Coexistence Interference Analysis of 28 GHz IMT

and Fixed-Satellite Service Systems

Long Kang , Suiyan Geng and Xiongwen Zhao
Tan Wang, Zhaojun Qian School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
State Radio Monitoring Centre, SRMC North China Electric Power University, NCEPU
Beijing, China Beijing, China
qianzhaojun@srrc.org.cn gsuiyan@ncepu.edu.cn

Abstract—In this paper, the coexistence interference of 28
GHz-band International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) and
fixed-satellite service systems is analyzed based on actual satellite
orbit and coverage information. Specifically, the aggregate
interferences of IMT system base stations (BS) to fixed-satellite
service networks are studied, considering IMT base station
0 0
antennas with a large range of elevation angles from 10 to 90 .
Moreover, rain attenuation is considered in 28 GHz system link
budget analysis. The results show that the IMT base station
uplink deployment can coexist with the fixed-satellite service in
the band. The provided results are useful for design of future 28
GHz wireless communications systems and fixed-satellite service
networks.
Keywords—coexistence interference; IMT; fixed-satellite
service (FSS); rain attenuation; 28 GHz-band
interference from IMT base stations to FSS satellite receivers
in the geostationary orbit in Band 28 GHz is analyzed.
Specifically, the interference from IMT system base stations
(BS) to the fixed-satellite service networks is taken into
consideration, according to ITU-R recommendations [6][7],
where the interference-to-noise ratio (I/N) of receivers of FSS
satellites in the geostationary orbit is as -12.2 dB. Moreover,
the maximum BS antenna gain of IMT system is considered as
5 dB (as isotropic antenna), as the ground BS antenna cannot
point to the satellite precisely. Fig. 1 shows the scenario of
ground IMT system causes interference to the FSS
geosynchronous satellite system. It is seen that within the
scope of satellite beam range, the total interferences come from
different geographic areas of multiple platforms.

I. INTRODUCTION
The millimeter waves have large available bandwidth and
thus gigabit throughput can be easily achieved for future
wireless communication systems. The 28 GHz frequency band
has been identified as potentially suitable frequency band for
IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) systems [1],
in dense urban areas to provide large bandwidth and high
volume business [2]. It is assumed that the frequency band 28
GHz would be used as a separate level of coverage without
macro cells, making the TDD (Time Division Duplex) more
advantageous for such IMT systems. In China, the 28 GHz
radio is approved by Chinese Ministry of Information Industry
for local multipoint distribution system access network
business, this band was carried out in China Mobile, China
Telecom, China Unicom, China Netcom [3].
Other services in the 28 GHz band include MSS (Mobile
Satellite Service), FSS (Fixed Satellite Service), NON-LTTS Fig 1. Aggregation of the interference from IMT transmitters within the
satellite beam range [6]
(Non-Local Television Transmission Service) [4]. In satellites
networks, the band 28 GHz is allocated to the fixed-satellite II. PROPAGATION FADING EFFECTS
service (earth-to-space direction) on a primary basis [5]. FSS
networks typically provide service to large regions Propagation fading effect has a key impact on the coverage
encompassing the territory of multiple administrations. It and reliability of system, and thus considered for propagation
should note that the uplink of the fixed-satellite service using researcher and system development. In ground-to-space
the geostationary satellites in the band 28 GHz, lumped wireless communications, the free space path loss ( PL 0 ) is
interference from ground base stations which may affect often considered. Path loss denotes the mean signal power loss
receiving performance of the satellite space station. and is a function of distance d. Based on draft new Report ITU-
R [FSS-IMT C-BAND UPLINK] [8] accomplished by JTG4-
In IMT systems, the transmission power of end user is low, 5-6-7 (Joint Task Group 4-5-6-7), clutter loss needs to be
and thus power control is adopted. In this work, the considered in system evaluation. Clutter loss is included to take
* Corresponding author.

