Final Notebook Aqua Engr

FISH 61A LECTURE • 1st semester • a.y.
2022-2023
LESSON 1 : CULTURE SYSTEM AND
I AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY Professor Angelica t. layugan,
MANAGEMENT (FISHPONDS)MSc
OUTLINE
I. Aquaculture Production C. Pond Dikes
Systems D. Side Slopes of Dikes
A. Fishpond E. Watershed and Flooding
B. Fish Cages Hazard
C. Fish Tanks F. Climate & Weather
D. Raceways Condition
E. Fishpens
IV. Detailed Engineering
Figure 1. Fishpond
II. Site Selection Survey of the Area
A. Factors to Consider A. Surveying Methods
III. Fishpond Design V. Fishpond Structures
A. Physical Characteristics A. Water Supply System
B. Purpose of the Project B. Drainage System
A. Pond Size C. Other Structures
B. Pond Shape
Figure 2. Fish Cages

I. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
A. FISHPOND
 These are most commonly used in the
Philippines, as well as in other countries. It is
used for extensive and semi-intensive
cultures (figure 1).
B. FISH CAGES
 These are being practiced in areas with
Figure 3. Fish Tanks
bodies of waters like dams, reservoir, river,
lakes (figure 2).
C. FISH TANKS
 This type employs an intensive culture, and
the provision of aeration and water exchange
is necessary (figure 3).
D. RACEWAYS Figure 4. Raceways

 These are enclosed channel system with
relatively high rates of flowing water and high
fish stocking density. Pumps are not
recommended (figure 4).
E. FISHPENS
 These are practiced in the different shallow
bodies of water. A part of the natural body of
Figure 5. Fishpens
1|P a g e
FISH 61A LECTURE • 1st semester • a.y. 2022-2023
water enclosed by nets or fence-like wall
resting on the bottom (figure 5).
II. SITE SELECTION
A. FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SITE SELECTION
 Water Supply
 Soil Type
 Topography of the Land (refer to Figure 6)
o For flat land areas, desired size of pond
compartment could easily be fitted.
o Steeper land topography limits the pond Figure 6. The Soil
compartment to be constructed. Texture Triangle
o Cost of development is high in steeper lands.
 Watershed and Flood Hazard
 Accessibility and Transportation Facilities
 Availability of Construction Materials
 Availability of Labor or Manpower
 Farm Inputs
 Market
Figure 7. A Square
 Peace and Order Situation Fishpond
III. FISHPOND DESIGN

A. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
 Area, Shape of the land, Location of the project,
Topography of the land, Condition of watershed,
Weather condition, Wind direction, Tidal
fluctuation Figure 8. A Rectangular
Fishpond
B. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
 The areas and depths of pond compartments will
depend on whether the project is intended for
hatchery or grow-out purposes
C. POND SIZE
 This is dependent on the total area for
development. The smaller the total area for
development, the smaller the pond Figure 9. Circular Ponds
for Prawn Farms /
Shrimp Farms
2|P a g e
compartments. The larger the total area for
development, the larger the pond compartments.
D. POND SHAPE
 This depends on the shape of the land for
development: Square, Rectangle, Circular
(figures 7-9 on page 2).
E. POND DIKES
 Dike cross-section  trapezoidal
 Height of dike  dependent on pond usage Figure 10. Taping
Method
 Perimeter dikes  higher compared to
secondary dikes
F. SIDE SLOPES OF DIKES:

DEPENDENT ON THE KIND OF SOIL
 3:1  loose soil;
 2:1 loamy soil;
 1:1  clayey soil
G. WATERSHED AND FLOODING HAZARDS Figure 11. Pacing Method

 The amount of run-off water coming from the
watershed influences the height and slope of the
perimeter dike. Canals should be constructed to
collect runoff water and prevent overtopping of
perimeter dikes.
H. CLIMATE AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

 Type II weather condition, fishponds are more
Figure 12. The Transit-
exposed to heavy rainfall and typhoon. Size of Stadia Method using the
perimeter dikes and number of gate openings are Transit Level
given more serious consideration.
IV. DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY OF

