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People's perceptions of inflation - A survey data analysis

Research · July 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16231.16808

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People’s perceptions of inflation
(A survey data analysis)
Date: 31 July, 2021

Faisal Quaiyyum
Undergraduate Student (B.S.S.)
Department of Economics
University of Dhaka

Kazi Aiman Udoy

Undergraduate Student (B.S.S.)
Department of Economics
University of Dhaka
Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Time Frame ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Limitations ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Results ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................... 13
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
Annex – 1: Questionnaire .................................................................................................................................. 15

List of Figures
Figure 1 - Steps of methodology ............................................................................................................ 3
Figure 2 - Respondents’ age groups and Respondents’ prior formal education or perception on
Economics .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 3 - Are respondents aware of the increase in daily commodity prices? ..................................... 5
Figure 4 - Reasons behind the increase in price level in terms of total respondents ............................. 6
Figure 5 - Reasons behind the increase in the price level according to those who have prior
knowledge of Economics ....................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6 - Reasons behind the increase in the price level according to those who have no prior
knowledge of Economics ....................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 7 - Respondents’ perception about what is good for the economy of Bangladesh..................... 9
Figure 8 - What is good for the economy of Bangladesh in terms of prior formal knowledge of
Economics .............................................................................................................................................. 9

List of Tables
Table 1 - Reasons behind the increase in price level in terms of age groups ........................................ 8
Table 2 - Respondents’ perception about what is good for the economy of Bangladesh in terms of
age group .............................................................................................................................................. 10
1|Page

Abstract

In this paper, we have presented our results from an online survey on people's perceptions of increase
in price level, conducted by the authors. Based on the results, we have drawn conclusions and
constructed some hypotheses which need further research to get a solid foundation. The survey has
tried to explore three aspects of the associated perceptions: whether the respondents are aware of the
increase in daily commodity prices or not, the reasons behind the increase in price level and the state
of price level that is appropriate for the economy of Bangladesh.
People’s expectations of inflation shape the future inflation of an economy. Similarly, people's take
on inflation can help them build their expectations of future inflation. Therefore, studying the
perspectives is important to get a more clarified picture of the future inflation. It can also help while
formulating policies to control the price level or other associated macroeconomic variables.
Additionally, the inspection can be a great assist to illustrate the behavioral glitch of the respondents
in terms of the relation to the macroeconomic picture.
We have tried to show the responses on the questions in terms of the age groups and groups
consisting of respondents who have or do not have prior formal knowledge of Economics. An
interesting behavior noticed in the case of the people with economics background is that their
behavior is inconsistent with the modern economics theory.
Age groups are divided into four categories. The research data shows that the majority of the
respondents support the idea that bad governance has given them a reason to expect inflation. The
least supported reason is the effect of monetary policy. People do not tend to think that much about
the impacts of monetary policy. COVID-19 pandemic leads a moderate number of respondents to
formulate their perceptions on inflation. A highly negligible portion of respondents has said that they
were not aware of the recent increase in the price level of daily commodities. A few hypotheses have
also been developed from the analysis, which are mentioned in the discussion section. Further
investigation is necessary to establish a statement in these cases.
An interesting fact derived from this survey is that an important portion of people thinks that an
increase in the price level to a limited extent is good for the economy of Bangladesh. Except for age
group 3 (31-40), majority of all the groups support this idea. However, this inconsistent behavior
among the age group 3 can be neglected since the more responses are necessary to establish this
inconsistency as a significant issue. The second most supported appropriate inflationary state for the
respondents is the decrease in price level.
The responses were collected through Google Form. The data analysis and cleaning were performed
using spreadsheet software.
2|Page

