we Engineering Growahn Connection Douste Errect EVAPORATOR 4. Osvective: To concentrate the sodium carbonate solution in double effect evaporator. 2. Am: 2.1 To evaluate the material and heat balance at steady state condition. 22 To evaluate the economy and the capacity of the evaporator at steady state condition. 23 To calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient at steady state condition. 3. INTRODUCTION: Evaporation deals with concentration of a non-volatile solute from a solution by the removal of required amount of volatile solvent. Usually the solvent is water. By vaporizing a part of the solvent, useful product i.e. the concentrated solution or thick liquor is produced and the vapor is discarded. 4, THEORY: For multiple-effect evaporator material balance and energy balance are calculated separately for each effect. Material balance around an evaporator: | Water Vapor, W, Feed, Wi X1 —> |__ Concentrated Liquor W,X Basis: time units Overall material balance w, =W+W, smitod, Ambala KC. Engineers Pvt. United, Am DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No.1 of 16 Rev 1)os Engineering Growth Connection Solute balance W, X, = WX) = WX (2) Heat balance: Neglecti glecting heat losses to the ‘surroundings and negligible heat of dilution. The steady state heat balance around the evaporator is: We as + Why =WyH+Wh aeeenane @) ‘Where Wi, Wy, Ws, and W are mass flow rate of, feed, water vapour, concentrated liquor and steam. X;, X are mass fraction of, feed and concentrated liquor. hy, H, hand A; are enthalpy of, feed, water vapour, concentrated liquor and latent heat of steam respectively Capacity (C): Evaporator capacity can be defined as kg. of water evaporated per hour. Economy (E): Steam economy is defined as kg of water evaporated per kg of steam used. Capacity of evaporator and stem economy can be calculate by following formulae. c=w, Ea Ws Over all heat transfer coefficient (U) can be obtained from steady state balance: For 1* effect overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculate by: ei en AAT, For 2™ effect: Q Ua = FAT, Similarly for other effects, where Q;, Q2 amount of heat transfer, A;, Az heat transfer area, AT,, AT, temperature drop in 1* and 2™ effect respectively. KC. Engineers Pvt Limited, Ambala DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR ‘Page No. 20f 16 Rev 1)BS Engineering Growth Connection Factors affecting the overall heat transfer coefficient: o 2. 3. 4. 5. Boiling point elevation Hydrostatic head in the tubes Amount of non-condensable present in steam & condensing temperature of steam Liquid viscosity and its velocity Dirt factor DEscrIPtion: The set-up consists of two evaporators fitted in series. Each evaporator tubes Surrounded by a jacket and fitted with accumulator. Water tank is given for cooling water Supply. Steam generator is provided with heater to generate the steam. The jacket is fitted with a steam trap. The vapors are condensed in a shell & tube type condenser and the pro} Solute collected in the accumulator under vacuum. Rotameter, control valves are vided for flow control, Temperature sensors are provided to measure the temperature. Drainage valves are provided for drainage purpose. Umiimes Requireo: 6.1 — Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 32 Amp MCB with earth connection. Earth voltage should be less than 5 volts. 62 Water Supply (Initial fill 63 Floor Drain Required. 64 — Floor Area Required: 2.5m x 1m. 65 Laboratory Glassware:- Measuring cylinder (500 mi) 1No. 66 Chemicals:- ‘Sodium Carbonate : 1.5 kg Distilled Water 30 Lit eee uric Aer DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No, 30f 16 Rev. 1) ——————7. _Experimentat Proceoure: 7.1 Startinc Proceoure: TAA Prepare feed solution by mixing 2 kg of sodium carbonate in 20 liter of water. 7.1.2 Note down the weight of feed and volume of water. 7.1.3 Close all the valves. 7.1.4 Fill cooling water tank and vacuum tank with water. 7.1.5 Open funnel valve & air vent valve of steam generator and fill 3/4” of it with water. 7.1.6 Close both the valves. 7.17 Fillthe pre heater tank with water. 7.1.8 Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF position 7.1.9 Connect electric supply to the set up. ‘et the desired steam temperature (110 10 420°C) by operating the 7.1.10 St itton of DTC. increment or decrement and set bu! jesired temperature of pre heater tank (70 to 80°C) by 7.4.11 Also set the d nt and set button of DTC operating the increment or decreme! 42. Switch ON the heater and walt till desired temperature achieves. 71 .e| valve and air vent valve of feed tant 7.1.13 Open the funn the feed tank and close both the valves, supply to the set up by open the valve and e feed tank in the range 0.5 to 1 kgiem? by \k, fill the solution in 7.4.14 Connect compressed ait adjust the pressure of the pressure regulator and pressure gauge. 