Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin’s American Plants

Frontispiece. Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, Vienna, 1763. Courtesy of Biblioteca

Nacional de Colombia (BNC), Bogotá, Fondo Mutis 3864. Compare with Fig. 7.
 Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin’s
American Plants

Botanical Expedition to the Caribbean (1754–1759)

and the Publication of the
Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

By
Santiago Madriñán

In collaboration with
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

LEIDEN • BOSTON
2013
Cover illustration: Detail of plate 260 from Jacquin’s second edition of the Selectarum stirpium americanarum
historia (Vienna, 1780), depicting several plant species (see p. 380). Courtesy of Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia
(BNC), Bogotá, Fondo Mutis 3867.

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A mis padres y hermanas
 CONTENTS

Preface.............................................................................................................................................................. ix
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................. x
Introduction: Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin........................................................................... 1
Sources for the Study of Jacquin............................................................................................................ 2
The Biographie......................................................................................................................................... 3
Additional Primary Sources................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter One: A Leiden Botanist................................................................................................................ 7
The Jacquin Family................................................................................................................................... 7
Education................................................................................................................................................... 7
Emperor Franz I Stephan von Lothringen’s Curiosity....................................................................... 9
Bring Birds, Flowers, and Fruits and Other Curiosities that May Please Me............................... 11
Genealogy of Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin................................................................................................. 16
Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin’s Chronology................................................................................................. 19
Chapter Two: Botanical Expedition to the Caribbean......................................................................... 21
Jacquin in Martinique............................................................................................................................. 23
Other Naturalists...................................................................................................................................... 27
The Leeward Islands................................................................................................................................ 28
La ‘Mauvaise Saison’................................................................................................................................ 30
The Leeward Antilles............................................................................................................................... 32
Saint Domingue........................................................................................................................................ 33
Troubled Waters........................................................................................................................................ 33
Jamaica....................................................................................................................................................... 35
Voyage of the Damned............................................................................................................................. 37
Cartagena de Indias................................................................................................................................ 37
Cuba............................................................................................................................................................ 40
Homeward Bound.................................................................................................................................... 40
Expedition Itinerary................................................................................................................................. 41
Collecting Localities................................................................................................................................. 43
Shipments of Specimens......................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter Three: The Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia..................................................... 47
The Enumeratio systematica plantarum........................................................................................... 48
The Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia.......................................................................... 51
The 1780 Luxury Edition of the Selectarum........................................................................................ 61
The Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis and its Preface............................. 73
Holdings of the Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia Luxury Edition........................ 74
Conclusion: Ambassador of Flora............................................................................................................. 77
Appendix I: Jacquin’s American Plants.................................................................................................... 81
Original Illustrations............................................................................................................................... 81
List of American Plants Mentioned in Jacquin’s Publications........................................................ 81
The Plates of the Luxury Edition of the Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia .......... 120
Appendix II: Jacquin’s American Animals.............................................................................................. 387
Appendix III: Jacquin’s Publications........................................................................................................ 401
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................... 403
Indices .............................................................................................................................................................. 409
Subject Index............................................................................................................................................. 409
Organism Index........................................................................................................................................ 414
 Preface
Writing a book about Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin,
an eighteenth century Dutch-born, Austrian
botanist, who visited Colombia in 1758, has
been a wonderful ordeal. I first learned about
his visit to Cartagena in 1992, when I was work-
ing on my doctoral dissertation at the Jardín
Botánico Guillermo Piñeres, in Cartagena. As
a side project, I began to study the flora of the
nearby islands of Tierra Bomba and Barú and
found that a large number of the species grow-
ing there had been described by Jacquin. Soon
afterwards I saw the plants again at the Botany
Libraries of Harvard University, now as water-
color paintings in Jacquin´s luxury edition of
his book on American plants, the Selectarum
stirpium americanarum historia, published in
1780. After returning to Bogotá in 1997, I was
told that a second copy of this very rare book
was part of the Mutis Fund of the Biblioteca Na-
cional de Colombia, a collection of the books
owned by José Celestino Mutis, the Spanish
botanist who worked on the flora of the New
Granada in the late seventeen hundreds.
Since 2000 I have been obsessed with find-
ing out who was this Austrian botanist with
a French name, and what made him come to
Colombia. Reading the scarce Colombian lit-
erature on Jacquin, I learned that he is consid-
ered the first modern botanist to have visited
the country and described native plants with
Linnean binomials. It was in 2000 that I met
Alicia Dusán de Reichel-Dolmatoff, a Colom-
bian anthropologist who through her work in
the Colombian Caribbean and Austrian con-
nections, had also known about Jacquin. Our
shared interest made us approach the Aus-
trian ambassador to Colombia, Mrs. Marianne
da Costa, who encouraged us to write a book
on Jacquin.
In 2001, while on a fellowship at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, I saw a third copy of
Jacquin´s rare book at the library, and now
with easier access to the primary and second-
ary sources, began to compile the existing liter-
ature on him; not an easy task! At the Linnean
Society in London, I had the opportunity to
browse through Jacquin’s letters to Linnaeus,
all in Latin, and match them with Linnaeus’s
replies, which I was fortunate to find had been
transcribed and published in 1841. While in
London, I also visited the archives of the Natu-
ral History Museum, where yet another copy
of the 1780 edition of the Selectarum resides,
together with beautifully illustrated letters
from Jacquin to Dryander.
At the suggestion of Ambassador da Costa,
the Austrian Bundesministerium für Unter-
richt, Kunst und Kultur, invited me to visit Vi-
enna in the spring of 2002. While there, I was
finally able to gather rare publications and
hard to find journal articles on Jacquin and
also meet his recent biographer Maria Petz-
Grabenbauer. Michael Kiehn kindly welcomed
me at the Institut für Botanik und Botanischer
Garten, Universität Wien, where I consulted
the library and archives and saw Jacquin’s face
in the oil painting in the director’s office. In
the Naturhistorisches Museum I saw some of
Jacquin’s original paintings of the plants he
studied in America. At the Österreichische Na-
tionalbibliothek I was fortunate to see on dis-
play Jacquin’s own copy of the luxury edition
of the Selectarum with its beautiful title page,
and in conversation with Helga Hühnel, who
had recently written about Austrian travelers
to the new world, I learned of the existence
of a rare manuscript, kept in the manuscripts’
collection, called the Biographie, with the sub-
title Reise meines Vaters nach Westindien. I pro-
ceeded to visit the archives to see this work, but
unfortunately the script was extremely hard
to read. I left Vienna with all the remaining
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
literature I had been unable to find elsewhere,
having concluded that the reason so little was
known about Jacquin’s expedition to America
was the lack of primary sources. However,
there was the indecipherable Biographie.
A visit to Uppsala was the last of my Eu-
ropean travels in search of Jacquin. There I
found a few letters at the Uppsala universitets-
bibliotek Arkiv, some of them not cataloged
and shown to me by the archive staff.
My professional and teaching obligations
at Universidad de los Andes during the follow-
ing years hampered progress on this project.
Nevertheless, I was fortunate to have enthusi-
astic students who helped me digitize into a
database the botanical and geographical infor-
mation found in the Selectarum. I requested a
microfilm copy of the Biographie from the Ös-
terreichische Nationalbibliothek, which was
kindly sent to Bogotá, and I continued to read
the Austrian literature with very slow progress.
In 2007, with the encouragement of Wm.
Dennis Stevenson, I decided to dedicate my
sabbatical semester to Jacquin at the New York
Botanical Garden. With the surge of the digital
era, more and more documents, books, letters,
and information in general, began to be read-
ily available. The Linnaean correspondence
was now fully cataloged and made accessible
on the Internet, as were copies of most of Jac-
quin’s publications. Now the problem was too
much information —but still no Biographie.
Through Internet blogs I contacted Dr. Rüdiger
van den Boom, director of the Goethe Institute
in Chicago, who had experience in transcrib-
ing old German manuscripts. We worked to-
gether on the Biographie, page by page, word
by crossed-out word, and footnote within foot-
note within footnote, to finally have a readable
transcription of the manuscript. I also con-
tacted the developers of the Internet site Gé-
néalogie et Histoire de la Caraïbe, Bernadette
and Philippe Rossignol, who after reading my
request on information about the Jacquin
x
family in the Caribbean produced a wonderful
piece of great detail about French relatives of
Jacquin in the colonies of the Caribbean.
With all this information I now had a good
knowledge of Jacquin’s expedition to America,
and began to write a manuscript, but my sab-
batical soon ended and teaching obligations
again hampered progress. I had nevertheless
prepared an oral presentation which I have
since given at several venues, the last one
being in Leiden, Jacquin’s hometown, at the
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. Most of the
audience knew of him as a famous botanist,
but only a few were aware that he was actu-
ally born in Leiden. There, in a small alleyway,
I was able to visit the Latin School where he
had enrolled for his early schooling, and his
alma mater, the Universiteit Leiden, in whose
archives I found new letters and documents.
Early in 2012 I was approached by Brill
Publishers in Leiden. At the suggestion of Dr.
Pieter Baas, former director of the Nationaal
Herbarium Nederland, they offered to publish
my book.
Compiling information for nearly twelve
years —from original letters and books in
Latin, unintelligible manuscripts in German,
hard to find Austrian literature (often in Goth-
ic script), and a wealth of sources available on
the Internet— has been a daunting task. Like
Jacquin’s own tortuous, but very fruitful expe-
dition to the Caribbean, an account of which
I offer in the following chapters, this book
has been the product of a long and arduous
venture, which could not have been possible
without the help of many people, unforeseen
connections, perseverance and good fortune.
Acknowledgements
I cannot thank enough the encouragement
and understanding of many people dur-
ing more than a decade of hearing me talk
about this book. At its onset, Alicia Dusán de
 preface
Reichel-Dolmatoff and Marianne da Costa,
former Austrian Ambassador to Colombia,
were amongst the first to see in Jacquin an un-
told story, particularly with respect to his expe-
dition to the Caribbean.
At different stages of the project I received
support and input from a great many friends
and colleagues. With the unfortunate certainty
that I am unintentionally not listing them all,
I recall with gratitude: Alberto Gómez, Ben-
jamin Liu, Franciscus Albers, Antoine Cleef,
Bernadette & Philippe Rossignol, Carl Lange-
baek, Carlos Mejía, Cassio van den Berg, Cathy
Aquart, Fernando Salazar, Gustavo Romero,
Helga Lindorf, James Hammond, Jean-Michel
Marlaud, José Fernando Céspedes, Lisa Camp-
bell, Manuel Antonio Romero, Mauricio Nieto,
Pedro Londoño, Rüdiger van den Boom, San-
tiago Díaz-Piedrahíta, Sebastián Díaz, Simon
Middleton and Stuart Davies. Amongst my
former students, who were always very coop-
erative, despite their multiple obligations, in
databasing Jacquin’s plant names and trans-
lating texts from Latin, German and French,
are: Adriana Sánchez, Alfredo Navas, Carlos
Hernández, Johana Isabel Córdoba, Manuel
de Zubiría, Mauricio Bernal, Ricardo de la Pava
and Simón Uribe.
I have been very fortunate to count with
the help of staff of many institutions around
the world. I specially want to mention the
Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia, its direc-
tor Ana Roda, and curatorial staff, Camilo
Andrés Páez, Daniela Fernández and Rob-
inson López, for their diligence in provid-
ing high resolution scans of Jacquin’s books.
Other institutions (and their staff) that I
visited or contacted, and who welcomed me
to their collections or provided materials
are: Arader Galleries (W. Graham Arader III,
Caleb Kiffer), Archiv der Universität Wien
(Phaidra Project), Biblioteca Braidense, Bib-
lioteka Narodowa, Botanischer Garten und
Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem (Walter
xi
Lack), British Museum Library, CaribMap.org
(Blair Hedges), Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen Göttinger DigitalisierungsZentrum
(GDZ), Botanical Libraries, Harvard Univer-
sity (Judith Warnement), Holden Arboretum
Brown University (Clement Hamilton), Insti-
tut für Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Wien
(Michael Kiehn, Tod F. Stuessy, Maria Petz-
Grabenbauer, Robert Stangl), John Hay Library,
Brown University, Lilly Library, Linnean Soci-
ety (Gina Douglas), Linnékorrespondensen,
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland (Pieter Baas),
Natural History Museum, London (Norman
Robson), Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien
(Christian Koeberl, Christa Riedl-Dorn), Mertz
Library, The New York Botanical Garden (Ste-
phen Sinon), New York Public Library, Oak
Spring Garden Library, Österreichische Na-
tionalbibliothek (Andreas Fingernagel, Ilse
Mühlbacher, Helga Hühnel), Teylers Museum,
Haarlem, The British Library, The Morgan Li-
brary & Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
(Mark Chase, Mike Fay), Universität Wien
(Marianne Klemun, Renate Zedinger), Uni-
versitätsbibliothek, Bern, Universiteit Leiden
(Harm Beukers), Uppsala universitet and Fur-
man University (Christopher Blackwell).
Partial financial support during various
stages of this work was provided by the Kew
Latin American Fellowship (research associ-
ate at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2001), the
Österreichische Bundesministerium für Un-
terricht, Kunst und Kultur (Martin Smejkal;
visit to Vienna 2002), The New York Botanical
Garden (space and resources kindly offered by
Dennis Wm. Stevenson during my sabbatical
semester in 2007), and the Universidad de los
Andes (sabbatical semester 2007).
Finally, I am grateful to the editorial staff at
Brill, Michiel Thijssen and Sabine Steenbeek,
and at Ediciones Uniandes, Felipe Castañeda,
Adriana Delgado, María del Mar Ravassa and
Angélica Ramos, for their help in making this
book happen.
Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin. © Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation.
 Introduction
Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin
On the morning of Assumption Day 1817, Niko-
laus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin awoke after
days in agony and asked: “Have the Stapelias
not flowered yet?” At age ninety, suffering from
Marasmus senilis, Jacquin in his deathbed, sur-
rounded by his son Joseph Franz, his daughter
Franziska, and his grandchildren, was refer-
ring to his work on the genus Stapelia which
he had begun in 1806, and which, having pub-
lished the fourth volume six months earlier
was still unfinished. The following day a lied,
versing on flowering and fruiting, spring, sum-
mer and fall, was drafted by his accompanying
family and designated as his swan song.1 He
slowly faded during the next ten weeks, dying
on October 26. Not until the following spring,
on 9 June 1818, was a solemn funeral held in
the great hall of the University of Vienna, at-
tended by the rector and senate of the Uni-
versity. Amongst other important figures was
his colleague Johann Nepomuk von Raimann
(1780–1847), who pronounced a memorial ad-
dress.2 Jacquin was buried at Matzleinsdorfer
cemetery on 28 June, and his gravestone can
now be found next to his son’s, Joseph Franz,
at the Botanical Garden on Rennweg.3
A medical doctor by training, professor of
practical mining and chemistry at the Higher
Mining School of Schemnitz (now Banská
1
It is well know that the Jacquin family was much
inclined to music. His daughter Franziska and son Emil-
ian Gottfried had received classes from Mozart who
dedicated several pieces to them, including his Musical
Dice-Game in C K. 516f, where the name francisca [sic]
is cleverly spelled in musical score, together with nick-
names of other members of the Jacquin family. See No-
guchi 2007.
2
Raimann 1818.
3
Lack 2000a.
Štiavnica, Slovakia), professor of botany and
chemistry and director of the Botanical Gar-
den at the University of Vienna, professor
Emeritus at the University of Vienna and sci-
entific director of the Schönbrunn Botanical
Garden, rector of the University of Vienna,
ennobled ‘Elder’, Knight of the Royal Order
of Saint Stephen, &c., &c., Jacquin was one of
the most prominent academic figures in eigh-
teenth century Austria.
Born in Leiden, the Netherlands, in 1727,
he was invited to Vienna in 1752 by his fel-
low countryman and former family doctor
in Leiden, Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772), at
the time personal physician of the Austrian
empress Maria Theresa (1717–1780), to finish
his medical degree, which he had started in
Leiden and continued in Paris. In 1744 he was
sent to America by emperor Franz I Stephan
von Lothringen (1708–1765) to collect plants
and animals for the newly established bo-
tanical garden and menagerie at Schönbrunn
Palace. Upon his return in 1759, he quickly
published his botanical findings in a small
booklet listing the plants he had studied dur-
ing his expedition and by the end of 1762 had
prepared a full account of these plants accom-
panied by 184 copper plate engravings of the
species described.
In 1763, soon after publishing his book on
the American plants, he was offered three
positions by empress Maria Theresa. One in
Innsbruck, another in Saint Petersburg and a
third one in Schemnitz. Although he initially
had strong doubts about going to Schemnitz
because he had to teach in German, a lan-
guage in which he was not very fluent, he was
encouraged by the empress herself to take this
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
position, and so he did. Not surprisingly, it in-
volved a professorship and directorship of the
Mining Academy with an imperial salary of 500
gold Ducats (2,000 Gulden), a grant from the
Emperor for his American journey, an elegant
house with a garden, a furnished laboratory, a
dowry for his recently wedded wife Katherina
Josepha von Schreibers, and allowance for fire-
wood and fodder for four horses. With his fi-
nancial wellbeing now secured he could now
dedicate himself solely to science.4 He worked
in Schemnitz for five years, teaching chemistry,
writing a textbook based on his lectures, and
contributing to the important mining activi-
ties of silver ore in the region, while continu-
ing to publish beautifully illustrated books on
plants, the Observationum botanicarum.
Through the counsel of Van Swieten, he was
asked by Maria Theresa to become professor
of chemistry and botany at the University of
Vienna and director of the Botanical Gardens
located in Rennweg, replacing its first director
Robert-François Laugier (1722–1793).5 Thanks
to Jacquin’s diligence, the Botanical Gardens
became a bustling institution, with refurbished
buildings and a new garden layout6, lush with
plants from Europe and abroad. From here
on, Jacquin dedicated himself to botany, pro-
ducing numerous beautifully illustrated large
format books on the plants of Austria, those
found in the garden and hothouses in Schön-
brunn and Rennweg, as well as a detailed ac-
count of the flower parts of the Asclepiadaceae
and a monograph of the genus Stapelia.
4
Details of Jacquin’s salary and benefits are pro-
vided in a letter from Jacquin to Linnaeus (26 October
1763), who in return writes that his salary barely amounts
to a third of that of Jacquin’s. Jacquin adds, “et musis nunc
incumbere solis”.
5
For details of the political maneuvers executed by
Van Swieten in this appointment see Lack 2000b.
6
It was originally organized by Laugier according
to Sauvages’s principles based on leaf form. Stated by
Jacquin in a letter to Linnaeus 17 December 1759, includ-
ing criticisms of this chemist, who took on botany for his
living.
2
After retiring from the Botanical Garden
and appointing his son as successor, Jacquin
was named Professor Emeritus and continued
his engagement in university politics, holding
the position of Rector magnificus from 1809
until his death in 1817.
Sources for the Study of Jacquin
Jacquin did not publish an autobiography, and
his personal notebooks and travel diaries have
not been made public or are lost. Several ac-
counts of Jacquin’s life appear in biographical
lexicons and encyclopedias, beginning with
his obituary published anonymously in Flora,
a botanical newspaper published in Germany,
on 20 January 1818.7 Here, peculiar and some-
what personal facts, such as Jacquin’s sigh
about the Stapelias, are given by an unidenti-
fied correspondent in Vienna, and the need for
a full biography is called upon. Later that year
the memorial address by Raimann was print-
ed. Here again, very explicit details of Jacquin’s
life appear without proper reference.
In 1905, Ernst Moritz Kronfeld (1865–1942)
publishes a biography including a detailed ac-
count of Jacquin’s travels in America, which he
mentions is based on a manuscript by his son
Joseph. In 1965, Wilfried Oberhummer writes a
seventy-six page article on the history of chem-
istry at the University of Vienna between 1749
and 1848, and the chair of chemistry and bot-
any held by Jacquin and afterwards by his son.
The botanical literature includes a review
of the publication of one of Jacquin’s monu-
mental works, the Icones plantarum rariorum,
by Bernice G. Schubert (1913-2000) in 1945,
complemented in 1973 by Helmut Dolezal,
who includes details of Jacquin’s life and his
voyage to America. In 1973, another work, that
of Richard A. Howard (1917–2003), concen-
trates on the plants collected by Jacquin in
7
Anonymous 1818.
 introduction
America and addresses nomenclatural issues
of plants treated by Jacquin in his publications.8
Between 1967 and 1977 Frans Antoine
Stafleu (1921–1997), in his characteristic bib-
liophilic style, brought to light new primary
sources, publishing facsimile editions of two
of Jacquin’s books relating to the plants col-
lected in America, the Enumeratio systematica
plantarum of 1760 and the Selectarum stir-
pium americanarum historia of 1763.9 He ac-
companied these with historical background,
relevance in the botanical literature, and ex-
cerpts from Jacquin’s correspondence with
Linnaeus,10 culminating with a detailed narra-
tive of Jacquin’s life read at a commemoration
of Jacquin’s 250th birthday in Vienna in 1977.11
In 1992 and 1993 two works on the history
of Austrian natural history expeditions by
Helga Hühnel and Otto Nowotny, respectively,
address Jacquin’s expedition to America. Hüh-
nel reproduces part of a manuscript kept at
the Austrian National Library, entitled Reise
meines Vaters nach Westindien, but details of
its content are only suggested, while Nowotny
cites another manuscript and provides new
details on Jacquin’s voyage. At the same time
a methodical biography of Jacquin was being
prepared as part of a University of Vienna the-
sis by Maria Petz-Grabenbauer, published in
1995. In the year 2000 a delightful account of
Jacquin’s life was written by Hans Walter Lack.
Several documents kept at the archives of the
Natural History Museum in Vienna and else-
where, including letters and original drawings
by Jacquin, have been made public in exhibi-
tion catalogs and papers by its curator Christa
Riedl-Dorn and others.12 Recently, official
8
For a more detailed review of the botanical literature
concerning Jacquin’s American plants see Chapter Three.
9
Stafleu 1967 and 1971a, respectively.
10
Letters from Linnaeus to Jacquin transcribed by
Schreibers 1841.
11
Published three years later; Stafleu 1980.
12
Riedl-Dorn 1988a,b, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2009.
Zedinger 2009a.
3
correspondence providing very interesting
details on the preparations of the American
voyage has been made public.13
In general the works cited above concen-
trate on Jacquin’s life in Austria from 1760
onwards and little attention has been paid to
what may be the most important part of his
career, his botanical expedition to the Carib-
bean. This may be due to the lack of primary
sources such as a diary or notebooks. The only
place where Jacquin himself refers to details of
his expedition is in the preface of his Planta-
rum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis
published in 1797, almost forty years after his
return. But there is this manuscript by Jac-
quin’s son, first mentioned by Kronfeld in 1905,
and later referred to in part by Hühnel, called
the Biographie.14
The Biographie
The Archives of the Austrian National Library
hold a limited number of documents relating
to Jacquin and his family. Amongst these is a
so-called Biographie (Ser. n. 9755), which I had
the opportunity to consult in Vienna in 2002. It
consists of a 104 folio manuscript written by at
least two people; the part written by his son Jo-
seph Franz, with a subtitle Reise meines Vaters
nach Westindien, the other, identified only as
Herausgeber, most likely written by Johann
Nepomuk von Raimann. The only indication
of a date is that which appears after the lied
on p. 93, reading 16 August 1817. The incredibly
detailed information provided, such as several
very precise dates, names of ships and captains,
etc., from a voyage made more than fifty-eight
years earlier, could only have been accom-
plished by Jacquin’s son through documents
written by Jacquin himself such as a travel
13
Riedl-Dorn 2009, Zedinger 2009b.
14
ÖNB-H Cod. Ser. n. 9755.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
diary or the like.15 Alternatively, though very
unlikely, Jacquin could have narrated it from
his deathbed on those four days after waking
up from a long sleep.16
This manuscript was the basis of the memo-
rial address delivered by Raimann on Jacquin’s
funeral. Unfortunately, much of the important
biographical details contained in it were sub-
stituted by extravagant praise (duly suited for
such an event) in the publication. Neverthe-
less, the addition of interesting facts not found
in the Biographie makes it necessary to refer to
both documents.17 The original manuscript or
Raimann’s speech have been cited repeatedly,
although in a fragmentary way, without being
completely true to the sources.18 Apart from
Kronfeld, Dolezal, Hühnel and Nowotny,19 and
more recently Petz-Grabenbauer and Riedl-
Dorn in 2003 and 2009, respectively, who ex-
plicitly cite the Biographie, all other mentions
of details found there are based on reference to
these authors’ interpretations.
The Biographie, however, had never been
fully transcribed, due mainly to the very diffi-
cult task of reading the handwritings. In 2009 I
published a complete literal transcription and
free translation into Spanish.20 It contains a
wealth of information not taken into account
by any of the previous biographers.
15
In the Biographie there is an indication of Jac-
quin’s diary having been stolen by pirates during the
voyage and the hope that a copy sent earlier would have
reached Vienna (see Chapter Two).
16
The beginning of the narrative of the West Indian
voyage reads “Mein verstorbener Vater...,” which indicates
that Jacquin was already dead when this piece was written.
17
The first citation of the Biographie is by Kronfeld
1905 (citing it without reference to its cataloging infor-
mation), who also reads it freely and includes additional
information not accounted for.
18
Kronfeld 1905, Dolezal 1973, Hühnel 1992, Nowotny
1993, Petz-Grabenbauer 1995, Lack 2000a, amongst others.
19
Nowotny cites Joseph Franz’s Familiengeschichte
(ÖNB-H Ser. n. 9756), but the information given corre-
sponds to the Biographie which Nowotny consulted in 1975.
20
Madriñán 2009. I am greatly indebted to Rüdiger
and Ulla van den Boom, of the Goethe Institute in Chi-
cago for help with this arduous task.
4
Yet, not even the Biographie is free from er-
rors or inconsistencies. These may have been
introduced by the editor or by Jacquin’s son.
Nevertheless, the great detail given in it must
lead to a verifiable source, probably Jacquin
himself, and careful and thorough reading of
it offers very interesting facts about Jacquin’s
early life and particularly about his voyage to
the Caribbean.
Additional Primary Sources
In the absence of a travel diary, a last source
of primary references to reconstructing the
itinerary and details of the expedition are Jac-
quin’s three books on the American plants.
The first one, the Enumeratio systematica plan-
tarum, published immediately upon return-
ing to Vienna in 1760, consists of a list of the
genera and species found by Jacquin, written
in impeccable Linnaean style. The second, the
Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia,
prepared during the next two years and pub-
lished in 1763, adds very detailed diagnoses
and descriptions of the species mentioned in
the Enumeratio,21 plus a few others, the major-
ity of which are carefully illustrated by means
of copper engravings prepared by Joseph
Wagner (1706–1780) from originals drawn by
Jacquin during his voyage (see below). In the
prefaces of either book no details from his Ca-
ribbean voyage are given. Nevertheless, upon
careful reading of the second book, the 284
pages containing the descriptions of plants of-
fer a wealth of information on the expedition.
The rigorous botanical diagnoses of each
plant species are in the majority of cases fol-
lowed by a more unrestricted description.
21
In 1762 Jacquin publishes another Enumeratio, the
Enumeratio stirpium plerarumque, quae sponte crescunt
in agro vindobonensi dealing with wild plants from the
surroundings of Vienna. Unless otherwise stated, when
I use Enumeratio, I refer to the publication dealing with
the Caribbean plants.
 introduction
Here Jacquin sometimes provides information
on the ecology of the plants, their uses and
local names in several languages when avail-
able, ancillary facts if worthy, and —always!—
where he had seen them and the month of
flowering and or fruiting. A systematic exami-
nation of these phenological data allowed me
to reconstruct on what months of the year Jac-
quin was at a particular locality which, com-
plimented with letters, shipment notices, and
dates from the Biographie, resulted in the first
detailed itinerary of the expedition.
Here again the mysterious whereabouts of
the diaries, travel and botanical notes come
into question. Jacquin did not make herbari-
um specimens of the plants he collected be-
cause his initial attempt failed due to termite
attack in Martinique. Thus, he must have
made a great effort to have a very detailed set
of notes. These must have been the basis of the
diagnoses and descriptions of the Selectarum,
which Jacquin must have had with him in Vi-
enna. No less important must have been his
original drawings either in color or with rig-
orous coloring notes, only a few of which are
known to exists (see Chapters Two, Three and
Appendix I) and which were the basis of his
life-size reproductions in the engravings of the
first edition of the Selectarum and the water-
colors of the luxury second edition.
As mentioned earlier, Jacquin’s only referen-
ce to his American expedition is given in the pref-
ace of the Plantarum rariorum. The details pro-
vided in this widely cited source, again coincide
with those provided in the Biographie, the later
offering much more information. Thus, it cannot
be regarded as the sole source of the Biographie.
Amongst other documents and letters
found in the archives of the Austrian Nation-
al Library, mostly attributed to Jacquin’s son,
Joseph Franz, is a Familiengeschichte.22 This
22
Joseph Franz von Jacquin 1806 Familiengeschichte
(ÖNB-H Cod. Ser. n. 9756).
5
four-folio manuscript contains a wealth of
information on Jacquin’s extended family be-
ginning with his grandfather Nicolas Jacquin,
and dating to 1679. This document has recently
been made available in digital form and readily
accessible, a thorough transcription of which
is still wanting.23 The information contained in
it points to it being the source of the scant but
interesting genealogical information provided
by Stephan Endlicher in 1841.24
Another important source of information is
Jacquin’s correspondence. Some of the letters
he received from friends and colleagues, main-
ly from Europe, are found in several public ar-
chives, including those of the Natural History
Museum and Botanical Garden in Vienna. His
own letters are scattered throughout, found in
archives such as that of Leiden University, Up-
psala University, the Natural History Museum
in London, the Hunt Institute for Botanical
Documentation, and elsewhere. We are fortu-
nate to have the full correspondence between
Linnaeus and Jacquin, which began with a let-
ter written by Linnaeus on 1 August 1759 and
continued regularly for seventeen years until
Linnaeus’s death. There are ninety-five letters
written by Linnaeus and ninety-seven written
by Jacquin. Written in Latin, this vast corre-
spondence provides an invaluable insight on
Jacquin’s professional work while also offering
some insights on more personal matters.25
In the following pages I attempt to give an
account as complete as possible of Jacquin’s
journey to the Caribbean with further informa-
tion taken from primary and secondary sources.
23
Another undated document, not yet digitized, has
the title Biographie des Vaters Nicolaus von Jacquin (ÖNB-
H Cod. Ser. n. 20235).
24
Preface to Jacquin’s correspondence from Linnae-
us, in Schreibers 1841.
25
The Linnaean correspondence, linnaeus.c18.net.
An interesting article on scientific collaboration through
correspondence based on this exchange has recently
been written by Bettina Dietz 2012.
 Chapter One
A Leiden Botanist
The Jacquin Family
The Jacquins can be traced back to a middle-
class Roman-Catholic family of merchants
from Vertus en Champagne, France, where
Guy Jacquin and Jacqueline Curiot had two
sons, Claude and Nicolas, baptized at the Ég-
lise Saint-Martin de Vertus in 1646 and 1657,
respectively. The elder brother established a
drapery, camelot and shag factory in nearby
Margny-lès-Compiègne, and moved to Paris
at the turn of the century. Nicolas was main-
ly in charge of trading the products with the
Dutch, and moved to Leiden after 1679, where
he married and had a son Claude Nicolas, who
after receiving a solid education in Roman and
Greek literature in Antwerp at the Jesuit Gym-
nasium, continued the family business and
became a successful cloth merchant and man-
ufacturer of velvet. In Leiden, Claude Nicolas
married Elisabeth Marie van Heyningen, sole
descendant of a wealthy aristocratic Dutch
family. They had three children, one of whom,
born on 16 February 1727, was named Nicolas
Joseph Jacquin.1
Education
The Netherlands were not a place for a Roman-
Catholic family to thrive in the eighteenth
century. The Jacquin family doctor and friend,
Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772), having studied
medicine and pharmacy in Leuven and Leiden
1
See Genealogy below. Here I deliberately use
the French spelling Nicolas. Jacquin was probably bap-
tized with the same name of his forebears. Later in his
life, already in Austria, his books in Latin are authored
Nicolai[o], while in his publications in German as of
1783 he appears as Nikolaus as he is now commonly re-
ferred to.
under Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738), had dif-
ficulties progressing as a professor in Holland.
After seven years of tenure at Leiden Univer-
sity, he moved to Vienna, at the invitation of
Maria Theresa of Austria, to become her per-
sonal physician and reform medical education
and practice in Austria.2 After receiving pri-
vate elementary education at the Latin School
in Leiden, Nicolas, like his father, went to sec-
ondary school in Antwerp, where he studied
Greek and Roman literature together with Van
Swieten’s son Gottfried (1733–1803), graduat-
ing with excellent evaluations in 1744, at the
age of seventeen. Jacquin’s father had died one
year before, after losing most of his fortune be-
cause of bad business with a Portuguese trad-
ing firm3. Nicolas began studies in Philosophy
at the University of Leuven in 1745; however,
possibly because of his mother’s incapacity to
sustain him in Leuven and her wish to contin-
ue the family business, and also because of his
dislike of a Scholastic education, he returned
to Leiden. He then began to study medicine at
the University, where he attended Pieter van
Musschenbroek’s (1692–1761) lectures in phys-
ics at the time of his invention of the ‘Leiden
Jar’, studied surgery with Bernhard Siegfried
Albinus (1697–1770), author of one of the most
important anatomical treatises of the time,
and took chemistry classes from Hieronymus
David Gaubius (1705–1780).
By that time, Leiden University was famous
throughout Europe particularly for its school of
medicine and related natural sciences. Botany
2
Stafleu 1971b, Kidd & Modlin 2001.
3
The Portuguese firm is first mentioned by Riedl
(1973) without reference.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
was by then amongst the more important dis-
ciplines at the medical school, thanks to the
efforts of Herman Boerhaave, renowned physi-
cian, chemist and botanist, director of the Hor-
tus Botanicus, and his successor Adriaan van
Royen (1704–1779). These two scholars, togeth-
er with Jan Friedrich Gronovius (1611–1671),
Johannes Burman (1707–1780), and George
Clifford (1685–1760) had made Leiden an im-
portant center for botany, where Carl Nilsson
Linnaeus (1707–1778) spent his early years be-
tween 1735 and 1738. The Hortus Botanicus and
the Hortus Cliffortianus (George Clifford’s pri-
vate garden at Hartecamp in Heemstede) were
home to a large collection of local and foreign
plants, including many tropical ones, which
had previously amazed Linnaeus.4
Jacquin was particularly fond of the bo-
tanical lectures given by Van Royen, which
he attended with his close friend Laurens
Theodorus Gronovius (1730–1777), three years
younger, son of Jan Frederic. Van Royen’s
lectures included the dissemination of Lin-
naeus’s method, using the Systema Naturae
(1735), with its beautiful illustration of the
Methodus Plantarum Sexualis published a year
later by Georg Dionysius Ehret (1708–1770),
the Genera Plantarum and Critica Botanica
(1737), and many other current sources of bo-
tanical knowledge, most of them published
in Leiden and Amsterdam. Jacquin was able
to study in depth Linnaeus’s sexual system,
and its application in the Hortus Cliffortianus,
Van Royen’s own Florae leydensis prodromus,
Gronovius’s Flora virginica (1745), and Mark
Catesby’s (1683–1749) The Natural History of
Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (1731–
1743), which Clifford, Gronovius and Van Royen
had in their personal libraries. Jacquin and
the younger Gronovius performed botanical
4
Stearn 1962. By 1685 there were more than 3000
plant species from around the world cultivated in the
Hortus Botanicus.
8
excursions and without doubt had a good
knowledge of tropical plants, both living and
preserved in the herbarium. It was during the
first lecture in medicinal botany by Van Royen,
that at the sight of Costus speciosus Jacquin fell
in love with plants and decided to dedicate his
life to botany.5
In 1750 Jacquin moved to Rouen, where
he studied with Claude-Nicolas Le Cat (1700–
1768; the French surgeon and urologist who
in 1725 testified for a case of spontaneous hu-
man combustion), and proceeded to Paris,
where he attended lectures by Antoine de
Jussieu (1686-1758) at the Jardin du Roi, and
participated in botanical excursions with An-
toine’s brother Bernard (1699-1777). While in
Paris, fearing he would not be able to secure
the funds for the examinations for his degree,
he called upon his friend Van Swieten, now a
prominent figure in Vienna. Van Swieten im-
mediately invited Jacquin to finish his medical
5
Much attention has been given by previous biog-
raphers to this footnoted excerpt of the Biographie relat-
ing to the origin of Jacquin’s interest in botany, which
reads:
“Allein die harmonischen Gemüthsneigungen welche
zwi- schen ihm und Theodor Gronovius das unauflöslichste
Band der Freundschaft knüpften, führten schon damals
seine Wahl auf das damalige Lieblingsstudium dieses sei-
nes akademischen Mitgenossen – die Pflanzenkunde*)
welche der Grund seines nachmaligen Ruhmes werden,
und der er bis zum Ziele seiner irdischen Laufbahne so
treu als seinem Freunde bleiben sollte.” “Note: Aus dem
Munde seines Sohnes des Hr Prof. Joseph Freyh. v. Jac-
quin ist es, daß ihn bei einer akademischen Vor- lesung,
wo von Royen den damals offizinellen Costus arabicus/
Costus speciosus erklärte, der Anblick dieser Pfl schönen
Pflanze so sehr überraschte als ergötzte daß dieser Augen-
blick auch schon an sich für dessen unvertilgbare Liebe
zur Pflan- zenkunde entschieden haben würde, wenn er
auch nicht durch Gronovius Neigung dazu bestimmt wor-
den wäre. F. H”.
I can easily see Jacquin in his early twenties, perhaps
with his younger friend, attending their first lecture in
botany very early in the morning at the Gazophylacium
Academicum of the Hortus Botanicus, and being mar-
veled by this wonderful plant in flower. Van Royen most
likely was adopting Linnaeus’s sexual system in his lec-
tures and thus had started with Class I ‘Monandria Mo-
nogynia’.
 A Leiden Botanist
studies in Vienna, offering him a place to live,
proper clothing, supplies and a stipend.6 Jac-
quin, infinitely grateful, accepted in a letter
full of praise to this “großer Mann.”7
By late May 1752 Jacquin travelled from
Paris to Vienna through the country roads
collecting plants along the way.8 In Vienna he
concentrated on his medical studies with Van
Swieten himself, the imperial physician An-
ton von Störck (1731–1803), and another Dutch
doctor Anton de Haen (1704–1776), with whom
he read Hippocrates diligently. But his passion
for botany continued, and due to the lack of a
botanical garden in Vienna, he often travelled
to the newly created gardens of Schönbrunn
Palace in the outskirts of the city.
Emperor Franz I Stephan von
Lothringen’s curiosity
In Schönbrunn, a few years earlier in 1752 and
1753, emperor Franz I Stephan von Lothrin-
gen, who had great interest in the natural sci-
ences, had created a menagerie and laid out
what was to be the Dutch Garden, supplied
with beds and hothouses for the cultivation of
tropical plants (fig. 1).9 The Dutch Garden was
thus called because it was tended mainly by
Dutch gardeners. Amongst these were Adrian
van Steckhoven (1705–1782) and Richard van
der Schot (1733–1790), both brought to Vienna
from Holland by Van Swieten. Van Swieten was
6
Texts from Jacquin’s worries about his future, Van
Swieten’s kind invitation and details of the support of-
fered to Jacquin are quoted by Lack 2000a.
7
Letter from Jacquin to Van Swieten, Paris 15 May
1752 ÖNB-H Autograph 13/77-1, cited by Petz-Grabenbau-
er 2003.
8
Some sources say by foot through the Alps. Lack
(2000a) relates a route similar to that taken by Jacquin on
his return from the American voyage.
9
For details on the history of the grounds at Schön-
brunn Palace see a splendid collection of articles entitled
Schönbrunner Gärten in Österreichische Zeitschrift für
Kunst- und Denkmalpflege LVII(3/4) 2003, and refer-
ences therein (Hajós 2003, Klemun 2003).
9
not only influential in the creation and man-
agement of the Schönbrunn gardens, but also
persuaded Maria Theresa to start a Botanical
Garden for the University of Vienna. It was
created in 1754, near the Belvedere Palace, and
the then professor of botany and chemistry,
Robert-François Laugier, was appointed its
first director.10
The zoo and botanical garden were not the
only expensive pursuits of emperor Franz I.
Earlier in 1750 he had bought one of the greatest
collections of natural history objects known in
Europe, that of Chevalier Jean de Baillou (1684–
1758), general director of the Medici Gallery
in Florence and of all fortresses, gardens, and
mines in Tuscany.11 It consisted of about 30,000
specimens of minerals, fossils, shells, and crus-
taceans. Not only did the emperor acquire the
collections, but succeeded in convincing Bail-
lou to move to Vienna as managing director of
them. The collection was housed in what was
originally called the Toskanischen Kanzlei, but
later became known as the Kaiserhaus, the pal-
ace on Wallnerstraße 3, conveniently situated
close to the imperial palace (fig. 2).12
With the Dutch garden and zoo now ready
by the end of 1753, all that was needed were the
tropical plants and animals. While at Schönb-
runn, on one of his numerous visits to identify
plants, Jacquin met the emperor, who, most
likely on the recommendation of Van Swieten,
asked him to conduct an expedition to bring
exotic plants and animals for the garden and
zoo in Schönbrunn, and natural history ob-
jects for the Emperor’s cabinet.13 The most
practical tropical region to visit would then be
the Americas, connected by a busy and quick
10
Petz-Grabenbauer 2003.
11
See Klemun 2004 for a critical account of the ac-
quisition and development of this collection.
12
Zedinger 2009a.
13
In a letter dated 9 January 1754, Jacquin tells his
friend Laurens Theodorus Gronovius in Leiden, about
Van Swieten’s offer to travel to America. Cited by Lack
2000a.
10
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 1. Zoo/Menagerie and Dutch Garden, Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna,