THE AREA (SURVEYING METHODS)
MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES
 Taping, Pacing, Transit-Stadia (figures 10-12).
3|P a g e
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES & DIRECTION

 Use of compass or engineers transit express by
bearings and azimuth (figure 13). Figure 13. Engineer’s Transit
MEASUREMENT OF AREAS
 Use of different formula for regular geometric
figures.
 Direct method using planimeter (figure 14).
INDIRECT METHOD BY MAPPING/SCALING

Figure 14. The Planimeter
 Triangulation, Offsetting from straight line, Cross
section method, and Weight method.
MEASUREMENT OF ELEVATION
 Carpenters level, transparent plastic tubing, and
engineers transit or level (refer to figures 15-16).
Figure 15. Carpenters Level
V. FISHPOND STRUCTURES
A. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

 Open canals, Closed (Underground)
B. DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 Open, Closed
Figure 16. Transparent

C. GATES
Plastic Tubing
 Monks
 Valves
 Turn down pipes
 Caps
 Plugs
D. CATCH BASINS
E. SIPHONS
4|P a g e
LESSON 2.1: SITE SELECTION, DESIGN,
and CONSTRUCTION I AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING
(FISH CAGES)
OUTLINE
I. Site Selection C. Cage cover
A. Factors to be D. Total length of net
considered needed per cage
B. Fish Cage Design E. Total length of net
and Construction needed per module
F. No. of rolls needed
II. Netting
A. Sidings Formula III. Other Fish Cage
B. Cage flooring Designs
5|P a g e
(FISH CAGES)
6|P a g e
(FISH CAGES)
 Shapes of Fish Cages (refer to figures 3-5)
o Rectangular, Square and Circular
 Size of Fish Cages

o 8m x 12m x 3m
o 10m x 15m x 6m Figure 5. Circular Fish Cage
o 15m x 20m x 6m
 Types of Nets for Fish Cages (refer to figures 6-8)

o Fine Mesh Net, Pen Net, A-Net and B-Net, B/R
Nylon Net, Polyethylene Net
o
 Floats Used for Fish Cages Figure 6. Fine Mesh Net
o Bamboo Poles, Styropor Blocks, Plastic or Tin
Drums
 Sinkers Used for Fish Cages
o Concrete blocks, Stones/boulders, Lead sinkers,
Pipes
Figure 7. B-net
II. NETTING (FORMULA)
 10 – unites rectangular fish cage 8m (cage width) x 12m
(cage length) x 3m (cage depth)
A. SIDINGS
 Length of sides = (Width x 2) + (Length x 2)
Figure 8. Polyethylene Net
= 8(2) + 12(2)
= 40 m
B. CAGE FLOORING
 No. of net column = Cage width / Net width
= 8 m / 3m = 2.66 say 3
 Total length of net = #. of net col. x cage len.
= 3 (12m) = 36 m Figure 9. Fish Cage with
Floating Shed
C. CAGE COVER
 Cage cover = cage flooring = 36 m
D. TOTAL LENGTH OF NET NEEDED PER CAGE

 length of sides + flooring + cover
= 40 m + 36 m + 36 m
= 112 m
Figure 10. Fish Cage (1
module per Farmer)
7|P a g e
(FISH CAGES)
E. TOTAL LENGTH OF NET NEEDED PER MODULE
 Total length of net per cage x # of cages
= 112 m (10) = 1,120 m
F. NUMBER OF ROLLS NEEDED

 Total length of Net Needed per Module / meters per roll
e.g. 90m per roll = 1,120/90 = 13 rolls
Figure 11. Design of Fixed

III. OTHER FISH CAGE DESIGNS Cage
 Fish Cage with Floating Shed (figure 9)

 Fish Cage (1 module per Farmer) (figure 10)
 Design of Fixed Cage (figure 11)
 Circular Fish Cage (figure 5)
 Rectangular Fish Cage (figure 3)
 Floating Single Cage
 Bangus Cage with PVC Framework (figure 12) Figure 12. Bangus Cage
with PVC Framework
8|P a g e
LESSON 2.2 : FISH TANKS, RACEWAYS AND FISH PENS
PRESENTED BY Professor Angelica t. layugan, MSc
OUTLINE
I. Fish Tanks II. Raceways & Flow-
A. General Through System
considerations A. Raceways
B. Uses of fish tanks B. Flow-through system
C. Materials used for
fish tanks III. Fish Pens
D. Shapes of fish tanks A. General
E. Sizes of fish tanks Considerations
B. Major Components of
Fish Pens in Lake
9|P a g e
10 | P a g e
 Canvas with wooden or steel frame