Introduction

Even though inflation is not that much of a familiar word to the common people, it bears a hefty
significance to people from all walks of life. In a more simplified and understandable way, inflation
(also known as price inflation) is an increase in the general price level of an economy over a period
of time (Wikipedia 2021).In more formal terminology, "inflation is the rate of changes in prices, and
the price level is the cumulation of past inflations (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz 2014).
Suppose, Pt-1 represents the level last year and Pt represents today’s price level, then the inflation can
be represented as,
Π = (Pt – Pt-1)/ Pt-1
Inflation is the decline of purchasing power of a given currency over time. A quantitative estimate of
the rate at which the decline in purchasing power occurs can be reflected in the increase of an
average price level of a basket of selected goods and services in an economy over some period of
time. The rise in the general level of prices, often expressed as a percentage, means that a unit of
currency effectively buys less than it did in prior periods (Fernando and Boyle 2021).
This survey aims to know the respondents’ general perceptions of inflation. The three main questions
that have been asked to the respondents throughout this survey are: whether they are aware of the
occurrence of the regular inflation or not, the reasons behind the inflation and the inflationary state
that is desirable for a prosperous future of the economy of Bangladesh. We have displayed the results
of our survey in terms of age groups, and prior academic or formal education in economics.
This whole survey was conducted online through Google Forms. Therefore, all respondents are
strongly assumed to be literate. The data were self-inputted. The age groups are divided into four
parts: group 1 (15-22 years old), group 2 (23-30 years old), group 3 (31-40 years old) and group 4
(41+ years old). We have also evaluated the responses in terms of the fact that whether a respondent
has any prior formal education on economics or any relevant studies, or not.
The target of this paper is to derive a better understanding of people’s perceptions on inflation. Since
people’s perceptions of inflation may affect the future trend of inflation, it is important to find out
what important reasons people actually hold as the reason behind the inflation. People and businesses
can make better long-run plans for their career, financial portfolios when they feel confident about
their estimated inflation rates. Reasons that ultimately lead up to corruption or bad governance can
result in inflationary effects which may cause inflation (Elkamel 2019). A study shows that
corruption negatively impacts business confidence since decisions taken by entrepreneurs, investors
and individuals, to some extent, are guided by expectations and feelings about the economy and
business (Montes and Almeida 2017). By searching out the kind of reasons that are prevalent among
the respondents, we can determine whether the major concerns of the respondents are due to bad
governance or not. Therefore, it can help us measure the significance of emphasizing on the good
governance policy apart from the fiscal and monetary policy to control inflation.
3|Page

Methodology

This paper is a quantitative research paper which deals with the primary data. We have used
Microsoft Word and Excel Professional Plus 2016/2019 for the data analysis and data cleaning
purpose and to illustrate the necessary data. The data analysis has been done through the following
steps-

Questionnarie Questionnaire Survey Data

preparation publication Collection

Literature
Data Analysis Data Cleaning
Review

Result
Conclusions
Presentations

Figure 1 - Steps of methodology

Step-1: At first, we prepared the questionnaire to know the general perceptions of the respondents on
inflation. The three main questions that have been asked to the respondents throughout this survey
are: whether they are aware of the occurrence of the regular inflation or not, the reasons behind the
inflation and the inflationary state that is desirable for a prosperous future of the economy of
Bangladesh. We have also included inquiries like the age groups and any prior engagement with
academic or formal education on economics. In case of personal information, name of the
respondents was mandatory and the email address was optional. See the questionnaire in Annex 1.

Step-2: We published the questionnaire in different online platforms since it was in Google Form
format. We shared it through different social media platforms like Facebook, Facebook Groups,
WhatsApp, Messenger, G-mail, LinkedIn and different other online platforms.

Step-3: With the help of Google Form, we have accumulated the responses in Google spreadsheets.
We collected a total of 156 responses in Google spreadsheets. The data were self-inputted. We
downloaded those data in Excel (.xlsx) format for further analysis.
4|Page

Step-4: We have cleaned the data in Microsoft Excel. Firstly, we gave some initial codes to the
responses to simplify the analysis process. Throughout the data cleaning process, we first prepared
and organized those data. After exploring the data, we have emitted the redundant responses. We
also have tried to categorize the response – “other” in question no.6 into the given categories. The
responses that could not be categorized are considered as different categories and used in the analysis
presumably.

Step-5: For the data analysis procedure, we have counted the initial codes and proceed to the next
step. To figure out different research questions, we applied different data analysis procedures to
come up with the most representative results. For data analysis purposes, we have used Microsoft
Excel Professional Plus 2019.

