CHAPTER 12:

Ideal Gas Mixture and

Psychrometric Applications
Cooling Towers, 2000MW coal-fired Cottam Power Station,
Nottinghamshire. Photo courtesy of FreeFoto.com
 Mixture Composition
Describing mixture composition
j j j
mi ni
ni m mi n ni M yi M i yi
Mi i 1 i 1 i 1 n
j j
1 m fi 1 yi
i 1 i 1

For Gases:
Dalton’s Model Amagat’s Model

ni RT ni RT
pi Vi
V p
j j
p pi V Vi
i 1 i 1
 Ideal Gas Properties for Mixtures
Evaluated at the mixture temperature
j
j j
cp
u yi ui h yi hi s yi si k
i 1 i 1 i 1 cv
j j
cv yi cv ,i cp yi c p ,i
i 1 i 1

Evaluated at the mixture temperature, and appropriate

partial pressure, pi

u Mu h Mh s Ms cv Mcv c p Mc p

ui M i ui hi M i hi si M i si cv ,i Mcv ,i c p ,i Mc p ,i
Mixture Analysis (non-reacting)

j
u yi ui T2 ui T1
i 1

j
h yi hi T2 hi T1
i 1

j
s yi si T2 , p2 si T1 , p1
i 1
 Ideal Gas Cases
For Ideal Gases using Tables A-22, A-23:

o o p2
s s T2
i s T1
i R ln
p1

Assuming Constant Specific Heats:

u cv T2 T1 ui cv ,i T2 T1

h c p T2 T1 hi c p ,i T2 T1

T2 p2 T2 p2
s c p ln R ln si c p ,i ln R ln
T1 p1 T1 p1
 Ideal Gas Cases
For Ideal Gases using Tables A-22, A-23:

o o p2
s s T2
i s T1
i R ln
p1

Assuming Constant Specific Heats:

u cv T2 T1 ui cv ,i T2 T1

h c p T2 T1 hi c p ,i T2 T1

T2 p2 T2 p2
s c p ln R ln si c p ,i ln R ln
T1 p1 T1 p1
 Psychrometric Principles
Dry air + Water vapor = Moist Air
ma R / M a T
pa ya p
V
mv pv mv R / M v T
0.622
ma p pv pv V
yv p
Humidity Ratio

Relative Humidity

pv
pg T,p
 Psychrometric Properties
Mixture Enthalpy Water Vapor Enthalpy Water Vapor Entropy
H sv T , pv sg T R ln
ha hv hv hg T
ma

Dew Point Temperature

Modeling Moist Air
 Modeling Moist Air
Adiabatic-saturation and wet-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb and Dry-bulb
Temperature
Sling Psychrometer picture
courtesy of USA Today
Psychrometric Charts
Psychrometric Charts
 Relative Humidity

Humidity Ratio

ASHRAE “Comfort Zone”

HUMID

HOT

COLD

DRY

Dry Bulb Temp.

 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Dehumidification

mr hmix1 hmix 2 hf 2 1 2 mw mw m v1 m v 2
1 2

ma he hi ma ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑔
 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Heating

Psychrometric chart showing heating of air water vapor stream at constant .

Schmidt, Ezekoye, Howell, and Baker, Thermodynamics

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes:
Heating, Cooling and Humidification
Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Humidification

0 ma hmix 2 hmix1 hf 2 2 1

mw
2 1
ma

mw m v 2 m v1
Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes:
Heating and Humidification
 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Heating and humidification

Psychrometric chart showing heating and humidification process.

Schmidt, Ezekoye, Howell, and Baker, Thermodynamics

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Evaporative Cooling

mw
2 1 hf 2 2 1 hmix 2 hmix1
ma
 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Evaporative Cooling
Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes:
Cooling and Dehumidification

Psychrometric chart showing cooling and dehumidification process.

Schmidt, Ezekoye, Howell, and Baker, Thermodynamics

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Adiabatic Mixing

m a1 1 ma 2 2 m a1 hmix1 m a 2 hmix 2
ma3 m a1 m a 2 3 hmix 3
ma 3 ma 3
 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Adiabatic Mixing

Psychrometric chart showing adiabatic mixing process.

Schmidt, Ezekoye, Howell, and Baker, Thermodynamics

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Adiabatic Mixing
Analyzing Air-Conditioning
Processes: Cooling Towers
Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes:
Cooling Towers
Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes:
Cooling without Dehumidification
Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes:
Heating without Dehumidification
 Drying Process
Drying

Water vapour 4 Water vapour

6
1 2 3 7 9

5
Wet Air
Solid
Heating Humidification 8

Wet Air

m1 = mda+mwv m2 = m1+m8 m3 = m2 m5 = m3+m4 m7 = m5+m6 m9 = m7 - m8

T1 = Tsur T2 > T1 T3 > T2 T5 =T3 or T5 >T3 or T5 < T3 T7 < T5 T9 = T7

1= sur 2= 1 or 2 > 1 or 2 < 1 3 = 2 5> 3 7> 5 9= 7 = 8

1= sur 2= 1 or 2> 1 or 2< 1 3 < 2 5> 3 7> 5 9= 7 = 8

 kg water/kg dry air
h3=104,7 kJ kg dry air
T3= 39 oC
DRYING HUMIDIFICATION
PROCESS
HEATING

kg water/kg dry air kg water/kg dry air

h1=80,62 kJ/kg dry air h2=115,5 kJ/kg dry air
T1= 25 oC T2= 55 oC
 kg agua/kg ar seco
h3=104,7 kJ agua/kg ar seco
T3= 39 oC
DRYING HUMIDIFICATION
PROCESS
HEATING+HUMIDIFICATION

kg agua/kg ar seco kg agua/kg ar seco

h1=80,62 kJ/kg ar seco h2=114,3 kJ/kg ar seco
T1= 25 oC T2= 55 oC