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    NB Alloys

    Uploaded by

    Kamil Sobczak

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Niobium—Base Alloys E.N. Sheftel & O. A. Bannykh Int Mae ad Mert 12193-1994) 303-314 ne “Sse Hoorn Lane Pineda Gro Sn Algh res habeus ‘Baikov Institute of Metallurgy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (Received 25 March 1994; accepted 16 May 1994) [Abmiracts On the basis of the research carried out by the authors and the ‘aualysis of the published data, the eeeaie principles of the alloying end designing of strdcture of niobium alloy, providing high strength and work abiy ofthe alloys intended fortwo operating temperatures: from 1300 up (0 1400°C and from 600 to 800°C, have been considered. The developing principles axe basod on the revesling of interdependence berween phase Sagas, characteristic Of slementa and phases forming nthe proper alloys as well as their smuctures end’ mechanical properics: Main 'tention has been paid to the alloys of Nb-Mey-X (X=, N.C) systems with Oxide, nie an carbide dispersoids INTRODUCTION ‘Among the alloys based on refractory metals of groups VA and VIA, niobium alloys are perhaps the most varied. The niobium alloys used in various fields of engineering may be conven- tionally divided into two groups—structural and precision. To the first group, high-temperature heat-resistant alloys are attributed. To the second group, alloys having special physical properties are attributed. Among them are superconducting alloys; alloys characterised by specified values of linear thermal expansion coefficient, high elas- ticity and proper biocompatibility (for medicinal application as implants). The most numerous ‘group of alloys to which application of niobium is oriented high temperature strength alloys. More than 30 years ago, in the 1960s, the attention of specialists engaged in material sciences was drawn to refractory metals as struc- tural materials to be used in aerospace engineer- ing. Apart from the ability to operate under high-temperature conditions, such materials should meet the following requirements: high workability and low density providing reduction of the launch weight. Concerning the above mentioned niobium with faq 2468°C, having the lowest density (8-4 g.cm=*) among ail refrac- tory metals and the highest low-temperature duc- tility, the highest solubility of interstitial elements 303, and, connected with it, the least sensibility of due- tile properties to their content, it was considered as the most perspective basis for structural alloys to be used under high-temperature conditions. ‘At that period the principal problems for Nb- alloys to be solved have been in searching for ‘ways to increase high-temperature strength at satisfactory workability, as well as methods of protection against oxidisation at operating tem- peratures exceeding 1000°C. As a result, at the ‘end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, a great number of alloy compositions were deve- loped which may be conventionally divided into low-, medium and high-strength alloys that have been used for a long time operating at 1000-1200°C arid a short time working at 1200-1700°C (Table 1). In those years, developments failed 10 solve the problem of simultaneously achieving high strength and high workability to an alloy as well as provid- ing safe long-term operation of designed protec- tion costings. This became a cause of certain stopping in carrying out researches in the field of No-alloys that was aggravated by successes achieved in those years in the ficld of designing superalloys and advanced cooling structures In the middle of the 1980s, refractory metal alloys (especially niobium alloys) became an object of research interest again in connection with searching for materials characterised by high 304 ‘Table 1. High-emperatar niobium alloys and thelr E.N. Sheftel, 0... Bannylth Lowatrength| Bs: Vv. ss 3y-128zr C103xB-3 IORI 1Ti—-0722 NBUIKB-1} iZr~01C of MPa Sige, MPa 1100 12006 1B00rC nove 120 1300°C 160-260 = = = - = Mediumstrengih B66: SMo~5V— 122 FSas 27Te—10W- 0722 VN 46Mo~ M4Zr— 0126 SVMtz —— SW=2Mo~ 12r~(005+007)C Dass 1ow=25z" of, MPa Sees MPa a0 1200. 