Clause:

A clause is a group of words that:

 Contains a subject and a verb.

 Functions as one part of speech.

Ali has a golden chain.

Ø Ali has a chain which is made of gold.

Ø James gained weight when he stopped

running.

Independent/ Main/ Principal clause: Can stand alone as a

complete sentence.

Dependent/ Subordinate clause: It depends upon main clause

for its meaning or it doesn’t convey complete thought.

Adverbial clause:

Ø We will set out when the sun rises.

Ø James ran inside when the rain started.

Ø I brush my teeth before I go to bed.

Ø You may sit wherever you like.

Ø Sarah lives where I was born.

Ø Tahir walks like he is late.

Ø Ali qualified the test because he worked hard.

Ø She will wait here until the rain stops.

Ø He ran so fast that I failed to catch him.

( Subordinating conjunctions join subordinate clause

to main clause e.g., after, although, if, since,

unless, that, when, because, as, where, while etc.

Adjective Clause

 A boy who went to my college got the prize.

 Tahir gave me the pen which he bought in

Karachi.

 Aasif has a friend whose daughter lives in

Lahore.

 Here is the phone that you lent me.

 The house that I live in belongs to my uncle.

 This is the place where he was buried.

 Sarah remembered the moments when she

was with her friend.

(relative pronouns and adverbs)

Noun Clause: a groups of words which contains a Subject and a

predicate of its own, and does the work of a Noun.

(To find NP just replace it with pronoun)

 I don’t understand what you're telling about.

 How the boy behaved was not very polite.

 Do you know what time it is?

 Thief knows where the treasure is.

 I saw how the accident happened.

 She hopes that she will buy a phone.

 I believe that he is innocent.

(that-clause is the object of the verbs hope and

believe)
Simple Sentence

A simple sentence consists of one independent

clause.

 I want to eat an apple.

 He likes sweet things but prefer spicy dishes.

 Alina works at library.

(s) (v)
Compound Sentence:

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent

clauses joined together by a conjunction, coma or semicolon.

 I like tea and Sarah adores coffee.

 Karen doesn’t eat oranges, but she likes mangoes.

 Only two things are infinite, the universe and human

stupidity, and I’m not sure about the former.

 I agree to your proposals, for I think them reasonable.

 Your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me.

 Govern your passions or they will govern you.

 He cannot speak, nor can he write.

 Tahir is rich, yet he is not happy.

 He is diligent, therefore he will succeed.

 He is unwell, so he cannot attend the meeting.

( a coordinating conjunction joins two main clauses)

Complex Sentence:

A complex sentence consists of one Main Clause and one or

more Subordinate Clauses. (They are joined together by

subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns)

 Students missed their class because they were late.

 Ali and Aasif failed although they studied.

 Alina met Sarah when she was at school.

 No country can really develop unless its citizens are educated.

 If I got the award, I would buy a new car.

 He came oftener than we expected.

 As the police reached the bank, the robbers fled that place.

 Whatever you do, do well.

 The college in which I studied is very large.

 Ali is the boy who scored highest marks in the class.

 Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity help the environment.

Compound-Complex Sentence

It consists of at least two independent clauses and one or more

dependent clauses. ( Coordinating conjunctions join two main

clauses)

 James didn’t come to college because he was ill, so Jack

wasn’t happy.

 My mother left in a hurry after she got a phone call, but she

came back five minutes later.

 Tahir is twelve years old, but he cannot write because he

doesn’t practice.

 Life is a tragedy and we are puppets which few people

understand.