US Materials

1. Drawing conclusions
2. Making inference & Making Prediction
3. Fact and opinion
4. Conflict
5. Theme
6. Story Maps
7. Visualizing
8. Main Idea & details
9. Problem and solution
10. Vocabulary
11. Figurative Language (Imagery, Hyperbole,
Idioms, alliteration, Rhyming
 Making Inference Making Prediction

What is What will

happening GUESSING happen

most likely to Info and clues

be true from the can be right
passage or wrong, will
be proven
own eventually
experience/
knowledge
What's Making Inference?
Sometimes the topic of a text may not be stated anywhere directly.
You must look for clues and try to guess what the passage about.
This is called making an inference.

Making inferences means choosing the most likely explanation from

the facts at hand. An inference is an educated guess.

Sometimes we need to infer the main idea of a passage, or figure out an

implied thesis by carefully “reading between the lines.”
What's Making Inference?
1. Most writing suggests more
than it says
2. By making inferences, you get
more from the story
How to Make an Inference?
1.Identifiy an Inference Question
You’ll need to determine whether or not you’re actually being asked
to make an inference on a reading test. The most obvious questions
will have the words “suggest”, “imply”, or “infer”.
2. Trust the Passage
You’ll need to let go of your prejudices and prior knowledge and use
the passage to prove that the inference you select is the correct one.
How to Make an Inference?
3. Hunt for Clues
The clues can be supporting details, vocabulary, character’s actions,
descriptions, or dialogue.

4. Narrow down the Choices

Create all the clues to a specific sentences, and that sentence referring
to text.

5. Practice
Write the inference where referred into the question are made on the
first steps.
What's Making Prediction?
Prediction is using evidence
from a text to say what may
happen next, what events
may unfold or how a
character may behave. A key
part of comprehension.
What's Making Prediction?
Effective readers use pictures, titles, headings, and text
—as well as personal experiences—to make
predictions before they begin to read.
Predicting involves thinking ahead while reading and
anticipating information and events in the text.
After making predictions, students can read through
the text and refine, revise, and verify their predictions.
How do you make a prediction?
You are required to make an inference.
Think about the text first.
What has already happened?
Has the author left any clues?
Then consider what you know.
What is likely to occur next?
Why does Tony get so frantic?
Tony walked out of the shopping mall with his arms full of bags and the sun
shining on him. As he approached his car, he started awkwardly feeling
around his pockets with his arm full of bags. He did not find what he was
looking for so he transferred the bags on one arm to the other arm, which
already had bags. Tony had a lot of bags on one arm. He still couldn't find
what he was looking for. Now he dropped the bags and plunged both hands
desperately into all of the pockets on his jeans. With a look of despair, Tony
ran to his car. He tried to open the door, but it was locked. Then he saw
something on the passenger seat of the car. He stopped looking and pulled
his phone out of his pocket.
My Inference

Toni realizes that he doesn’t

have his car keys
Why was Rodney acting so strangely?
As the teacher brought the class back from the washroom, he noticed that Alvin and
Elijah were nowhere to be seen. He asked the class, "Has anyone seen Alvin or Elijah?"
Most of the students confirmed that they had not seen them, except for Rodney, who
remained silent while tapping his foot on the floor anxiously. The teacher noticed this.
"Rodney, do you happen to know where your best buddies Alvin and Elijah went?"
Rodney looked away and said, "Nah, I haven't seen them." The teacher notified the
office of the missing students. An announcement was made over the PA system and
a few minutes later, Alvin and Elijah returned to class. Both of them were very sweaty
and Elijah was carrying a basketball. "Sorry we took so long. We had to use the
bathroom," said Elijah. "Yeah," chimed in Alvin, "it took longer than we thought."
My Inference

Rodney was acting strangely

because he knew where
Alvin and Elijah went.
MAKING PREDICTION
Ronald was running around the classroom with his
shoes untied. One of the nicer boys in the class, Ezekiel,
said, “Ronald, your shoe is untied.” Ronald replied,
“Don’t talk to me.” He did not like Ezekiel. Ronald then
continued running and playing. As he was running
around the bookshelf, he stepped on one of his
shoelaces and…
Based on information in the text and what you, what is
likely to occur next?
Suggested Answer
Ronald is probably going to trip over his
shoelace and fall.
I believe this because…
He was warned by another character to tie his shoe
(based on the text).
People commonly trip over untied shoelaces (informed
by what I know).
MAKING PREDICTION
A fishing boat is returning from arctic waters with a
large haul of crab when they get caught in a big storm.
The boat is tossed about in the powerful waves and
crashes into a large iceberg. The iceberg punctures the
boat and it begins sinking. The men scramble to inflate
the life rafts…

What event is likely to happen next?

Explain your answer.
Suggested Answer
The crew will board the life rafts and
attempt to weather the storm.