 Concrete (refer to figure 1)
 Fiber glass (refer to figure 2)
 Marine plywood (refer to figure 3) Figure 4. A Circular Fish
tank
D. SHAPES OF FISH TANKS
 Circular (figure 4)
 Rectangular (figure 5)
 Square (figure 6)
E. SIZES OF FISH TANKS

 Larval rearing tanks (refer to figure 7) Figure 5. Rectangular Fish
o The facility is used to hatch the eggs and tanks
rear the fry up to D21.
o The water depth (1.0M) simulate the
physical condition of the shoreline.
o Stocking density of eggs: 20 – 30 eggs/L.
o Square or rectangular shape of tanks is Figure 6. Square Fish tank
prepared for ease of management.
o Roofed with plastic or galvanized iron.
o Lightly painted preferably yellow for easy
visual monitoring of the larvae.
 Rotifer tanks
o The tank should be 1 M or deeper in
depth. It also requires an adequate
provision for drainage to facilitate harvest Figure 7. Larval Rearing
of the organism. Tanks painted yellow
o Roofed with plastic or galvanized iron
II. RACEWAYS & FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEM

A. RACEWAYS
 Raceways are unique compared to other aquaculture
production systems
 Employs high stocking density
Figure 8. The Flow-Through
 The quantity of water flowing through the system
State
limits fish yields
 Stocks are feed dependent
 Requires abundant flowing water
 Do not need aerators
11 | P a g e
 Continuous water flow and ensure proper oxygen

supply to the fish flushes metabolic waste
 Popular in other countries
B. FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
 Fish tank in a flow-through state
o Water is made to enter and leave the tank
simultaneously at equal flow rates (figure
8)
 Important hydraulic characteristics considered in
flow-through system:
o Mean residence time (T)
o Dead volume
o Variance
III. FISH PENS

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
 Pens are constructed in bodies of water with 3m
water level or lower (figure 9)
 Bottom should be loamy soil
 Strong water current should be avoided.
Figure 9. A Fish Pen Project
B. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FISH PENS IN LAKE
 Nursery
o Constructed inside the main enclosure
o Area for nursery is 10% of the grow-out
area
o Fingerlings were nursed 30- 60 days at the
nursery and then release to the grow-out
area for the rest of the culture period Figure 10. Fish Pen Barriers
 Main enclosure
o Constructed inside the main enclosure
o Area for nursery is 10% of the grow-out
area
o Fingerlings were nursed 30- 60 days at the
nursery and then release to the grow-out
area for the rest of the culture period
 Barrier (figure 10)
12 | P a g e
o Barriers are set to protect the nursery and

grow-out enclosure from floating debris
and forces of nature
o Nets are installed outside and are made up
of polyester material
o Freeboard of 1.5 m is maintained
13 | P a g e
LESSON 3 : WHAT IS AQUAPONICS?
OUTLINE
I. What is Aquaponics III. Factors in Aquaponics
A. Aquaponics Set-up
B. Brief History of
Aquaponics IV. How does it Work?
A. Components of
II. Different Types of aquaponics system
Aquaponic Set-up B. Basic concept of
A. Floating Raft System aquaponics
B. NFT or Nutrient Film C. Water circulation in
Technique aquaponics
C. Media filled bed
Aquaponics V. Media Filled Based
Backyard Aquaponics
Construction
14 | P a g e
15 | P a g e
 The plants are set into channels (PVC pipes) and

absorb nutrient-infused water flows (figure 3).
 Plants grow on small cup with inert growing media
 this is used for domestic grows of leafy vegetables.
C. MEDIA-FILLED BED AQUAPONICS
 This uses containers filled with rock media to support
the roots of the plants (figure 4)
 It performs filtering functions; mineralization and
biofiltration
 This is able to produce large root mass plants like
fruits, vegetables, and flowering plants.
III. FACTORS IN AQUAPONICS SET UP

 Production capacity (small scale/commercial scale)
Figure 5. The Biological
 The location of the setup Process of Aquaponics
 Materials for construction
 Access to sunlight
 Fish stocking density
 Electric power supply or Solar power source
 Source of healthy fish fingerlings and seedlings
 Source of fish foods
IV. HOW DOES IT WORK?