Step-6: It is to be noted at the very first place that there is not much literature on this topic. Thus, no
particular literature review segment is added in this paper since it does not bear much significance.
However, we have used various previous research to solidify our argument as much as possible. The
keywords used for conducting this task are:
• Perceptions on inflations
• People’s expectations on inflation
• Corruption perception and inflation
• Corruption and business confidence
• Business confidence and inflation

Step-7: Following the data analysis procedure, we have represented our results in terms of different
variables. The results are displayed in the form of charts, tables and figures whatever necessary.

Step-8: Finally, we interpreted our data and stated our findings. Depending on those findings, we
reached our conclusions.

Time Frame

This online survey was conducted from 10th of April 2021 to 25th of April 2021.

Limitations

➢ This literature is not able to explore all the aspects of inflation because of inadequate data.
➢ While collecting data, the respondents have technical difficulties sometimes since the survey
was conducted online.
➢ To claim a healthy credibility of the results, the authors need to have more responses and
sufficient prior research results which, in both cases, are inadequate. Therefore, the results
may need to have further investigations in the future and the consistency of the conclusions
may vary in the future investigations.
5|Page

Results

Figure 2 - Respondents’ age groups and Respondents’ prior formal education or perception on Economics

Figure 2 illustrates information on the respondents. As we can see, the majority of the respondents
are from age group 1 (15-22) and majority of the respondents do not have any prior formal education
or perception on economics according to them. The least number of respondents is from age group 3
(31-40).

Figure 3 - Are respondents aware of the increase in daily commodity prices?

From figure 3, it can be noticed that almost 99% of the respondents are informed of the increase in
daily commodity prices. Even though 1.28% do not have any idea of the rise in daily commodity
prices, it can be ignored since the magnitude of significance is very small. Commodity prices can be
used as a proxy indicator of inflation since commodity prices are proven to be leading indicators of
inflation (Furlong and Ingenito 1996).
Now, we would like to showcase some of the key questions that this survey has tried to explore. We
will show our results regarding the reasons that the respondents have thought to be the cause for
inflation. We have showcased the result in terms of all the respondents, age groups and respondents’
formal education on economics. The results are illustrated in the following graphs:
6|Page

Figure 4 - Reasons behind the increase in price level in terms of total respondents

Figure 4 expresses the fact that most of the respondents think that traders’ resort to dishonest
methods and inadequate government supervision are mainly responsible for the increase in price
level. This result can be interpreted as the following: majority of the respondents are accusing bad
governance of the main predator behind the inflation. One interesting thing to be noticed is that only
9.62% of the total respondents, which is the least, thinks that the increase in money supply done by
the central bank is a reason behind the rise in price level whereas an increase in the money supply is
one of the strongest reasons to build up an inflationary pressure in Bangladesh. A study in the
context of Bangladesh shows that there is a statistically significant positive long-run relationship
between inflation and money supply (Uddin, Uddin and Ahmmed 2019).
Figure 4 also represents that around 58% of the respondents think that COVID-19 pandemic is
responsible for the rise in price level. Another interesting thing that can be observed from figure 4 is
that 50% of the respondents think that various types of tax imposition are the reason for inflation.
However, standard economic theory suggests that imposition of taxations, implementation of one of
the tools of contractionary fiscal policies, is used to control or reduce monetary expansion and
extreme inflation (Chen and Brock 2020). This is quite contradictory.
Figure 5 and 6 judge the reasons behind inflation from the perspective of respectively those who
have formal knowledge on economics and those who do not have such knowledge. From the figures,
it can be noticed that traders’ resort to dishonest methods and inadequate government supervision
stand out as the two most reported reasons behind the increase in price level. In addition to that, both
groups think that increase in money supply is the least significant reason to cause inflation.
7|Page

Figure 5 - Reasons behind the increase in the price level according to those who have prior knowledge of Economics

Figure 6 - Reasons behind the increase in the price level according to those who have no prior knowledge of Economics

Figure 5 and 6 show that a significant number of respondents from both groups think that COVID-19
pandemic is somewhat responsible for inflation, although the portion supporting this idea from the
first group is less than that of the latter group. Around 59% of the respondents of the first group and
around 41% of the respondents of the latter group think that increasing cost in the supply chain is a
reason for the growth in price level. Surprisingly, around 53% of people with formal knowledge in
economics think that imposition of various taxes, which is basically an indicator of contractionary
fiscal policy, is responsible for inflation.
 8|Page