eastward view, 1755–1766. © Albertina, Vienna, AZ5499.
 A Leiden Botanist
shipping route, suitable for the transport of
living material in good conditions. Further-
more, Jacquin had relatives of both father and
mother holding high offices in various islands
of the Lesser Antilles.14
Bring Birds, Flowers, and Fruits and Other
Curiosities that May Please Me
During the course of 1754 preparations for
the expedition were made. Letters went out
to foreign ministers and an imperial salary of
20 Gulden per month was established for Jac-
quin, as well as a sum of 30,000 Gulden for ex-
penses.15 Jacquin was expected to visit French,
and Spanish possessions, as necessary, to suit-
ably carry out his assignment, and permits
from the respective governments began to be
requested.
During this time, Jacquin also improved
his knowledge of the collections kept at the
Natural History Cabinet and diligently studied
drawing at the Royal Drawing Academy in Vi-
enna, under the instruction of the Dutch gar-
dener and plant illustrator Nicolas Meerburg
(1734-1814), in order to accurately record the
characters of the plants.16
The Biographie cites explicit instructions
drafted by Baillou: “Gather shells, corals, fossils
14
Jacquin in the preface of the Plantarum rariorum
horti caeserei schoenbrunnensis (1797) provides (for the
first time) details of the creation of the Dutch Garden,
his encounter with the Emperor, the motive and instruc-
tions for the voyage, as well as dates and contents of the
shipments and a description on how the living plants
were prepared for the voyage.
15
For comparison: the Emperor’s palace at Wall-
nerstraße 3 was purchased in 1740 for 87,000 Gulden
(Haslinger & Trumler 2007); the land for the University
Botanical Garden near the Belvedere was bought in 1754
for 9,000 Gulden and had a yearly budget of 2,000 Gulden
(Petz-Grabenbauer 1995).
16
Petz-Grabenbauer 1995. An examination of Meer-
burg’s own illustrations in his books Afbeeldingen van
zeldzaame gewassen (1775) and Plantarum selectarum
icones pictae (1798) published in Leiden, show great re-
semblance to the original drawings by Jacquin during the
expedition.
11
and precious stones for the Imperial Court’s
Natural cabinet, and for the Schönbrunn me-
nagerie, live animals, exquisite singing birds,
pheasants, and waterfowl. No wild beasts, or
parrots, for there are many of those in Vienna
already.” As for living plants, they should only
include “those that produce edible fruits, fra-
grant or attractive flowers. Also coins from
the visited countries and those natural prod-
ucts that his patron the emperor would be
fond of.”17
However, I recently learned that the emper-
or himself drafted the letter of instructions.18
Given the importance of this document for
understanding the purpose of the expedition
and the exactitude with which Jacquin fol-
lowed the emperor’s orders, I have taken the
liberty of freely translating it from the tran-
scription of the original in French provided by
Renate Zedinger:
“Project of Instruction for the Man I Send
to America
”1. He will take with him the Dutch gardener
named Richard, as well as one or two birders
from Tuscany, who will be provided with the
necessary nets to catch small birds and pheas-
ants, waterfowl such as ducks and geese, and all
other [birds] of that size or even bigger if pos-
sible. They will also be provided with enough
glue in case they need to use it. He will embark
with these three people and go as soon as pos-
sible to the French settlements in America, and
upon arrival he will present his letters to those
to whom they are addressed so that they will
provide him the necessary aid to accomplish
his mission. Once he has acquired some knowl-
edge of the environment, he will start looking
17
A comparison of the account provided in the Biog-
raphie with the instructions written by the emperor him-
self, provides an example of the faithfulness (although
much abbreviated) of the information provided in the
Biographie, written 63 years later!
18
Zedinger 2009b. Original at the Archivio di Stato,
Consiglio di Reggenza in Florenz 186, undated.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 2. Emperor Franz I (sitting) and his natural science advisors (from left to right) Gerard van
Swieten, Johann Ritter von Baillou, Valentin Jamerai Duval and Abbé Johann Marcy at the Natural
History Cabinet, Franz Messmer and Jakob Kohl, 1773. © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.

