UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI ,

OEPARTMENJ OF ELECTRICAL & INFORMATION ENGINEERING

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1sr YEARS : WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to instruments. ldentificat_

ion and lnventory._,) hese include:- /
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Ammeters · Various transformers
Voltmeters Resistance
. . boxes,
C.RO's Capacitance b7~es
Power supplies Inductances : . -
·S1gnal generators. .

. The exercise 1MB include how to read t~e rstruments - ranges, accuracy etc. .
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• •·r

. Verifi~tionitpr~cicuii laws, ohms la--v.;, kirchoffs law. /'.

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r['_ · C
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Objective: :::· .
· T-o establish the consistence of ohms current, voltage law. . ,

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To establish consist~~f Kirchoffs node-currents and loop-voltabes iaws . ·.
To undertand the qorrec1-se of ammeters andvol_trneters ~d_ vel~meters in circutt networks..
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I . .· . . ,,<f
I ~- . . RES&.~ (HOME WORK}_
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NB: ·It is important you resaarch and finish your homev.ork before coming to .do the experiments in the
la,tjoratory. · · · · · · ·· ·
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, I 'Assign ~ CJfeUcal\iut fypical values t; ammet~internal Resistance (Ro) and voltmeter resistance
J
(Rv) J,;nQ circuit
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1
·., find out which set-up is more accurate. Explai[l~-

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,.. ,.
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_ i. A·. I-,'"---.-,,,_ ··.c.:..,....~---___,
1 • ~. '
,;l'
I '.
r
.-.---- - -·.·..::..,,,_

Ri . 0
-r.-- ,·
:.:i · or
1_00 'f~"';; }'-:-

,.:

, !I . .

I' _Now substitute RfMfh ave~ high resistance, say-90000 Vvtlich net\&.ork is more accurate. Expl~in "".hY-
I . -~ . . .. . .\ V: .· . . . . .
.:--.._...__' . . (.,.J,o.,:,,I,·-" .I::-
{) -::,v '

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 6.1- VERIFICATION OF OHM'S LAW

PROCEDURE
a) Construct the circuit shown by pict. 6-1-1, then :
b) Suppose E == 12 V d.c., and R == 100 ohm;
c) Vary the voltage E, from 12v-3v in four steps.
d) Read voltage Von voltmeter;
e) Read current I on ammeter;
f) Check that V == R. I

a) Now set R == 63 Ohm

b) Remove ammeter from the circuit
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c) Vary the voltage E, from 12v-3v in four steps
d) Read voltage Von voltmeter and calculate I == V / R
e) Check the value of I with the ammeter if it's the same as the calculated

a) Remove the voltmeter from the circuit;

b) Connect ammeter to the circuit;
c) Vary the voltage E, from 12v-3v in four steps.
d) Suppose R == 31.
e) Read the current 1•on the ammeter and calculate V ==RI
f) Check the value of V after connecting the voltmeter again.

a) Connect unknown resistor R, use potentiometer to set the unknown value

b) Read voltage Von the voltmeter;
c) Read current I on the ammeter and calculate R == V / I
d) · Disconnect the power supply and check the result you got by
means of an ohmmeter or DMM.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.J,
I I
I I
I I
I I

:_T~
I I

E I

Fig. 6.1.1 Circuit diagram for the verification of Ohm's law

RESULTS

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 Plot the graph of v against I for the tabulated results. Explain the practical meaning of the graph-gradient.
How do you establish the consistence of ohm's law from these graphs?
6.2- VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS LAWS

A---------t Ii

R1

G h B '3 C
f

+
1 R3
r
2V v~ Rz V3

I I
l F
1,
E o·

Fig 6.2.1

a) Connect circuit in Fig. 6.2 .1 above and measure the following values, with R3=8 0, R2=8 O and
R1=4 0 Ii, lz, 13, V1, Vz, V3
b) With the same Circuit as in (a), increase R2 to 12 O and repeat the measurement of currents
and voltages.
c) Calculate the values of 11, 12, Ii, V1. V2, V3,nd compare with the results you get.

RESULTS
Find the algebraic sum of currents at nodes Band E in Fig 6.2.1 for both procedures (c) and (d).
Also find the algebraic sum of voltages in the following loop ABGFEHA, ABCDEHA and BCDEFGB

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 CONCLUSION

Suggest possible causes of error in the circuit measurements in figs I and II. · .
- Given resistance values as in procedure a,b,c,d and the supply voltages value calculate the theoretical
. values of current i1.i2,b, and voltages Vi,V2,V3for fig. I. Calculate Vand I values for Fig. II. Compare
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these values Viith the practical values obtained to justify the causes of error suggested above.

DAY3 If
_C~OI . )

Obi~es
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a
TO undersiaiid the operating of CRO. , '
f · · 2!.~_ To identify all the terminals and controls·of the CRO.
3. -\ _..,t o investigate the functions of the controls.
·4., To derive-a sy~ematic "SffilNG UP PROCEDURE" to test the functioning of the instrument.

Research

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Explain the prima[Y use of the CRO. •

a
~, . Draw a functional diagram of basic CRO and indicate the positions of important controls associated Viilh the
instrument function. Give a brief description of the different functional units associated v.ilh the CRO, and the role
of the controls of each unit. · ·

' Experiment

,JIdentify. ,,..the1~CALIBRATION voltagQ source on the instrument It is normally spGcified as.

volts peak to peak or ,. ·
_ 0.5 ~oils peak to peak . ·

The period of the oovefonn is 20_millisecs. Using this voltage as the INPUT to the Y axis defiiciion and by
suitable setting of the TIMEBASE and TRIGGEJ:IING controls _ obtain ,i suttable display on the screen to
QIYeasiationery display of thr~ cycles of the wavefomi. ·

Moving each control one at a time i~ate car~ly the effect of the control on the screen t~_
ce and
· thus identify controls~ wth: · ·
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Beam production,
Deflection in the Y axis
Deflection in the Xaxis
Timebase controls
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Triggering

Investigate the effects of all the co~(rols in ra_systemelic manner undjr the groupngs, r ~ tc
·return the screen to the original ~ - · . ·
 Results
lo~cate a logicai 'SffilNG UP PROCEDURE' to test th'1 servicibllity oi tile CRO lnacattog §e.ttin9s pf
the _controls in.t~e follow~g_9.roups:-
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1, . B_~tn 1608.tion . .
2. · et
FlgQ ~lMS,,tme:n~. 1He hea_m
.3. Lei~~~-:, t--a~s .· 3(a) Sc-,Je seJting .
a, Lp{;at~, . o!X-axls ·.. · seal.e settlQ9,., ..
.· •.

c• ent-ootha~dv~ntages nosacn~tages·qt tht ·iost~ .