•The move to digital modulation provides more information capacity,

compatibility with digital data services, higher data security, better quality
communications, and quicker system availability.

•In digital communications, the modulating wave consists of binary data or

an M-ary encoded version of it and the carrier is sinusoidal wave.
Different Shift keying methods that are used in digital modulation techniques are:
 In coherent modulation technique, process
received signal with a local carrier of same
frequency and phase.
 In non coherent digital modulation technique,

there is no requirement of reference wave.

Less complex receiver,but worse performance.
 In ASK, the amplitude of the signal is changed in
response to information and all else is kept fixed.Bit 1 is
transmitted by a signal of one particular amplitude.To
transmit 0,we change the amplitude keeping the
frequency constant.It is shown below.
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

• The simplest digital modulation technique.

• a binary information signal directly modulates amplitude of an analog
carrier.
•Similar to amplitude modulation except there are two output amplitude possible only.
• Mathematically can be expressed as

VASK(t) = [ 1 + Vm(t)] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]

Where
• VASK(t) = Amplitude Shift Keying Modulated wave
• Vm(t) = Amplitude of binary modulating (information) signal
• (Ac/2) = Amplitude of un-modulated high frequency carrier
• ωc = 2πfc = un-modulated high frequency carrier.
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Vm (t) = logic 1 = +1V Vm (t) = logic 0 = -1V

VASK(t) = [ 1 + Vm(t)] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ] VASK(t) = [ 1 + Vm(t)] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]

= [ 1 +1] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ] = [ 1 - 1] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]
= [2] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ] = [0] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]
= [Ac cos(ωct) ] =0
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Conclusion:

•As information signal is of binary format, only two voltage

levels occur at input (either +1V or -1V)
•As a result, we get only two voltage levels at output (either
[Ac cos(ωct) ] or OV)
•because of these two output voltage levels, the carrier is
either in “ON” or “OFF” state.
•that’s the reason why ASK is also known as “ON-OFF Keying
(OOK)”
 In FSK,we change the frequency in response to
information,one particular frequency for a 1 and
another frequency for a 0.
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

• Simple and low performance type of digital modulation.

•a binary information signal directly modulates frequency of an analog carrier.

• Mathematically can be expressed as

VFSK(t) = Vc cos[ 2π (fc + Vm(t)Δf)t ]

Where
• VFSK(t) = Frequency Shift Keying Modulated wave
• fc = Analog carrier central frequency
• Vc = peak analog carrier amplitude
• Vm(t) = binary input (modulating) signal
• Δf = peak change (shift) in the analog carrier frequency
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Vm(t) = logic 1 = +1V Vm(t) = logic 1 = -1V

VFSK(t) = Vc cos[ 2π (fc + Vm(t)Δf)t ] VFSK(t) = Vc cos[ 2π (fc + Vm(t)Δf)t ]

= Vc cos[ 2π (fc + 1.Δf)t ] = Vc cos[ 2π (fc - 1.Δf)t ]
= Vc cos[ 2π (fc + Δf)t ] = Vc cos[ 2π (fc - Δf)t ]
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

We observed that in FSK

• carrier wave continuously shifted by an amount specified as Δf.
•when logic 1 input is applied, the carrier wave modulated itself
to a frequency known as “mark frequency (fm)”.
•when logic 0 input is applied, the carrier wave modulated itself
to a frequency known as “space frequency (fc)”.
• the overall spectrum of FSK will be observed as
 In PSK,we change the phase of the sinusoidal carrier to
indicate information.Phase in this context is the starting
angle at which the sinusoidal starts.To transmit 0,we
shift the phase of the sinusoid by 180.phase shift
represents the change in the state of the information.
CATEGORIES OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Phase Shift Keying follows M-ARY coding

•BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)

• QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Keying)
• 8 PSK
BPSK
Constellation Diagram (BPSK)
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) can be
interpreted as two independent BPSK systems
(one on the I-channel and one on Q-channel),
and thus the same performance but twice the
bandwidth (spectrum) efficiency.
 QPSK has twice the bandwidth efficiency of
BPSK since 2 bits are transmitted in a single
modulation symbol
•The phase of the carrier takes on 1 of 4 equally spaced
values, where each value of phase
corresponds to a unique pair of message bits.
The QPSK signal for this set of symbol states may be
Constellation Diagram
(QPSK)
QPSK
Transmitter
 In binary data transmission, send only one of two possible
signals during each bit interval Tb
 In M-ary data transmission, send one of M possible signals
during each signaling interval T
 In almost all applications, M = 2n and T = nTb, where n is an
integer
 Each of the M signals is called a symbol
 These signals are generated by changing the amplitude, phase,
frequency, or combined forms of a carrier in M discrete steps.

 Thus, we have: MASK MPSK MFSK MQAM

 DPSK is a non coherent form of phase shift
keying which avoids the need for a coherent
reference signal at the receiver.
ADVANTAGE:
• Non coherent receivers are easy and cheap to
build, hence widely used in wireless
communications.
• DPSK eliminates the need for a coherent
reference signal at the receiver by combining
two basic operations at the transmitter:
 In DPSK, the phase shift is with reference to
the previous bit transmitted rather than to
some constant reference signal
 Binary 0:signal burst with the same phase as
the previous one
 Binary 1:signal burst of opposite phase to the
preceding one