Learning objectives:

10.4.1.1. To explain the concept of a quadratic equation in one variable

10.4.1.2. To solve a quadratic equation in one variable

VOCABULARY

quadratic equation in one variable: ikinci dereceden bir bilinmeyenli denklem

coefficients of a quadratic equation: ikinci dereceden denklemin katsayıları
root of an equation: denklemin kökü (çözümü)
solution set of an equation: denklemin çözüm kümesi
completing the square: tam kareye tamamlama
discriminant: discriminant

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For a,b,c  and a  0 , an equation in form ax 2  bx  c  0 is called a quadratic equation in one

variable.

The real numbers a, b, c are called the coefficients of this equation.

The x values satisfying the equation are called the roots (solutions) of the equation and they are
denoted by x 1 and x 2 . The set of these values is called the solution set of the equation.

1 2 x
x2  0 , x  0 , 5x 2  x  0 , x 2  9x  2  0 , 3
3 x 2   7  0 are some examples of quadratic
3 2
equations.

3x  2  0, x 3  x 2  x  1  0, x 3  x  0 are not quadratic equations as they do not satisfy the

conditions given in the definition.

Class Exercises 1

1) State whether each of the following equations is a quadratic equation or not.

V
1
r
a) x 2   2  0 b) (x  2)2  0 c) 3x 2  4

XE
x

(x  2)  x
e) (x  1)2  9 f) (x 2  1)(x 2  1)  0 0
x
g)
3

2) If (a  1)x 3  x 2b-4  (a  b)x  a  b  0 is a quadratic equation, find the values of a and b.

a 1 0 an

2b4 2 16 3
1
 3) Write the following equations in form ax 2  bx  c  0 and find the coefficients a, b, c.

a) 3x 2  x  2x  4 b) (x  1)2  2(x  3)  5

313 4 0 At 2 2 6 5

3
c) (x  1)(x  3)  2
In 96 0
d)
x
 3x 
x 2  2x
c 10

2 2
x 3 1 3 2
x 2 5 0 Gx Xx
THX
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4) Hale is 5 years younger than her sister Duru. The product of their ages is 24.
Write a quadratic equation which gives the current age of Duru.

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f 5 24 0

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Class Exercises 2

1) Find the solution sets of the following quadratic equations in .

A) Hint: Leave x alone.

a) x2  25  0 b) 5x 2  2  0 c) 3x 2  36  0

X S AS O 3736
x 5 0 ux s O XEN
is xis EE
55 6 s
d) (x  1)2  4 e) 3(x  2)2  27  0
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f) x 2  1  0

31 25 27
55 0
g)
x2
2  0
FIFE.siIssq.y
h) 2x  18  0
2
ss
2
2 1 718
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x 4 55 0
55 0
B) Hint: If A  B  0 then A  0 or B  0 .

a) (x  3)(x  1)  0 b) (2x  5)(4  x)  0

55 3 1 2 5,4 440 55 41 1
E
x(x  1)
c) 6x(x  2)  0 d) 0
4
6 0,4 2 0
1 0
55 o 2
x 01
55 11,0
e) 2x2  0 f) (x  2)2  0

X 90 X Yy 2

IE SEY
g) 3(4  x)2  0

444
5514

In the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , a  0 ,

if it is not easy to leave x alone in the equation or if the expression ax 2  bx  c is not given in the
factored form, we use the following methods to solve the quadratic equation:

1) Factorization
2) Completing the square
3) Quadratic formula

1) Factorization method

Given the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , a  0 ,

if the expression ax 2  bx  c can be factorized as (mx  n)(px  q) , the equation becomes

(mx  n)(px  q)  0 and we can write:

mx  n  0 or px  q  0 (If A  B  0 then A  0 or B  0 .)
n q
x1   or x 2  
m p
 n q
SS   ,  
 m p

3
 Class Exercises 3

Use factorization to find the solution sets of the following quadratic equations in .

a) x 2  4  0 b) 9  x 2  0 c) x2  2x  0
55 21 2
X2 xx O peppy 0 XIAO
x sixes 55 10
4 2,42 2 55 73
d) 2x 2  6x  0 e) x  5x
2
f) 4x 2  2x

2 43 0 Rsx 0 4 14 0
55 30 x 57 0 2 2 1 0
55 0 5 55 0
g) x  3x  4  0
2
h) x  7x  12  0
2
i) 2x 2  3x  1  0
17447 0 x 3 x 47
55 1 4 55 3 4

j) 6x 2  5x  6  0 k) x 2  2x  1  0 l) 3x2  12x  12  0
I
TO
Ix i see I
2 376 2
55 2 5
m) 2x2  12x  18  0 n) 16  8x  x 2  0 o) x(4x  5)  1

78 6 0
2426 9 475 1 0
xx 370 4 45 0
55 233 55 24 x I
4 1 CXH O
55 41 1
p) 3(x 2  3x)  4  2x

3 79 2 4 0
3711 4 0
i
DX 1 AKO 4

55 4 5
 Completing the square method

Besides factorization method, completing the square is another method to solve quadratic
equations.

Given the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , a  0 ,

this method is very useful especially if the expression ax 2  bx  c cannot be factorized in the
given form.

In this method, ax 2  bx  c can be factorized using completing the square and difference of two
squares identity. Then, the solutions of the quadratic equation can be easily obtained.

Before we use this method in solving quadratic equations, we need to learn how to factorize a
polynomial using completing the square method and difference of two squares identity.

