A VIBRATING FEEDER TRAY IMPROVES
BULLFROG PRODUCTION HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS AND WATER MANAGEMENT
 Vibrating Feeder is widely used in pharmaceutical,
automotive,electronic, food processing, packaging, glass,
steel,construction, recycling, plastic industry etc.
 Anfigranja system, the main frog production system in
Brazil, was designed to contain shelters, a pool and feeders
for supplying ration
 Two types of feeders used in the study:
o First treatment: linear feeder
o Second treatment: vibrating feeder
GLOBAL AQUACULTURE WATER USE & POLLUTION
 reported confrontational interactions between aquaculture
and environmental and natural resources:
o discharge of aquaculture effluent leading to degraded
water quality and sedimentation of organic matter in
farming areas,
o competition for the use of freshwater,
o competing demands with the livestock sector for the use
of fish meal and fish oil for aquaculture diets,
o improper use of chemicals raising health and
environmental concerns,
o introduction and transmission of aquatic animal diseases
through poorly regulated translocations,
o impacts on wild fisheries resources through collection of
wild seed and brood animals, and
o effects on wildlife through methods used to control
predation of cultured fish
 Major aquaculture producing countries and regions:
o China, India, Southeast Asia, Europe, Latin America,
and Caribbean
 Major culture environment in Chinese carp farming 2001
o Ponds, lakes, brooks, reservoirs, and paddy fields.
 Attempts to reduce pollution:
o Improved system attempts, End-of-pipe treatment, Feed
Quality and Feeding, and Environmental regulations.
Open Ocean Culture Engineering: System Design and
Physical modeling
 Open Ocean Aquaculture Demonstration Project (OOADP) -
an interdisciplinary effort involving engineers with biologists,
economists and commercial fishermen.
 The demonstration project site is located 2.6 km south of
White Island, Isles of Shoals, of the New Hampshire (N.H.)
and Maine coast.
 The fish species selected was summer flounder
(Paralichthys dentatus).
 Two systems were chosen to be evaluated:
o Gravity Type Fish Cage – this relies upon buoyancy
and weight to maintain tension in the containment nets
and to hold the shape of the structure.
o Central Spar Fish Cage – this is a self-tensioning
structure built around a central spar buoy and an
octagon shaped rim. The cage is a rigid structure
constructed around a center spar buoy made of
galvanized steel.
 Physical Modeling for the Two Cages:
o Model Towing Test
o Submerged Grid Mooring Test
o Single Point, High Tension Mooring Wave Test
o Cage Motion Comparisons
IN AQUAPONICS: A REVIEW
 Aquaponics (AP), the combination of hydroponics and
recirculating aquaculture. It has received considerable
attention due to its capability to sustain water quality,
minimise fresh water consumption, and provide a marketable
vegetable crop.
 Essential components of an aquaponic system: fish-rearing
tank, settler, biofilter and hydroponic unit.
 It is also the main source of water loss by plant
evapotranspiration.
 Two major groups of hydroponic cultivation systems:
o Cultivation systems without substrate: Nutrient Film
Technique; Floating Raft Systems
o Certain Volume of substrate: Medium based systems
 The most frequently used species:
o lettuce (Lactuca sativa), water spinach (Ipomea
aquatica), and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum).
 Comprehensive evaluation of hydroponic systems
efficiency in the aquaponic systems
o Substrates types - more porous substrates should be
preferred to maximise aquaponic systems performance.
o Water flow- The water flow properties influence the
contact time of the microorganisms and of roots with the
water, which in turn influences both, the direct uptake of
nutrients by plants, and the transformations by the
microbial community.
o Effects of water recirculation period - To maximise
the performance of AP systems, constant flow should be
preferred to a reciprocating flood/drain cycle, if the
systems are managed on a hourly basis.
o Water consumption - the reduction of water input and
the treatment of aquaculture effluent equally are
important because water is a limited resource and
effluent nutrient discharge can contribute to
environmental degradation
AQUAPONICS- SELF SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM
 Aquaponics is a food production system that combines
intensive aquaculture with hydroponics.
 The nitrogen cycle occurs as the water flow through from
fish tanks to biological filters containing bacteria situated on
surface areas, to plants or a grow bed and back again.