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account of additional losses due to ground clutter (trees,
buildings, etc.) that may exist. Moreover, in the millimeter
band rain attenuation is very high, it is considered in the 28
GHz radio link budget in this work.
A. Free Space Path Loss
In telecommunication system, free space path loss is the
loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would
result from a line-of-sight path through free space, with no
obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction. The free
space path loss model is used for the uplink analysis from IMT
BSs to fixed satellite system in this work. The free space path
loss PL 0 is expressed as:
2
§ 4S d ·
PL0 ¨ ¸
© O ¹
Where d is the distance between base station and satellite space
station, λ is the wavelength of the electric wave. When the free
space path loss is expressed in dB, it is [9]:
PL0 (dB) 32.45  20 log( f )  20 log(d )
Where frequency f in MHz and distance d in km units, which
are 35786 km and 28000 MHz, respectively.
B. Clutter Loss
Based on draft new Report ITU-R [FSS-IMT C-BAND
UPLINK] [8] accomplished by JTG4-5-6-7(Joint Task Group
4-5-6-7) ˈclutter loss needs to be considered in the uplink
analysis from IMT to satellite communications systems.
Clutter loss (CL) is included to take account of additional
losses due to ground clutter (trees, buildings, etc.) that may
exist. An angular clutter loss model based on ITU-R
recommendation [10] is used in conjunction with the antenna
heights of transmitters. The antenna height is 6 meters for the
urban zone. When the elevation angle from the IMT BS
transmitter to the satellite receiver is as T the clutter loss is
expressed as:
­20 dB for 0q d T d T MAX
CL ® (3)
¯0 dB for T MAX  T d 90q
Where T MAX =43.5o which provides the angle from the IMT
transmitter to the top of the clutter height. Therefore, the BS is
at elevation angle below T MAX , clutter losses are added, the
elevation angle is above T MAX of the respective clutter category,
the clutter loss is not considered.
C. Rain Attenuation
Rain attenuation models in mm-waves have been studied
based on experimental measurement data from different
regions worldwide. The ITU-R model is currently being widely
used in literature. In ITU-R recommendation an approximate
relationship between attenuation LRAIN per km distance and
rain rate R (in mm/hour unit) is established as:
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LRAIN a R
b
(4)
where a and b are functions of frequency given by ITU-R
recommendation.
Rain attenuation LRAIN for different rainfall rate R can be
found in ITU-R recommendation [11] as shown in Fig. 2. It is
seen that rain attenuation is very significant in mm-waves. For
example, rainfall rates of medium (12.5 mm/hr) and downpour
(50 mm/hr) yield to about 2 dB/km and 10 dB/km attenuations
at 28 GHz.
(1)
(2)
Fig 2. Rain attenuation for different rainfall rate in mm-wave frequency bands
[11]
III. 28 GHZ IMT AND FSS SYSTEMS LINK BUDGET
ANALYSIS
In wireless communication systems, the coexistence
interference between systems is usually determined by the
interference margin analyzed from radio link budget. In the
following, the aggregate interferences from IMT to fixed
satellite service systems are analyzed. Note that the parameters
of ground base stations in the analysis are based on ITU-R
recommendation [12].
A. Point-to-Point Interference
A single IMT base station’s interference power received by
the satellite can be calculated by the formula:
I PT  GT (T )  GR  PL0  CL  LRAIN  LP (5)

where I is the interference power received by the input of the
satellite receiver, PT is the IMT system transmission power, PL
is the free space path loss. GT( T ) and GR are the antenna gains
at TX and RX. As mentioned before, the maximum GT is
considered as 5 dB (as isotropic antenna), since the ground BS
antenna cannot point to the satellite precisely, GR is related to
1575
the satellite coverage range, for example, the values are as 34 elevation angle range of 0° to 90°, the IMT transmitter GT( T )
dB and 58 dB for covering asia-pacific region and whole world, is calculated as [13]:
respectively. CL and LP denote clutter loss and polarization
­
loss in channel and polarization loss is 3 dB in this work, LRAIN ° T
is rain attenuation. G0  12( ) 2 for 0 d T d T3
° T3
°°
B. Aggregate Interference GT (T ) ® G 0  15  10 log k 1 for T3 d T  T 4 (9)
In the case of the aggregate interference, the sum of °
° ª§ T ·1.5 º
interferences caused by all terrestrial IMT base stations in the G
° 0  15  10 log «¨ ¸  k » for T 4 d T d 90q
ground area covered by the satellite space station are ¯° «¬© T3 ¹ »¼
considered. Therefore, before calculating the total interference where:
power, the total number of IMT base stations that interfere with
the satellite at the same time in the ground area should be T3 107.6 u 100.1 G 0
(10)
known, as well as their positions.
1
Due to the larger coverage area of the satellite system, the T 4 T 3 1.25  log k  1 (11)
assessment of the impact of the aggregate interference of IMT 1.2
is very significant. Under the condition of total interference, Note again that GT(T) is the gain relative to an isotropic
this paper assumes that every IMT base station has the same antenna, and the maximum gain in the azimuth plane G0 is 5
disturbance to the satellite. On the basis of the interference of a dB. Since the ground BS antenna cannot point to the satellite
single IMT base station, the aggregate interference of M base precisely. T3 is the 3 dB beamwidth in the elevation plane, k is
stations under the satellite coverage is: a parameter which accounts for increased side-lobe levels
I AGGREGATE I  10 log( M ) (6) above what would be expected for an antenna with improved
side-lobe performance, k=0 in this article. The IMT system
The number of IMT base stations under the satellite antenna model in aggregate interference analysisis shown in
coverage area is mainly determined by three factors: satellite Fig. 3.
coverage area Karea, urban area ratio Kurban, IMT base station
density factor Kdensity, the total number of IMT base 10
stations covered with satellite can be got.
M K area ˜ Kurban ˜ K density (7) 5