Example

Factorize the expression x2  4x  8 using completing the square method and difference of two
squares identity.

Solution:

The coefficient of the term involving x is 4 .

If we take the half of 4 and square it we find (2)2  4 which is the number required to complete
x2  4x to a perfect square.

When we add and subtract 4 from the expression we get:

x 2  4x  4  4  8 2 8 0
= (x  2)2  12

X2 11 8
= (x  2)2  ( 12)2
= (x  2)2  (2 3)2
= (x  2  2 3)(x  2  2 3) X2 1 9
x 11431N
Class Exercises 4
Xp2,42 4
Factorize the following expressions using completing the square method and difference of two
squares identity.

a) x2  4x  5 b) x 2  6x  3
x 4 49 1
271 x 6 9 93
4 376 4 3 4 3 12
Cx S x D

5
c) 2x 2  10x  9 (Hint: The coefficient of the term involving x 2 must be 1, in order to use
completing the square method.)

245 27 24 74 2
ExEFF
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Class Exercises 5

Use completing the square method to find the solution sets of the following quadratic equations
in .

a) x2  2x  0 b) x 2  4x  5  0

2 11 0 X 4 44 5 0

2 1
4 42 9

c) x 2  3x  9  0 d) 2x 2  x  2  0
4 0
X 3 4414 HE 1 0
1 0
1 2541 X 4 t
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x 4 17
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6
3) Quadratic formula

Let’s find the solution set of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , a  0 using completing the
square method.
ax2  bx  c  0
b c
 x2  x   0
a a
b b2 b2 c
 x2  x  2  2   0
a 4a 4a a
2
 b  b2 c
x    2   0
 2a  4a a
2
 b  b2 c
x    2 
 2a  4a a
2
 b  b2  4ac
x   
 2a  4a2
b b2  4ac
x 
2a 4a2
b b2  4ac
x 
2a 2a

b b2  4ac
x 
2a 2a
b b2  4ac
x 
2a 2a
b  b2  4ac
x
2a
Therefore, the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 are
b  b2  4ac b  b2  4ac
x1  and x2 
2a 2a
b  Δ b  Δ
If we write Δ  b2  4ac ,the roots of the equation are x1  and x2  .
2a 2a
This formula is known as the quadratic formula.

We can conclude that:

* If Δ  b2  4ac  0 , then Δ  and ax2  bx  c  0 has two different real roots.
b
* If Δ  b2  4ac  0 , then x1  x2   and ax2  bx  c  0 has a double real root.
2a
(There are two roots but they are the same.)
* If Δ  b2  4ac  0 then Δ  and ax2  bx  c  0 has no real roots. (There are still two roots
but they are imaginary. We will cover imaginary (complex) numbers at the end of this unit.)

Since the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 is determined by

Δ  b2  4ac , this number is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.

7
 Class Exercises 6

1) Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations without solving them.
Then find their solution sets in using the quadratic formula.

a) x2  5x  4  0 Xp bI XE b) 2x2  6x  1  0
a 1 6 5 6 4
0 5Iac
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25 4614 STE IE 4470 Realroots

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c) x2  6x  9  0 d) 3x2  x  1  0
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2) Find the solution set of the equation x2  5x  1  0 in .

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3) If the equation x  mx  3x  m has a double root, find the possible value(s) of m  .

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4) For m   {0} , if the equation 2mx2  (2m  1)x   0 has two different real roots,
2
find the least integer value of m.

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so

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5) If the equation 3x2  2 3 x  3m does not have a real root, find the possible value(s) of m .

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Class Exercises 7

1) Find the solution sets of the following equations:

3 2 1 5x  7 3x  2
a)   b) 
x 1 x  3 2 2x  2 x  1

I 1 12 2 48 2 6 7CxD
4 1 622 4 522 7
4 1 43 6 18 4 4 473 0
3
XXX 3 8 18 4 4 x
25 Norealroots
5
x
55
x 2
x  2x  35
Sy
c)  4 d) 0
x 2 x 2 x7

tÉ 4
2 24216
2
to
x5
0
16 2 45 9
8 4 SEES
er
 1 1 4
e)  
x  2 x  2 (x  2)(x  2)

4 2 42 4

IE butx e

2) In a triangle ABC, the height drawn from vertex A to side BC is 4 cm shorter than side BC.
If the area of the triangle ABC is 3cm2 , find BC .
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3) A walking track has two sections. 1st section is 9 km and 2nd section is 10 km long.
Fatih completed both sections 5 hours in total.
Fatih’s average speed in the 2nd section is 2 km/h faster than his average speed in the 1st section.

Using this information,

a) Find Fatih’s average speed in 1st section.

j
b) Find Fatih’s average speed in throughout both sections.

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 4) The streetlights in a road are placed so that the distance between two consecutive streetlights are
the same and it is equal to the total number of streetlights. If the distance between the first and the
last streetlights is 2550 meters, find the total number of streetlights.

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x
X
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5) For m  1 and m , if one of the roots of the equation (m  1)x2  2mx  3(m  3)  0 is 2,
find the other root.
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Umththm3m 9 0

1
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0 2 2 12
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0 4 41 3
2 4 2 YETI
6) For m , if one of the roots of the equations x  4x  2m  3  0 and 2x2  6x  4m  2  0 is
common, find this common root.
commonroot X

3xXm
2 2 17
1 9 4 3 3 1
3 2 1 0 4 X

2 4 12 0
2

f x 2 6
0

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