12
 A Leiden Botanist
for the things that he has been ordered to get,
as diligently and accurately as possible.
”He will learn from the Europeans and
the natives exactly where he can find birds
of all species and will send his birders to see
how they can catch them with nets or glue,
and when they have caught those that they
consider might please me, he will take the ut-
most care to feed and raise them. He should
especially try to obtain quadrupeds, but since
this can only be done with the aid of the local
people, he must carefully secure their support,
paying in them in advance and doubling their
wages. He should not forget that since these
kinds of animals are liable to die on the way,
he should avail himself of several [specimens]
of the same species, both male and female. He
should send them to Europe at every available
opportunity and not expect to have collected
the entire lot before doing so. He should in-
struct the captain on the care of these animals
and [tell him] that upon arrival at every port
he is to deliver them to the authorities on the
attached list and by means of a letter ask them
to send [the animals] to me as quickly and in
the best condition as possible. With respect to
the quadrupeds, it should be noted that any
fierce animals such as lions or tigers are to be
excluded from this mission, but apart from
these, all other quadrupeds and birds will give
me pleasure, especially if their shape, plum-
age, or color are unknown in Europe. He must
also make notes on all animals and send a de-
tailed list specifying their species and how to
feed them and everything else that may con-
cern them, as well as anything that may be
informative. He must also supply every ship
carrying these animals with sufficient amount
of food for the whole journey. He and the lo-
cal people must make every possible effort to
satisfy my wishes and try always to collect all
kinds of animals so that no ship leaves with-
out sending me several of them, but especially
quadrupeds which are not common in Europe
13
or are unusual. Those are my orders and what
he must pay attention to —both he and his at-
tendants.
”This is what the mission is about.
”2. With respect to the plants, trees, and
flowers, he will personally choose those spe-
cies of flowers that are rare and deserve to be
in my garden and will take bulbs or roots or
seeds, depending on how these flowers can
be transported or multiplied. He should se-
lect only those that are beautiful or that have
a pleasant scent. All other flowers not found
in Europe and which are neither beautiful
nor have a pleasant scent must not overload
my garden. Of the kinds mentioned above, he
must send several of each species, especially
those with pleasant scents; he must, however,
restrain somewhat the inclinations of the gar-
dener, who may believe that everything that is
available is good, even if he has not seen it. But
having said the above, what I want is to have
plants which, by their structure or rareness in
Europe deserve to be sent. He will send them
and try to keep them healthy, either in soil or
as he thinks best so that they may survive such
a long journey.
”His third mission is to send trees. As they
are very slow to grow, it is my wish that those
he finds best for my garden be shipped in box-
es with soil, and that they be of a size ready to
bear flowers or fruit, depending on their spe-
cies, as I cannot wait for them to grow from
seeds. He should, however, procure the small-
est possible, yet already bearing flowers or
fruits, so that I can enjoy them at once. As soon
as he has examined the flowers and fruits and
is ready to deliver them, he will do with them
as with the animals and send them without
delay, in every ship that returns to Europe, be
they seeds, bulbs, trees or plants, in the same
season. Should he be able to gather as many
of these things as possible, as I hope he will,
he can send the gardener to take care of them
during the journey.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
”In this case and in the others, he will al-
ways take care never to send anything that we
already have here, neither plants nor flowers,
nor anything that is not beautiful and does not
have a pleasant scent, nor should he send flow-
ering trees that are beautiful or have pleasant
scent or bear fruits that are already known
in Europe, for I do not want to have anything
common or that is not worth transporting.
With respect to fruits, either on trees or plants,
he should always include a description [say-
ing] whether they are edible or not. This large
shipment, with the gardener, should be sent in
the most convenient season in 1755, well be-
fore autumn, if possible, to prevent it from ar-
riving here in winter. He may also attach seeds
which he considers unusual.
”3. The [acquisition] of this collection for
the Natural History Cabinet should be much
easier than the others, for it is not likely to die
as the first one or perish as the second, but I am
no less curious about it than about the other
two. He [the man] should find out from traders
or from other people over there whether any-
body has gathered these kinds of curiosities
or perhaps have them, and should they find
them [make sure] they are not already in my
collection. He should also search for sea amber
or have the local people do it and collect spe-
cies of shells from rivers and make sure to bring
hundreds of them in order to select those that
are worthwhile. He must also ask fishermen for
these kinds of objects and pay them to encour-
age them to bring him sea plants of all kinds,
of which he knows I do not have. He must also
collect crustaceans and species of corals such
as those that he has seen in the Cabinet.
”Fossils will also be welcomed as well as
other curious things found in the mountains.
[For these] he must seek the help of the local
people, instructing them on what he wants
and paying them well when they bring him
such things…. In a word, they must search for
all that can increase my beautiful collections.
14
He must go out of his way to search for the
above-mentioned curiosities, which are un-
doubtedly abundant in that country, in the
sea, in the rivers, and in the mountains.
”(Nota bene: I have forgotten to tell him
that crates of these kinds of curiosities must
be sent in all ships coming to Europe, taking
care to clean them and package them in such a
way that they do not break along the way. The
crates, like everything else, must be sent to the
address specified below.)
”These three assignments being the sole
purpose of his journey, he must dedicate him-
self completely to them and satisfy my tastes
in this respect. He must take every opportu-
nity to let me have news from him so that I can
send him further orders, and must also let me
know in time when, being at a certain place,
he does not think he will be able to send any-
thing new regarding these species, and when
he will be able to do so again. With respect to
his birders, he must let me know whether he
is satisfied with them and, if not, he can send
them back again, although I think they can be
of use to him if they behave well. As I have said
before, these birders should not waste time
catching small birds but should be provided
with thick nets to catch pheasants and other
larger birds, especially geese, which are usually
stronger than others.
”Since my interests have also led me to col-
lect coins from everywhere, he should also
look for all kinds of non-European coins and
send them continuously, taking care to add
an explanation of what is written on each
one of them, what it means, who is on them,
and what their local value is. In a word, they
should be well described and put neatly in an
envelope with this information as well as on a
separate list so that we can get to know them.
He must collect all the coins he can find and
that are offered to him.
”Anticipating his need of money, Toussaint
will provide what is necessary and will make
 A Leiden Botanist
sure he lacks nothing and will have enough to
carry out all my orders.”
We here see an emperor deeply knowledge-
able about natural history, very concerned
with his endeavors, and sparing no resources
to have his wishes fulfilled.
The instructions were transcribed by the
Emperor’s private secretary François-Joseph
Toussaint, on 23 September 1754, with a sup-
plement added on 2 December, including pre-
cise date of departure, contacts while en route
to America, shipping details and means of pro-
curing money.19
“Supplement to the instructions to Mr.
Nicolas Jacquin
”1. He will leave next Monday on the stage-
coach to Trieste, from where he will continue
to Venice, and from there to Florence with the
patron of that city.
”2. Upon arrival, he will present his letter
to H.[?].M. le Comte de Richecourt20 and he
will show him his instructions. The Orders of
H.I.M. are that he will be provided by H.E. will
provide him the necessary money.
”a. For the voyage, his maintenance and ex-
penses, both for him and for the gardener and
the two bird-catchers.
”b. An address of a person in America who
will give him upon presentation of the re-
ceipts, the money necessary for the commis-
sion which H.I.M has charged him.
”c. The location of all the sea ports from
which the French ships coming from America
will part so that he can address to his corre-
spondents what he will send, to do so as H.I.M.
has indicated at length in his instructions.
”3. He will go from Florence to Livorno and
will present his letters to H.E. Mr. Le Marquis
19
Franz, I., Römisch-Deutsches Reich, Kaiser, 1708–
1765, Instruction pour le S. N. Jacquin, que S. Majesté imp.
envoyé en Amérique a 1754 ÖNB-H Cod. 12486
20
Emmanuel de Nay, Count of Richecourt (1797–
1768), president of the Government Council of the Grand
Duchy of Tuscany.
15
de Ginori,21 who is in charge of providing him
the two bird-catchers, to whom he will also
communicate their own instructions. His af-
fairs having being finished in Tuscany.
”4. He will go from here to Marseille by sea,
and will embark to America in the first ship that
will leave, and the same way as the Counselor of
Commerce, for whom he also has letters, who
has a German servant who last year accompa-
nied the Counselor’s son, if S. Jacquin finds it
appropriate, he can take this servant with him,
to be returned with the first envoy he will make.
”5. In as much as possible, he will send his
shipments to the ports of Marseille and Tou-
lon above all others, due to the proximity and
the frequent occasions available to transfer the
shipments from there to Livorno.
”6. As it is difficult to decide on a sum of
money for his daily expenses in Tuscany, he
will have to make an exact, just and faithful es-
timate of his expenses, separately from that of
the crates.
”Finally, if he cannot execute the commis-
sions of H.I.M. in the French lands of America,
he will if possible pass to those of the Span-
ish, English and Dutch, so that by no means he
will return without having executed the orders
of H.I.M.
”7. He will keep us informed of his travel
plans so that we can send him the names of
the contacts in the different colonies prior to
his departure.
”8. The necessary money for his expenses
elsewhere will be provided by his contacts in
the French colonies.
”9. He will make his shipments to Amster-
dam to the address of M. Guillaume Gedeou
Deutz.22
21
Marchese Carlo Ginori (1702–1757), Italian poli-
tician. Introduced Angora goat and exotic plants in
Tuscany.
22
Willem Gideon Deutz (1697–1757), Dutch banker,
mayor of Amsterdam, largest importer of West Indian
sugar and coffee in Amsterdam.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

”Finally, as it is impossible to foresee all that
can happen or the different circumstances in
which S. Jacquin may find himself, we rely on
his judgment and his prudence, recommend-
ing him again to inform us exactly and in all
possible occasions, of his whereabouts, what
he has done and what he will do.
”In Vienna, 2 December 1754, Toussaint.”
This document, folded twice, most likely
travelled with Jacquin together with the said
letters during the initial part of the voyage.
One week later, Jacquin and Van der Schot left
Vienna on the diligence as ordered.

Genealogy of Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin23

1 Guy JACQUIN (great-grandfather)

merchant from Vertus en Champagne
† 1693/
× Jacqueline CURIOT (great-grandmother)
† /1693
1.1 Claude JACQUIN (great-uncle)
cloth manufacturer in Marigny près Compiègne 1679–1694, then in Paris
b 03/vii/1646 Vertus (Marne) parish of Saint Martin
† 21/v/1718 Paris, cloister and parish of Saint Jacques de l’Hôpital
× 24/i/1693 Paris Catherine POCQUELIN
o 1653/
† 10/vii/1747 Paris, cloister of Saint Jacques de l’Hôpital
1.1.1 Claude François JACQUIN (first cousin once removed)
arrives in Martinique 1722–1727; chief clerk of the Admiralty of Fort Saint-Pierre
o 1695 Paris
† 14/i/1770 Saint-Pierre (Martinique)
× Marie Anne Colombe PINEL
o 1700
† 1770 Saint-Pierre
1.1.1.1 Marie Anne Catherine JACQUIN (second cousin)
o ca. 1731
† 1755/1763?
1.1.1.2 Claude Nicolas Vincent Charles JACQUIN (second cousin)
lawyer at the parliament of Paris (1767), chief clerk of the admiralty in Saint-Pierre
o 30/x/1734 Mouillage de Saint-Pierre

23
I am greatly indebted to Bernadette and Philippe
Rossignol for their invaluable help in searching through
colonial archives, baptism records and various ge-
nealogical sources for a genealogy of Jacquin up to his
great-grandfather Guy (ca. 1693), including his relatives
in Martinique. See Madriñán et al. 2007. Complemented
from Endlicher in preface to Schreibers 1841. Further ad-
ditions and corrections will be found in Jacquin’s Fami-
liengeschichte, ÖNB-H Cod. Ser. n. 9756. Conventions: 0
=born, b =baptized, × =married, † =died, /date =before
date, date/ =after date.

16
 A Leiden Botanist

† 22 d 23/ii/1809 Fort Saint-Pierre

× 27/xi/1764 Fort Saint-Pierre, Catherine BERTIN
1.1.1.2.1 Charlotte Françoise Marie JACQUIN (second cousin once removed)
o 1765 Saint-Pierre
† 1823
1.1.1.3 Alexandre Antoine JACQUIN (second cousin)
lawyer at the parliament of Aix, guard of the king’s principal store in Grenada and
Saint Lucia
o 04/viii/1740 Mouillage de Saint-Pierre
× 07/ix/1767 Fort Saint-Pierre, Marie Anne Angélique BERTIN
1.1.2 Robert Nicolas JACQUIN (first cousin once removed)
lawyer at the parliament in Besançon
o 1698
single in 1747
1.2 Nicolas JACQUIN (grandfather)
merchant of fine and coarse clothes in Leiden from 1679
b 03/vi/1657 Vertus (Marne) parish of Saint Martin
† 1718/
× /1693 Maria BROEKHUYSEN (grandmother)
daughter of Gerardo Hoop, physician from Haarlem
1.2.1 Claude Nicolas JACQUIN (father)
prosperous citizen of Leiden; cloth and velvet manufacturer
o 10/v/1694 Leiden
† ca. 27/vii/1743 Leiden
× Elisabeth Marie van HEYNINGEN (mother)
only heir of a wealthy Dutch family
o 1692/1706? Delft
† 12/iii/1755 Leiden
1.2.1.1 Johannes Jacobus JACQUIN (brother)
pharmacist
† 25/viii/1768 The Hague
1.2.1.2 Nicolas (Nikolaus) Joseph JACQUIN
botanist
o 16/ii/1727 Leiden
† 26/xi/1817 Vienna
× 1763 Katharina Josepha SCHREIBERS (wife)
daughter of Johann Heinrich SCHREIBERS, Government Secretary in Vienna
o 1735 Vienna?
† 1791 Vienna
1.2.1.2.1 Joseph Franz JACQUIN (son)
botanist
o 07/ii/1766 Banská Štiavnica
† 26/x/1839 Vienna
× Maria Barbara Isabella CARL RITTER (daughter-in-law)

17
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

1.2.1.2.1.1 Isabella Francisca JACQUIN (grand-daughter)

o Vienna
× Carl von Schreibers at age 1624 (grand-son-in-law)
1.2.1.2.2 Emilian Gottfried JACQUIN (son)
singer, friend of Mozart
o 1767 Banská Štiavnica
† 1792 Vienna
1.2.1.2.3 Franziska JACQUIN (daughter)
o 09/x/1769 Vienna
† 12/viii/1850 Vienna
× ?/iv/1792 Leopold VON LAGUSIUS (son-in-law)
1.2.1.3 Maria Francisca JACQUIN (sister)25
o 04/x/1728 Leiden
† 30/?/1766 ?
1.2.1.4 Agatha Maria JACQUIN (sister)
o 01/vii/1735 Leiden
† 1800
× 1775 Joan INGENHOUSZ (brother-in-law)
plant physiologist; discovered photosynthesis
o 08/xii/1730 Breda
+ 07/ix/1799 Vienna

24
Lack 2000a.
25
To be confirmed. This sister, never before report-
ed, cryptically appears in the Familiengeschichte.

18
 A Leiden Botanist

Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin’s Chronology26

1727 Age Feb. 16: born in Leiden

1741 14 Mar. 10: enrolls in Latin School, Leiden University, Highest Grade27
1743 16 Jul. 27: father dies age 49
1744 17 Sep. 7:28 graduates from Jesuit Gymnasium in Antwerp
1745 17 Jan. 11: enrolls at Catholic University of Leuven, Philosophy
? Studies medicine in Leiden
1750 23 Travels to Rouen to study at the school of surgery
1751–52 24–25Studies medicine in Paris29
1752 25 Arrives in Vienna from Paris
1754–59 27–32American Voyage (departs from Vienna Dec. 9 1754, returns Jul. 1759). See de-
tails in Chapter Two
1755 28 Mar 12: Mother dies30
1763 36 Marries Katharina Josepha Schreibers
1763–69 36–42 Jun. 9: Professor of practical mining and chemistry at the Higher Mining
School of Schemnitz and member of the Imperial and Royal mining council
of Lower Hungary (appointed Jun. 9 1763; arrives Oct.)
1766 38 Feb. 7: son Joseph Franz born
1767 40 Son Emilian Gottfried born
1768–96 41–69 Aug: Professor of botany and chemistry and director of the Botanical Garden
of the University of Vienna
1769 42 March 14: Promotion Doctor in Pharmacology from University of Vienna31
Oct. 9:32 daughter Franziska born
1774 47 Jul. 30: Ennobled ‘Elder’33
1783 56 Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1788 61 Member of the Royal Society
1791 64 Wife Katharina Josepha dies age 56
1792 65 Son Emilian Gottfried dies age 25
1797 70 Scientific director of Schönbrunn Gardens
1804 77 Associate member of the French Academy of Sciences
1806 79 Jun. 14: Knight of the Royal Order of St. Stephan
1809 82 Rector magnificus University of Vienna
1817 90 Oct. 26: dies in Vienna

26
Unless otherwise stated, years and dates are tak- 31
Svojtka 2010.
en from the Genealogy (Madriñán et al. 2007) and the 32
Date in portrait of Franziska von Lagusius. On
Biographie (Madriñán 2009). Well-known dates not market from Boris Wilnitsky Fine Arts.
referenced. 33
Original document of Elevation available on the
27
Du Rieu 1875. Age reported as 15. market from Antiquariaat Junk at the time of this publi-
28
Kronfeld 1905. cation.
29
“hohen Schule zu Paris” in the Biographie.
30
Endlicher 1841.