7.1.15 Open steam supply valve. 1 air vent valve before ste 7atte LOPS ‘am trap of evaporator-1 to release alr and then close it. 7.1.17 Stop feed supply through rota meter after maintaining a level of solution in sight glass-1 of evaporator-1. DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No, 401 16 Rev. 1)raerng eth Connecten 7.1.48 Open circulation valve of €vaporator-1 and wait till observing rise in temperature of Vapor. 7.1.49 i Open air vent valve before steam trap of evaporator-2 to release air and then close it 7.1.20 Open the product outlet Valve of evaporator-1 to allow feed to enter in €vaporator-2 and then close the valve, 71.21 Apply Vacuum pressure on the condenser. 7.1.22 Switch ON the pump and Set the flow rate of cooling water by rotameter, 7.1.28 Open circulation valve of €vaporator-2 and wait til vapor start collecting in. condensate tank. 7.1.24 Open feed Supply from rotameter and adjust the flow rate of feed so that the level of solution in the sight glass-1 of evaporator-1 is achieved 7.1.25 Maintain the level of feed in both the evaporator by manually adjusting the valve. 7.1.26 Partially open the product outlet valve of evaporator-2 and Switch ON the Peristaltic pump. 7.1.27 Open feed supply from rotameter and adjust the flow rate of feed so that the level of solution in the sight glass-1 & 2 of both evaporators remains constant. 7.1.28 Collect the condensing steam in measuring cylinder and note down the time & volume. 7.1.29 Collect the condensing vapour in measuring tank and note down the time& volume. 7.1.30 Collect sample from evaporator-1 by open the intermediate rotameter valve. 7.1.31 Collect the sample from evaporator-2. 7.1.32 Note down the volume of sample and time of sample collection. 7.1.33 Record the temperatures & flow rate of product and cooling water. 2 Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No 5of 16 Rev 1)BS engneeting Growth Connection 7.2 C.osinc Proceoure: 7.2.1 When experiment is over switch OFF the heater. 7.2.2 Partially open vent valve of steam generator to release pressure. 7.2.3 Switch OFF the pump. 7.2.4 Switch OFF the main power supply. 7.2.5 Stop compressed air supply to the set up by close the valve and release air pressure by the regulator. 7.2.6 Drain feed tank by open the valve. 7.2.7 Drain the evaporator liquid by open the outlet valve. 7.2.8 Drain water from steam generator by open the valve. 7.2.9 Drain water from sump tank by open the valve 8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION: 8.1 Data: Diameter of tube in both evaporator D ‘o127m Length of both evaporator L = 0,500 m Number of tubes in both evaporatorN = 12 jamer Diameter of condensate tank = 110mm a Density (gm/cc) of NazCOsat 1 atm ee ee al C (%) 30 (°C) ee een ae Se 4 7.0363 o 1.0775 2 7.1200 14 11417 16 7.1636 16 1.1859 a e DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR ‘Page No 601 16 Rev 1)8.2 OsseRvaTION TaBLe: Mow} Eee) | (°C) | (eC) | (ey | (20) | (ey | (cy | «2c | (20) | (Pe) | (2c) | (Pe) | (20) 8.3 OBSERVATION TABLE: Fa aah es ated wi tur Wer ter We te F k a iS (@ | () | (@ | ts | ( | () | (LPH)| (em) | (em)| (s) 0. ingineers Pvt, Limited, DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR ae" ae Page No. 7 of 16 Rev. 1)© Enginoers Put. Umtod Ambala DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR ee Engineering Growih Connection 8.3 Catcutations: My, P= vi (gm/cc) p, en (gmicc) nny, © M, V, (gm/cc) Find the concentration of feed (C-), intermediate product (Cp1) and product (Cr) at temperature 30° C with respect to their densities from Table No. 1 Ceo = (%) Ce = (%) Come (%) . Similarly find the property of feed (Cj) at temperature 7, with respect to Cr, intermediate product (Cpp:) at temperature7, with respect to Cp: and of product (Cy,) at temperature7, with respect to Cp from the Data book. cy (caligm*c) Cy) = (Callgrn*C) (cal/gm°C) Hy =Cyy xT, x 4184 (J/kg) Hy, = Copp %Ty 4184 (IK) H,, =Cyp * Ty 4184 (IK) Find the properties of water vapor (Py1, Hy, Avs) at temperature T; (Py2, Hy2) at temperature 7, from data book. bu =. (kg/m?) Page No, Bot 16 Rev. 1)Ri Joremth Connection Engineering Grow My = (J/kg), Pra = (kg/m*) Hes (J/kg) Find the property of steam (h,, p.) at temperature 7;, from data book. Ns = ____ (J/kg) Ps =___(kg/m’) Eypxp = FEO (kg/sec) e y, nxt (kg/sec) P 2 Wp 10" (kalsec) in 2 Wg see ikg/sec) , e Wy, = 22210" (kgisec) = A. x(h, —h,) x Py x10 (kg) =2 (kg/sec) ta W, =W ,+W,, +W,2 (kg/sec) Eqs =W, -W, (kgisec) _ (Wy + Wer) iE: W, C= (W,, +W,2)* 3600 (kg/h) Q, =W, 2, (W) A, =NxDL (m’) KC Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No 90f16 Rev 1) ———————A(T, =7,) Q, = Wy Ay (W) A, =NxDL (m*) (Wim? °c) UY n4 EEnginering Growth Connection U, =—— 22 win? Gar (Tera ne) Catcutation Tasie: S.No| E c Q, ur a, U (kg/h) (Ww) (wim?c) | (wy | (Wim?