In this work, satellite coverage area is 3000000 square

kilometers, urban area ratio is 0.4%, IMT base station density 0

in urban is 19 per square kilometer. The density of such base

G (T)[dB]

stations has been associated with world population distribution -5

between large cities.
T

According to the ITU-R recommendation [7], the -10

interference-to-noise ratio (I/N) of receivers of FSS satellites in
the geostationary orbit is as -12.2 dB. The maximum -15
interference power I MAX allowed by the satellite receiver is as:
I MAX (dB ) I / N (dB )  N (dB ) , where the noise power -20
N KTB , K, T and B are the Boltzmann constant, -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Elevation Angle T[°]
temperature and bandwidth of the satellite receiver,
respectively. Fig 3. Antenna pattern in the ground-space uplink analysis

The interference margin ( I ' ) is calculated as the difference
between the maximum interference power I MAX and aggregate
interference power I AGGREGATE as:
I ' I MAX  I AGGREGATE (8)
By comparing the maximum allowable interference power
I MAX and the total interference power to determine whether the
ground deployment of IMT will interfere with the fixed-
satellite service uplink.
In aggregate interference analysis, the BS antenna gain G is
a function of elevation angle T , when considering the
IV. COEXISTENCE INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS OF IMT AND
SATELLITE SYSTEMS
It is known that rainfall rate of medium (12.5 mm/hr) yields
to about 2 dB/km attenuations at 28 GHz, and the path length
of the wave through the rain is 10 km, medium rain attenuation
is 20 dB in system analysis. Moreover, when the interference
margin I ' ! 0 dB, means that the aggregate interference of
IMT is lower than the anti-interference threshold of the satellite,
or it is feasible to coexist for the IMT and satellite systems in
the 28 GHz band [14].

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 A. IMT and Satellite Systems Parameters
40
Due to the fixed satellite in the high altitude of nearly Not considering Rain attenuation
35000 km, the IMT systems can be distributed in a large 35 Considering Rain attenuation
coverage. In this work, the IMT interferences under different
30
angles of 10 degree, 30 degree, 50 degree, 70 degree and 90

,QWHUIHUHQFH0DUJLQ,'>G%@
degree are evaluated. The IMT and Satellite system parameters 25
are summarized in Table 1.
20
TABLE 1. THE PARAMETERS OF IMT AND SATELLITE SYSTEMS IN 28 GHZ
BAND 15

IMT Transmitter 10
Horizontal elevation angle 90° 70° 50° 30° 10°
( different interference path) 5
Bandwidth˄MHz᷊ 500 500 500 500 500
Tx power (dBm) 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 0
Antenna height (m) 6 6 6 6 6
BS Max. antenna gain (dBi) 5 5 5 5 5 -5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Antenna gain (dBi, relative to
-16.3 -14.7 -12.5 -4.33 3.96 (OHYDWLRQ$QJOHT>r@
isotropic antenna)
Average base station activity
50% 50% 50% 50% 50% Fig 4. Interference margin vs. IMT base station elevation angle
factor
Satellite Receiver
I/N criterion (dB) -12.2 -12.2 -12.2 -12.2 -12.2 V. CONCLUSION
Bandwidth˄MHz᷊ 500 500 500 500 500
Rx antenna gain (dBi) 34 34 34 34 34
In this paper, the coexistence interference of 28 GHz-band
Noise Temperature (K) 550 550 550 550 550 International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) and fixed-
Noise level N (dBm) -111.2 -111.2 -111.2 -111.2 -111.2 satellite service systems is analyzed based on actual satellite
Polarization loss (dB) 3 3 3 3 3 orbit and coverage information. Specifically, the aggregate
Satellite height (km) 35786 35786 35786 35786 35786 interference of IMT system base stations (BS) to fixed-satellite
Free space loss PL0 (dB) 212.4 212.4 212.4 212.4 212.4
service networks is taken into consideration, for a large range
Clutter loss CL (dB) 0 0 0 20 20
Rain attenuation (dB) 20 20 20 20 20 of elevation angle from 100 to 900 at BS antenna. Moreover,
Satellite coverage area rain attenuation is considered in 28 GHz system link budget
3 3 3 3 3
106 km2 analysis. Results show that the IMT base station uplink
Urban Area Ratio ˄%˅ 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 deployment can coexist with the fixed-satellite service in the
IMT small cell density in band. In the uplink analysis from ground IMT to satellite
Urban number / km2 19 19 19 19 19 systems, the interference margin I ' is lager when considering
Total number of IMT base rain attenuation, as losses at ground IMT system is more and
stations M 105 number 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 thus less interference to satellite system in this case. The
IMT Aggregate Interference provided results are useful for design of future 28 GHz wireless
-143.2 -141.5 -139.4 -151.2 -142.9
(dBm) communications systems and fixed-satellite service networks.
Max. tolerable
-123.4 -123.4 -123.4 -123.4 -123.4
interference IMAX (dBm) ACKNOWLEDGMENT
B. Interference Analysis This work was supported by the National Science and
Technology Major Project under Grants No. 2015ZX03002008
The interference margin I ' varies with the different
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