19
Map 1. The Antilles, Giles Robert de Vaugondy, Atlas Portatif Universel et Militaire,
Paris, 1749. Courtesy of S. Blair Hedges, www.caribmap.org
 Chapter Two
Botanical Expedition to the Caribbean1
On Monday 9 December 1754 Jacquin left Vi-
enna accompanied by Richard van der Schot,
the gardener who was to take care of the living
plants. They took the Dillinger (stagecoach) to
Trieste, arriving seven days later. After three
days of trying in vain to travel by sea to Ven-
ice, they continued on the Extra-post arriving
on the evening of 19 December. They spent
Christmas in Venice and were then taken by
the cart driver Antonio Giorgi on the 27 to
Florence, via Bologna. In Florence, as ordered,
Jacquin presented his credentials and instruc-
tions to Emmanuel de Nay (1697-1768), Count
of Richecourt, president of the Government
Council of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. De
Nay was in charge of providing the money
necessary for the voyage, a contact in America
for further transfers, and the names of all the
French seaports and vessels to be used when
sending his shipments.
On New Year’s Day 1755 the party contin-
ued through Pisa to the port city of Livorno
in western Tuscany. For a little more than two
weeks they were hosted by Carlo Andrea Gi-
nori (1702–1757), a wealthy marquis, founder
of the famous porcelain and ceramic factory at
Doccia, closely acquainted with the emperor
Franz I, and with whom they shared their pas-
sion for science. In one of his estates, the Villa
Buondelmonti, Ginori had introduced the first
flocks of Angora goats to Europe as well as col-
lections of vanilla, tea, coffee, banana trees and
various types of palms. While in Livorno, Jac-
quin also met Filippo Venuti (1709–1769), en-
cyclopedist, abbot, and provost of the Duomo
1
Unless otherwise stated, all information comes
from the Biographie and primary sources cited above.
di Livorno. Venuti, founder of the Botanical
Society of Cortona and correspondent of
Charles Marie de La Condamine (1701–1774),2
encouraged Jacquin to seek the famous scien-
tist while in Marseille. Most likely from fruit-
ful conversations at the Ginori estate, Jacquin
wrote to Toussaint on 3 January mentioning
that he had learned about great natural riches
to be found in the coast of the Gulf of Mexico
and that it would be interesting to visit these
lands. Toussaint, in a letter written on 29 Janu-
ary, which Jacquin was not to receive until he
was in Marseille, mentions that the emperor
has ordered him to tell Jacquin to read and
reread his instructions and that he should al-
ways watch his expenditures.3 Ginori provided
two additional members of the expedition, the
Tuscan bird hunters Ferdinando Barculli and
Giovanni Buonamici, who were given precise
instructions by the marquis. So many were the
favors that Ginori did Jacquin, that he later
named the genus Ginoria after him.
The now complete expedition of four
embarked on a merchant ship bound for
Marseille on 21 January. On their way, they en-
countered a horrendous storm, and due main-
ly to the incompetence of the captain they
lost all masts and drifted dangerously near the
coast of the Hyères islands. On the morning of
the 22nd they were finally rescued by another
boat that towed them to the nearby port of
Toulon, after forty-eight hours of travel. They
finally reached Marseille on a stagecoach. Af-
ter recovering from this unfortunate incident
2
Musitelli 2007.
3
Letter kept at the Archives of the Natural History
Museum in Vienna, transcribed by Riedl-Dorn 2009.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
and having encountered difficulties with their
passports and travel permits, on 3 February
Jacquin wrote to Toussaint in Vienna inform-
ing him of the setbacks. On 24 February Tous-
saint wrote back mentioning that the emperor,
angry about Jacquin not being able to embark
on the ship owned by Antoine de la Valette,4
concerned about his long stay in Marseille
obtaining travel permits, and sorry to hear of
the troubles he had gone through, hoped there
would be no more delays.5 The letter contin-
ues with personal advise by Toussaint himself,
about strictly following the instructions given
to him by the emperor, and those given to the
bird-catchers by Ginori (known of, and ap-
proved by the emperor), warning him not to
bring pharaoh’s hens, grouse or pheasants.
Marseille was at the time the most impor-
tant port of trade with the West Indies, with
official posts of the French Navy and the Min-
istry of Commerce jealously guarding trade
with the French possessions in America. On 9
January the French minister of the Navy sent
a letter to the governor´s office in Martinique
saying:
The Emperor has asked the King´s permission
to send the Dutch born M. Nicolas Jacquin to
the French islands of America, together with a
gardener and two other men to collect plants
and birds for the menagerie of his imperial maj-
esty. M. Jacquin will embark to these islands
very shortly. The intention of the king is that
while he is in Martinique and the other Wind-
ward Islands you provide all the aid possible so
that he can execute his mission. But, while per-
sonally ministering to all his needs, you must
oversee and be aware of his conduct and that
of the people who accompany him, so that they
do not intermix, nor take notes of their findings
besides those of their mission. It is particularly
4
Antoine de La Valette (1708–1767) French Jesuit
missionary in Martinique, responsible for the abolish-
ment of the order in France due to his bad trading.
5
Letter kept at the archives of the Natural History
Museum in Vienna, transcribed by Riedl-Dorn 2009.
22
important that you prevent them from having
any correspondence with the foreign colonies
during their stay in the French Islands, and you
will make sure that you give me a complete ac-
count of all that occurs in their respect.6
On 8 May 1755, the governor general of the Îles
du Vent, Maximin de Bompar (1698–1773) and
his intendant Antoine Lefebvre de Givry, write
to the minister that they will do as ordered
with respect to M. Nicolas Jacquin.
Jacquin spent three months in Marseille
waiting for a ship and travel documents. He
established close contact with the Audibert
Trading Company, an influential firm whose
members were associated with the House of
Commerce.7 Their business relationship lasted
throughout the voyage and until his return. In
Marseille, Jacquin also met Charles Marie de
La Condamine (1701–1774), who ten years earli-
er had returned from his expedition to Perú to
measure the length of a degree at the equator,
and navigated the whole stretch of the Ama-
zon on his return. He visited the nearby caves
of Rolland (where the eighteenth century thief
Rolland used to hide), Beaume de Laubiere,
and the ones at Carry-le-Rouet, collecting
many fossil specimens and zoophytes which
he delivered in seventeen crates to Vienna for
the Natural History Cabinet.
Jacquin also went to Montpellier to visit
the French botanist François Boissier de Sau-
vages de Lacroix (1706–1767), who at the time
was proposing a system of classification of
plants based on the shape of the leaves. At
the University Botanic Garden he saw a new
American bignonia, Bignonia radicans (Camp-
sis radicans), a cutting of which he sent to his
friend Ginori in Italy and also to Vienna, and
was astonished by the peanut plant Arachis
6
Archive Colonies B101, 9 January 1755. See Madri-
ñán et al. 2007.
7
Carrière 1973. We do not know if this was related
to the M. De Maignan mentioned by Toussaint in the
supplement to the Instructions.
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean
hypogea. While there, he also had the oppor-
tunity to meet the philosopher and writer
Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–1771).
The party finally sailed from Marseille on
21 April, in a merchant ship with sixteen can-
nons under the command of Captain Fonque.
In a list of passengers embarked at Marseille,
in the entry dated 17 April 1755, it is noted that
onboard the Félicité bound for Martinique were
“Jacquin Jh and 3 servants, plus 6 others”.8 The
difference in the dates given is probably due to
the fact that passengers often boarded ships
before the tide was suitable for leaving port.
Due to lack of wind, they had to dock in Má-
laga, where the ship was replenished with fresh
food and drinking water, until a new departure
on 13 May.
According to the Biographie, on 11 June
they crossed the equator, and in order not to
be subject to the harsh custom of the Baptism
of Neptune, Jacquin paid twenty-seven livres
for him and his companions. It is very doubt-
ful that they were ever near the equator. The
sailors may have made this up to obtain mon-
ey from the passengers, or it could be one of
those cases in which Jacquin may have added
a little fiction to the chronicle, particularly if
telling it to his young son years after. However,
it was very common for passengers aboard
transatlantic voyages of those days to be treat-
ed harshly by the crew of the ships.9
Jacquin in Martinique
On 11 July 1755, governor Bompar and inten-
dant Givry reported to the Ministry of the Navy
in France of the arrival of Nicolas Jacquin and
8
La Félicité was owned by Mme. Veuve Lalanne &
Fils, Bayonne, and was lost to the British off the Caro-
lina coast ca. 1778. http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/
deliver/~hou01093
9
The Spanish priest Francisco Soto y Marne gave a
very detailed account of a transatlantic voyage which ar-
rived in Martinique three years before. See transcription
of the diary by Hidalgo-Nuchera 2000.
23
reaffirmed that they would abide by the terms
of the minister as to the actions to be taken with
him. However, in the Biographie, Jacquin´s ar-
rival to Saint-Pierre is dated 28 June 1755. This
date would account for a transatlantic voyage
of a little more than two months, as opposed
to the journey of nearly ten weeks had they ar-
rived as reported by the governor. From the ex-
perience of Soto y Marne’s trip and that of the
two French frigates mentioned in his diary, all
took about six weeks. A two-month transatlan-
tic voyage is more likely, though still long, un-
less the Félicité was an exceptionally slow ship
or Captain Fonque a very bad sailor. Jacquin’s
arrival in Saint-Pierre may also have gone un-
noticed to the governor in Fort-de-France for
at least two weeks, but it is unlikely that the
Félicité would have docked in Saint-Pierre at
that time of the year.
Upon arrival in Saint-Pierre, Jacquin sought
his cousin, the chief clerk of the Admiralty.
Jacquin’s great uncle Claude, who at the turn
of the eighteenth century had moved to Paris
from Vertus, had had two sons, Claude Fran-
çois, born in Paris ca. 1695, and Robert Nicolas,
three years later. Claude moved to Martinique
between 1722 and 1727, where he held high
office as chief clerk of the Admiralty of Fort
Saint-Pierre and married Marie Anne Colombe
Pinel. They had three children, Marie Anne
Catherine born in 1731, Claude Nicolas Vincent
Charles in 1734, and Alexandre Antoine six
years later. The two sons, both educated in Par-
is, returned to Martinique and were part of the
colonial aristocracy. Claude Nicolas Vincent
Charles inherited his father’s post and Alexan-
dre Antoine became manager of the Admiralty
in Martinique and later guard of the main store
in Saint Lucia and Grenada.
An embarrassing tale of Jacquin’s arrival in
Martinique is related in the Biographie. Appar-
ently, the local family had been expecting the
return of one of the sons, who had gone to study
in Paris (most likely Claude Nicolas Vincent
24
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Map 2. Martinique, Jacques Nicolas Bellin, L’Histoire Generale des Voyages, Paris, 1758.
Courtesy of Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, www.RareMaps.com
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean
Charles, who at the time was twenty-one years
of age), and in the darkness of the house at
night, they mistook Jacquin for him and greet-
ed him with great joy, happiness, and hugs. Not
wanting to disillusion them, Jacquin said noth-
ing, until the old black nanny who held his face
noticed it was not the expected son.
Jacquin and his team immediately began
to work on their important assignment. They
visited various localities on the leeward side
of the island, amongst which was the beach
town of Le Carbet just south of Saint-Pierre,
and went on to Fort-Royal by boat, perhaps to
report to governor general Bompar. In Cul-de-
Sac Royal, they stopped in Le Lamentin and
Rivière-Salée, and from there probably con-
tinued by land to Cul-de-Sac du Marin, and
nearby Sainte-Anne on the southern tip of the
Island. As instructed, he sent Van der Schot
and one of the birders to Grenada where they
collected Myrtus caryophyllata (Pimenta race-
mosa), passing Grand Caille point in Saint Lu-
cia. Initially, they collected many “objects” for
the Natural History Cabinet, while figuring out
the best way to go about with the live plants
and animals. The first shipment of goods for
the emperor consisted of six crates with nearly
1600 pieces of shells, crabs, sea urchins, corals,
fossils, insects, fish, coins, and some seeds and
sugar cane cuttings, apparently the first ones
to be brought to Austria.10 It was sent from
Saint-Pierre to Marseille on the St. Rochus,
under the command of Captain Le Fabre on
August 1st.
At the time, the ‘malaide de Siam’ or yel-
low fever was endemic to these islands, with
the newly arrived Europeans being amongst
the more susceptible. Despite the team’s great
care to prevent becoming infected, facilitated
by Jacquin’s good training in sanitation from
his tutors in Vienna (particularly Van Swieten),
both Van der Schot and Buonamici fell ill
10
Germany in the Biographie.
25
(perhaps on their excursion to Grenada).
Luckily, unlike the majority of the fellow pas-
sengers who traveled with them on the Félicité,
they survived the fevers.11
Jacquin established a makeshift nursery in
Saint-Pierre, looked after by a young slave he
had purchased,12 where he kept his trees and
live animals until they were ready to be sent to
Vienna. He also began to diligently compile a
collection of dried plants for a herbarium, but
due to the increasing care needed for the other
collections and because when he was on one
of his excursions ‘white ants’ (i.e., termites) ate
all the specimens, he abandoned this practice.
This was a major disappointment for Jacquin,
for many of the plants collected were new and
had not been described. He then desisted from
making exsiccatae, and with Van der Schot
began to make ink drawings and watercolors
of the plants he collected (see Appendix I) as
well as taking extensive and precise notes on
each of them.
The second shipment left Saint-Pierre
bound for Marseille on 28 February 1756,
aboard the ship l’Espérance, under Captain
Chanvet. It carried Jacquin’s most precious
cargo, his live plants, which he sent under the
care of Van der Schot as had been instructed
by the emperor. The preparation and form of
transport of the plants was detailed by Jacquin
himself in the preface to the Plantarum rari-
orum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis.13 The
11
Of fifteen other passengers, thirteen died in the
course of a year and a half. The letter from the Governor
and Intendant report only 10 passengers in total.
12
Jacquin mentions this slave in the description of
Eclipta punctata in the Selectarum, where he is credited
for sharing with Jacquin information on plants from his
homeland.
13
Klemun (2012) refers to this description as an
example of transport of live plants in transatlantic voy-
ages in the eighteenth century. It should be noted that
it was emperor Franz Joseph I himself who provided the
instructions on how to transport the plants, pointing out
the need to anticipate their arrival ahead of the winter
months. In fact, transport of live plants and animals was
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
trees were the size of a human being, with a
trunk as thick as an arm or more, and most of
them were collected mature, already bearing
fruits. All leaves were cut off, leaving branch-
es of about two feet long. The small trees
were left intact. They were dug out from the
ground, keeping the roots with native soil in
a sphere, and then covered with a thick layer
of the sheathing leaf bases from the trunks
of Musa (bananas), and tied with bark from
Malvaviscus tiliaceus (Hibiscus tiliaceus). They
were watered moderately at intervals through
a hole near the trunk and their exposed parts.
A single tree could weigh 100 pounds or more.
In order not to lose the attached soil or shake
their roots, they were carried from the dif-
ferent localities around the island by boat
to Saint-Pierre, and then placed on the ship
bound for Marseille. From there, they traveled
again by ship to Livorno, continuing by mule
to Vienna. A total of 266 live plants of forty
species of large trees and shrubs were sent
in this shipment, most of these undescribed.
They were the first ones to have ever reached
Europe, and they all survived the journey ex-
cept the heliconias which were eaten by mice
on board. Various live animals were also in-
cluded in this shipment, amongst which were
an agouti (probably Dasyprocta leporina, the
only Antillean species from Grenada and the
Grenadines), a flying squirrel from Mississippi
(Glaucomys volans), twenty-five anteaters from
Cumaná, Venezuela (most likely the small, ar-
boreal species Tamandua tetradactyla),14 and
twenty-six rare birds (see Appendix II). Along
with the plants there were ten large crates full
of the usual shells, fish, zoophytes, and fossils,
as well as tools and religious objects of the Car-
ib Indians for the Cabinet.
commonplace at the time; see treatise by Etienne Fran-
cois Turgot 1758.
14
An illustration of Tamandua tetradactyla by Franz
Anton von Scheidel (1731-1801) Jacquin’s illustrator is per-
haps confirmation of this (see Appendix II).
26
From the collecting localities reported by
Jacquin in his 1763 publication of the American
plants, a total of 127 different species were re-
ported to occur in Martinique; of these, 105
were only collected there and eight bear the
epithet ‘martinicencis’. In Martinique, Jacquin
befriended Benoit Aquart (–1773), a local mer-
chant, very knowledgeable in natural history,
who often accompanied him on his botaniz-
ing trips. They maintained a lively correspon-
dence until at least 1787, regarding objects for
the Natural History Cabinet and plants. Aquart
also served as contact for the Austrian expe-
dition of Märter and Bredemeyer to America
(see Chapter Three). In honor of his close
friend and correspondent, he coined the plant
genus Aquartia.
Jacquin made very careful notes on all his
specimens. He noted carefully the habitat in
which the plants grew and their phenology,
and recorded their common names (in French
or Carib, and in the language of their respec-
tive countries), and took notes on their use.
For example, of the Alpinia spicata (Costus
spicatus), he said that it grows on the weedy
shores of the rivers and in humid and shady
forests, hence the name canne de rivière. The
Martinicans boil the root and stem, sometimes
mixing them with other herbs to treat gonor-
rhea. He saw it flowering in September and
October (1755).
Although there is no record of Jacquin hav-
ing visited Barbados, three species, Paullinia bar-
badensis, Coccoloba barbadensis, and Helicteres
barbadensis (Helicteres jamaicensis), are named
after that English island. Van der Schot may
have brought these to Jamaica during his trip
to Grenada. These were not the only specimens
which Jacquin was able to acquire from places he
never visited. He described a Hypericum cayen-
nense (Vismia cayennensis), and as mentioned
before, he was able to get flying squirrels from
the Mississippi, and anteaters from Cumaná.
One species of piping guan, Crax cumanensis
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean
(Aburria cumanensis), was sent to him from the
mainland, evidencing a lively trade in plants
and animals in the region, and Jacquin’s efforts,
as instructed, to have specimens brought to
him from other lands.
Other Naturalists
Les Iles du Vent were not a virgin ground for
natural history research in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries.15 Raymond Breton
(1609–1679) had published a Dictionnaire
Caraïbe in the 1660s. Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre
(1610–1687) published the Histoire générale des
Antilles habitées par les Français (1667-1671)
after spending sixteen years in the French
West Indies. Charles Plumier’s (1646–1704)
three journeys in the late 1600s to the Antilles,
Guyana, and Central America were amongst
the most important. Jean-Baptiste Labat’s
(1663–1738) missionary work in the Antilles
(1693–1706), and his Nouveau voyage aux isles
de l’Amérique (1722) discussed botany, criti-
cized artificial systems of classification, and
corrected many errors introduced by Plumier.
Louis Éconches Feuillée (1660–732), like Plum-
ier, a Minum Monk, went to the West Indies
in 1702 and 1703, primarily to help Giovanni
Domenico Cassini (1625–1712) perform simul-
taneous observations of the satellites of Jupi-
ter to establish the longitude of Martinique. In
his spare time, however, he became very inter-
ested in the flora and published an interesting
Histoire des plantes medicales de l’Amérique
(1714). Additionally, works of other French ex-
plorers in Guyana, like that of Pierre Barrère’s
(1690–1755) Histoire naturelle de la France equi-
noctiale (1741) had appeared.
Jean-André Peyssonnel (1694–1759), M.D,
botanist for the king of France at Guadeloupe
15
For accounts of botanical exploration in the Ca-
ribbean see Urban 1898 & 1902, Stafleu 1971a, and Howard
1975.
27
in 1726, and foreign member of the Royal Soci-
ety, was responsible for recognizing the animal
nature of the corals in 1753. Based in Guade-
loupe, he traveled extensively around the Less-
er and Greater Antilles, between 1712 and at
least up to 1750 (with several intervals in Mar-
seille (1725), and along the northern coast of
Africa (1724). He wrote two essays, read at the
Royal Society in 1756 and 1768, on the nature
of the currents of the sea in the Antilles and
the effects of the manchineel tree (Hippomane
mancinella) on humans.16
Pierre M. Deschizaux, botanist and Euro-
pean explorer in Russia, responsible for the
plan to create a botanical garden in St. Peters-
burg and the teaching of botany there, arrived
in Martinique in February 1731; by June he sent
plants to France, and asked for botanists to be
sent there; in 1735 he was named botanist du
Roi; in 1743 sent seeds, fruits and animals and
suggested the creation of a botanical garden
in Fort-Royal, and in 1753 sent seeds and fruits,
collected in Grenada, to Saint Lucia, Saint Vin-
cent and the Grenadines.
But perhaps the most important contem-
porary of Jacquin while in Martinique was
Jean Baptiste Mathieu Thibault de Chanva-
lon (1723–1788). Born in Cul-de-Sac du Marin
on 23 March, only four years before Jacquin,
he studied law at Bordeaux, graduating at
age nineteen. Not being able to practice at
such a young age, he began to study science
in Paris, under Réaumur and Antoine de Jus-
sieu. In 1748, he became member and then
director of the Academy of Bordeaux. In 1751
he returned to Martinique, inherited a house
and a sugar cane plantation and mill in Case-
Pilote, and dedicated himself to writing a
natural history of the island. He observed the
geography, intending to make a newer better
map of the island in order to correct some of
Nicolas Bellini’s inaccuracies, made detailed
16
Peyssonnel 1755–1756, 1757–1758.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
meteorological observations, commented on
the inhabitants, their customs and illnesses,
and provided detailed accounts of the native
flora and fauna, as well as of the agricultural
industry. He looked in vain for cochenilles,
made notes on the production of coffee, cacao
and sugarcane, and looked for native sources
of commerce such as wild cinnamon and in-
digo from Guadeloupe, and experimented on
the acclimatization of European plants. While
in Martinique he became correspondent to
Réaumur at the Academie des Sciences de
Paris (classe physique et mathématiques). He
returned to France after having lost his house
and all his belongings in the hurricane of 12
and 13 September 1756. Thibault de Chanvalon
went on to read his memoires on the natural
history of Martinique at the Paris Academy in
1761, and in 1763 published his Voyage à la Mar-
tinique.17
We have no mention of Jacquin ever having
met Thibault de Chanvalon, which is strange
since two naturalists would not have gone un-
noticed in this small island, and Thibault de
Chanvalon would have known of Jacquin’s
presence given that he had been counselor of
the island since 1752. We know that Jacquin
visited the nearby town of Case-Pilote at least
once, and while there he collected a Casearia
parviflora (Casearia decandra) in flower on
April 1756.
The Leeward Islands
On 30 April 1756 Jacquin sent the birders to the
Dutch colony of Sint Eustatius, following them
on 8 May and arriving two days later. There
he found much support from commander Jan
de Windt, Jr., married to a Von Heyningen, a
relative of Jacquin’s mother, in whose house he
stayed. On 27 May they visited Sint Maarten,
17
Thibault de Chanvalon, 1763; annotated edition by
Pouliquen 2004.
28
where the secretary to vice commander Abra-
ham Heijliger Pzn. (1717–1783) was also a rela-
tive of Jacquin. Here they visited Fort-Philip
and collected Myginda uragoga (Rhacoma
uragoga). Later on, while staying in Cartagena,
he found that it was used for urinary problems.
He also visited the salt pond of Simpson Bay
Lagoon, where Melochia frutescens (Melochia
tomentosa var. frutescens) grew copiously, and
while collecting it had the misfortune of falling
off a cliff and stepping on a cactus (Melocac-
tus). He soon recovered thanks to the applica-
tion of poultices made of Jatropha leaves. Of
the three species of Jatropha mentioned in the
Selectarum, none are from this island, nor is
there a mention that they are used for this pur-
pose. After thirteen days in Sint Maarten they
returned to Sint Eustatius on 9 June. There he
fell ill to yellow fever and immediately sent
Barculli back to Martinique to fetch the plants
and animals left in the nursery, returning on
20 July. After a swift recovery, he began putting
together the third shipment, which consisted
of two crates with a small number of objects
for the Natural History Cabinet —shells, fish,
fossils, Carib artworks, a few seeds in bottles,
and a small box marked V. S. with medicinal
plants for Van Swieten. Amongst the plants
and animals brought from Martinique were
many pineapple varieties, which the emperor
had explicitly requested,18 cacti, fleshy Eu-
phorbias, and perhaps a mango19, as well as
two Justicias, one of them J. eustachiana, and
a Capparis eustachiana. The live animals were
four flying squirrels and forty-three birds. The
marquis Ginori later acknowledged receipt of
the shipment mentioning that of all the birds
received only four doves and as many quail
were found dead.20 The shipment was sent
18
Not in the Instructions.
19
Crossed-out in the Biographie.
20
Letter dated 8 January 1757, by Ginori in Livorno
to Jacquin in Sint Eustatius (three months before his
death). Cited by Riedl-Dorn 2009.
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean

Map 3. A map of the Caribbee Islands, Thomas Jefferys, Gentleman’s Magazine,

London, 1756. Courtesy of S. Blair Hedges, www.caribmap.org

29
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
with the birder Buonamici bound for Livor-
no, and was accompanied by a letter to Jean
de Baillou dated 24 July 1756, explaining the
contents of the crates and apologizing for the
overall quality.21 As he mentioned in the letter,
there was very little material, but it was as
much as he could gather, there being very few
objects to be found on these islands, and those
found on the shores were useless due to the
terrible waves that shattered them completely.
They were not protected by the usual saw dust,
which was hard to find in the island, so he was
forced to use the dried inner shells of the cof-
fee beans as padding. He also apologized for
the appearance of the crates, saying there was
little hardwood available to make them, they
had to be ordered from the carpenters well
in advance and were also very expensive. The
shipment finally left on 12 August.
Jacquin and his only assistant left, Barculli,
proceeded to return to Martinique on 17 Au-
gust. They boarded a Dutch vessel bound for
Guadeloupe, but were captured by an English
ship and taken to St. Christoph (Saint Kitts). In
1754 the English navy had invaded French pos-
sessions in North America, and in 1755 began
disrupting French commercial activities in the
region, so on 16 June 1756 the king of France
declared war against the English (the conflict
was later known as the Seven Years War). Dur-
ing this period, the domain of the sugar islands
was to be an important center of operations.22
After being held for seven days, they returned
to Sint Eustatius on 24 August, where they re-
mained until 31 October when they again tried
to return to Martinique.
La ‘Mauvaise Saison’
In the Caribbean, the months between July
and November comprise what Jean-André
21
Riedl-Dorn 2004.
22
Pérotin-Dumon 1991.
30
Peyssonnel had earlier referred to as the ‘Bad
Season’, when hurricanes thrive.23 He himself
had survived the hurricane of 1712 near the
island of Borinquen (Puerto Rico), that of 29
August 1738 in Guadeloupe (Basse-Terre), and
a third one in Grande-Terre on 8 September
1740. He barely escaped that of 1743, which
again hit Guadeloupe, but lost his house and
belongings because he was not there to se-
cure them. Another hurricane hit Guadeloupe
on 3 July 1746, and that of late October 1750
decimated Sint Eustatius. Even if the path of
a hurricane did not hit a particular island, the
counter tides created by it affected nearby is-
lands, with waves of more than 200 feet high
throwing sand upon their shores. Perhaps the
worst hurricane before that of 1780, which cre-
ated mayhem from Barbados to Sint Eustatius
and on to Puerto Rico, killing at least 22,000
people, was that of 12 and 13 September 1756,
which directly hit Martinique. This was the
tragic storm that ruined Thibault de Chanva-
lon’s five years of work on the natural history
of the island, which he describes with horror.
An anonymous missionary at the Portuguese
monastery of S. Bento de Xabregas in Lisbon
provides a detailed description of the tragedy
and desolation which followed.24
Jacquin was very lucky to have asked Bar-
culli to bring all his plants and animals from
Martinique to be embarked in Sint Eustatius,
and to have been captured by the English that
August and sent back to Sint Eustatius, for he
missed the hurricane completely (though the
storm scene in Jacquin’s first edition of his il-
lustrated book on American plants provides a
visual account of these natural phenomena,
fig. 3). Not until the seas returned to calm on
31 October did he try again to return to Marti-
nique, but, once more, the English intercepted
him and now took him to Montserrat. After
23
Peyssonnel 1755–1756.
24
Anonymous 1757.
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean

Figure 3. Title page, Selectarum (1763). Courtesy of BNC.

31
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
only a few days, on 4 November, he managed
to return on a goletta to Saint-Pierre, only to
find devastation. Upon his return he went on
field trips again to Fort-Royal and Le Lamen-
tin, probably crossed the island overland to
visit Le Robert and Baie du Simon, and went
by sea to Sainte-Marie, Basse-Pointe, and from
there back to Saint-Pierre. He gathered only a
small number of shells, corals, and fresh seeds,
which he sent in one crate to Marseille on 12
November.
The Leeward Antilles
Perhaps because of the fear of future hurri-
canes, or because the region had been well
explored, or because Jacquin feared further in-
volvement in local ‘affairs’, or for all the above
reasons, he and Barculli continued on to Cu-
raçao with no intention of coming back. On
February 4 1757 they left for Curaçao, where
they established a camp that would last for
about eight months. A few days later Jacquin
received a letter from his cousin Claude Nicolas
Vincent from Martinique, saying, “my sister is
suffering from mortal sorrow from the moment
you separated from us.” This was Marie Anne
Catherine Jacquin, a twenty-six-year-old girl,
who did not live to be thirty-two. According
to Stafleu, this was not the only letter Jacquin
received, either from his cousin regarding his
sister, or from another girl, but the dates do not
match and I have no proof of their existence25
In Curaçao, it was back to botanizing. He
made use of Indian boats (piraguas) to explore
the surroundings, Sint Anna Bay, amongst
25
The first letter from the cousin, sending “warmest
regards” from his sister has been cited by several authors,
citing Kronfeld (1905). It is said to be dated 7 February
1756. Although the day and month match, the year does
not. Another letter is dated 26 January 1756 by Stafleu
(quoting Kronfeld). Yet another undated letter with sen-
timental innuendoes is reported by Kronfeld. Though in-
teresting to have these letters at hand, one does not need
them as proof of Jacquin’s romantic affairs.
32
others. Amongst the plants seen in Curaçao
were the endemic Varronia curassavica, the
widely cultivated Melicoccus bijugatus, and
Spondias myrobalanus (Spondias purpurea).
Here he had the great fortune of meeting Jo-
seph Alix, a young man from Besançon26 who
was a great diver and collected for him the
most beautiful specimens of shells and corals,
due to the fact that they were collected alive
and had not been washed and scraped ashore
by the waves. By May he had already amassed
several collections filling sixteen crates (the
largest shipment thus far) with shells, corals,
fossils, and two rhinoceros’s horns, one plain,
the other elaborately carved, which he had
bought from a Dominican, Le Vahse, for nine-
ty-three piastres. Also included were coins
from the East and West Indies, various tropi-
cal birds, nests, a hummingbird nest —chicks
and parents included— attached to a branch
of the Achras sapota (Manilkara zapota) tree
and constructed entirely of flowers. There
were also saws from carpenter sharks, ray-fish
tails, flying fish, tortoises, snake skins, as well
as many live animals, including a wild cat, a
kind of fox, a squirrel from Riohacha, on the
mainland, and sixty-seven birds. Amongst the
live plants were many Pancratium (Hymeno-
callis) bulbs brought from Cayenne, etc. This
large shipment left Curaçao accompanied by
Joseph Alix, who on his way to Vienna died of
dysentery. We have no news of how it finally
arrived in Vienna, but the mentioned pieces
were said to be adorning the Cabinet accord-
ing to Jacquin’s son.
Being so close to mainland South America,
they took the opportunity to visit Coro and
Puerto Real de la Vega, where they botanized
the surroundings, including the bay and salt
pond of Sauca from 5 June to 24 July, finding
the Acalypha corensis (Bernardia corensis), in
addition to several other plants.
26
Vesuntio in the Biographie.
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean
Back in Curaçao he began packing his sixth
shipment, which on 5 August he placed under
the care of Captain Marquart on the Demoi-
selle Jeane, sailing to Amsterdam on the 27th.
This was addressed to the mayor of Amsterdam
Willem Gideon Deutz (1697–1757), for whom
he later named the genus Deutzia in apprecia-
tion. The shipment was composed of a large
crate that included fossils, corals, shells, a care-
fully preserved two feet long remora, coins,
magnetic stones from Saint Domingue, pla-
tina (from Juan Blanco), amethysts, Amazon
rubies, copper ore from Havana, raw emeralds
from the famous mines of Somondoco, in Nue-
va Granada, many arrows, native instruments,
etc. Also included were forty-three seeds of
rare plants.
Saint Domingue
On 25 August 1757 Jacquin and Barculli sailed
to the French colony of Saint Domingue on
the island of Hispaniola, where they arrived on
21 September. The Biographie gives no further
details of his stay in Saint Domingue, but from
the localities and phenology of at least seventy-
eight different species of plants he collected on
the island, we know that he probably arrived at
Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien), on the north coast,
a bustling city at the time, nicknamed the Par-
is of the Antilles.27 Jacquin had a bad case of
dysentery during the four months he spent in
the island, but that did not stop him from con-
tinuing with his work. From there they made
excursions to nearby Fort-Picolet, collecting
Echites repens (Mesechites repens) flowering in
October and Ipomoea tuberosa (Merremia tu-
berosa), to Bord-de-Mer de Limonade (where
Columbus attempted to establish Navidad, his
first American settlement, in 1492), collecting
another Echites suberectus (Pentalinon luteum),
to the mangrove swamps of Yaquezi Point,
27
Geggus 1991.
33
finding Capparis comosa, and the Bay of Bayaha
(Fort-Liberté Bay), collecting Cinchona carib-
aea (Exostema caribaeum), Aquartia aculeata
(after his friend in Martinique), and Cordia jug-
landifolia (Cordia sebestena). In total forty-nine
species of plants are reported only for Saint
Domingue, and four of them bear its epithet
(Petitia domingensis, Psychotria domingensis,
Melochia domingensis [Melochia pyramidata],
Polygala domingensis, and Rhamnus domingen-
sis [Gouania lupuloides]).
On 4 January 1758 they embarked on the
Parlamentaire, bound for Jamaica.
Troubled waters
For more than a century, pirates had ruled the
seas in the vicinity of Hispaniola and Jamaica,
where they found safe haven in the desolated
islets and hidden coves. The island of Tortuga,
northwest of Hispaniola, was for more that
200 years the favorite base camp of many pri-
vateers and pirates. Even though the mid sev-
enteen hundreds were past the golden age of
piracy in the Caribbean, there were still sev-
eral kingless seamen about, looking for mer-
chant ships and their prizes. Far worse were
the privateers, cured sailors that had worked
on merchant ships, or had been pirates, and in
times of war would put their ships and crew
under the flag of the highest bidder.
In 1758, an English squadron based in Ja-
maica, under the command of Captain Thom-
as Cotes (1712–1767),28 rear admiral of White
and captain of the Marlborough, a royal war-
ship of ninety guns, together with fourteen
more ships ranging in strength from sixty-four
to twenty cannons, roamed the seas of Great
Antilles. As the Parlamentaire, flying a Dutch
flag, left Saint Domingue on its way to Jamaica,
28
Coates had earlier served under Captain Vernon in
the battles for the Spanish possessions and the seizures
of Portobelo and Cartagena.
34
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Map 4. Saint Domingue, Georges-Louis Le Rouge, Atlas Nouveau, Paris, 1756.

Courtesy of George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, ufdc.ufl.edu.
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean
in the morning of 5 January 1758, she encoun-
tered the Marlborough escorted by six addi-
tional warships. After a short detention in the
high seas, the ship was released but ordered to
sail to Port-au-Prince. Before reaching its des-
tination, on 7 January, the crew noticed that
a ship, also carrying a Dutch flag, had been
following them all day, and near the town of
Léogâne, they realized it was an English cor-
sair ship of fourteen cannons. In the evening,
they were taken to the deserted island of La
Gonâve where another four English corsairs
from New York were awaiting. The ship was
boarded and sacked, Jacquin lost many valu-
able possessions, including his books and a
detailed diary of the whole journey (he had
earlier sent a copy of the journal to Vienna,29
and therefore the loss was perhaps less serious
than that of the illustrations of his plants). For
what little was left, for example his account-
ing book, he had to pay a large sum of money.
The capturers were very brutal and coarse, and
during the night every new watch would come
looking for anything that had been left behind
by the others. Even though they were anchored
at only a riffle shot away from land, there was
nowhere to go. After two days of horror, they
were finally let go on 9 January, arriving in
Port-au-Prince the next day. Jacquin, still sick
from dysentery, did not lose the opportunity to
botanize and in the vicinity of Saint-Pierre and
at the islands of Bones-Terres, near the port,
he collected Justicia spinosa, Fagara tragodes,
Varronia mirabiloides, Varronia bullata (Cordia
bullata), Lycium americanum, Jacquinia lin-
earis, Coccoloba flavescens and Capparis octan-
dra (Quadrella ferruginea), all reported to be
flowering and fruiting in January.
Not being able to find direct transport to
a Spanish possession he again boarded the
29
The notebook has never been found. In a letter to
Linnaeus (24 October 1759) Jacquin regrets three encoun-
ters with British soldiers during the journey who, like pi-
rates, had stolen his notebooks on the seeds he collected.
35
Parlamentaire, whose cargo now included
twenty-seven prisoner pirates. They sailed
on 17 January, and the next day stopped in
Léogâne to load provisions since there was not
much to be found in Port-au-Prince. Here Jac-
quin had little time for botanizing, but was able
to collect a new Coccoloba, which he named
Coccoloba leoganensis. The next day, they en-
countered three pirate ships near the coast of
Petit-Goâve, and were again boarded by pi-
rates who wanted to rescue their mates held
prisoners onboard. On 20 January they visited
the island of Navassa, and on the evening of
the 22nd they were in the harbor of Port Royal,
Jamaica, sailing next morning through the bay
to finally reach the safety of Kingston.
Jamaica
Upon arrival in Jamaica, Jacquin immediately
traveled to Spanish Town, the capital, where he
wanted to meet admiral Sir Charles Knowles
(ca. 1704–1777), governor from 1752, who had
been ousted because of his premature en-
deavor to change the seat of the government
from Spanish Town to Kingston, in 1756. He
had been replaced by Sir Henry Moore (1713–
1769), later baron Moore, who from 1765 until
his death in 1769 was governor of New York.
Following an interview with Moore, Jacquin
was allowed to stay in the island and collect
plants. On his way back, while riding on a two-
wheel carriage from Ferry to Kingston, there
was a terrible accident in which one of the
slaves lost a leg when the axle of the carriage
broke. In Jamaica, his collecting localities
were San Jago de la Vega (Spanish Town), Fer-
ry, Liguané in the outskirts of Kingston, and
Kingston itself. Of the thirty-eight species he
saw or collected in Jamaica, fifteen occurred
only on the island, three of which bear the
epithet jamaicencis (in the genera Capparis,
Helicteres and Chrysophyllum [Chrysophyllum
cainito]).
36
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Map 5. Jamaica, Georg Dionysius Ehret, The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica,
London, 1756. Courtesy of www.prestwidge.com.
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean
At this time, Jacquin had not seen Browne’s
Civil and Natural History of Jamaica.30 Patrick
Browne (1720–1790), an Irish physician and
botanist, was sent to Antigua at age 17, but two
years later returned Europe where he studied
medicine in Paris and Leiden. In ways similar
to Jacquin, he travelled throughout the Antil-
les, collecting plants and animals, and making
observations on Natural History, establishing a
medical practice in Jamaica in 1747. His book,
published in London in 1756, two years before
Jacquin visited Jamaica, is an outstanding and
thorough account of the island. Though the
two naturalists never met, Jacquin named the
genus Brownea and an Amerimnon (Dalbergia
brownei) after this great naturalist, who had to
leave the region prematurely after losing his
wife to a Dutchman named Juhl while he was
away on an excursion to Saint Croix and Mont-
serrat years later.31
Again on his quest to return to Europe,
and after all the mishaps on the coast of Saint
Domingue, they were once more to encounter
difficult circumstances, but this time unlike
anything they had ever endured. Their safest
way to Europe in times of war between France
and England, though not the shortest, was to
look for one of the ships that were part of the
Spanish convoy system. These ships regularly
sailed the area in well specified trading routes
set centuries before to protect them from pi-
rates in search of the riches of El Dorado from
South America and silver from Central Amer-
ica. The Carrera de Indias or Flota de Indias,
as it was called, involved coordinated envoys
of ships in fleets of varying numbers and to
different ports at particular times of the year,
when the winds were favorable. The main
ports were Cartagena and Portobelo in Nue-
va Granada, Veracruz, in Nueva España, and
30
Browne 1756.
31
Letter from Browne to Linnaeus 24 May 1765; cited
by Nelson 2000.
37
Havana, where they all met in late spring or
early summer, before the hurricane season,
and headed for Spain.32
Voyage of the Damned
Thus, Jacquin sought to go to one of these ports
and, on 19 March, embarked with Barculli on
a brigantine under the command of Captain
H. Wead. They were escorted by a twenty-
four cannon frigate and a goletta. Their cargo,
a not unusual one for the time, consisted of
600 black souls recently brought from Africa,
stored away in the two smaller boats (way
passed the limit set thirty years later by the
Dublin act, that allowed only five slaves per
three tons carrying capacity onboard). This
was the most dreadful and horrible chapter
the two naturalists had to suffer during their
four years of travel.
As usual on these slave ships, horrendous
scenes were the main staple; the passengers
had to spend day and night on deck, due to the
stench on the lower quarters, and the fact that
the cabins were packed tight with up to sixty
teenage girls kept there in order to separate
them from the men. On deck, they not only
had to face the bad weather but also witness
the tyranny and brutality with which the cap-
tain and the crew maintained order and kept
the cargo from uprising. Scenes of beating and
death were commonplace, as well as watching
the trailing sharks waiting for the next body,
dead or alive, to be thrown overboard. After
eight days sailing the brigantine reached the
fortresses of Boca Chica, at the mouth of the
bay of Cartagena, only to return to rescue their
escort ships which were both flooding, bring-
ing them safely to shore. Next morning, on 28
March, they raised anchors and sailed to the
port of Cartagena.
32
Kuethe 1991.
38
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Map 6. A View of Cartagena, Isaac Basire, London, 1741. Courtesy of Edmundo Esquinazi and Sebatián Díaz
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean
Cartagena de Indias
In Cartagena Jacquin immediately reported
to the governor, the Mariscal de Campo Don
Diego Tabares, caballero de la Orden de Santi-
ago, previously governor of Cumaná and from
1755 to 1761 governor of Cartagena de Indias, in
whose house Jacquin and Barculli stayed. On
9 April Jacquin sent Barculli to San Antonio
de Tire (Santa Cruz de Lorica, in reference to
its founder Antonio de la Torre) by the Sinú
river. On the 16th, Jacquin fell ill to the ‘Que-
branto Luenos’ or ‘Vómito Preto,’ a known pre-
cursor of the yellow fever, which kept him for
four days on the verge of dying. A man named
Don Bernardo took care of him and saw him
through his convalescence. By Thursday 25
May he was well recovered and was able to en-
joy sumptuous parades of the celebration of
Corpus Christi in Spanish America. One day,
while walking though the narrow, winding
roads of the fortified city, Jacquin came across
a book which must have immediately stunned
him. This was Browne’s Civil and Natural Histo-
ry of Jamaica, which he immediately bought.33
The book describes many plant species from
Jamaica and other islands visited by Jacquin,
and strongly influenced his later work. In it he
saw many plants which he had thought were
unknown; however, he noticed inconsisten-
cies with his own observations, and also that
it did not adhere to the Linnean system or use
the newly established method of binomial no-
menclature. His strong criticisms of Browne’s
‘sloppiness’ in his correspondence to Linnae-
us in the years prior to the publication of his
American plants, indicate a great jealousy of
the earlier publication of some of his plants.
Jacquin then proceeded to make excursions
to various localities in the outskirts of the city
walls (the islands of Getsemani and Manga,
33
Stated in a letter from Sauvages to Linnaeus 10 July
1759.
39
the foothills and summit of La Popa, La Quinta,
and the hills of San Lázaro, where the fortress
of San Felipe was located) as well as farther a
field places such as Tierra Bomba, Boca Chica,
and the island of Barú. In Cartagena he col-
lected the greatest number of plants in the
whole of the expedition, totaling 158 plant
species seen or collected, all but twenty of
them not reported anywhere else, with names
such as Helicteres baruensis, Solanum bomb-
ense, Euphorbia bombensis, Mimosa mangensis
(Chloroleucon mangense) , and eleven different
carthagenensis.
Now eager to return to Europe after four
years in the Caribbean, Jacquin tried to em-
bark on at least two of the ships of the Carrera
ready to head for Cadiz that early summer,
but not even offering to pay 500 Louis d’Or
would the captains accept to take him with
his unconventional cargo of living plants and
animals.34 He was therefore forced to accept
Captain Wead´s offer to take him to Jamaica in
the empty slave ship. On their way there, and
just off the cannons of Boca Chica, the cap-
tain went mad and threatened to throw over-
board any passenger (particularly Austrians)
who would dare criticize England. The threats
were made real, and two Spanish soldiers and
twelve royal black sailors resisted and fought
the thirty English sailors onboard, killing the
captain, taking over the ship and returning to
Cartagena. The final fate of the damned ship
was that, after being repaired on dock and on
its third attempt to set sail, it broke and burst
open sinking in the bay.
A few months later a mail ship Marte, a
paquebote of sixteen cannons, of the Spanish
Armada anchored in Cartagena, and with the
help of the governor, Jacquin convinced the
captain, Mariscal José Jansi, to take him and Bar-
culli to Europe for only 200 Louis d’Or, including
34
Two merchant ships and one mail ship did indeed
sail from Cartagena in 1758 (Grahn 1991).
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
his crates and live plants and animals. On 29
October they left Cartagena, passing Boca
Chica on the 30th, and with favorable winds
and seventeen days of sailing they lowered an-
chors near Cabo de San Antonio, on the west-
ern tip of Cuba. The next day they encountered
bad weather (the ‘Mauvaise Saison’ was upon
them), and were taken off course to the coast
of Florida, behind the Dry Tortugas, as far
north as twenty-five degrees latitude, where
there were many dangerous reefs and could
not let free of the sounding ropes. On 29 No-
vember, they finally had good weather and ar-
rived in Havana, Cuba, where all ships bound
for Europe had the obligation to stop to fill
their cargos and receive further orders.
Cuba
In Havana Jacquin was welcomed by the gover-
nor Mariscal de Campo Francisco Antonio Ca-
jigal de la Vega Salinas y Acevedo (1695–1777),
who provided him with a comfortable place to
unpack his plants and animals. This was gladly
accepted since the curiosity and imprudence
of the locals, particularly the women, had
been pestering him until late hours, paying
him to let them see the captive animals. He
took the opportunity of having to visit a new
port to collect more plants and natural ob-
jects. Amongst these were fifty-seven species
of plants, forty-two of which he only reported
from there, including Rhamnus cubensis (Colu-
brina cubensis) and Agave cubensis (Furcraea
hexapetala) and eight more species of differ-
ent genera named havanense.
Homeward bound
On 4 January 1759, they sailed from Havana
to Europe. They passed the Bahamas channel
without problem, but on the second day they
encountered yet another terrible storm that
40
took them back towards the coast of Florida.
Fortunately, they were on an exceptional vessel
which was ship-shape and able to withstand
the fury of the high seas. More than halfway
across the Atlantic, they sailed so close to the
coast of Santa Maria de Azores that they could
clearly distinguish the houses on shore. On 23
February at sunrise, eight days after his 32nd
birthday, Jacquin spotted the first European
coast, arriving on the evening of the 25th at
the magnificent harbor of Ferrol, Spain, after
sailing for fifty-three days. Jacquin presented
himself to the governor general Don Fran-
cesco Ocono, who unable to send them to Bor-
deaux by sea, offered him a carriage drawn by
four oxen to take them to San Sebastián. From
there they sailed to nearby Bayonne, in France,
and from there upstream on the Adour River
through Dax (Landes), Langon, Saint Macaire,
Marmande, Pert Poseaux, Toulouse, and arriv-
ing in Montpellier on 6 June. Here Jacquin met
his old friend Sauvages, who on 10 July wrote to
Linnaeus about Jacquin´s arrival and the won-
derful plants and animals he had brought with
him. Jacquin and Barculli continued slowly
to Nîmes, Beaucaire, up the Rhone River to
Lyon, and north to Besançon and Strasbourg,
where he visited the botanist Jakob Reinhold
Spielmann (1722-1783) with whom he later
maintained a long friendship. From there they
proceeded to Ulm in Germany, where they
took a boat down the Danube to Vienna, final-
ly arriving on 17 July, after five years and seven
months of travel. Six days later, on the 23rd,
he went to Schönbrunn to personally present
to the emperor his seventh and last shipment
which consisted of shells, corals, platina, large
magnetic stones from Saint Domingue, and
many live plants and animals, including an
opossum and an ocelot. This time he brought
no birds, and in a letter to Linnaeus we learn
that on his way back from Cuba, the ‘cougar’
escaped and ate all the birds.
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean

Expedition Itinerary

1754
Dec. 9 Departure from Vienna (Jacquin and Van der Schot)
16 Arrives in Trieste
19 To Venice; arrives same day
27 To Florence via Bologna

1755
Jan. 1 To Livorno via Pisa
3 Letter to Toussaint from Livorno
Joined by Barculli and Buonamici
21 To Marseille
22 Rescued from shipwreck near Hyères Islands and taken to Toulon
24 Arrives in Marseille
Feb. 3 Letter from Marseille
Jacquin meets La Condamine
To Montpellier (Jacquin meets Helvetius and Sauvages)
Visits Rolland and Beaume de Loubière caves, and those at Carry-le-Rouet
European shipment from Marseille
Apr. 21 L’Espérance sails from Marseille
Docks in Málaga
May 13 Sails from Málaga
Jun. 28 Arrives in Saint-Pierre, Martinique
11 Apparent crossing of the Equator
Aug. 1 First shipment from Saint-Pierre to Marseille
Van der Schot and one of the birders go to Grenada
Collecting in Martinique

1756
Feb. 28 Second shipment from Saint-Pierre to Marseille accompanied by Van der Schot
Apr. 30 Barculli and Buonamici sail to Sint Eustatius
May 8 Jacquin sails to Sint Eustatius
10 Jacquin arrives in Sint Eustatius
27 To Sint Maarten
Jun. 9 Return to Sint Eustatius (Jacquin has yellow fever)
Jul. 20 Barculli sails to Martinique to fetch collections
Barculli returns to Sint Eustatius with collections
Aug. 12 Third shipment from Sint Eustatius to Livorno with Buonamici
17 Jacquin and Barculli sail to Guadeloupe
Ship captured by the English and taken to Saint Kitts
24 Return to Sint Eustatius
Sept. 12 Hurricane devastates Martinique

41
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Oct.
31 Returns to Martinique, ship captured again by English and taken to Montserrat
Nov.
4 Released; return to Saint-Pierre
12 Fourth shipment from Saint-Pierre to Marseille
Collecting on windward coast of Martinique

1757
Feb. 4
Jacquin and Barculli leave Martinique; arrive in Curaçao same day
7
Letter to Jacquin in Curaçao from his cousin in Martinique with news of the heart-
broken sister
Receives twelve two-feet snakes from Aruba; six arrive dead, the remaining six sur-
vive for three months without food, kept in separate glass containers covered with
cloth and with a few inches of sand at the bottom
May 20 Fifth shipment from Curaçao to Amsterdam (France?)35 accompanied by Vesutino
[by way of Vesuntio?]
Jun 5 To Coro and Real de la Vega on the mainland (Venezuela)
24 Returns to Curaçao
Aug. 5 Sixth shipment from Curaçao to Amsterdam including objects from the mainland
(emeralds from Somondoco); ship sails on the 27th
25 To Haiti
Sep. 21 Arrive in Cap-Français

1758
Jan. 4 Sail to Jamaica
5 Detained in high seas and ordered to go to Port-au-Prince
7 Captured by English corsairs and taken to Gonâve
9 Released
10 Arrive in Port-au-Prince at night
17 Sail to Jamaica
18 Dock in Léogâne for provisions
19 Borded by pirates near Petit-Goâve
20 Visit Navassa
22 Anchor in Port Royal, Jamaica
23 Dock in Kingston
Feb. 1 Excursion to Spanish Town
Mar. 19 Embark on a slave ship to Cartagena
27 Anchor in Boca Chica; they return to save an escort ship
28 Dock in Cartagena
Apr. 9 Jacquin sends Barculli to Santa Cruz de Lorica by the Sinú river
16 Jacquin suffers from Quebranto Luenos
May 25 Jacquin recovers and enjoys Corpus Christi celebration
Jul. 4 From Cartagena to Havana on Head’s boat; mutiny in Boca Chica; ship capsizes;
return to Cartagena

35
Letter from Jacquin to Linnaeus, 29 March 1760.

42
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean

Oct. 29 From Cartagena to Havana; on mail ship under Captain Janso with crates and live
plants and animals
30 Pass Boca Chica
Nov 1 Storm
16 Lower anchors near Cabo de San Antonio in Cuba
17 Bad weather
21 Storm diverts them to Florida
29 Arrives in Havana

1759
Jan. 4 Sails from Havana to Europe; voyage with birds36, iguana37
5 Passes Straight of Bahamas
6 Storm
Feb. Sails past Santa Maria, Azores
23 Sights European coast
25 Arrives in Ferrol
Jun. 6 Arrives in Montpelier, visits Sauvages (spends four months in Montpellier)
10 Letter from Sauvages to Linnaeus

Jul. France, Germany, Ulm

17 Arrives in Vienna
23 Jacquin goes to Schönbrunn to deliver seventh shipment personally
Aug. 1 Linnaeus writes to Jacquin

Collecting Localities

In chronological order; alphabetically within major localities.

Martinica (Martinique)
Montis Calebasse (Morne Calebasse, 655 m) near Le Morne-Rouge; Carbet (Le Carbet); Case
Pilote (Case-Pilote); Divi Petri, fluvii & mouillage, (Saint-Pierre, river & dock); Robert (Le
Robert, on Eastern coast)
Eustachii (Sint Eustatius)
De Kuil (volcano)
Sancti Martini (Sint Maarten)
Philippi (Philipsburg); Simsonsbay (Simpson Bay)
Guadelupa (Guadeloupe)
Curaçao
Venezuela
Coro (Santa Ana de Coro); Zaucae (Sauca)
Domingo (Haiti)

36
Letter from Jacquin to Linnaeus, 2 January 1765.
37
Letter from Jacquin to Linnaeus, 29 March 1760.

43
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Arcem Picquolet (Fort-Picolet); Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien); Jaquesi (Yaquezi Point); Léogâne;

Limonade (Bord-de-Mer de Limonade); Purtum Principis (Port-au-Prince); Sinum Bayaha
(Fort-Liberté Bay)
Jamaica
Ferry; Kingston; Liguané (Liguanea); San Jago de la Vega (Spanish Town)
Cartagena [de Indias]
Arcem Sancti Lazari (Fuerte de San Lázaro); Barú; Boca Chica (castellum, castle); El Spasseo
[Paseo] (Camellón de los Mártires); Flumen Cinu (Sinú River); La Popa; La Quinta; Mango (Isla
de Manga); Pedem montis de la Popa (Pie de la Popa); Tierra Bomba; Xiximani (Getsemaní)
Cuba
Castelli Moro (Castillo de los Tres Reyes del Morro); Havana (La Habana)
Caribaeis (Caribbean)
Continentis vecine/Vecino Continente (Nearby Continent)
Cayenne (not visited; one species reported Hypericum cayennense [Vismia cayennensis])

Shipments of Specimens

0 No date (March–April 1755)

From Marseille to Livorno
Curiosities: zoophytes, all kinds of fossils
Crates 17
1 August 1, 1755
From Saint-Pierre, Martinique to Marseille
Ship: St. Rochus; Captain: Le Fabre
Live animals: none
Plants: some seeds and sugar cane cuttings
Curiosities: shells, crabs, sea urchins, corals, fossils, insects, fish, coins
Crates: 6
2 February 28, 1756
From Saint-Pierre, Martinique to Marseille; to Livorno (by ship) to Vienna by mule.
Ship: L’Espérance; Captain: Chanvet
Care of: Van der Schot
Live animals: agouti, flying squirrel from Mississippi, twenty-five anteaters from Cumaná,
and twenty-six rare birds
Plants: 266 specimens of forty species of large trees and shrubs (including: two small trees of
“Laurus cinnamomum”38), 12 10-foot fruit bearing trees of Annona squamosa (Selectarum
Ed. 2, p.85); none died except the Heliconias, which were eaten by rats
Curiosities: shells, fish, zoophytes, fossils, tools and Carib religious objects
Crates: 10
3 August 12, 1756 (July 24 in letter to Baillou)
From Sint Eustatius to Livorno
Care of: Giovanni Buonamici
38
Letter from Jacquin to Linnaeus, 3 April 1762.

44
 Botanical expedition to the Caribbean

Live animals: four flying squirrels, forty-three birds39

Plants: many seeds. Many pineapple varieties, cacti and fleshy Euphorbias (and a mango?)
Curiosities: shells, fish, fossils, and artworks of the Carib
Crates: 2
4 November 12, 1756
From Saint-Pierre, Martinique to Marseille
Plants: fresh seeds
Curiosities: shells, corals
Crates: 1
5 May 20, 1757 (March in Pl. hort. schoenbr.)
From Curaçao to Amsterdam
Care of: Joseph Alix (died of dysentery in Germany)
Live animals: a wild cat, a fox, a squirrel from Riohacha, sixty-seven birds, six twelve-foot
snakes (all but one dies during voyage, the surviving one dies in France)40
Plants: several bulbous Pancratias, etc.
Curiosities: corals, fossils, shells, engraved rhinoceros horn, West Indian and East Indian coins, a
branch of Achras sapota (Manilkara zapota) with a nest made entirely of flowers, other nests
of tropical birds, saws of sawfish, stingray tails, flying fish, turtles, snake skins, etc.
Crates: 16
6 August 27, 1757
From Curaçao to Amsterdam
Ship: Demoiselle Jeane; Captain: Marquart
Care of: William Gideon Deutz
Plants: forty-three seeds of very rare plants
Curiosities: fossils, corals, shells, coins, magnetic stones from St. Domingo, platina, amethysts,
emeralds from the abandoned mines of Somondoco, copper ore from Havana, a carefully
preserved two-feet long remora, many arrows and native instruments, coins, etc.
Crates: 1
7 January 4, 1759
From Havana to Bordeaux (Ferrol in Pl. hort. schoenbr.); arrived in Vienna in July
Care of: Jacquin and Barculli
Live animals: many animals including Didelphis marsupialis (opossum) and Felis concolor
(cougar) and birds (eaten by cougar on board)
Plants: many live plants
Curiosities: shells, corals, platina, magnetic stones from St. Domingo

39
In a letter dated 8 January 1757, Ginori writes from
Livorno to Jacquin in Sint Eustatius that only four doves
and as many quail were found dead.
40
Letter from Jacquin to Linnaeus 29 March 1760.

45
 Chapter Three
The Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia
Jacquin’s return to Europe and his cargo of nov-
el plants did not go unnoticed in the highest
botanical circles. During the ten days Jacquin
spent in Montpellier, he shared with François
Boissier de Lacroix Sauvages a wealth of in-
formation about his findings. Sauvages soon
wrote to Linnaeus, on 10 July 1759, about Dr.
Jacquin, a Leiden physician, who after spend-
ing six (sic) years in America had brought
beautiful drawings of 350 plants and news of
approximately 120 new genera. The letter is a
lengthy account of some of the most notable
plants, mostly referred to by their common
names, when the genus was unknown, or
providing corrections to descriptions of pre-
viously known plants. Amongst these is an
emendation of the characters of Sauvages’s
own Sauvagesia. Additional details of their
provenance and in some cases their uses are
included, such as an Aristolochia known as
‘contracapitán’, used against coral-snake bite,
and a laticiferous plant from Curaçao, simi-
lar to Plumeria alba from Martinique, used to
treat syphilis. Also, in the letter, we learn of
Jacquin’s criticisms of Browne’s descriptions,
sloppy nomenclature, and lack of system.
Linnaeus immediately spread the news.
He wrote to his close friend in Stockholm,
Abraham Bäck (1713 –1795), on Sunday 31 July
1759, about Jacquin’s arrival and his ‘splendid
observations’. By Monday he took the initia-
tive to write to Jacquin addressing him as “Il-
lustrious experienced man… We receive and
honor you as the ambassador of Flora herself,
who brings us treasures and prizes from for-
eign worlds never before heard or seen” and
offering him all kinds praise. Jacquin must
have been astonished when he received this
letter, not only because the ‘Prince of Botany’
himself had written to him, but specially be-
cause Linnaeus had detailed knowledge of his
findings, including names and descriptions
of plants such as ‘camajonduro’, cryptically
known from its common name since the six-
teenth century through the works of the Span-
ish naturalist Francisco Hernández (1514-1578).
Linnaeus offered Jacquin all his collaboration
and the honor of naming a genus after him if it
were to be new. Linnaeus also mentioned that
he would be using many new names of genera
described by Browne and of plants collected
by Pehr Löfling (1729–1756).1 Jacquin received
this letter in Vienna, simply addressed to “Viro
Experientissimo DD Jacquin”, twenty-six days
later. It only took him two days to digest its
importance and to acknowledge every detail,
with many additions, in a letter dated 28 Au-
gust 1759, addressed, as instructed, to “Messieur
L., Messieurs de la Société Royale des Sciences,
à Uppsal, en Suede.” From here onwards, and
until Linnaeus’s death in 1778, a continuous
correspondence in average of twelve letters
per year was maintained between the two
botanists.
Much information can be extracted about
Jacquin’s life and botanical activities from the
correspondence with Linnaeus. However, it is
beyond the scope of this book to review these
sources in detail. Nevertheless, an interesting
account of the importance of cooperation in
eighteenth century science is derived from
these letters.2
1
Linnaeus’s ‘apostle’ in America who prematurely
died of malaria in Venezuela.
2
Dietz 2012.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

The Enumeratio systematica plantarum description of the flowering or fruiting char-

acters of the genera (seventy-one in total),
Apart from feeling honored, Jacquin must also
including many new ones, which, following
have felt the need to quickly publish his plants
the example of his predecessor in American
so that they would bear his authorship. He was
botanical exploration, Charles Plumier (1646-
indeed urged by Linnaeus himself to do so in a
1704), he named in honor of botanists. One
letter written in October later that year.3 Thus,
such genus is Aquartia, named after his friend
he immediately set forth to prepare a list of his
Benoit Aquart, who accompanied him dur-
American plants for publication. He drafted
ing his excursion in Martinique. Another one,
a list of genera and species, which was pub-
though not without its amusing anecdote, is
lished in Leiden by Theodore Haak4 during the
Petitia, named after a François Pourfour de
second half of 1760. Entitled Enumeratio sys-
Petit, mentioned by Linnaeus in Bibliotheca
tematica plantarum quas in insulis Caribaeis
botanica. Jacquin, however, asked Linnaeus in
vicinaque Americes continente detexit novas,
a letter “what has this man done?”8 This diplo-
aut jam cognitas emandavit,5 it is written in
matic attribution was not the only one made
perfect Linnaean style. In the preface, signed
by Jacquin. He also coined the genus Laugie-
in Vienna on 10 May 1760, Jacquin refers to it as
ria, after the then director of the University
serving as an appendix to Linnaeus’s Systema
Botanical Garden in Vienna. We know from
Naturae;6 he also stresses the fact that these
his correspondence to Linnaeus that he did
are plants from America which grow nowhere
not hold this man’s work in high esteem.
else, many of them previously unknown, and
Amongst many other new genera, a note-
that he has seen alive and personally dissect-
worthy entry is that of Jacquinia. Jacquin’s
ed.7 Jacquin finished his short preface with
own genus, cited under Pentandria Monogynia
an announcement of a forthcoming more de-
flores monopetali, inferi, agiospermi (page 2),
tailed treatment (Historia) with colored illus-
had recently been coined by Linnaeus in the
trations painted from life, but also rightfully
last entry (appendix) of his Flora Jamaicencis
justifying this premature account.
(1759, p. 27). Based on an illustration (Tab. 123)
Premature or not, the Enumeratio was a
by Johann Jacob Dillen (Dillenius, 1687–1747),
success. Its first ten pages are dedicated to the
published in Hortus Elthamensis (1732) by
William Sherard (1659–1728), it describes the
3
Linnaeus to Jacquin, September-October 1759. plants kept in one of the finest collections of
4
Theodore Haak, famous publisher of natural his-
tory titles in Leiden (some of them together with Brill’s exotic plants in London (Etham, Kent), owned
founder Samuel Luchtmans), including Linnaeus’s Sys- by William’s brother James Sherard (1666–
tema Naturae.
5
Systematic enumeration [list] of the plants, which
1738). The illustration corresponds to Jacquinia
in the islands of the Caribbean and in the nearby Ameri- ruscifolia, properly described by Jacquin in the
can continent were newly discovered or corrections to Enumeratio (p. 15).9
those already known.
6
Tenth edition, Volume 2 “Vegetabilia,” published
1759. 8
Jacquin to Linnaeus 20 January 1761. For the re-
7
Jacquin, in a letter to Linnaeus dated 30 April cord: François Pourfour de Petit (1664–1741), student
1760, reports having recently sent the list to his friend of Tournefort, military physician and anatomist at the
Laurens Theodorus Gronovius in Leiden, where it will be Académie des Sciences, published in, 1710, Lèttres ... La
published. Here he stresses the fact that, though it may troisième lettre contient une critique sur les trois espèces de
contain mistakes in the determinations, that he is always Chrysosplenium des Instituts de Mr. de Tournefort (from
very careful in publishing only what he has seen with his Müler-Wille & Reeds, 2007).
own eyes, alluding to earlier works he has read where the 9
For a discussion on nomenclatural issues sur-
contrary is commonplace. rounding Jacquinia see Dugand 1966b. Compare with