The boat is damaged. It cannot continue. The men are

inflating life rafts. They will probably get in the life rafts
next.
MAKING PREDICTION
Tommy was walking down the street when his neighbor’s
dog started barking at him through a fence. It was a big dog
and Tommy never liked him. He walked over to the dog and
started calling the dog names and yelling at it. The dog
barked at Tommy. Tommy picked up a stick and began
poking the dog through the fence. The dog yelped and
Tommy thought that this was really funny. Then the dog
jumped against the gate and it flopped open…
Suggested Answer
Tommy is probably going to get attacked by
the dog.

Tommy teases the dog and the dog is very aggressive.

Tommy hurts the dog, which probably made it even
more angry. Now the dog has escaped. It will probably
attack Tommy.
Fact and
Opinion
 A PRE TEST
1. It is not appropriate to watch funny cat videos during school.
2. There are fewer panda bears in the world than grizzly bears.
3. Drinking orange juice right after brushing your teeth tastes
bad.
4. Sugar makes children hyper.
5. The Mountain Boys deserved to win the award for best new
group.
6. Chicken that has not been properly prepared and cooked may
cause salmonella.
7. Lying to your friends is wrong.
8. We only use around 10% of our brains.
9. Chocolate milk tastes better than regular milk.
10. There are more days in a leap year than in a regular year.
 A PRE TEST
1. It is not appropriate to watch funny cat videos during school.
opinion
2. There are fewer panda bears in the world than grizzly bears.
fact
3. Drinking orange juice right after brushing your teeth tastes bad.
opinion
4. Sugar makes children hyper. Fact/false
5. The Mountain Boys deserved to win the award for best new
group. opinion
6. Chicken that has not been properly prepared and cooked may
cause salmonella. fact
7. Lying to your friends is wrong. opinion
8. We only use around 10% of our brains. Fact/false
9. Chocolate milk tastes better than regular milk. opinion
10. There are more days in a leap year than in a regular year. fact
How to Tell the Difference?
Facts
Facts are statements that can
be proven and measured.
Facts may be true or false.
But facts can be proven.
Facts are objective
How to Tell the Difference?
Facts
Facts can be proven beyond
any doubt through verifiable
evidence such as
measurements, statistics,
research or observation
 Examples
Of the two, which is a fact? Which is an
opinion? explain your answer!

We order Pizza tonight

Pizza is the best dinner
 Examples
Of the two, which is a fact? Which is an
opinion? explain your answer!

We order Pizza tonight (FACT)

Pizza is the best dinner (OPINION)

How to Tell the Difference?
Opinions
are statements that cannot be
proven.
is a personal conjecture/speculation.
can be argued.
may be supported with facts.
a reasonable opinion is an opinion
supported by facts
expresses personal beliefs, ideas, or
feelings
How Can You Identify Opinion Statement –
Words to Identify Opinions:
We use two types of words to
identify Opinions:
1. Biased Words (bad, worse,
worst, good, better, best,
worthwhile, worthless, etc.)
2. Qualifiers (all, always,
likely, never, might seem,
possibly, probably, should,
etc.)
Examples

Ir. Sukarno was a great

leader, and he was the
best president of the
Republic of Indonesia.
Opinion

Ir. Sukarno was a great

leader, and he was the
best president of the
Republic of Indonesia.

Biased Words detected!

How can you
make the previous
opinion into fact?
 t’s t est ou r
Le
o wle d ge ...
kn
Examples

You Need
Oxygen to
Survive
 FACT

You Need
Oxygen to
Survive
Explanation

Depriving a living
thing of oxygen
results in its
death.
 Examples

Oxygen is the
most
important
element
 OPINION

Oxygen Is the
most
important
element
 Explanation
You could argue that because we need
oxygen to survive (a fact), that it's the
most important element. But that's
your opinion. Someone else could
argue that carbon is the most
important element because organic
compounds would not exist without it.
Others might claim that hydrogen is
just as important as oxygen. You can
support all these opinions with
evidence, but that doesn't make them
facts.
 Example

Bats are blind.

 FALSE FACT

Bats are blind.

 Explanation
The phrase "blind as a bat" is
a common one, but honestly,
it's pretty mean to bats. They
don't have the vision humans
do, but they also don't need
to. Their eyes are small and
sensitive, which allows them
to hunt in conditions we'd
consider pitch black.
 Examples

Water freezes
at 0 degrees
celsius

9.1
 FACT

Water freezes
at 0 degrees
celsius

9.1
 Explanation
If you doubt a scientific fact, the
scientific method is here to prove it
for you. Enough scientists have
tested the temperature at which
water freezes, and have determined
that the answer is 0 degrees Celsius
(or 32 degrees Fahrenheit). If you
have any doubt, look outside during
winter when it gets that cold. You're
likely to see some frozen water!
 Examples

0 degrees
Celsius is too
cold
 OPINION

0 degrees
Celsius is too
cold
 Explanation
How cold is too cold? The answer will vary because
everyone grows up with different experiences.
People who live in warmer areas may believe that
0 degrees Celsius is simply too cold, while those
who live in snowy or freezing climates may think
that 0 degrees is perfectly enjoyable. You can't
argue that water freezes at 0 degrees, because it
does, but you can absolutely argue whether you
like that weather or not.
 Examples