Figure 6. The Media Filled
A. COMPONENTS OF AQUAPONICS SYSTEM Based Aquaponics Single
 Fish tank, Biofilter, Water Pump, Filtration System, Grow bed
Plumbing System, Aeration System
 The Biological Process of Aquaponics (Figure 5)
 The Nitrogen Cycle in Aquaponics
Figure 7. The Media Filled

Based Aquaponics Double
B. BASIC CONCEPT OF AQUAPONICS Grow Beds
 Fish Management
 Plant Management
C. WATER CIRCULATION IN AQUAPONICS
16 | P a g e
 Flow Through – a type of aquaponics system with

a continuous circulation of water
 Flood and Drain – a type of aquaponics system
that has water drain control device known as “bell
siphon” Figure 8. The Media Filled
Based Aquaponics Using
V. MEDIA FILLED BASED BACKYARD Plastic Barrel (Drum)
AQUAPONICS CONSTRUCTION
 Media Filled Based Aquaponics Single Grow Bed
(figure 6).
 Media Filled Based Aquaponics Double Grow Beds
(figure 7).
 Media Filled Based Aquaponics Using Plastic Barrel
Figure 9. The Mega Batya
(Drum) (figure 8). Aquaponics Set up
 Mega Batya Aquaponics Setup (figure 9).
17 | P a g e
LESSON 4 : WHAT IS HYDROPONICS?
18 | P a g e
 Drip System Recovery / Non-Recovery

 NFT or Nutrient Film Technique
 Aeroponic System
V. MATERIALS USED AND NUTRIENT Figure 6. NFT Hydroponics

SOLUTIONS
A. MATERIALS
 Coco Coir (figure 8) - Has an excellent air to
Figure 7. Aeroponics
water ratio with great water retention
 Rockwool (figure 9) - This is a fibrous material

made from melted rock. This is non-
biodegradable and hazardous. It is also an
excellent water retention
 Expanded Clay Pellets (figure 10) - This is the Figure 8. Coco Coir
most popular media that drain quickly and has
a neutral pH. It is reusable and used in Ebb
and Flow water culture.
 Potting Soil (Perlite) (figure 11) - These are

purred or heated to produce light and porous
material Figure 9. Rockwool
B. NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS
 Nitrogen-rich grow formula
 Phosphorus and potassium-rich bloom formula
 Plants require 17 essentials elements to grow
and reproduce, including Hydrogen, Oxygen
and Carbon. Figure 10. Expanded Clay
o Macro-elements: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, pellets
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and
Sulfur
o Microelements: Iron, Manganese,
Copper, Zinc, Boron, Chlorine,
Molybdenum, and Nickel
VI. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

 pH Control: 5.8 and 6.4 or slightly acidic
19 | P a g e
 Electrical Conductivity (EC): 1.2 to 3.5 Mho Figure 11. Potting Soil
 Horticultural Lighting: Metal Halide (MH),
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps.
 Temperature & Environmental Control 68-
8oF
20 | P a g e
LESSON 5 : PUMPS AND PUMP SELECTION
21 | P a g e
B. TYPES OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