Reasons Proportion in Reasons Proportion in

terms of group-1 terms of group-2
Traders' resort to dishonest methods 81.82% Traders' resort to dishonest methods 82.05%

Inadequate supply of goods due to 33.77% Inadequate supply of goods due to 33.33%
production production
Fear of rising commodity prices in the future 25.97% Fear of rising commodity prices in the future 23.08%

The government's own plan 16.88% The government's own plan 30.77%

Inadequate government supervision 81.82% Inadequate government supervision 76.92%

Excess demand of the people 19.48% Excess demand of the people 30.77%

Increase in cost of production and supply of 36.36% Increase in cost of production and supply of 64.10%
goods goods
Taxes, VAT and import duties on various 48.05% Taxes, VAT and import duties on various 51.28%
types of goods imposed by the government types of goods imposed by the government

Because of the Corona epidemic 42.86% Because of the Corona epidemic 69.23%

Increase in money supply by the central bank 9.09% Increase in money supply by the central bank 12.82%
(increase in currency) (increase in currency)

Increase in government spending 16.88% Increase in government spending 17.95%

I don't know the reason 0% I don't know the reason 2.56%

Reasons Proportion in Reasons Proportion in

terms of group-3 terms of group-4
Traders' resort to dishonest methods 78.95% Traders' resort to dishonest methods 90.48%

Inadequate supply of goods due to 31.58% Inadequate supply of goods due to 38.10%
production production
Fear of rising commodity prices in the future 15.79% Fear of rising commodity prices in the future 42.86%

The government's own plan 15.79% The government's own plan 9.52%

Inadequate government supervision 73.68% Inadequate government supervision 90.48%

Excess demand of the people 5.26% Excess demand of the people 33.33%

Increase in cost of production and supply of 57.89% Increase in cost of production and supply of 57.14%
goods goods
Taxes, VAT and import duties on various 42.11% Taxes, VAT and import duties on various 61.90%
types of goods imposed by the government types of goods imposed by the government

Because of the Corona epidemic 68.42% Because of the Corona epidemic 80.95%

Increase in money supply by the central bank 5.26% Increase in money supply by the central bank 9.52%
(increase in currency) (increase in currency)

Increase in government spending 10.53% Increase in government spending 19.05%

I don't know the reason 0% I don't know the reason 0%

Table 1 - Reasons behind the increase in price level in terms of age groups
9|Page

From table 1, it can be concluded that for every age group, a significant number of respondents
support the idea of traders’ resort to dishonest methods and government’s inadequate supervision as
two reasons behind inflation. Additionally, the least supported idea is the increase in money supply
for every group. COVID-19 pandemic as a reason behind the inflation has gotten the least response
from age group 1. Fear of rising price levels is not that prevalent in any of the groups except for age
group 4 where the response in support to this is better than that of the rest of the groups. Another
thing to be noticed is that inadequate supply of goods due to production process disruption has been
regarded as a reason for inflation by around 35% of respondents on average from each group.
Although age group 1, age group 2 and age group 3 support the idea of various kinds of tax
imposition as a cause of inflation modestly, age group 4 has shown significant support for this
reason.

Figure 7 - Respondents’ perception about what is good for the economy of Bangladesh

While asked about what is good for the economy of Bangladesh, majority of the respondents
(47.44%) support the idea of increase in commodity prices to a limited extent. The second most
supported notion is the decrease in commodity prices (30.13%) and the third most one is unchanged
commodity prices (22.44%). However, nobody supports the idea of increase in commodity prices in
an uncontrolled or unlimited way.

Figure 8 - What is good for the economy of Bangladesh in terms of prior formal knowledge of Economics

From figure 8, it can be noticed that the majority from both those who have prior formal knowledge
of Economics and those who do not are suggesting that the idea of increase in commodity prices to a
10 | P a g e

limited extent would be good for the economy of Bangladesh. A slightly more than half of the first
group support the idea whereas it is around 44% for the latter group. However, the most interesting
part in this figure revolves around the suggestion of a decrease in commodity prices. While only a
quarter of the respondents who have formal knowledge of Economics suggest a decrease in
commodity prices, around 35% of the respondents who do not have formal knowledge of Economics
suggest that a decrease in commodity prices would be good for the economy of Bangladesh. There is
not much difference in the proportion of advocates between the groups regarding the choice -
‘commodity prices remain unchanged’. Further investigation into the reasons and suggestions with a
larger dataset can result in some interesting conclusions and can help us find relationships among
different perceptions of the respondents.