48
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
Pages 11–34 of the Enumeratio comprise
extremely concise diagnoses of 314 species
of his American plants, all validly published,
including those composed of only an astro-
nomical symbol indicating habit, such as
Petitia domingensis ♄ (fruiting), Elaterium
carthagenense (Rytidostylis carthagenensis) ☉
(annual), and Hapalanthus repens (Callisia re-
pens) ♃ (perennial).10 Pages 35–38 correspond
to detailed descriptions of eight new Ameri-
can plants collected in America from the her-
barium of the Danish botanist and friend of
Jacquin, Franz Mygind (1710-1789).11 Finally, an
index to the generic entries for both sections
(Genera and Species) is provided.
As set out by Linnaeus, Jacquin acknowl-
edges the works of earlier authors, referencing
the authorship of the names previously given
to these plants. Jacquin either copied this in-
formation from Linnaeus’s works (which is
unlikely due to his determination to relate
only that which he had seen) or was fortu-
nate to have a vast collection of books at his
disposal, for example, that of the Imperial
Court Library, which its keeper, Van Swieten,
had stocked with classical and recent botani-
cal literature.12 Amongst the ones dealing par-
ticularly with the American flora were those
of Francisco Hernández (1517–1587), Rerum
Ståhl (1992), who attributes Jacquinia to Löfling’s “nom.
vernac. Barbasco” in his (i.e., Linnaeus’s) Iter Hispanicum
(1758, p. 204), as Chrysophyllum barbasco in synonymy
under Jacquinia armillaris Jacq. Chrysophyllum barbasco
is in fact a synonym of Jacquinia arborea.
10
Astronomical symbols used by Linnaeus to refer
to plant habit, their use adequately indicated by Jacquin
in the preface. These diagnoses are valid according to the
rules of nomenclature, for they describe a character of
the only species known for the genus (=monotypic), or
differentiate it from others based on this single adjective.
11
See Hohenbühel-Heufler 1870. Mygind’s herbar-
ium is now at the Hungarian Natural History Museum
(BP). Jacquin mentions in the preface that these plants
came from Barbados; further inquiry has shown that only
one is from this island (see Urban 1902, quoted by Stafleu
1967). Jacquin also coined the genus name Myginda.
12
Von Mosel 1835.
49
medicarum novae Hispaniae thesaurus (1649),
Charles Plumier (1646–1706), Description des
plantes de l’Amérique (1693), Nova plantarum
americanarum genera (1703), and Planta-
rum americanarum (1755–1760), and Sir Hans
Sloane’s (1660–1773) A voyage to the Islands of
Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and
Jamaica (1707–1727). He no doubt had his own
copy of Browne’s Civil and Natural History of
Jamaica at hand, as well as the works of Lin-
naeus, which he slowly accumulated through
his contacts in Leiden or from the author him-
self, and Mark Catesby’s The Natural History
of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
(1731–1747), which he knew well, as we shall
see later.
From the day Linnaeus received Jacquin’s
letter of 30 April 1760 telling him about the
manuscript sent to Leiden for publication, to
the day he finally received it at the end of the
year, Linnaeus eagerly waited. On 7 August Jac-
quin wrote to Linnaeus saying that the book
had been sent to him; on 2 September 1760
Linnaeus reported that he was disappointed
that Gronovius has not yet sent him the pub-
lication, adding that he could hardly stand
waiting for it any longer. On 14 October 1760
Linnaeus wrote to his friend in Amsterdam,
Johannes Burman (1707-1779), telling him
that Gronovius was supposed to send him the
book. A month later (11 November 1760), while
reporting on the state of botanical knowledge
in Europe to his former student in Stockholm,
Petter Jonas Bergius (1730-1790), he mentions
Jacquin, who had recently returned to Leiden
from Surinam (sic) boasting about new gen-
era. Linnaeus is weary that his other student,
Daniel Rolander (1725-1793), who had also just
arrived from Surinam, would not publish his
plants before Jacquin’s publication appears.
Finally, on 18 December, Linnaeus received his
copy and spent the whole night reading it and
dreaming of its beautiful plants, not being able
to sleep. The following morning he wrote to
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
Jacquin telling him he had never seen a small
book so full of golden knowledge. He thanks
him for having adopted his method and asks
for further details on some of the plants, par-
ticularly of the sexual parts, for he finds the de-
scriptions too short and believes he may have
some of them amongst his dried plants. Next
year, on 2 March, Linnaeus wrote to Carlo Al-
lioni (1725-1804) in Turin, recommending him
this ‘short but divine book’. The correspon-
dence between Linnaeus and Jacquin during
1761 deals mainly with further details on the
characters of the plants of the Enumeratio and
synonyms reported by Linnaeus.
The Enumeratio was reprinted in Nurem-
berg in 1762 with only small corrections of ty-
pographical errors. Originals of the Enumeratio
(both editions) are found in major libraries
worldwide. In 1967, Frans A. Stafleu published
a facsimile edition with a short introduction.
Three copies of the first edition are now freely
available in digital form (including full text
from OCR – Optical Character Recognition) at
the Botanicus Digital Library of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, the Internet Archive and
the HathiTrust (this last one includes a copy
of the 1967 facsimile). The second edition is
available at The Mertz Digital collections of
the New York Botanical Garden.13
Several reviews of the Enumeratio have
been published since 1763, most of them re-
ferring to bibliographic information. For his
biographical and bibliographical review of
Antillean Botany (Symbolae Antillanae), Ignatz
Urban (1848–1931) commented on Jacquin’s
publications of American plants in some de-
tail.14 In 1973, Richard A. Howard (1917–2003),
Harvard botanist working on the flora of
the Caribbean, published a list of species
mentioned in the Enumeratio, with modern
13
botanicus.org, archive.org, hathitrust.org,
mertzdigital.nybg.org.
14
Urban 1898 and 1902.
50
equivalents and annotations of selected spe-
cies. Several other authors concerned with the
typification of Jacquin’s names have referred
to this list.15 A major concern here has been
the whereabouts of Jacquin’s herbarium speci-
mens of his American plants. As mentioned
in the Biographie, early during the expedition,
while in Martinique, Jacquin desisted from
preserving dried specimens of the plants he
saw or collected live, due to infestation from
termites in his initial attempts. He and Van der
Schot opted for making drawings of the plants
ad vivum. Some of these drawings are avail-
able to us, and can be used as epitypes (see
Appendix I). However, as can be seen from the
few original illustrations available, their qual-
ity is often poor, and they do not reflect the
characters of the plants correctly, in contrast
to the touched-up, ‘assembled’ illustrations of
Jacquin’s later publications.16 As far as I have
been able to confirm personally in the herbar-
ia of the Natural History Museums in Vienna
and London, and at the Linnaean Society in
London, the specimens of American plants at-
tributed to Jacquin correspond to specimens
or fragments of plants cultivated in Europe,
most likely from Jacquin’s live plants brought
from America or from germinated seeds also
brought by Jacquin.17 Such is the case of Lau-
gieria odorata (Guettarda odorata), found to-
day in the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN 256.1)
with the annotation “Ex Horto Nostris” by
15
Robyns, 1961, Dugand 1966a, D’Arcy 1970, Williams
& Dressler 1973, Dressler & Williams 1975 (and references
therein), Bittrich & Stevens 1998, Anderson 2001, Dorr &
Wiersema 2010, amongst many others. See also ongoing
results of ‘The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project’
and Jarvis 2007.
16
For an essay on the practice of drawing and as-
sembling plants as acts of displacement and appropria-
tion of nature in the eighteenth century see Nieto 2000.
17
Later in his life, Jacquin kept describing species
from living plants without making a proper herbarium
specimen to designate as type. Riedl-Dorn (1988b) has
discussed the problem of lectotypification of some of
Jacquin’s European species.
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
Jacquin,18 or a perfectly preserved specimen of
a very fragile plant, Galega littoralis (Tephrosia
cinerea) (LINN 924.3), annotated by Jacquin
as Vicia littoralis mea, and with the indication
HU (Horto Upsaliensis) by Linnaeus, probably
grown from seeds sent by Jacquin to Linnaeus.
Indeed, in the first letter Jacquin wrote
to Linnaeus (28 August 1759), he offered him
seeds, dry samples, and preparations in alcohol
of plants collected during the journey to Amer-
ica. Linnaeus’s reply indicates that seeds can
be sent in ordinary letters and Linnaeus even
promises to refund Jacquin for his expense, an
offer which Jacquin refused later. In another
letter (17 December 1759) Jacquin offers Linnae-
us seeds of a Petiveria so that he can compare
them with his specimens if he is concerned
about their differences. Linnaeus’s herbarium
specimen of Petiveria octandra (Petiveria allia-
cea) (LINN 472.2) is also annotated HU.
The Selectarum stirpium
americanarum historia
By 27 September 1760 Jacquin had an expanded
edition of his Enumeratio ready for printing,
but he complained that he lacked the funds for
cutting the copper plates of the more than 200
illustrations in natural size that would illustrate
it. Not until January 1762 did Jacquin finally an-
nounce the publication of the work by autumn
of that year. In a letter written on 27 January,
Jacquin tells Linnaeus that the book will con-
sist of 300 pages in folio, including 180 plates
and numerous illustrations which are being cut
by an excellent engraver; he also mentions that
Gerard van Swieten will pay half the cost of the
plates, other sponsors the other half, and that
Kraus, a commercial publisher in Vienna, will
make copies available with hand-colored or
18
Laugieria is included in the list of species growing
in the hothouse at Schönbrunn, mentioned by Jacquin in
his letter to Linnaeus (27 January 1762).
51
just black-and-white plates. Having heard from
Linnaeus that new editions of the Systema Na-
turae and the Species Plantarum were ready for
printing, Jacquin asks if Linnaeus could delay
their publication until the end of the year in
order to include new species.
Throughout 1762 Jacquin worked against
the clock to see his first major work published
before Linnaeus´s publication of the second
edition of the Species Plantarum. In several
letters to him, Jacquin mentions progress and
setbacks with the preparation of the plates. In
May Jacquin reports that the text is now being
printed and that Linnaeus is free to use the
descriptions sent earlier in his book. Jacquin’s
hastiness is revealed in a letter written on Au-
gust 28, in which he complains to Linnaeus
that he has not received a reply to his letter of
three months earlier, wants to know the rea-
son why, and includes proofs of the illustra-
tions of his new book (fig. 4). In a letter that
just misses Jacquin´s, Linnaeus announces
that the first part of the Species Plantarum has
been published. Then, in another one written
in September, he replies that he did answer the
letter immediately and that the cause of its de-
lay must be checked with the post office. The
letter had indeed been wrongly addressed and
was at the undelivered mail in the post office.
By October, having almost finished his own
book, Jacquin again tells Linnaeus that he can
use the information sent on his plants and that
he can include them in the Species plantarum.
The twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae
was not published until 1766–1768,19 whereas
the two volumes of the second edition of the
Species Plantarum were published on Septem-
ber 1762 and August 1763. In the introduction
of volume one, Linnaeus includes Jacquin in
the list of Collectors and Authors, as well as
about thirty-five entries of Jacquin´s names,
19
In three volumes; volume two containing the
plants was published in October 1767.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 4. Jacquinia linearis Jacq. Tab. XL, Fig. 1, Selectarum (1763), courtesy of BNC.
Inset: draft (proof) engraving, © Linnean Society of London, BL.580C. Compare with Plate 58.

52
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
most of them from the Enumeratio (cited as
amer.), with a few from the unpublished Se-
lectarum (cited as hist.), including the illus-
trations´ number demonstrating Linnaeus’s
intimate knowledge of this forthcoming pub-
lication.20 About fifty more entries are added
in volume two, including a list of twenty eight
plates and figure numbers from Jacquin’s Se-
lectarum (cited as Historia plantarum america-
narum) in an appendix on page 1681.
On 5 January 1763 Jacquin tells Linnaeus
that his new book on American plants is now
ready, although he does not send it to him
until March. Linnaeus receives the text by 20
July, stating that he has learnt much from it
and awaits the illustrations so he can put them
together in elegant binding, which he reports
having done by 20 August.
The book was entitled Selectarum stirpium
americanarum historia, in qua ad linnaeanum
systema determinatae descriptaeque sistuntur
plantae illae, quas in insulis Martinica, Jamai-
ca, Domingo, aliisque, et in vicinae continentis
parte, observavit rariores; adjectis iconibus in
solo natalis delineatis21 and was dedicated with
due praise to emperor Franz I. As mentioned
earlier and as seen in the last plate of the book
(fig. 5), all the illustrations were done by Joseph
Wagner, a famous German-born engraver es-
tablished in Venice and author of many impor-
tant architectural and religious works. Wagner
must have had at hand the originals of the 184
plates,22 most of them depicting a single spe-
cies, while others, particularly those towards
20
Melicoccus bijugatus, cited as t. 71, was later pub-
lished as t. 72, while Trichilia trifolia and a couple of oth-
ers are correctly given their plate number.
21
A History of Selected American Plants, wherein
are determined, described and classified according to
the Linnaean system, those most marvelous plants that
the author observed in Martinique, Jamaica, [Santo] Do-
mingo and other islands, as well as in part of the neigh-
boring mainland; added are illustrations drawn in their
native soil.
22
Plates are numbered 1–183, with that of Chrysophyl-
lum caeruleum (Chrysophyllum cainito) inserted as XXXVII*
53
the end, are composites of several species (see
selected examples in Appendix I compared to
the few known originals). There are, in total,
297 illustrated species. As stated in the preface,
Jacquin took great care to personally supervise
the cutting of the plates, all of them made from
living plants he had seen in America and repro-
duced in natural size. A few exceptions were
made as in the case of the palms. The major-
ity of the life-size images fit nicely within the
folio format of the page (36 cm tall), but when
comparing these illustrations with the color
reproductions in the large folio (48 cm tall) of
the second edition, it is evident that the plants
in the original drawings were ‘pruned’ to fit
in the book (see below). The plates include a
great amount of detail, not often found in the
originals we have seen, including dissections of
flowers and fruits and in one case a seed borer
of Bactris minor (Bactris guineensis, fig. 6).
There are four other beautifully accom-
plished engravings in the book; a frontispiece
full of details, a scenery on the title page, and
two other illustrations used as vignettes in the
first page of the preface and page 1 of the main
text. The two vignettes are allegorical to ev-
eryday life in the Caribbean colonies. The first
one heading the preface depicts four young
slaves gathering local plant products (cashew
nut, pineapple, cocoa, and sugarcane), next to
a makeshift hut made of tendril bearing vines,
framed with a garland with an orchid and an-
other unidentified plant, and with a perched
flycatcher and a hovering hummingbird. The
second one, on page 1, is a view of a stream-
side hamlet with tall coconut palms, with slave
porters carrying their masters in a hammock
or on their shoulders, framed with a banana
plant in the front left and a large fig tree fur-
ther back on the right.
The engraving on the title page (see fig. 3
in Chapter Two) illustrates ‘cacti’ and ‘agaves’
on a rocky point, with a European (most likely
Jacquin himself) and three natives on a beach
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 5. “J. Wagner omnes sculpsit.” Tab. CLXXXIII, Selectarum (1763). Courtesy of BNC.

54
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

Figure 6. Bactris minor (=Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E. Moore). Tab. CLXXII,
Selectarum (1763). Courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 256.

55
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
in a volcanic island, against a background of
dark skies and rough seas with two ships dan-
gerously close to the shore.
The frontispiece is incredibly detailed. The
main theme is a drape held by two natives,
serving as backdrop for a map of the Carib-
bean, with the names of major localities. It is
adorned with many local plants, all from Jac-
quin’s own collections and depicted later in
the plates, shells and a carved Carib Indian
staff/baton. Particularly interesting are the
plants and animals framing the illustration.
Acting as poles on the right and left are spi-
nous branches of Jacquin’s Bombax ceiba and
Fagara tragodes, both collected by him. Tied
to them and forming an arch above the whole
image are a large compound leaf and fruiting
branches of Swietenia mahagani with a liz-
ard hanging from one of these, and a couple
of birds and butterflies. What is very peculiar
about these last elements is that even though
Jacquin had named Swietenia in honor of his
friend and benefactor, there is no illustration
of this genus in the plates that follow. Fur-
ther inspection of these plants and animals
confirms that these are identical to illustra-
tions found in Catesby’s The Natural History
of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
(see fig. 7 and compare with frontispiece).23
The birds above contain a mirror image24 of
the red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethere-
us, Catesby Tab. 114) and the Lacerta lizard
(Catesby Tab. 65), and the fruiting branch on
the right side corresponds to the mahogany
tree (Swietenia mahogany, Catesby Tab. 81).
The leaf on the left with its large leaflets, and
the fruiting branch with its small capsules
23
I am greatly indebted to Caleb Kiffer, head of rare
books at Arader Galleries in New York, who while ex-
amining the frontispiece with me recognized Catesby`s
tropicbird.
24
Mirror images are normal results when cutting en-
gravings from an original, seen also in several of Wagner’s
reproductions of Jacquin’s originals.
56
with large lenticels, irregularly dehiscing to-
wards the base and releasing its winged fruits,
is reminiscent of Cedrela odorata, a relative
of mahogany, but there is no reference to this
species in either Catesby or Jacquin.
In the preface Jacquin mentions that the
contents of the book are the descriptions of
the plants he saw during four years of travel
in the American tropics.25 He excuses himself
for any possible omissions, due to the great
amount of data presented and his having been
constantly on the move. Jacquin highlights the
fact that there are still many new species to be
described from these regions even after the
works of Plumier and Browne. He acknowl-
edges that he did not study the grasses or the
cryptogams due to difficulties in their determi-
nation, but states that there were nonetheless
enough new plants to keep him fully occupied.
He cites Plumier, Sloane, and Browne as pre-
decessors in the exploration of the Caribbean
flora, mentioning that he provides clarifica-
tions on many plants known before only from
incomplete descriptions. Jacquin provides a
justification for his use of the Linnean system,
which he finds practical, and acknowledges
that though artificial, it provides, as with any
other system, a methodological listing. He ac-
cepts that there is a natural system but that it
cannot be grasped as long as we have incom-
plete knowledge of the morphology and me-
dicinal qualities. Jacquin believes in the realty
of species, but considers genera as artificial.
He warns botanists about describing plants
from specimens grown outside of their natu-
ral habitat, as in hothouses, since their habit
often varies. He emphasizes that the descrip-
tions he provides are from living plants in their
native soil. The flowers are always described at
anthesis, just before the opening of the thecae.
25
I here summarize the contents of the preface from
an abbreviated ‘free version’ provided by Stafleu in his
introduction to the facsimile edition of the Selectarum
(1971).
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

Figure 7. The Tropicbird and the Storm-Fink, Plate 14 of the appendix (top); The Green Lizard of Carolina
on a Sweet Gum-Tree, Plate 65 (bottom left); The Mahogony [sic] tree with mistletoe, Plate 81 (bottom
right). Mark Catesby, The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, Ed. 2, London, 1754.
Courtesy of Christopher Blackwell, BotanicaCaroliniana, Furman University. Compare with Frontispiece.

57
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
When naming genera, Jacquin either uses the
Greek name of a peculiar characteristic found
in their species or dedicates them to famous
botanists, as Plumier did.26 With regard to the
medicinal properties of plants, Jacquin men-
tions his hesitation as to the veracity of the
information obtained, not being able to pro-
vide proof. He mentions the variability of ver-
nacular names, providing only those which are
common. He ends the preface saying that all
the illustrations are based on originals drawn
by him in America, making them as precise as
possible, without embellishment, and having
personally checked the work of the engraver.
What follows is an incredibly detailed ac-
count of the species described. Arranged ac-
cording to the sexual system based on the
number of ‘male’ and ‘female’ parts in the
flower, he begins with an old acquaintance
from the Leiden days, Monandria, Monogynia,
Alpinia spicata (Costus spicatus), signed “Jac-
quin ad vivum delineavit” (see reproduction of
plate 1 in Appendix I). The description of this
and all other species contain the name and di-
agnosis, a formal description of flowering and
fruiting characters, and a free description of
vegetative and other characters, such as colors,
odors, exudate, etc. In cases where one spe-
cies may resemble another, he adds a discus-
sion of their distinguishing characters, and if
he is uncertain about the identity of a species
already described or its generic placement, he
discusses these issues at length. There are eth-
nobotanical notes on the local uses of most of
the species (sometimes in great detail as in Al-
pinia, whose ‘roots’ and stems are cooked with
other herbs by the people of Martinique to
make a cooling beverage to treat gonorrhea).
Also provided are the common names given to
them in different countries and languages. Jac-
quin makes a note on common names both in
26
A question to Linnaeus about this practice is avail-
able in Jacquin’s letter of 20 January 1761.
58
the preface and in a letter to Linnaeus, stating
that many names cited before (for example by
Browne) are incorrect, due to that naturalist´s
lack of knowledge of the local languages, which
he knew well. Finally, all species have a note on
the habitat in which they grow (the four-page
description of the ecology and reproductive bi-
ology of Rhizophora mangle is remarkable, see
fig. 8) and the localities in which he saw them,
and when in flower or fruit, he gives the month
of the year. Eighteen species successfully cul-
tivated in Vienna, usually at the hothouses in
Schönbrunn, are mentioned.27
In total there are 434 name entries, 190 of
them with reference to existing names, 128
with systematic discussions, and 123 with eth-
nobotanical notes. He provides locality data
for all his plants (varying from as broad as
Caribbean, to very specific ones) and pheno-
logical data for 155 of them. Local names for
ninety-one species are given (sometimes in
more that one language): sixty five in French,
fifty-three in Spanish, twelve in English, five in
Dutch, four in Carib. Each of the first species of
the twenty one new genera coined by Jacquin
contains an etymological explanation of the
name, and all but one are named in honor of
famous botanists; Elaphrium (from the Greek
ἐλαφρία) is named for its light wood.
Originals of this book can be found in nu-
merous libraries around the world. A few copies
have colored prints, such as the one at the Aus-
trian National Library in Vienna, while most are
plain prints. The copy at the Biblioteca Nacio-
nal de Colombia has a few prints with colored
flowers. Digital copies of the book are now free-
ly available at various Internet sites including
the Botanicus Digital Library of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, the Internet Archive, and the
Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia.
27
In a letter to Linnaeus on 27 January 1762, he men-
tions forty-two of his own, plus a few others not collected
by him.
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

Figure 8. Rhizophora mangle L. Tab. LXXXIX, Selectarum (1763).

Courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 132.