 Rotary Pumps – used primarily as a source of fluid
power in hydraulic systems (figure 1) Figure 2. Basic
 Reciprocating Pumps – Water is moved by construction of a single-
action lift pump
displacing action of pistons or plunger. The three
moving elements necessary for operation are: piston
or plunger; inlet or admission valve, and; outlet or
discharge valve.
 Classification of Reciprocating Pumps According
to How Water is Handled
o Lift Pumps (figure 2)
o Force Pumps (Single; Double) (figure 3)
o Variable Displacement Pumps Figure 3. Basic
construction of a single-
acting plunger type force
C. TYPES OF VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
pump
1. Centrifugal Pumps: two main parts
 the rotary element or impeller that adds energy
to the water in the form of increased velocity
and pressure.
 the stationary element or casing that guides the
water to and from the impeller
 Classification According to Type of Impeller:
Open, Semi-open or semi-closed, or enclosed
(figure 5)
 Classification According to Type of Suction
Inlet: Single or Double Suction (figure 6-7)
 Classification According to Axis of Rotation: Figure 4. Basic
construction of a double-
Horizontal or Vertical
acting piston-type force
 Classification According to Method of pump with two sets of inlet
Priming: Non-self Priming or Self Priming and discharge valves
 Priming is the process of removing air in the
suction line of the water pump. This is done by
filling the suction line with liquid which replaces
the air in the suction line.
2. Propeller and Mixed-flow Pumps: develop head by

the propelling or lifting action of the propeller on the
water. The mixed-flow pump develops its head in
part as above and in part by centrifugal force.
 characterized by high specific speeds, high
discharge, and low head
 propeller pump develops most of the impeller
vanes on the liquid
22 | P a g e
 mixed-flow pump combines some of the

features of both centrifugal and propeller pumps
 head developed is partly by centrifugal force
and partly by the lift of the vanes on the liquid
3. Jet Pumps: consists of a combination of a

centrifugal pump and a jet mechanism or ejector
(figure 8)
4. Air Lift Pumps: operates by the injection of

compressed air directly into the water inside a
discharge pipe at a point below the water level in the
Figure 5. Classification
well (figure 9) According to Type of
Impeller
5. Special Design Pumps: Two – stage deepwell
turbine pump (figure 10) and submersible type water
pump (figure 11)
III. PUMP SYSTEM SELECTION

A. WATER REQUIREMENT/DEMAND
 Volume of water needed per day Figure 6. Single Suction
 It is dependent on the area of the pond, evaporation,
seepage and percolation losses and other uses
 Other on-site conditions such as vegetation, distance
to and from water source, water quality, and cost
associated to meet requirements.
Figure 7. Double Suction

B. WATER RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
 Actual requirement can be constrained by the
available water source
 Source maybe surface or groundwater
 Specific characteristics of the water source:
o The yield in cubic meters per hour/day
o The static water level in meters
o Drawdown in meters
o The quality of water
C. FLOW RATE Figure 8. Jet Pump

 Pumping water as quickly as possible saves time but
is not always possible and advisable.
o it is expensive, requires bigger systems
23 | P a g e
o may cause excessive drawdown or the

pump to run dry
 Actual design flow rate is 50 to 75% of estimated well
yield.
 Choosing the design flow rate:
o Determine the maximum sustainable yield
of the water source in cubic meters per
day
o Determine the peak daily demand of the Figure 9. Air Lift Pump
site. If it is greater than the maximum
sustainable yield, you may have to develop
a secondary source
o Depending on type of pump set, estimate
how many hours you expect to operate
every day
D. TOTAL PUMPING HEAD

 Head is a term used for several related quantities
that comprise the effective pressure against which a Figure 10. Two – stage
deepwell turbine pump
pump lifts water. It is the combination of:
o Elevation (static water level + static
discharge + drawdown
o Pipe Friction
o Velocity
o Pressure Head
E. WATER QUALITY
 This is important in determining whether the water
source is suitable for human, animal and fish
production, but also may have impact on pumping
Figure 11. Sectional view of
equipment selection (corrosion problems) submersible type water
F. WATER AVAILABILITY pump
 This refers to the percent time water is available to
users during specified period. It can be increased
but operation becomes more expensive.
 Water Availability depends on:
o Equipment reliability
o Variations in water and energy resources
o Availability of backup equipment and water
resources in the event of system failure
G. ENERGY DEMAND AND RESOURCES
24 | P a g e
 An important aspect in choosing pumping equipment

is determining the energy required to pump water
and assessing what energy source could be utilized.
 Power and energy are both important in determining
the correct size of pumping equipment
Power (Pw) = 9.81 x H x Q
where: Pw = power in watts