 After the fish eats the food they produce waste. This fish
waste and uneaten fish food break down and the majority of
the nitrogen content form ammonia (NH3). This ammonia
then flows through the biological filter where Nitrosomonas
bacteria is situated, converted to nitrite (NO2‾) after which a
second type of bacteria, Nitrobactor, converts nitrite into
nitrate (NO3‾). It is this nitrate that then, as it flows through
the growbed, serves as a fertilizer for the plants therein. The
plants, in this hydroponic component of the system, take up
the nitrate - that helps them grow - by removing it from the
water and purifies it as it circulates back to the fish tank
returning clean, fresh water for the fishes to thrive in.
 Disadvantages of Aquaponics:
o Energy cost; Management costs and demands, and;
Nutrient utilization efficiency is not specifically
recognized in sustainable food certifications
 Planning:
o Choose the tank carefully, maintain good water quality,
do not overcrowd the tanks, Avoid overfeeding, and
 remove any uneaten food, and choose and space the
plants wisely.
 Components of aquponics system: fishtank, plant seeds,
growbeds, any soil substitute, few fishes, pipe, small pump.
 Challenges faced in the implementation:
o Bug problem; allowing the tank water to get too hot;
having too many fish in the tank; restricting access to
fish tanks.
FISHPEN AND CAGE FARMING IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Philippines has around 70 freshwater lakes and
impoundments with a total area of 200,000 hectares.
 Culture of Tilapia mossambica in floating cages began in
1976.
 Factors to consider in selection of fishpen sites:
o Availability of fingerlings at reasonable prices.
o Depth - Not less than 1 meter at lowest water level.
o Wind and current direction
o Water condition - Turbid and polluted water should
be avoided.
o Cheap labor in the locality.
o Lake substratum - Muddy-clayey-loam soils are
suitable substrates.
 The first stocking is done in March and April and harvesting
is made in July or August; the second stocking is in July or
August (immediately after the first harvest) and harvesting is
done after eight months in February or March.
 ADB-OPEC: Asian Development Bank-Office of Professional
Ethics and Conduct.
 Four major problems seriously affect the milkfish
industry of the Philippines: (1) destructive typhoons, (2)
water pollution, (3) fry shortage, and (4) high mortality rates
of fry in transport and storage.
Waste production in aquaculture: Sources, components
& managements in different culture systems
 The intensification of production is an alternative for the
needed development in aquaculture
 Sources of waste from aquaculture:
o Feed has been reported to be the major source of waste
in aquaculture systems
o Chemicals
o Pathogens - This group of waste is rarely considered in
aquaculture systems, especially when it is below the
level that affects the cultured fish.
 Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)
o allows reuse fish culture water and has been proven to
be better at removing solids than the flow-through
system.
o employs a biological system for management of nitrogen
in the culture system.
 Components of waste from aquaculture:
o Solid wastes - primarily derived from the uneaten feed
and fecal droppings of cultured fish
o Dissolved wastes - products of food metabolism in fish
or decomposed, uneaten feed. In dissolved wastes, the
two major components of concern are nitrogen (N) and
phosphorus (P) products. Phosphorus is not toxic to
culture fish, unlike nitrogen,
 Biofloc technology system: is an emerging technology in
fish culture systems that is progressing towards ensuring
sustainable aquaculture.
Aquaculture Practices & Their Impact on Philippine
Lakes
 Fish cages and fish pens proliferate in most inland waters.
 Laguna de Bay - the lake where the first fish pens were
established.
 Milkfish is the primary species in fish pens & tilapia in cages.
 FARMC: Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management
Council
A REVIEW OF SMART FISH FARMING SYSTEMS
 Artificial intelligence (AI) - is helpful and requires
developing means to automate or mimic the computational
processes of the brain to exercise control on culture systems
 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) - a very simplified model of
this sort of neural processing.
 Anticipated benefits for aquaculture process control systems
(1) increased process efficiency,
(2) reduced energy and water losses,
(3) reduced labor costs,
(4) reduced stress and disease,
(5) improved accounting, and
(6) improved understanding of the process
 ‘Expert System’ (ES) - is being used in some aquaculture
industries motivated towards technology-intensive culture.
o stores a vast knowledge and experience of experts and
practitioners in a certain domain
 Case-based reasoning (CBR) - is a reasoning method that
solves a new problem by examining how a similar problem
was solved before.
o Four steps of CBR: Retrieve, Reuse, Revise, Retain
 Smart aquaculture system described in this paper makes
best use of available knowledge, resources and technology
to increase production efficiency of aquaculture systems with
reduced inputs and costs.
RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF CHEMICALS IN
POND AQUACULTURE
 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries - This code asks
countries to regulate the use of chemical inputs in
aquaculture that are hazardous to human health and the
environment.
 Major chemicals & other substances in aquaculture ponds:
o Fertilizers (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) are
applied to ponds to increase plant nutrient
concentrations.
 Urea: 46-0-0 ;
 Ammonium Phosphate: 16-20-0;
 Complete fertilizer: 14-14-14
o Liming materials: to neutralize acidity; increase total
alkalinity
o Oxidants: controlling phytoplankton; killing disease
organisms; oxidizing bottom soils
o Coagulants: to flocculate suspended clay particles and
cause them to precipitate in order to clear the water of
turbidity
o Osmoregulators: to increase the salinity or the calcium
concentration; improve conditions for osmoregulation by
certain culture species
o Piscicides: teaseed cake, rotenone, lime; used to
eradicate fish widely.
o Probiotics: enhanced decomposition of organic matter;
reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations
 o Algicides and Herbicides: to reduce the abundance of
nuisance aquatic plants.
o Insecticides: to kill unwanted organisms before
stocking with fish or shrimp.
COPING STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS ON PHILIPPINE AQUACULTURE
 Aquaculture is an important fisheries industry in the
Philippines.
 The main Philippine aquaculture products are seaweeds
(67%), milkfish (16%), and tilapia (11%).
 the ocean’s mean temperature of 0.11 degrees celcius per
decade from 1971 to 2010, while the mean sea level rose by
1.7 mm/yr from 1901 to 2010
 SEAWEEDS:
o The Philippines is one of the world’s biggest producers
of the red seaweeds, Eucheuma denticulatum and
Kappaphycus alvarezii.
o Coping strategies for ice-ice disease: growing the plants
with floating monolines in deep coastal waters instead
of with fixed monolines in shallow waters to avoid.
o Coping strategies: use of Ocean Green (easy to
assemble, durable, easy to repair, fully protection, large
volume of seaweeds)
 MILKFISH
o the most important cultured fish in the Philippines that is
extensively grown in brackishwater ponds, fishpens in
lakes and tidal rivers, and floating cages in coastal
waters.
o Coping strategies: “rope-framed floating fish cage”
(RFFC) (strongly resistant to storm, highly flexible, last
longer, and easy to repair.
o High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes (excellent
flexibility, strong resistant to storm, corrosion resistant,
last longer, and high intensity
 TILAPIA
o the second most important cultured fish in the country.
o The use of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes).
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF INTENSIVE
AQUACULTURE IN MARINE WATERS
 Two different bottles were used for taking each sample: A 1-l
polyethylene bottle was used for the sample for quantifying
suspended solids and ammonium. A 1-l glass bottle was
chosen for the sample used to determine nitrites, nitrates
and phosphates.
 PH: values ranging between 7.2 and 7.4
 TEMPERATURE: did not vary along the river and normal
seasonal variation was observed.
 SALINITY: upstream zone having higher salinity due to the
poor renovation of the water in this part of the river.
 DISSOLVED OXYGEN: the aquaculture activities being
responsible for the low values recorded in the second half of
the river, probably due to the high consumption of dissolved
oxygen into the fish farm and to the redox processes
involved in the degradation of nutrients.
 SUSPENDED SOLIDS: high amounts of solids present in
waste effluents is potentially one of the most important
environmental problems of aquaculture.
 NUTRIENTS: ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PROTOTYPE
AQUACULTURE POND RE-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM USING
LOCALLY SOURCED MATERIALS (WOOD & PVC BLIND)
 RAS – the most recent innovation in fish farming. It is an
indoor device that helps farmers to monitor environmental
conditions all year round.