Age groups What is good for the economy of Bangladesh? Percentage in

terms of age
groups
Group 1 (15-22) Decrease in commodity prices 28.57%
Increase in commodity prices to a limited extent 45.45%
Commodity prices remain unchanged 25.97%

Group 2 (23-30) Decrease in commodity prices 28.21%

Increase in commodity prices to a limited extent 51.28%
Commodity prices remain unchanged 20.51%

Group 3 (31-40) Decrease in commodity prices 42.11%

Increase in commodity prices to a limited extent 31.58%
Commodity prices remain unchanged 26.32%

Group 4 (41+) Decrease in commodity prices 28.57%

Increase in commodity prices to a limited extent 61.90%
Commodity prices remain unchanged 9.52%

Table 2 - Respondents’ perception about what is good for the economy of Bangladesh in terms of age group

From table 2, it can be noticed that the majority of the respondents from all the four age groups think
that increase in commodity prices to a limited extent is good for the economy of Bangladesh. But the
least portion of age group-3 support this idea. Only 31.58 % from group 3 which is the least among
all the four groups support that the increase in commodity prices to a limited extent is good for the
economy of Bangladesh. Surprisingly, most of the respondents from group 3 support the idea of a
11 | P a g e

decrease in commodity prices as a matter of betterment for the economy of Bangladesh. However,
the inadequacy of the number of responses from this age group makes this claim less credible and
further investigation is necessary in this case. It is evident from the table that group 4 largely
considers that the increase in commodity prices to a limited extent is good for the economy of
Bangladesh. From group 3 we get many surprising results. They are also the highest in proportion
who consider that unchanged commodity price level is good for the economy of Bangladesh where
the least 9.52% from group 4 support that.

Discussion

In this survey, we have seen how the perspectives regarding inflation among different age groups
change. People expect prices to continue rising at the same rate they have been rising. A simple and
often plausible assumption is that people form their expectations of inflation based on recently
observed inflation. Perceptions of current inflation are the highly significant determinant of inflation
expectations (Blanchflower and MacCoille 2009). So, expectation plays a very crucial role in
determining inflation (Pettinger 2017).
Throughout this survey, traders’ resort to dishonest methods and inadequate government supervision
are considered to be the top most reasons for the rise in price level by the respondents. Traders
intentionally increase the price of commodities by forming cartels. The non-competitive market
features: or what are stated to be "the syndicate" syndrome - are otherwise widely considered as
being one of the strong factors, igniting price pressures. However, there is yet no convincing,
concrete evidence of 'syndicates' being in total control of the markets of essential commodities to
take advantage of the weak consumer protection laws. Hoarders and speculators create artificial
scarcities who indulge in black marketing. Thus, they are instrumental in reducing supplies of goods
and raising their prices. All this has led the expectations of the respondents to form in the resulting
way.
Inadequacy of good governance or government corruption is another top most reason for the rise in
daily commodity prices considered by the respondents. Government has shown less transparency in
the policy making process, including access to budgetary data and real time information on the
performance of the economy. Inadequacy of good governance include government official’s
involvement in different syndicates, less market supervision done by government recruited officials,
absence of proper laws to control inflation, institutional red tapism harassing the honest traders,
public service failure, etc. which directly or indirectly lead to the increase in commodity prices. This
also has led the majority of the respondents to believe inadequate government supervision as one of
the reasons behind the inflation.
The important thing that should be noticed is that both of these reasons directly and indirectly direct
us to the fact that the majority of the respondents’ expectations of increase in price level is formed
due to bad governance. Therefore, good governance can be a way to formulate people’s expectations
of inflation by restoring their faiths in the governance system. A hypothesis can be illustrated as: bad
governance can elevate the inflation several fold more than that which would occur naturally because
12 | P a g e