H = total pumping head, m
Q = volume of water pumped, L/sec
Pw × g ×QD × H
Eh=
( 3.6 × 106 ) × E
Where: Eh = hydraulic energy in kilowatt-hours
Pw = density of water (1000 kg/m3)
g = gravitational constant (9.81 m/sec 2)
H = Total pumping head, meters
QD = volume of water pumped (m3/day)
E = efficiency of the pump (percent)
H. ENERGY SOURCES
 Traditional energy resources for delivering water
include gravity, hand lifting and wind
 energy
 For 80 years now, petroleum fuels and electricity
have been utilized
 If water can be delivered by gravity, it is likely the
most reliable and cost effective system, however,
capital cost of infrastructure needed may effect the
selection
I. PUMPS AND DRIVERS

 Pumps are selected based on the required flow rate
and head
 The driver (engine or electric motor) is selected to
match the pump’s power needs
 Pump curve is the most important technical
characteristic for predicting pump performance. It
shows the pump operating range in terms of total
25 | P a g e
head, flow rate, efficiency, and even power

consumption
J. PUMP SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS (factors

affecting pump selection)
 Reliability (function of the pump design)
 Frequency and complexity of maintenance
requirements and technical skill level, or additional
technical skill needed to perform maintenance tasks
 Degree of use in your area (familiarity of operation,
more available spare parts)
 Potential for standardization of equipment
(minimizing spare parts inventory and technical
training needs)
 How to choose the right pump?
o Choose the pump type that is appropriate
to your particular application based on the
head and flow ranges, consider its
advantages and disadvantages;
o Based on informal survey of the local
availability of various makes and models.
Select three or four models;
o Get local opinions on reliability, ease of
installation and maintenance, availability of
spare parts and cost of repair
o Pick the model with the best combination
of high efficiency, low cost, reputation of
reliability and ease of maintenance
K. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

DIESEL SYSTEMS
 Low capital cost but moderate to high recurrent cost
for O&M
 Local familiarity with O&M due to existing network of
trained mechanics and spare parts supplier
 Fuel availability can be highly variable
 Fuel cost vary seasonally
 On-demand pumping capability
 Relatively portable for smaller units
 Needs attendant during operation
L. ELECTRIC-DRIVEN PUMP SETS

 Most cost-effective system option
26 | P a g e
 Generally, electric driven pumps are:

o Easier to install
o Require less maintenance
o Use cheaper fuel
o Easier to operate
o Operates quietly
o Affected by brown outs or power failure
M. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
 There are pump systems that have higher initial cost
but low operation and maintenance cost and vice-
versa
 The cost and availability of spare parts and cost and
easiness of repair usually affects the decision on
what pump system to use
IV. SIZING OF PUMPS AND PRIMEMOVERS

A. SIZING OF PUMPS POWER
 The power required to run the selected pump can be

calculated as follows:
1. Determine the total head
2. Determine the output power (Po) or requirement.
HQ
Po = ------------------
102
3. Determine the pump input power (Pi)

Po
Pi = -------------------------------------------------------
Pump Eff x Trans Eff x Delivery Rating
 Range of centrifugal pump efficiencies = 32 - 55%
27 | P a g e
 Transmission efficiency depends on the type of transmission

system: direct = 100%, flat belt = 90%, v-belt = 95%, gears =
95%
 Delivery rating for electric motors = 65 - 90%
 For internal combustion engines = 60 - 80%
B. POWER PLANT SELECTON

 The Objective is to have sufficient power at specified
speed and maximum operating efficiency
 Gasoline or Diesel Engine:
o Amount of power required
o Initial cost
o Availability of fuel
o Annual use (800 hrs)
o Duration and frequency of pumping
V. PUMP MAINTENANCE AND

TROUBLESHOOTING
A. PUMP MAINTENANCE
 Efficiency and Cost
 Effect of Wear and Corrosion
 Three main types of physical deterioration:
o Abrasion
o Corrosion
o Cavitation
 The rate of deterioration depends on: Material
type; Mechanical design; Water quality; Maintenance
schedule; Temperature; Cavitation susceptibility;
Suitability of pump for the duty
B. TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE FOR CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS
PROBLEM POSSIBLE SOLUTION