 Advantages of RAS:
o Reducing incoming water volume
o Reusing more water inside the culture system
o Reducing the amount of water released and effluent
quality
o Biological pollution control
o Viable alternative to pond systems
o Raised fish all year round
 Disadvantages of RAS
o Cost in initial investment
o Production management, capital and labor
o High level of expertise is required
o Daily attention is necessary
 Considered when designing a good RAS
o Solids removal
o System removal exchange
o Piping size and configuration
o Filtration process
o Biofiltration unit
o Gas balancing and carbon (iv) oxide removal
o Oxygenation device, and
o Disinfection process
 Materials in construction of RAS
o Pebbles (Stones); Charcoal; White Stone; Oyster shell;
PVC; Surface pumping machine; Aluminium frame;
Pipes and fitting; Tangit-gum
 Types of Purification tanks:
o sedimentation tank - Aid in the removal of solid waste
and serves in the purification process
o filtration tank - Consist of white stones, activated
carbon, white sand (bags) and filter/net; Contain graded
levels of gravel, coarse and sharp sand
o pumping tank - Serves as a reservoir for clean and
purified water; major supply to the system and consist of
a surface engine.
o Bio tower system tank – constructed above the
pumping tank; contains the bio-filter & pumped water.
 Types of flow lines: inlet flow lines and outlet flow lines.
 RAS is the most suitable and appropriate method of fish
culture in that it reduces the time of getting the fish to the
market in terms of maturity and also produces the best
quality weight fish at the shortest possible time.
DESIGN OF AN INTELLIGENT VARIABLE-
RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM BASED
ON MACHINE LEARNING METHODS
 Water treatment equioment in experimental RAS:
o Micro-screen
o Biofiltrators
o Oxidation devices
o Disinfection device
o Oxygenated cones
o Foam fractionators
o Ozone generators
 Variable-flow regulation model can determine the operating
frequency of the centrifugal pump for the next period
 The drum filter controller was used to collect the backwash
frequency, circulation flow rate, and water quality data
 MACHINE LEARNING METHODS:
1. ARTIFICIAL NEUTRAL NETWORKS - are statistical
learning algorithms that possess prediction and
approximation abilities given sufficient and considerable
inputs.
o Backpropagation Neural Network (BNN)
o Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
o Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN)
o Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) – best classification
model.
2. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE - Has excellent
generalization ability between model complexity and learning
ability when dealing with limited sample information. It is a
kind of machine learning algorithm with a high generalization
ability to classify and predict small samples.
o Grid Search (GS)
o Least Square Method (LSM)
o Genetic Algorithm (GA)
o Cuckoo Search (CS)
INVESTIGATION OF OPTIMAL HARVEST AND
MANAGEMENT OF CAPTURE FISHERY ( LAKE ZIWAY)
 Free access to the fisheries, illegal fishing gears and
environmental degradation are among the main reasons of
decline in fish species and degradation of the Lake.
 Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) encourage more
prominent straight forwardness and responsibility for the
administration and upgrade of fishery assets by quantity
proprietors.
 Fishing gear restrictions includes limits on fishing
technologies, such as the mesh size. This restriction
increases the cost of fishing and reduces harvest but does
not halts the problem of open access.
 Gear restrictions are preserving biomass above the levels
for sustainable fisheries but are not achieving conservation
targets.
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING IN POND AQUACULTURE
 In china, 45.83% of aquatic production comes from pond
aquaculture.
 Pond aquaculture consumes a lot of water resources (1kg of
aquatic products require 3-13.4 cubic meter of water.
 15-17% of the total pond aquaculture is affected by diseases
caused by water pollution annually; 4-6% yield loss.
 1862 – Howard T. Odum proposed the concept of ecological
engineering
 1980’s – ecological engineering have rapidly developed in
Europe, USA and other countries.
 1990’s – the study of ecological engineering applied to
aquaculture began in earnest.
 2 ELEMENTS OF POND AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING
o Ecological engineering facilities
o Ecological engineering systems
 EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES REGARDING POND
AQUACULTURE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
o Eco-slope and eco-ditch
o Eco-pond and eco-floating bed
o Composite constructed wetland
 ADVANTAGES OF APPLYING POND AQUACULTURE
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AND PROSPECTS:
o Improves yield and production efficiency
o Improves the survival rate of cultured species
o Improves digestibility and absorption rate of feed
o Reduces production energy consumption
o Recycles used water
 APPLICATION IN CHINA
o Increased aquatic production
o Increased water savings by 50%
o Decreased emissions by 50%
 PROSPECTS:
o Research species biological features in ecologically
engineered pond aquaculture system
o Establishing an engineering technology system to
promote the green development of pond aquaculture
o Establishing industrial management standards to ensure
sustainable development of pond aquaculture
An Overview on Significance of Fish Nutrition in
Aquaculture Industry
 Aquaculture activity is considered as the only alternative for
the development and improvement of fisheries resources
and revitalization of ecosystems.