1300 nore 1200 1300" 260-450 190-280 = 160-240 100-130 36-70 “High-sreagih Fa 15W=5Mo~ 12r—D1C B50, ASW=SMo— STi Ize VN 30Mo— 152: ~03C~003CeLa Series VAM (22+ 28)W=2Ht=(0067+0:13)C. We 3009:—_30uE-9W MPa n0¢e 1300 1300 350-450 140-300 100 "Annealed sate operating properties, to be used in new genera- ‘tions of spacecraft, aircraft and powder engincer- ‘ng, as well as in connection with development of new progressive technologies. In this search, a problem appeared in design materials intended fr filling two operating temperature ranges. The first, temperature range extends from 600 to 900C where wrought Ti-alloys do not already ‘work whereas Ni-alloys do not meet the specific strength requirements, The second one extends from 1100 to 1500°C where wrought Ni-alloys do not already work whereas alloys based on intermetallics and heat-resistant ceramics, con- sidered as perspective structural materials, do ‘not provide the required strength, ductility or fracture toughness. The present report, drawn up on the basis of further research carried out by the authors and ‘the analysis of the published data, deals with the scientific principles of alloying and control of the structure of niobium alloys providing high strength and workability of the alloys for operat- ing temperature ranges from 1100 to 1400°C and from 600 to 800°C. To design Nb-alloys destined to operate at tem- peratures where 0-1 Tuer < T<(0'3-+ 065) Tex all the known methods of strengthening may be applied, such asthe soli solution one, alloying by substitutional and interstitial elements, precipita- tion or dispersion strengthening, as well as crea- tion of special structures. As a rule, the most effective combination of strength and ductility is achieved when joint application of several reason ably chosen methods of strengthening is used. ‘SOLID SOLUTION STRENGTHENING Proceeding from the known mechanisms of solid ‘olution strengthening, producing and some other requirements to be met by the designed alloys, the alloying elements should comply with one of the following criteria: (1) presence of wide solubility range even if at high temperatures; (2) an increase of intra-atomic bonds that is suficiently reflected in increased melting point (Tq) of the alloy— strengthening in this case is Kept at T>0'5 Tue where the unstrengthening processes are deter~ mined by diffusivity of the clements; (3) a great difference of atomic sizes as compared to No— this parameter determines the origin of consider able elastic distortions in the crystal lattice causing ‘Nioblum—base alloys 305 dislocation impeding the plastic flow provess— such strengthening is kept at T05 122 Dior at%zefa.%4O 505 ee ‘s 7 Ne-ZeNtnunN) EB Nb-ZiC(HEC) 3s Niobitum—base alloys 307 \ 3 7 ! ar sty Teper of eng CC) Fig. 2. Effect of quenching and folowing ageing tempera- tures on hardness and variation of resistivity for two-phase Nb-Iwt9cZr0, alloys with Oval’ ZrO, Table 3, The size of ZrO, particles in Nb-13421-O alloyst wth (6 + 06 }vol% 210, bersus he ageing conditions ‘Ageing Plate engih, Plate ichness Distance berveen 4) ‘a conte ‘orice oe a 350-8 «90 Sewerlatom = $50 20 50 Sew stom i layers 950 100 60 Sevtstatom 70-140 ‘ayer 90 29150 = 200 i200 "S57 30-50 oot Aker quenching om 1700°6 the increase of oxygen diffusivity in Nb at 1100°C. This results in reducing the effect of precipitation strengthening at this temperature. ‘An efficient suppression of oxide particle co- agulation up to 1600°C has been obtained in internal oxidized alloys with excess oxygen con- tent (related to Me,,O,) in solid solution (Table 4). The authors”! explain this fact by dramatic decrease of equilibrium solubility of ZrO, in the solid solution in presence of excess oxygen. In order to provide sutficient ductility of alloys free oxygen content should not exceed 0-2-0'3 at %. ‘The structure of these internal oxidized alloys is characterized by presence of 1 vol.% of highly dispersed (40-60 A) coherent to the matrix par- ticles of fee. modification ZrO{HfO,) pre~

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