*c) | 9. NOMENCLATURE: Nom Column Heading Units Type A; _ | Heat transfer area for 1™ effect mi Calculated Ay _| Heat transfer area for 2 effect ™ Calculated C | Evaporator capacity kg/h | Calculated Ce | Concentration of feed % Calculated Ce | Concentration of product % Calculated Cp: _| Concentration of intermediate product % Calculated Cyr | Specific heat of feed caligm°C | Calculated Cop | Specific heat of product caligm’C | Calculated Crp: _| Specific heat of intermediate product caligm°C | Calculated D _| Diameter of tube in both evaporator ™ Given Em | Error for overall material balance Ww Calculated Bees =rotroere Pvt Lined Ambeie DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR ‘No. 10 of 16 Rev 1)7 Engineering i © Engineers Put. Lmited, Ambala [ Fe Volumetric flow rate of cold water LPH | Measured | _F; | Volumetric flow rate of feed (PH | Measured H,_| Enthalpy of feed per unit mass kg Calculated H, _ | Enthalpy of product per unit mass akg Calculated Hp:_| Enthalpy of intermediate product akg Calculated | Hu | Enthalpy of water vapour evaporated in 1° J7kg Calculated effect Hz _| Enthalpy of water vapour evaporated in 27 Jkg | Calculated effect L__| Length of both evaporator m Given M, | Weight of feed sample om Measured | ™, | Weight of product sample ‘om Measured Mp: | Weight of intermediate product sample gm Measured N__| Number of tubes in both the evaporator = Given Q; | Heat transfer rate for 1™ effect w Calculated Q; | Heat transfer rate for 2" effect w Calculated | T; | Temperature of feed ec Measured Tz | Temperature of feed at inlet Aa oF Measured Ts | Steam inlet temperature °C | Measured T. | Temperature of condensed steam eG) Measured Ts | Temperature of water vapour coming from °C Measured 1" effect Te | Temperature of water vapour of 1 effect at C Measured outlet T; | Temperature of intermediate product °C | Measured T, | Temperature of feed at inlet of 2 effect °C Measured | Te | Temperature of product Z C | Measured Tio | Temperature of vapors from 2” effect °C Measured Ty | Temperature of water at inlet of condenser °C | Measured Ti | Temperature of water at outlet of condenser EC} | Measured t, | Time to collect product sec Measured fg | Time to collect intermediate product sec Measured t, | Time to collect condensate steam sec Measured ta] Time to collect water vapour from 1" effect sec Measured DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No. 11 of 16 Rev. 1)ss Engineering Gronth Connection [eRe er ita — se na | Uy | Overall heat transfer coefficient for 1 effect | —win?G—| Caloulated | Uz_| Overall heat transfer coefficient for 2" effect Wim?"G | Calculated Vp_| Volume of product collected in time ty mi ‘Measured Vps_| Volume of intermediate product collected in mi | Measured time toy [Wi Mass flow rate offeed gees | Cacao | | We | Combined mass flow rate of vapour and| kg/sec | Calculated | product | | Wp_| Mass flow rate of product kgisec | Calculated | W,, | Mass flow rate of intermediate product kgisec | Calculated |_W._ | Mass flow rate of steam condensation kg/sec | Calculated Wy. | Mass flow rate of condensation of vapor kgisec | Calculated from 1* effect Wr | Mass flow rate of condensation of vapor kg/sec | Calculated from 2 effect 7X, | Latent heat of steam Jikg Calculated Aw | Latent heat of water vapour in 1™ effect Jikg Calculated Pp | Density of product S | gmicc Calculated > | Density ofintermediate product. .+—«*«|~+~«sgm/ec.:~=C*'|; «Calculated | ps | Density of steam condensate : kgim™ Calculated | Pn _| Density of water vapour in 1™ effect kgim™ Calculated Pa _| Density of water vapour in 2" effect kgim™ | Calculated * Symbols represent unitless quantity. 10. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 40.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply Is less than 200 volts and more than 230 volts. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF OFF position. 10.2 switches given on the panel are at 10.3 Operator selector ‘switch OFF temperature indicator gently. 10.4 Always keep the apparatus free from dust. anes ies Ante DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No. 12 of 16 Rev. 1)11. TROUBLESHOOTING, ndrening Get Conecten PP 630-635, Domkundwar A (2003 ). A Course in Heat Ohanpat Rai & Co, (P) Utd. pp, as DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No 13.of 6 Rev 1)13. Brock Diacram: SIGHT GLAss-a—— STEAM GENERATOR —— S vis— PRODUCT OUTPUT FROM EVAPORATOR: -VACCUM PUMP SETUP vio KC Engineers Pvt Limited, Ambala DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR Page No 14 of 15 (Rev 1)