 THREE TYPES OF FOOD USED IN FISH PONDS
o Natural food – -is found naturally in the pond. It may
include detritus*, bacteria*, plankton*, worms,
o Supplementary feeds – regularly distributed to the fish
in the pond. They usually consist of cheap materials
locally available
o Complete feeds – made from a mixture of carefully
selected ingredients to provide all the nutrients
necessary for the fish to grow well.
 ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS: Protein, Fat/Lipid,
Carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins
 FEED TYPES: Commercial fish diets are manufactured as
either extruded (floating or buoyant) or pressure-pelleted
(sinking) feeds. Extruded feeds are more expensive due to
the higher manufacturing costs.
 FEEDING TYPE:
o Carnivores consume primarily animal material.
o Herbivores subsist primarily on vegetation and decayed
organic material in the environment. prefer plant
materials
o Omnivores consume almost any food source, either
plant or animal origin.
 Fish nutrition is the study of nutrients and energy sources
essential for fish health, growth and reproduction.
 Protein is the most expensive part of fish diets and supplies
amino acids (AA) for energy, growth, protein synthesis and
as substrates for key metabolic pathways
 Protein serves three purposes in the nutrition of fish:
o Provide energy
o Supply amino acids
o Meet requirements for functional proteins- enzymes and
hormones and structural proteins
VIBRIOSIS IN SHRIMP AQUACULTURE A REVIEW
 VIBRIO SPECIES: Vibrio Harveyi, V. Splendidus,V.
Parahaemolyticus, V. Alginolyticus, V. Anguillarum,V.
Vulnificus, V. Campbellsi, V. Fischeri, V. Damsella, V.
Pelagicus, V. Orientalis, V. Mediterrani, V. Logei etc.
 The most important predisposing factors leading to disease
outbreaks in shrimp culture:
 o Adverse environment (poor soil and water quality) maintain as much effective volume as possible for the
o High stocking density & limited water exchange facilities. farmed fish
o Nutritional deficiency / poor nourishment.  MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FISH CAGES:
o Accumulation of unutilized feed followed by its
putrefaction by the
o native heterotrophic microorganisms.
o Inadequate aeration.
o Suboptimal or heavy algal blooms in the pond.
o Physical injury and
o Presence of virulent pathogen in high counts.

 Vibriosis is one of the major disease problems in shellfish

and finfish aquaculture. Vibriosis is caused by gram negative
bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae.
 VIBRIO DISEASES:
1. Bacterial septicemia - one of the severe systemic
diseases caused by bacteria; The affected shrimps are
lethargic and show abnormal swimming behavior.
2. Necrosis of appendages - necrosis on the tips of
walking legs, swimmerets, and uropods and become
brownish black.
3. Vibriosis - show necrosis of appendages, expanded
chromatophores, empty gut, absence of faecal strands
and poor feeling.
4. Brown Spot Diseases ( Shell Disease/rust Disease) -
show the presence of brown to block enodsed areas on
the body surface and appendages.
5. Filamentous Bacterial Disease - affected shrimp
larvae fouling of gills, setae, appendages and body
surface.
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO CONTROL DISEASES:
o Good husbandry practices,
o Use of adequate balanced diets,  NUMERICAL METHOD
o Quarantine measures, 1. STRUCTURAL MODEL: governing equations; finite
o Use of genetically resistant stock for culture, element constitution
o Use of prophylactic vaccines and vi. Use of drugs. 2. HYDROHYNAMIC MODEL - Hydrodynamic model for
netting; Wake effects
 TREATMENT
3. VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL LIBRARY
o Vibriosis is controlled by rigorous water management
4. SIMULTATION PROCESS
and sanitation to prevent the entry of vibrios in the
culture
 Sinker tube can maintain the net bag shape well under
o Good site selection ,pond design and pond preparation
current conditions.
o Draining drying and administering lime/ dolomite to
ponds following harvest
REVIEW OF FAGE AND CONTAINMENT TANK
DESIGNS FOR OFFSHORE FISH FARMING
THE INTEGRATION OF FISH AND PLANT PRODUCTION:
NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) AND BASIL (Ocimum  Offshore aquaculture may be defined as taking place in the
basilicum) CULTURE IN RECIRCULATING AND open sea with significant exposure to wind and wave action,
AQUAPONIC SYSTEMS: and where there is a requirement for equipment and
servicing vessels to survive and operate in severe sea
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FIVE COMMONLY USED conditions from time to time.
