquer me is through love, and there I am
gladly conquered." - Rabindranath Tagore
○ "The process of colonization had long-lasting effects on the colonized
nations, shaping their political, social, and economic structures." -
Shashi Tharoor (An Era of Darkness)
industries in various parts of the world:
● Quote -
○ "Industrialization based on machinery, already referred to as a
characteristic of our age, is but one aspect of the revolution that
is being wrought by technology." - Jawaharlal Nehru

156
Book References
Including book references in answers is crucial as it showcases extensive reading,
broadens perspectives, and provides solid evidence. Citing reputable books
demonstrates a deep understanding of the topic and strengthens arguments. It
reflects the ability to draw insights from authoritative sources, elevating the quality
and credibility of answers.
Here are the brief summaries of few books which can be quoted in the answers :
Book Title Author Book Summary
Set in Kerala, India, the novel tells a poignant story

The God of Small
Arundhati Roy of family, social hierarchy, caste, politics, and
Things
forbidden love.
The Architecture of
Explores the rich architectural heritage of India,
India: Buddhist, Takeo Kamiya focusing on Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain temples
and structures.
Hindu, Jain

157
A powerful critique of the caste system in India,
Annihilation of
B.R. Ambedkar advocating for social equality and the annihilation
Caste
of caste-based oppression.
Provides an in-depth analysis of the Indian

India's Struggle for
Bipan Chandra independence movement, its origins, key events,
Independence
leaders, and organizations.
India After Gandhi:

Explores post-independence India, its
The History of the Ramachandra
challenges, achievements, and complexities in
World's Largest Guha
building a democratic system and society.
Democracy
Examines the social, economic, and

The Industrial
Arnold Toynbee technological changes of the Industrial
Revolution
Revolution and their impact on society.
India's War: World

Explores India's involvement in World War II
War II and the Srinath
and its influence on the freedom struggle and
Making of Modern Raghavan
the shaping of modern South Asia.
South Asia

158
Set in the Himalayan foothills, the novel explores
The Inheritance of
Kiran Desai themes of identity, loss, and colonialism
Loss
through interconnected lives.
Location, Location,
Examines the relationship between geography
Location: The Vernon
and economic development, exploring how
Geography of Henderson
location impacts economic activities.
Economic Activity

159
Importance of Notes Making with
Examples
UPSC toppers prefer note-making as it helps them distill vast amounts of

information into concise summaries, aiding in better understanding and retention.
Notes serve as a comprehensive reference during revision, providing clarity and
focus. Well-organized notes act as a roadmap, guiding them through the
preparation journey with confidence.
Below are few enumerated points on the importance of Notes making in the Journey
of UPSC -
1. Distilling Information: Note-making is crucial for UPSC aspirants as it allows

them to condense vast amounts of information into concise and personalized
summaries. With the UPSC syllabus covering a wide range of subjects,
note-making helps in organizing and simplifying complex concepts, making
them easier to comprehend.
2. Comprehensive Reference: Notes serve as a comprehensive reference for
aspirants. By summarizing important points and key takeaways from various
sources, candidates can create a consolidated resource that covers the
entire syllabus. These notes become invaluable during the revision phase,
providing a quick and efficient way to review the essential topics.
3. Active Learning: The process of note-making fosters active learning. By
actively engaging with the study material and paraphrasing it in their own
words, aspirants develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This
active involvement promotes critical analysis, allowing candidates to
connect different concepts and gain a holistic perspective on the topics.
4. Retention and Recall: Writing notes aids in retention and recall of information.
The act of physically writing down the content helps reinforce the knowledge
in the aspirant's memory. When it comes to exams, the process of revisiting
and reviewing these notes helps in recalling the information more effectively,
enhancing performance during the UPSC examination.
160
5. Organizational Roadmap: Well-organized and well-crafted notes act as a
roadmap for UPSC aspirants. By structuring their notes in a logical manner,
candidates can easily navigate through the vast syllabus and locate specific
topics when needed. This organized approach saves time and ensures that
important points are not missed during the preparation phase.
6. Clarity, Focus, and Confidence: Note-making empowers candidates with
clarity, focus, and confidence in their preparation. By actively engaging in the
process and creating their own summaries, aspirants gain a better grasp of
the topics, which in turn boosts their confidence. Having well-crafted notes at
hand provides a sense of direction, allowing candidates to approach the
UPSC syllabus with a clear plan.

161
Examples from toppers Notes
Anudeep Durishetty (CSE 2017 Rank 1)

162
Mandar Patki (CSE 2019 Rank 22)

163
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ANSWERCRAFT

UPSC MAINS ANSWER WRITING WORKBOOK

UPSC Basics + Mentorship

Mains Focus Group 2023

Integrated Test Series 2024

Mains Test Series 2024 + Mentorship

Prelims Test Series 2024 + Mentorship

Simplify your UPSC journey

Abhijeet Yadav and Adv.Shashank Ratnoo

UPSCprep.com | YT: @UPSCprepIAS | Twitter: @UPSCprepIAS | TG: @UPSCprepIAS

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1. This workbook will help you to develop your unique way of

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Sr. No. Content Page

2 Importance of PYQs and Syllabus relevance 16

3 How to prioritize attempting Qs in Mains 21

4 Identifying the sub-parts of Qs 27

5 Writing a good Introduction 34

7 Using and preparing diagrams 74

8 Clear & precise writing, with examples 85

9 Using Frameworks to generate points 97

10 Writing a good conclusion 103

11 Measuring improvement from baseline 114

12 Themes and Fact sheet for GS 1 131

13 Importance of Notes Making 160

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1. Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture

6. Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

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10. Salient features of World’s Physical Geography.

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Q. “Mauryan Pillars were the prototype of Achaemenian Pillars, therefore were

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Q. In light of persistence of various forms of violence against women in India, discuss

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Importance of PYQs and Syllabus relevance

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Question 1 (Modern India)

Syllabus Topic: Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism

Question 3 (Art and Culture)

Syllabus Topic : Salient features of World’s Physical Geography

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2. Type 2 Question - a statement of the context is given, and then a question is

3. Type 3 Question - questions containing interlinkages between different

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● Easy: Can be solved easily on the basis of acquired knowledge. These

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How many questions were in each category for you?

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Identifying the sub-parts

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