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Applied Physics

1. What is physics and its branches?

The branch of science which deals with the interaction of energy and matter is called
physics.
Branches:
Classical Physics
Modern Physics

2. What is thin film with example?

A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer (monolayer) to

several micrometers in thickness.
Example: Thin films are widely used in our everyday life, such as the metal coated glass used
as mirror in every home.

3. What are semiconductor devices with Example?

A semiconductor device is an electronic component that relies on the electronic properties

of a semiconductor material for its function.

OR

Semiconductor devices are made up of materials that are neither good conductors nor good
insulators. We refer to them as semiconductor devices.

Example:

silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide.

4. What is Band Gap also explain its types?

A band gap is a distance that is present between the valence band and the
conduction band of electrons.
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Types:
1. Direct Band Gap
2. Indirect Band Gap
Direct Band Gap
The band Gap will be Direct Band gap if the maximum energy level of valance band and minimum
energy level of conduction band lies on same point.

Indirect Band Gap

The band Gap will be In-direct Band gap if the maximum energy level of valance band and minimum
energy level of conduction band lies on different point.

5. Shifting of fermi energy level?

The Fermi energy level refers to the highest energy level occupied by electrons at absolute zero
temperature. When you introduce external factors like temperature or pressure, it can cause the Fermi
energy level to shift. This shift can affect the behavior of electrons in materials.

6. Define UV Spectroscopy?
OR

6. Usage of Spectroscopy?

It is a Quantitative technique used to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light. In UV
Spectroscopy, Molecules absorbs UV light and undergo electronic transition, often involving the
excitation of electron to higher energy level.

7. Define Usage of X-Ray?

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light. However, x-rays have
higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body. X-Ray emits from inner
shell transition of electrons.

Example:
Medical x-rays are used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body.

8. Define Usage of XRD?

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a versatile non-destructive analytical technique used to

analyze physical properties such as phase composition, crystal structure and orientation
of powder, solid and liquid samples.
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9. Define Source and Usage of XPS?

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic

technique based on the photoelectric effect that can identify the elements that exist within a material
(elemental composition) or are covering its surface.

Source of XPS
X-rays are generated by bombarding a metallic anode with high-energy electrons.

10. Relation between Band Gap and Temperature?

The band-gap energy of semiconductors tends to decrease with increasing

temperature. When temperature increases, the amplitude of atomic vibrations increase,
leading to larger interatomic spacing.

11. Define VSM?

VSM stands for Vibrating Sample Magnetometry. VSM is a versatile technique for measuring the
magnetic moment of a sample when it is vibrated perpendicularly to a uniform magnetizing field.

12. Define Magnetic Levitation?

Magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is suspended with no support

other than magnetic fields.

13. Define Crystal Structure?

A crystal structure is defined as the particular repeating arrangement of atoms

(molecules or ions) throughout a crystal.

14. Define Lattice Structure?

Lattice systems are a grouping of crystal structures according to the axial system
used to describe their lattice.
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15. Define Unit Cell?

A unit cell is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice that shows the three-dimensional
pattern of the entire crystal. A crystal can be thought of as the same unit cell repeated
over and over in three dimensions.

16. Define Bravais System?

Bravais System refers to the 14 different 3-dimensional configurations into which atoms can
be arranged in crystals. When we can value of unit cell constants, the shape of crystal changes
and gives rise to bravais system.

17. Define Semi-Conductors and its Types?

Semi-Conductors are those in which the distance between valance band and conduction
band is moderate. Semiconductors can conduct electricity, but not as easily as
conductors.
Types
1. Intrinsic Semi-Conductors
2. Extrinsic Semi-Conductors

Intrinsic Semi-Conductors

Intrinsic semiconductors are pure semiconductors, and these are substances without
the presence of any impurity or doping.
Extrinsic Semi-Conductors

Extrinsic semiconductors are impure semiconductors, and these are substances with
the presence of any impurity or doping.

18. Define Lattice Constants?

The lattice constant (or lattice parameter) refers to the constant distance between unit
cells in a crystal lattice.
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19. Define Inner Shell Transition?

An electron from a higher inner-shell may 'fall' into the vacancy. As a result of this transition
an x-ray photon is emitted with an energy corresponding to the difference in binding energy of
the two shells.

20. Define Super Conductors and its Types?

A superconductor is defined as a substance that offers no resistance to the electric
current when it becomes colder than a critical temperature. There are the excellent
conductors of electricity.
Types
 Type 1 (This type of superconductivity is normally exhibited by pure metals, e.g. aluminum,
lead, and mercury).
 Type 2 (This is a superconductor that exhibits an intermediate phase of mixed ordinary and
superconducting properties at intermediate temperature).