GRAVITY TYPE FISH CAGE UNDER PURE CURRENT  SEVEN MAJOR CHALLENGES:
CONDITION (1) water depth,
(2) current speed,
 Fish cages are commonly used facilities in aquaculture.
(3) wave action,
 THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF FISH CAGE MODEL: (4) sea bed condition,
o Floating collar - The floating collar, usually sitting at the (5) accidental storm incidence
water level, provides buoyancy force to sustain the cage (6) conducive environment for fish welfare
floating, helps to maintain the net bag shape, serves as (7) infrastructure and economic sustainability
a work platform for operators, and offers handles to
mooring lines for keeping the cage’s position  TYPES OF FISH CAGE DESIGNS
o Net Bag - The net bag is regarded as the most critical o I. Open net cage system - the most widely used for
part of a fish cage as it is the only barrier that protects marine fish farming.
the site environment from fish escapes. (1) floating flexible cage - High resilience to wave
o Weight - The weight, usually located at the bottom of a forces with a long service life; deformation of the net
fish cage, is used to keep the net bag down and due to strong waves and currents,
 (2) floating rigid cage - stable working platform for
all husbandry and management operations; the
need for large and heavy structures
 Havfarm
 Pisbarca – hexagonal steel structure
 Seacon - hexagonal submerged pontoon
(3) semi-submersible flexible cage: Tension Leg
Cage (TLC) re lighter and simpler structures; TLC
cages need sub-surface feeding systems
(4) semi-submersible rigid cage - may provide the
longest service life; have a high capital cost
 Ocean Farm – Developed in Norway and
Built in china
 Shenlan 1 and Shenlan 2 – developed for
salmon farming
 Viewpoint seafarm – comprises a hub for
supporting four net cages
 Spider cage – has dedicated barrier;
designed to shield the actual fish cage from
heavy sea conditions
 De Maas SSFF150 pen –
 Keppel offshore rig fish farm – a semi-
submersible attached to six hexagonal fish
cages.
(5) submerged cage - have the best features to
avoid surface debris and effects of storms; has a lack
of visibility in normal operation, relatively complex to
operate
 Sadco – Russian design that has been
evolving since the early 1980s
 Aquapod - developed by Ocean Farm
Technologies in the US
 Sinking fish Cage - NSENGI (Nippon Steel
& Sumikin Engineering Co., Ltd) had carried
out
o II. Closed containment tank system
 Floating closed containment tanks for offshore
fish farming are very recent developments
prompted by the need to protect the fish from sea
lice and other parasites. Organic wastes can be
removed; Floating closed rigid containment tanks
require a power supply system
 Examples of closed containment tanks:
o Closed fish farm concept fish farm egg
o Use a ship as a salmon farm
o Neptun closed containment fish tank
o Neptun semi-closed containment fish tank
o Concrete containment fish tank on site
o Eco-ark closed containment system
o Eco-ark fleet connected to lift-dock
o Marin donut
A REVIEW: APPLICATIONS OF GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN MARINE AREAS
 Geographic Information System (GIS) is a tool for making
and using spatial information, and it is mainly concerned with
the location of the features as well as properties/attributes of
those features.
 Benefits of GIS:
o GIS provides a vast range of tools that allow for
accuracy of output and thoroughness of decision
making.
o To create a new map it is a simple task to update them,
o The range of possible graphic displays is almost infinite,
o contains the prerequisites for modelling scenarios
concerning the research aspect and operational
resource management tasks.
o allows for the smooth and immediate integration of other
large data sets.
o allows for the display of spatially related data in a way
that is easily understandable and comprehensible to
most people.
o significantly improves the speed of working in all map
producing operations thus human productivity.
o allows for a regular flow of spatially related information
in a standardized arrangement.
o allows for the production of one-off maps of a high
quality, which would otherwise be non-cost effective.