Chameleons
change color to
match their
surroundings.
 FALSE FACT

Chameleons
change color to
match their
surroundings.
Proven to be a false fact
Chameleons are known for
changing their colours, but the
reason why is often misconstrued.
The belief that they change their
colour to match their surroundings
isn't the case. The main reasons that
chameleons change their
appearance is to regulate their
temperature – as they can't provide
their own body heat – or to signal to
other chameleons.
 Examples

The Capital of
Mexico is Mexico
City
 FACT

The Capital of
Mexico is Mexico
City
 Explanation
You can prove that the capital of
Mexico is Mexico City by
consulting any number of
resources, including maps,
encyclopedias and Mexican
officials themselves. While it
wasn't always called Mexico City
(it was once the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlán), it is currently the
country's capital.
 EXAMPLE

Mexico City Is the

Best City in Mexico
 OPINION

Mexico City Is the

Best City in Mexico
 Explanation

Saying that something is "the best" is

always an opinion statement — even
when you're sure most people would
agree with you. Mexico City is the capital
of Mexico and that's a fact, but deciding
whether it's the best city in Mexico is a
matter of opinion.
 Examples

Bulls hate the

colour red.
 FALSE FACT

Bulls hate the

colour red.
Proven to be a false fact
The red colour of the capes used
by the matador in bullfighting is
just tradition and is not the
reason for the bull's aggravation.
What causes the bulls to charge
is actually the movement of the
cape, not the colour. The bulls
used are also bred to be
aggressive, particularly when
they're kept in an enclosed place.
 Try to explain the
difference between
Fact and Opinion with
your own words
Pathways Homework
after Pra US
 What is it to visualize?
Create a picture in your mind of what you’re
reading.
It’s almost as if you are making videos or
movies in your heads, all built from your
background knowledge, your imagination,
and the content of the text.
Also based on your past experiences,
imagination, and how you interpret what you
read.
Different students can picture different
things from the same text.
 What is it to visualize?
By creating a rich mental pict ure, you are
able to engage directly wit h a t ext and
create your own visual cont ext t hat helps
to scaffold your comprehension as you
read.
I f you who create strong ment al pict ures. . .
Have better recall
Create more connections
Ask more questions
Have a deeper comprehension of the text.
What's a Conflict?
What's a Conflict?
A conflict is a
problem that the
main character or
characters face.
why Learning conflict important
Each and every conflict your characters
encounter should serve a purpose, to either
help or hinder them as they pursue their
character goals.
Conflict is key when it comes to developing
characters.
Conflict creates tension, and tension keeps
readers turning the pages.
Every story worth reading has
a conflict.
If there is no conflict, there is
no tension.
Some stories has multiple
conflicts.
Conflict Types
Person vs. Self

Examples
A young man goes through hard times after losing his
best friend in a car accident.
An Olympic athlete pushes his performance to the limit
despite his physical disability.
Person vs. Nature

Examples
A castaway washes up on an island and must learn
to survive with the available resources.
A ship captain pursues a great white whale through
stormy seas.
Person vs. Society

Examples
A student takes his fight against the school dress code all
the way to the Supreme Court.
A group of students protest in front of a university known for
its unfair and racially motivated admission practices.
Person vs. Person

Examples
Two girls compete for the same role in the school
play.
A ninja warrior fights a rival clan to avenge his
master's death.
Person vs. Supernatural

Examples
A boy wizard must use his powers to protect his
community from evil monsters.
A group of teenagers sleep in a abandoned
house and begin disappearing one by one.
Person vs. Technology

Examples
A group of strangers gets stuck in an elevator.
A teenage boy is pursued by robots from space
that transform into cars.
Practice Time
Practice
Read each description, identify the
antagonist (opposing force) and
the type of conflict.
Practice

An elderly man struggles to learn

how to use his new phone.
Practice
Antagonist: Cell phone
Conflict Type: Person vs. Technology
Practice

Two boxers who were formerly

friends compete for the championship
belt.
Practice
Two boxers who were formerly
friends compete for the championship
belt.
Practice

Antagonist: Former friend

Conflict Type: Person vs. Person
Practice
A young woman fights to gain
admittance in an elite prep school
that was only for boys.
Practice
Antagonist: Boys prep school system /
sexism
Conflict Type: Person vs. Society
Practice

A group of colonists struggle to

survive the winter in a strange land
Practice

Antagonist: Cold weather / hunger

Conflict Type: Person vs. Nature
Practice

A students struggles against the urge

to procrastinate and play video
games rather than to do his
homework.
Practice

Antagonist: Laziness / Procrastination

Conflict Type: Person vs. Self
Practice

Antagonist: Laziness / Procrastination

Conflict Type: Person vs. Self