WORK - ENERGY THEOREM

A Paper Presented to Our Professor at

University of Mindanao – Matina Campus

Davao City

________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
In CEE118 (2202) – DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
2nd Term, 1st Semester, SY 2023 – 2024
________________________________________________

Submitted by:

LERASAN, JAY-R C.
LUPAS, JYRNE TYNE S.
MAGALONA, MIKE ANGELO A.
MALAYAN, MICHAEL JR. G.
MARAVILLA, DONNA MAE B.

Submitted to:

ENGR. DARIO A. CALAQUE JR.

November 29, 2023

INTRODUCTION

WORK

Work is done by applying a constant force to displace a certain object. The

elementary definition of work is equal to force times the distance.

FORMULA:
W = Fd
Where:
W = work done (J, N•m)
F = force applied (N)
d = displacement (m)

However, force is a vector and the direction to where it is applied matters.

By definition, work 𝑊 done on a system by an agent exerting a constant force on the
system is the vector product of the force F, the magnitude Δ𝑥 of the displacement
of the point of application of the force,

W = Fcosθ • d
Where:

θ = angle of application of force (degrees)

WORK DONE BY A SPRING

When a spring is either compressed or stressed from its equilibrium position, it
exerts a force that is equal to,

Fs = -kx

Where:

Fs = spring force (N)

k = spring constant (N/m)

= spring’s stiffness

x = spring deformation (m)

Therefore, the work W done by the

spring can be defined by:

𝑿𝒇
W = ∫ 𝑭𝒔 • 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑿𝒊 (−𝒌𝒙)𝒅𝒙

W = 𝟏/𝟐 𝒌(𝑿𝒊𝟐 − 𝑿𝒇𝟐 )

EXAMPLE PROBLEM: The system is released from rest with the spring initially
stretched 75 mm. Calculate the velocity of the cylinder after it has dropped 12 mm.
The spring has a stiffness of 1050 N/m. Neglect the mass of the pulley.
 SOLUTION:

Initial Velocity of the Cylinder:

1 1
𝑚𝑉12 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2

1 1
(45)𝑉12 = (1050)(0.075)2
2 2

V1 = 0.3623 m/s

1 1
m(V22 − V12 ) = k(0.012)2
2 2

1 1
(45)(V22 − (0.3623)2 ) = (1050(0.012)2
2 2

V2 = 0.37 m/s

KINETIC ENERGY

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. When work is done in the system
that causes it to change its speed, then the type of energy that the system can possess
is called kinetic energy.

𝟏
KE = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

Where:

KE = kinetic energy (Joules, kg•m2/s2)

m = mass of the body (kg)

v = velocity of the body (m/s)

Kinetic energy is the work done by the net force on a particle of mass m is equal
to the difference between the initial and final values of a quantity.

W = ΔKE
𝟏 𝟏
W = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝒇𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝒊𝟐
 𝟏 𝟏
W = 𝟐 𝒎(𝒗𝒇𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒗𝒊𝟐 )

where:

Vf = final velocity of the body (m/s)

Vi = initial velocity of the body (m/s)

POTENTIAL ENERGY

While the object was at the highest point, the system had the potential to
possess kinetic energy, but it did not do so until the object was allowed to fall.
Therefore, we call the energy storage mechanism before the object is released
potential energy. The force associated to potential energy is the object’s weight, and
that the change in velocity is actually present as the acceleration due to gravity.
Therefore,

PE = mgh

where:

PE = potential energy (Joules, kg•m2/s2)

m = mass of the body (kg)

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

h = height (m)

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor
destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. In physics, this is also
known as the Law of Conservation of Energy.

Force is said to be conservative if the work done by a conservative force on a

particle moving through any closed path is zero. Therefore,
 W = ΔKE + ΔPE

0 = ΔKE + ΔPE

0 = KEf – KEi + PEf – PEi

W = KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf

EXAMPLE PROBLEM: A car coast down a hill and then up a smaller one onto a level
surface where it has speed of 32 ft/s. If the car started 200 ft above the lowest point
on the track, how far above its lowest point is the level surface?

SOLUTION

KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf

𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝑽𝒊𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉 = 𝟐 𝒎𝑽𝒇𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟐

𝟏
𝒈𝒉 = 𝒎𝑽𝒇𝟐 + 𝒈𝒉
𝟐

𝒇𝒕 𝟏 𝟑𝟐𝒇𝒕 𝟐 𝒇𝒕
(𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒔𝟐 ) (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒇𝒕) = 𝟐 ( ) + (𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒔𝟐 )(𝒉)
𝒔

h = 184.1 ft

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK AND ENERGY

Energy should be transferred to an object in order to move it. Transferring

energy can be in the form of force. This amount of energy transferred by the force to
move an object is called work or work done.

∑𝑊 =∑𝐸

𝑾𝒇 +𝑾𝒔 +𝑾𝑭𝒇 = ΔKE + ΔPE

where:

WF = work done by a force

WS = work done on a spring

WFf = work done by the frictional force

ΔKE = change in kinetic energy

ΔPE = change in potential energy

EXAMPLE PROBLEM: A 5-gram bullet moving at 100 m/s strikes a log. If the bullet
undergoes uniform deceleration and stops in 6 cm, find the average resistance force
on the log.

Solution:

𝑾𝒇 +𝑾𝒔 +𝑾𝑭𝒇 = ΔKE + ΔPE

𝟏 𝟏
Ff = 𝒎𝒗𝒇𝟐 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝒎 𝟐
−𝑭𝒇(𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒎) = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒌𝒈) (𝟏𝟎𝟎 )
𝟐 𝒔

Ff = -416.667 N

ACTIVITY (For Everyone):

At her highest point, a girl on a swing is 7 ft above the ground and her lowest
point, she is 3 ft above the ground. What is her maximum velocity?

Solution:

KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf

𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝑽𝒊𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉 = 𝒎𝑽𝒇𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒈𝒉 = 𝒎𝑽𝒇𝟐 + 𝒈𝒉
𝟐
𝒇𝒕 𝟏 𝒇𝒕
(𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 ) (𝟕𝒇𝒕) = (𝑽𝒇)𝟐 + (𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 )(𝟑𝒇𝒕)
𝒔 𝟐 𝒔
Vf = Vmax = 16.05 ft/s