WASTE TREATMENT IN RECIRCULATING
AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
 harmful effects are related to the environmental impact of
aquaculture activities, among those: (1) destruction of natural
sites such as wetlands and mangroves, (2) spread of
diseases, (3) decreased biodiversity of natural fish
populations by escape of non-native fish species, and (4)
pollution of ground and surface waters by effluent discharge.
 Production of waste in RAS, like in any other aquaculture
system, depends on a number of factors with as most
important ones: (a) the type and age of fish, (b) the feed
composition, (c) the feeding regime, and (d) the prevalent
water quality conditions in the system.
 In most indoor RAS, ammonia removal and solids capture
are the primary treatment processes within the recirculation
loop.
 Liquid as well as solid waste from freshwater RAS can be
treated in centralized facilities such as publicly owned
treatment works (POWT) used for treatment of other
livestock waste as well as domestic and industrial waste.
BFAR-CHED PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
AQUASILVICULTURE PROGRAM (PNAP) IN BATAAN
 BFAR aims to achieve food security, promote sustainable
development fisheries resources, and reduce poverty
incidence among fisherfolk and other disadvantaged groups.
 CHED is mandated through Section 8 RA 7722 to identify,
support and develop potential centers of excellence in
program areas…
 PNAP was implemented by Bataan State University in
accordance to the memorandum of agreement signed
December 16, 2021 by BFAR and CHED.
 Aquasilviculture – a management that combines and
harmonizes fish production and mangrove development.
o Species used: grouper, tilapia, Malaga, ulang, purong.
o General objectives of PNAP: sustain fisheries
development, develop fisheries livelihood, and continue
food security and poverty alleviation
o Specific objectives: plant 183, 000 mangroves,
establish 16 units aquasilviculture technology
demonstration projects, and to have community-based
multi-species hatcheries for stock enhancement.
o Advantages: low investment cost, easy to construct,
prevent coastal erosion, provides protection of
mangroves, and use of locally availably materials
o Disadvantages: difficulty to manage, limitation on
species cultured, mangrove trees reduce the penetration
of sunlight to ponds.
 Community-based Multi-species hatchery (CBMSH):
 o Existing/operational hatchery
o Existing/non-operational  Sustainable indoor farming – farming of the new millennium
o Non-existing hatchery  Sustainable fish farming – farming of the future
 Aquaponics: hydroponics + aquaculture
 RAS offers less than 10% water loss
 LCA – Life Cycle Assessment – to assess environmental
impacts
 Two examples of aquaponics setup: Coupled Aquaponic
Systems (CAP) and Decoupled Aquaponic Systems (DAPS)
 Types of aquaponics: RAFT System, Media-filled beds
system (MFBS)
 Cage aquaculture designs: Aquapod, Intelligent Floating
Farms, Ocean Farms, Nordlaks Havfarm
 IMAS – integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture Systems

PLAN OF PRODUCTION AND SITE SELECTION

FROM MARINE AQUACULTURE CAGES IN THE
BAY OF RAGUZA, KARABURUN - VLORA
 Material of Floating Cages:
o Plastic Pipes (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC).
o Net Flexibility
 1. flexible material (it is light in weight and low
cost). The material can be selected from nylon
and knotless formation in it (the reason is that
in this way it is more difficult to deposit fouling).
 2. rigid material (strong material, retains its
shape and resistant to abrasion – used mostly
for predatory fish that break nets and easily
escape). The material that can be chosen for
this case can be, polythene 'Netlon', that
wears a wire mesh, or copper-nickel
material
o Mesh size (10-15mm for starting juveniles from 10-
30g and changing to 25 mm after they reach the weight
of 40)
o Mesh shape (cubic or hexagonal because they are
easy to disassemble and fold.)
 For design calculation:
o Depth (bathymetry of the area)
o Exposure to waves / winds
o Renewal of water / oxygen
o Maximum wave length
o Directions of water current
 Calculation of production Biomass
o Volume of cage, Time for Water Renewal; and
Calculation of the Maximum Biomass per Cage
 The cultivation density for Sea is 10- 15 kg/m3.
 47339 kg fish / 0.3 kg = 157796 fish in total can grow until
they reach the commercial weight inside a floating cage.
 The time to rear will take 14 months
 The owner seeks to supply the market with a continuous
year-round product and not less than 47 tons/month ≈ 560
tons/year
 After 14 months and in the following months the production is
expected to easily exceed the investor's objectives
 The suggested materials are: High-density polyethylene
(HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD).