PHYSICS I

(FISIKA I)
TOPIC:
Kinematics (Straight Motion)

Mariyanto, S.Si. M.T.

Department of Geophysical Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
 Introduction: purpose of physics
is to study the motion of objects
• NASCAR engineers are fanatical about this aspect of
physics as they determine the performance of their cars
before and during a race.
• Geologists use this physics to measure tectonic-plate
motion as they attempt to predict earthquakes.
• Medical researchers need this physics to map the blood
flow through a patient when diagnosing a partially closed
artery, and motorists use it to determine how they might
slow sufficiently when their radar detector sounds a
warning.

2
 Motion: kinematics
• The motion is along a straight line only. The line may be
vertical, horizontal, or slanted, but it must be straight.
• Forces (pushes and pulls) cause motion but will not be
discussed. We discuss only the motion itself and
changes in the motion.
• The moving object is either a particle (by which we
mean a point-like object such as an electron) or an
object that moves like a particle (such that every portion
moves in the same direction and at the same rate).

3
 Position and Displacement
• The position x of a particle on an x axis locates the particle with
respect to the origin, or zero point, of the axis.
• A change from position x1 to position x2 is called a displacement
Δx, where

4
5
Average Velocity and Average Speed

6
 Average Velocity
• The average velocity vavg, which is the ratio of the displacement Δx
that occurs during a particular time interval Δt to that interval:

7
 Average Speed
• Average speed savg is a different way of describing “how fast” a
particle moves. Whereas the average velocity involves the particle’s
displacement Δx, the average speed involves the total distance
covered (for example, the number of meters moved), independent of
direction; that is,

8
Calculation of the average velocity

9
Average velocity, beat-up pickup truck

10
11
12
13
14
 Instantaneous Velocity
• The velocity at any instant is obtained from the average velocity by
shrinking the time interval Δt closer and closer to 0. As Δt dwindles,
the average velocity approaches a limiting value, which is the
velocity at that instant:

15
 Speed
• Speed is the magnitude of velocity; that is, speed is velocity that has
been stripped of any indication of direction, either in words or via an
algebraic sign. (Caution: Speed and average speed can be quite
different.)
• A velocity of +5 m/s and one of −5 m/s both have an associated
speed of 5 m/s.
• The speedometer in a car measures speed, not velocity (it cannot
determine the direction).

16
17
Velocity and slope of x versus t,
elevator cab

18
19
20
21
 Acceleration
• When a particle’s velocity changes, the particle is said to undergo
acceleration (or to accelerate). For motion along an axis, the
average acceleration aavg over a time interval Δt is

• where the particle has velocity v1 at time t1 and then velocity v2 at

time t2. The Instantaneous acceleration (or simply acceleration)
is

• If the signs of the velocity and acceleration of a particle are the

same, the speed of the particle increases. If the signs are opposite,
the speed decreases.
22
23
Acceleration and dv/dt

24
25
26
27
28
Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

• First Basic Equation.

• Second Basic Equation.

• Three Other Equations.

➢ Eliminate t:

➢ Eliminate a:

➢ Eliminate v0:

29
Equations for Motion with
Constant Acceleration

30
31
Drag race of car and motorcycle

32
33
34
35
36
37
 Free-Fall Acceleration
• The free-fall acceleration near Earth’s surface is a = −g = −9.8 m/s2,
and the magnitude of the acceleration is g = 9.8 m/s2. Do not
substitute −9.8 m/s2 for g.

A feather and an apple free fall in vacuum

at the same magnitude of acceleration g.
The acceleration increases the distance
between successive images. In the
absence of air, the feather and apple fall
together.

38
39
Time for full up-down flight, baseball toss

40
41
42
43
 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

• Integrating Acceleration

• Integrating Velocity

44
Graphical integration a versus t, whiplash injury

45
46
47
48