1. No Water  Prime pump
 Head too high
 Suction lift too high
 Air leak in suction pipe
 Suction pipe clogged
2. Not Enough  Prime pump
Water  Speed too low
 Suction lift too high
 Air leak in suction pipe
 Wrong foot valve size
28 | P a g e
 Wrong foot valve submergence

3. Low  Speed too low
Pressure  Air in water
 Wrong impeller diameter
 Worn out pump
 Damaged impeller
4. Too Much  Speed too high
Power Used  Mechanical defect
5. Pump Works  Air pocket in suction pipe
then Stops  Suction lift too high
 Worn out stuffing box
C. PUMPING DOS
 Install the pump as close as possible towater
 Make sure suction and delivery pipes do not stain pump casing
 Check tightness of pipe connections
 Use recommended strainer
 Anchor pump securely
 Use the pump within limits
 Provide ventilation for the motor or engine
 Keep pump and motor connection aligned
 Prime pump before starting
 Keep strainer clean and service pump regularly
D. PUMPING DONTS
 Pump corrosive liquids
 Operate pump without water
 Operate pump with discharge valve closed
 Operate pump with strainer blocked
 Operate pump while it is vibrating excessively
 Install suction pies so that air can build up in them
 Forget to do regular maintenance
E. CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF PUMPS

 The alignment of pump and prime mover
 Correct rotation
 Packing seal
 Leaks on the suction pipe
 Prime the pump
 Lubrication of the moving parts
29 | P a g e

Final Notebook Aqua Engr

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Final Notebook Aqua Engr

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Notebook Aqua Engr

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FISH 61A LECTURE • 1st semester • a.y.

Figure 2. Fish Cages

D. RACEWAYS Figure 4. Raceways

III. FISHPOND DESIGN

F. SIDE SLOPES OF DIKES:

G. WATERSHED AND FLOODING HAZARDS Figure 11. Pacing Method

H. CLIMATE AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

IV. DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY OF

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES & DIRECTION

INDIRECT METHOD BY MAPPING/SCALING

A. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Figure 16. Transparent

 Size of Fish Cages

 Types of Nets for Fish Cages (refer to figures 6-8)

D. TOTAL LENGTH OF NET NEEDED PER CAGE

F. NUMBER OF ROLLS NEEDED

Figure 11. Design of Fixed

 Fish Cage with Floating Shed (figure 9)

 Canvas with wooden or steel frame

E. SIZES OF FISH TANKS

II. RACEWAYS & FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEM

 Continuous water flow and ensure proper oxygen

III. FISH PENS

 Barrier (figure 10)

o Barriers are set to protect the nursery and

 The plants are set into channels (PVC pipes) and

III. FACTORS IN AQUAPONICS SET UP

IV. HOW DOES IT WORK?

Figure 7. The Media Filled

C. WATER CIRCULATION IN AQUAPONICS

 Flow Through – a type of aquaponics system with

 Drip System Recovery / Non-Recovery

V. MATERIALS USED AND NUTRIENT Figure 6. NFT Hydroponics

 Rockwool (figure 9) - This is a fibrous material

 Potting Soil (Perlite) (figure 11) - These are

VI. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

B. TYPES OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

2. Propeller and Mixed-flow Pumps: develop head by

 mixed-flow pump combines some of the

3. Jet Pumps: consists of a combination of a

4. Air Lift Pumps: operates by the injection of

III. PUMP SYSTEM SELECTION

Figure 7. Double Suction

C. FLOW RATE Figure 8. Jet Pump

o may cause excessive drawdown or the

D. TOTAL PUMPING HEAD

G. ENERGY DEMAND AND RESOURCES

 An important aspect in choosing pumping equipment

Power (Pw) = 9.81 x H x Q

where: Pw = power in watts

I. PUMPS AND DRIVERS

head, flow rate, efficiency, and even power

J. PUMP SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS (factors

K. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

L. ELECTRIC-DRIVEN PUMP SETS

 Generally, electric driven pumps are:

IV. SIZING OF PUMPS AND PRIMEMOVERS

 The power required to run the selected pump can be

3. Determine the pump input power (Pi)