of its undesirable feature of formulating peoples’ expectations and disparities it causes in the
economy.
Another surprising result is that the least supported reason behind inflation is increasing money
supply even though the Bangladesh Bank has planned to follow expansionary monetary policy
(ISLAM 2021). Even, among the other reasons, the respondents who have prior formal knowledge of
Economics supported this idea the least. The possible reasons behind this incident may be that the
respondents do not know the fact that the Bangladesh Bank is following an expansionary monetary
policy, or the effect of increase in money supply is not a first-hand experience for the people.
However, further investigation is necessary to discover the main causes behind this behavior. A
hypothesis can be: accumulatively people’s expectations of inflation do not tend to formulate that
much on the basis of increase in money supply, or maybe monetary policy.
A mentionable thing is the fact that a modest portion of respondents support the idea that various
forms of taxations increase the price level. It makes sense in case of those who do not have prior
knowledge of economics since the direct effect of imposition of taxations is an increase in the price
level of certain goods and services and it is most likely that they do not know that contractionary
fiscal policies are used in order to reduce inflation. However, in the case of those who have prior
knowledge of economics, it is not any different. The direct impact argued previously may also play a
role in this case too. But we highly doubt whether it would be the case if we just frame the question
in a different way and indicate that this is a contractionary policy. The result must be different if we
mention the impositions of various taxations as contractionary fiscal policy. We strongly believe that
the concept of choice architecture from behavioral economics has taken the charge in this case. The
term choice architecture refers to the practice of influencing people’s choice by “organizing the
context in which people make decisions” (Thaler and Sunstein 2008). The expectations formed on
the people are strongly affected by the direct impacts that actions inflict primarily upon them. Thus,
it is likely that framing the choices or context in a different way may affect the expectations and help
control the inflation in a different way than the standard way. Nonetheless, further research is needed
to establish this hypothesis.
Another thing that should be kept in mind is that the impacts that the people face directly due to
imposition of taxes construct their expectations of an increase in the price level. Therefore, they
expect an increase in the price level. However, imposition of taxes or contractionary fiscal policy are
used to reduce inflation. It is likely that there are two opposing forces working against each other.
These conflictual forces may abrupt the process of cooling the overheated economy. By controlling
the dynamics of the forces, whether we can derive some efficient result or not is a matter beyond this
paper and a food for thought for future investigations.
From table 2, it can be noticed that most of the respondents take the side of decreasing the price level
as a matter of preference for the betterment of the economy of Bangladesh. We do not know the
exact reason behind this incident. It might be an indicator of mid-age crisis. But the number of data
that we have in this case is not sufficient to claim any story at all.
13 | P a g e

Conclusions

According to the survey, the majority of the people’s perceptions on the increase in price level is
based on the bad governance and dishonest methods followed by traders for all kinds of groups. On
the other hand, the least number of people formulate their perceptions on the basis of money supply
in the economy. COVID-19 pandemic got a moderate amount of response as one of the reasons
behind formulating people’s perceptions of inflation for all groups.
For the last two to three years, we have seen inflation is controlled by the government in Bangladesh.
But people who are from an economics background are unable to catch that. Only around 20% of the
respondents from both backgrounds think that it’s government own plan whereas it is actually a
government’s plan to target the same rate of inflation in a certain fiscal year. Surprisingly, we have
also seen inflation controlling tools as a cause of inflation. Half of the respondents from both
backgrounds take contractionary fiscal policy tools, one of the controlling tools of inflation, as a
major cause of inflation. So, we didn’t find any major differences on the issue of reasons behind
inflation on those who have or do not have any prior knowledge in economics. Their behaviors are
more or less similar. People who have prior knowledge of economics are quite ignorant of the
incentives that push inflation up-down. Only in the question of inflationary state for the betterment of
the economy of Bangladesh, people with economics background have shown a little consistent or
dominant behavior than those who don’t have any prior knowledge of economics. But in aggregate,
the majority of the respondents thinks that increase in commodity prices to a limited extent is good
for the economy of Bangladesh which is quite interesting. In case of age group division, group 4 who
are above 41 years above largely consider increase in commodity prices to a limited extent is good
for the economy of Bangladesh even though this age group’s people are expected to have more
expenditure in health care and other comfort management activities. We haven’t seen any significant
variation in young age people’s behavior, especially in the teenagers.
14 | P a g e

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Annex – 1: Questionnaire
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