59
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
The Selectarum was reviewed in August
1763 in Liège, Bouillon, as an important exam-
ple of the recent developments of the science
of systematic botany, following the system of
Linnaeus.28 In 1971 Frans A. Stafleu published
a facsimile of the Selectarum in two volumes
with an introduction entitled “Jacquin and his
American plants.” This is the first modern at-
tempt to produce a biography of Jacquin, in-
cluding a brief account of his early life and the
botanical expedition to the Caribbean, as well
as an annotated list of botanical explorers in
the Caribbean before Jacquin. Also included
in this introduction are a ‘free version of the
contents’ of the preface of the Selectarum
(summarized above) and a list of authors and
references quoted by Jacquin.
After publishing his American Plants, and
having been recognized by Linnaeus as one of
the collectors and authors in his Species Plan-
tarum, Jacquin was now part of the botanical
elite. He published other works describing wild
plants from the surroundings of Vienna, in an
octavo volume of 350 pages entitled Enumera-
tio stirpium plerarumque, quae sponte crescunt
in agro Vindobonensi, montibusque confinibus
(1762). This volume includes a list of species
reminiscent of the 1760 Enumeratio, but now
with grasses and cryptogams, detailed descrip-
tions of one hundred species and twelve exotic
plants, and engraved illustrations of nine spe-
cies. Adhering to his belief that he should only
describe what he had seen, these plants must
have been collected during one of the excur-
sions he made to the Alps, and which he men-
tions in his letters to Linnaeus. Interestingly,
Linnaeus on several occasions dissuaded him
from going to the Alps — a risk to which he
should not expose Botany!29
Another early project was the publication
of the plants from two Byzantine manuscripts
28
Anonymous, 1763.
29
Linnaeus to Jacquin, 28 January 1763.
60
based on Dioscorides, which were kept at the
Imperial Court Library in Vienna.30 Jacquin
mentions this work to Linnaeus in his corre-
spondence and sends him proofs of the copper
plates, for which Linnaeus shows great inter-
est in several letters. The project was never fin-
ished, but prints of the copper engravings sent
to Linnaeus are now at the Linnaean Society
in London.
While in Schemnitz, Jacquin published the
first three volumes of his Observationum Bo-
tanicarum (1764–1768); the fourth volume was
finished in Vienna in 1771. This work, its title
pages adorned with the same engraving used
in the title page of the Selectarum (the tropical
storm scene; see fig. 3 in Chapter Two), con-
tains descriptions of species, most of them
of European origin, but also includes at least
thirty-six American species, most of them not
found in either the Enumeratio or the Selec-
tarum, such as cacao (Theobroma cacao), avo-
cado (Persea americana) and soursop (Annona
muricata, briefly described in the Selectarum
but not illustrated, though an original by Van
der Schot was available from the expedition,
see Appendix I), again with the same level
of detail found in the Selectarum. Of the one
hundred engravings accompanying the vol-
umes, twenty-seven correspond to American
plants not illustrated in the Selectarum. Plate I,
corresponding to Gratiola monnieria (Bacopa
monnieri), seen by Jacquin growing in puddles
on the roads near Cap-Français during the
rainy month of December, bears the inscrip-
tions “Jacquin del.”, “Wagner sc.”, indicating
that, as in the Selectarum, Joseph Wagner
made the engravings from Jacquin´s drawings.
The description of Annona muricata is partic-
ularly interesting, for Jacquin admits that it is
a well-known plant from the descriptions and
illustrations of previous botanical explorers.
However, he notes that Maria Sibylla Merian’s
30
For a detailed description see Lack 1998a.
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
(1647–1717) illustration erroneously depicts ru-
gose flowers, Hans Sloane’s plate bears leaves
and fruit that are too small, and Charles Plum-
ier’s fruit is not well ‘expressed’. Jacquin points
out that his illustration, provided in a larger
format and with a more precise delineation,
may serve a better purpose (see comparison
of illustrations, fig. 9, and original by Van der
Schot, fig. 23 in Appendix I). This observation
is extensible to many of Jacquin’s illustrations.
Just before returning to Vienna in 1769, Jacquin
published a treatise on chemistry, product of
his work at Schemnitz.31
Back in Vienna and now in charge of the
University Botanical Garden, Jacquin com-
piled an alphabetical list of 7,815 species
names from the twelfth edition of Linnaeus’s
Systema,32 in an effort to establish an easy to
use catalogue for herbarium specimens and
help keep an inventory of the plants grown at
the gardens. The objective of this arduous but
somewhat superfluous work may have been
to reestablish order in a previously neglected
collection. It is well known from Jacquin´s own
letters to Linnaeus and from a history of the
Botanical Garden written by Jacquin’s son,33
that Jacquin did not think much of the work
of his predecessor, Laugier, and that upon
taking his new post he dedicated himself to
refurbishing the rundown buildings and orga-
nizing the inadequately kept collections. On
that same year (1770) Jacquin began another
monumental work, the Hortus botanicus vin-
dobonensis. Published in fascicles between
1770 and 1777, this three-volume work includes
folio-sized plates of the plants grown in the
University Botanical Garden. In the preface
31
Examen Chemicum doctrinae Meyerianae de acido
pingui et Blackianae de aere fixo respectu calcis, 1769. See
Lack (2000) for a description of the importance of this
work.
32
Index regni vegetabilis, qui continent plantas
omnes, quae habentur in Linnaeani Systematis editione
novissima duodecim, 1770.
33
Jacquin (J.F.) 1824; Lack 2000a,b.
61
Jacquin stresses the fact that the illustrations
are most exact, drawn from living plants, in
their natural size and faithful colors. The 300
hand-colored plates were beautifully accom-
plished by Franz Anton von Scheidel (1731–
1801), a German natural history illustrator with
whom Jacquin began a lasting and successful
collaboration in the production of illustrated
works. Amongst these are the five volume
Florae austriaceae, containing 500 watercolor
illustrations (one hundred per volume) of
Austrian plants. The Miscellanea Austriaca, a
compilation of seven individual works (most
of them doctoral dissertations) by Jacquin
and collaborators, was published in a style
akin to Linnaeus’s Amoenitates Academicae.
It includes colored engravings of Asclepiada-
ceae34 flowers by Jakob Adam (1748-1811), who
later worked with Jacquin on illustrations of
birds (see Appendix II), and watercolors of
plants, fungi and lichens, probably painted by
Scheidel. It was probably during this period,
after Jacquin established himself in Vienna be-
tween 1770 and 1780, that Scheidel also worked
on a project on the live animals of the Schön-
brunn menagerie, and natural history objects
including corals, shells, fish, turtles and snakes
from Jacquin’s expedition kept at the Natural
History Cabinet (see Appendix II).
The 1780 Luxury Edition of the Selectarum
Perhaps the most treasured work published by
Jacquin is the second edition of the Selectarum
34
One of Jacquin’s own contributions in this com-
pilation is his Genitalia Asclepiadearum, in the intro-
duction to which Jacquin mentions having first become
interested in plants from this family while in Cartagena,
where he collected eight species of Cynanchum, and later
studied their floral parts from spirit preserved specimens
he had taken to Europe. This is the first account of Jac-
quin’s favorite plant families, including the genus Sta-
pelia, to which he dedicated his last years and days. The
Colombian botanist Armando Dugand revised Jacquin’s
American Asclepiadaceae in 1966a.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 9. Annona muricata L. Charles Plumier (Fig. 1), Plate 143, Plantarum Americanarum
(Johannes Burman, ed.), Amsterdam, 1757 (top left), courtesy of Missouri Botanical Garden,
QK91 .C635G 1757, www.botanicus.org; Hans Sloane, Plate 225, A voyage to the islands...,
London, 1725, courtesy of Missouri Botanical Garden, QK231 .S56 1725, www.botanicus.org;
Maria Sibylla Merian, Plate 14, Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium, Amsterdam, 1705,
courtesy of Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen; Nikolaus Joseph
Jacquin, Plate 5, Observationum botanicarum, P. 1, Vienna, 1764, courtesy of Kurt Stüber, www.
BioLib.de. Compare with Figure 23 & Plate 161.

62
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
stirpium americanarum historia. Until now,
about twenty copies had been known to exist.
I have traced a total of thirty copies kept in li-
braries around the world (see list at the end of
this chapter). The most recent known copies
to be available in the market were sold in Lon-
don for £54,300 in 1993, and £95,000 in 1997.35
Four digital copies are now freely available in
the Internet at the sites of the Biblioteca Na-
cional de Colombia, the New York Botanical
Garden, the Real Jardín Botánico, in Madrid,
and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (hosted
by Missouri Botanical Garden’s ‘The Illustrat-
ed Garden’). Unlike most of the production of
Jacquin’s previous works, of which we know
many details from Jacquin himself through his
many letters to Linnaeus, in this case we lack
information. This important documentary
source was lost with the cessation of their cor-
respondence in 1776, due to Linnaeus’s ailing
health and his death in 1778.36 Nowhere in the
book is there an indication of date and place of
publication. Frans A. Stafleu states that it was
published in Vienna in two fascicles between
1780 and 1781. The earliest review available ap-
peared on 29 September 1781 (continued 13
October) by Friedrich Wilhelm Weiss (1744 -
1826).37
The imperial folio format of the book,
twelve centimeters taller than the first edi-
tion, is a first indication of its sumptuousness.
The title pages of all known copies were indi-
vidually painted in an extravagant style. Hans
35
Perhaps the same copy or two different ones, ei-
ther in private collections or part of the thirty copies re-
ported here; this, however, can be easily traced by means
of their unique title pages (see below). Prices from print-
ed and internet catalogues of sales. See Lack 1998b.
36
The Archives of the Natural History Museum in
Vienna, however, hold an invaluable set of 1266 letters re-
ceived by Jacquin from at least 114 correspondents, from
which we may learn much more about Jacquin’s life and
works.
37
Weiss 1781. It mainly consists of a partially anno-
tated enumeration of the first ninety-eight species de-
scribed by Jacquin as well as an alphabetical list.
63
Walter Lack has written an extensive account
of these title pages based on examination of
about a dozen originals. Without doubt the
most elaborate and aesthetically pleasing one
is that of Jacquin’s personal copy, now at the
Austrian National Library, and considered by
Lack “one of the most spectacular books in this
famous library,” bearing one of “the highest-
quality title-pages ever produced for a work on
natural history” (fig. 10).38 Because of its supe-
rior quality, Jacquin exchanged it with the one
given to emperor Franz I.39 It is composed of
an oval wreath of leaves, flowers, butterflies,
and moths (all of European origin), with a blue
ribbon, and is signed by Franz Andreas Bauer
(1758–1840), a famous Austrian botanical art-
ist. Only three other examined copies have the
wreath motif, but never as elaborate as Jac-
quin’s copy, two of these again signed ‘Franc
Bauer.’ One copy, with a completely different
theme, an ‘architectural’ element (a stone po-
dium) adorned with a few European flowers, is
signed ‘F. Bauer’, but it could equally have been
signed by Franz’s younger brother Ferdinand
Lucas Bauer (1760–1826). The remainder of the
examined copies correspond to two common
themes which Lack calls patterns A and B. Pat-
tern A, found in fourteen copies examined by
me, consists of an oval plaque adorned with
European flowers and a red admiral (this is the
pattern found in the copy of the Biblioteca Na-
cional de Colombia, reproduced here, fig. 11).
One of these is signed by Josef Hofbauer
(1752-1809).40 Pattern B, again dominated by a
podium variously decorated with flowers (all
European again), is only present in six of the
copies I have examined, one of them signed by
Hofbauer. Aesthetically pleasing as they may
38
Lack 1998b, 2000a.
39
See Lack 1998b.
40
Hofbauer and the Bauer brothers contributed
together with yet another illustrator, Johannes Scharf
(1765-1794), in the production of Jacquin’s Icones planta-
rum rariorum between 1781 and 1795.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 10. Title page, Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, Vienna, 1780. © Österreichische
Nationalbibliothek, Wien. Alt Mag 177687-E. Compare with Fig. 11.

64
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

Figure 11. Title page, Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, Vienna, 1780. Courtesy of Biblioteca
Nacional de Colombia (BNC), Bogotá, Fondo Mutis 3867. Compare with Fig. 10.

65
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
be, with their colorful roses, carnations, pinks,
irises, geraniums, poppies, etc., I personally
think that the title pages of the second edition
of the Selectarum do not do justice to the con-
tents of the book, especially when compared
to that of the first edition with its contextual
frontispiece and Caribbean storm scene (see
frontispiece and fig. 3 in Chapter Two). I con-
tinuously wonder why Jacquin let this happen.
However, a sumptuous work indeed deserves a
sumptuous cover, and these title pages, with-
out doubt, served the purpose of meeting the
expectations of his European subscribers.
The title of the book enclosed in these gar-
lands or engraved on the stone podia differs
slightly only in the last sentence. Whereas in the
first edition it ends with ‘adjectis iconibus in solo
natali delineatis,’ in the second edition this is
changed to ‘adjectis iconibus ad auctoris arche-
typa pictis.’ With this, Jacquin emphasizes the
fact that all the illustrations were drawn from
his originals, but is careful not to say that these
were all drawn in their native soil; in fact, many
of the new illustrations, not included in the first
edition, such as Annona muricata, are undoubt-
edly from specimens cultivated at Schönbrunn
and the University Botanical Garden.
The dedication to emperor Franz I, who
had died fifteen years earlier, is identical in
both editions. The preface is also a verbatim
copy of the first edition, with a few minor ex-
ceptions. He eliminates a paragraph concern-
ing the definition of fruits, as well as a sentence
mentioning the great affinity with which the
engraver reproduced his drawings (the illus-
trations in this second edition are painted, not
engraved). A paragraph is added indicating the
inclusion of citations from Linnaeus’s Systema
of 1774, edited by Johan Andreas Murray (1740-
1791), where many of Jacquin’s plants were in-
cluded, some reduced to synonymy.41
41
The thirteenth edition of Linnaeus’s Systema veg-
etabilium.
66
The main text is now set in two columns
occupying 136 pages (including the appendix),
compared with the 284 pages of the first edi-
tion. Two different typesettings were iden-
tified by Felix Gilbert Wiltshear (1882-1917)
while comparing the three copies he located
in London, two at the British Library (Banksi-
an and King’s libraries) and one at the Natural
History Museum.42 Of these, the Banksian copy
(shelf mark C.55.l.3) differs from the other two
in that it has slightly larger type, has one more
page of main text (137), and includes a three
column index of species (Prospectus Stirpium
Contentarum) of two pages not present in the
other two. I have since traced two more cop-
ies with the larger typeface, one at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew (fig. 12), the other at the
Real Jardín Botánico, in Madrid, both avail-
able digitally in their websites.43 All include a
half title page (identical to that of the first edi-
tion) omitted in the others. The vignettes are
also different. I have checked the texts of both
printings and found no significant differences
between them except for the corrections of a
few typos, such as changing Latropha for Iatro-
pha. It is difficult to understand why the labo-
rious task of retypesetting the whole text was
undertaken. Twelve other copies I have exam-
ined, including that at the Biblioteca Nacional
de Colombia, include the smaller type, fig. 13.
I have recently found that Jacquin’s personal
copy corresponds to yet another typesetting
(the smallest type and with less elaborate
vignettes, fig. 14), but I have been unable to
check the whole text of this copy to compare
it with the other two. This leads me to believe
that Jacquin’s copy corresponds to a first proof
which for some unknown reason was discard-
ed. The common typesetting may have been
the corrected proof from which the copies to
42
Wiltshear 1913.
43
The copy kept at the Berlin State Library is also re-
ported to have 137 pages (Urban 1898, p. 77).
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

Figure 12. Page 7 (unnumbered) of the rare large type of the Selectarum (1780).
© Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, qF15. Compare with Figs. 13 & 14.

67
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 13. Page 7 (unnumbered) of the small type of the Selectarum (1780).
Courtesy of BNC. Compare with Figs. 12 & 14.

68
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

Figure 14. Page 7 (unnumbered) of the unique smallest type of the Selectarum (1780) in Jacquin’s
personal copy. © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien. Compare with Figs. 12 & 13.

69
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
the subscribers were made. Perhaps the book
became a great success upon distribution to
the subscribers, new orders were made after
the formes had been disassembled, and a new
setting was done probably at a very high cost.
Lack reports that the king of Spain was not
amongst the original subscribers of the work,
and upon request for a copy, Jacquin asked the
physician to Pope Pius VI (1717–1799), Natale
Salicetti (1714-1789), to relinquish his subscrip-
tion copy to the king.44 The fact that one of
the large typeset copies is at the Real Jardín
Botánico, in Madrid, may mean that this did
not happen, and that a new typesetting was
indeed ordered by Carlos III. The plates re-
produced here belong to the copy kept at the
Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia. It was sent
to José Celestino Mutis (1732–1808), director of
the Spanish botanical expedition to the Nuevo
Reino de Granada, along with other copies of
Jacquin’s works by the Swedish consul to Spain
in Cadiz, Hans Jacob Gahn (1719–1782). He had
corresponded with Mutis from 1774 to 1790,
and because of his diplomatic privilege was
able to obtain and send numerous published
works to Mutis in Santa Fé de Bogotá.45
A total of 465 plant species are described in
the second edition of the book, thirty-one more
than in the first edition. Twenty-seven of these
had previously appeared in the Observatio-
num botanicarum. Nineteen of the twenty-one
44
Lack 1998b, from ‘Catalogue 218: Rare books,’ Gil-
hofer & Ranschburg, Vienna.
45
Letter from Gahn to Mutis, Cadiz 15 March 1786,
mentioning the shipment of these books. The Fondo
Mutis of the Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia not only
has a copy of both editions of the Selectarum, but also
one of each of the Enumeratio stirpium vindobonensis,
Observationum botanicarum, Hortus botanicus vindobo-
nensis Florae austriaceae, Miscellanea austriaca, Icones
plantarum rariorum, Collectanea, as well as many other
important natural history books of the time. Mutis thus
knew well Jacquin’s work and it served as example for his
own undertaking, though he did show discontent at see-
ing many of his genera and species previously described.
See: Díaz-Piedrahita 1997 and Amaya 2005.
70
generic descriptions that appeared in the first
edition are included. The species are again ar-
ranged according to the Linnean sexual sys-
tem, beginning with Monandria, Monogynia,
Alpinia spicata. The descriptions are identical
in both editions, with the addition of the afore-
mentioned reference to Linnaeus’s Systema
at the beginning, and systematic notes at the
end, as well as notes about the plant’s cultiva-
tion, particularly at the Schönbrunn gardens,
and how it fared. In the case of Alpinia spicata,
no reference to Linnaeus is added, but towards
the end Jacquin mentions that Linnaeus has
erroneously synonymized it with Costus ara-
bicus. He adds that a ‘root’ was transplanted
to the emperor’s garden, where it grew and
flowered copiously for a few years, later dying
(see below for a note on the fate of the plants
grown in the hothouses at Schönbrunn).
All printings include a list of 259 illustra-
tions (Explicatio tabularum) of a single species,
and six more, each including several species
numbered as figures 1–98. These illustrations
make this work unique. They are all individu-
ally painted. A close inspection of several
copies reveals a faint carbon outline in all the
illustrations, indicating how the multiple cop-
ies were made. An original outline was pre-
pared and then transferred to the paper with a
method akin to carbon paper. From these, the
painters would individually paint the outlines
from a colored original. The quality of the cop-
ies I have examined varies only in their color-
fulness, some copies preserving vivid colors,
while others have lost their hue. Two particu-
larly vivid copies, either due to their original
artistry or their preservation, are Jacquin’s per-
sonal copy at the Austrian National Library, and
the one kept at the Pierpont Morgan Library in
New York. There is no indication of the artists
involved in the elaboration of the illustrations.
Jacquin comments about his work with illus-
trators in the extensive preface of the Planta-
rum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis,
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
a beautifully illustrated work produced be-
tween 1797 and 1804, but there is no indica-
tion here of who worked on the plates of the
second edition of the Selectarum. Franz Anton
von Scheidel had moved to Denmark after fin-
ishing the Hortus botanicus vindobonensis in
1776. Joseph Hofbauer worked with Jacquin in
the first two volumes of the Icones plantarum
rariorum between 1781 and 1790, and later left
painting altogether. His signature, which ap-
pears in two of the title pages of the second
edition of the Selectarum, may be an indica-
tion that he worked on the etching and col-
oring of the illustrations. Jacquin mentions a
number of other illustrators in the preface of
the Plantarum rariorum, and how he worked
with them, including the Bauer brothers, but
none of them seem likely candidates to have
authored the illustrations of the Selectarum.
The illustrations of the second edition of
the Selectarum are not particularly elaborate
or of very high artistic value. Nevertheless,
they depict the characters of the plants with
great fidelity. An interesting yet unnoticed as-
pect of these relates to the new imperial folio
format of the paper. Jacquin liked to repro-
duce the plants to scale, and in both editions
did so with great care. The larger size of the
paper available in the second edition allowed
for larger plant parts. As mentioned before,
in comparing many of the illustrations of the
second edition with those of the first, it is
evident that many of the plants were ‘pruned’
from the originals to fit the smaller format of
the engravings in the first edition. For a strik-
ing example, compare fig. 15 and plate 225 in
Appendix I, but see also other examples of
illustrations from both editions provided in
Appendix I. We now see larger plants, though
maintaining the same proportions, with more
branches and foliage filling the page. Here
again, we question the existence of Jacquin’s
originals (see also Appendix I for reproduc-
tions of the few known originals). Not only
71
did the illustrations include more parts when
compared to those of the first edition, but the
fact that these are now colored means that
original full-sized colored originals or coloring
notes must have been available to the artist.
The size of the book, and its 264 individu-
ally colored illustrations, as well as its rarity
make this volume a unique piece in the his-
tory of botany, but apart from this, it is not
overwhelmingly different in content from its
first edition. In fact, the absence of indices is
a shortcoming. While in the first edition Jac-
quin provided a detailed index of the plants
described in a five-page Conspectus Plantarum
with page, illustration and figure numbers at
the beginning of the work, indices of botani-
cal and vernacular names, and a list of illus-
trations (Explicatio Tabularum) at the end, the
second edition only has the Explicatio Tabula-
rum. Jacquin may have noticed this omission
and in the second printing added a Prospectus
Stirpium Contentarum, a list of species with
page numbers following the order in which
they appear in the book.
After completing the second edition of the
Selectarum, Jacquin continued his practice of
producing beautifully illustrated large format
works with plants drawn from living mate-
rial, including many he had cultivated or col-
lected in his excursions to the Austrian Alps.
In 1781 he began work on the Icones plantarum
rariorum, which contains 648 illustrations of
plants mainly of European origin. His mono-
graph of Oxalis, published in 1794, includes
eighty-one stunning color illustrations by Jo-
hannes Scharf (1765–1794). In this case whole
plants are illustrated, with flowers at various
stages, dissections at anthesis, and under-
ground parts. Between 1800 and 1809, Jacquin
continued describing and illustrating plants
from the Schönbrunn gardens in his Fragmen-
ta botanica, in which the great majority of the
270 species described were illustrated in 183
colored plates. In 1811, he returned to the study
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 15. Pistia stratiotes L. Tab. CXLVIII, Selectarum (1763). Courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 225.

72
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
of the floral parts of the Asclepiadaceae with
one plate showing dissections of the column
of several species of Asclepias and Stapelia.
Jacquin’s last illustrated work, which kept him
busy until his last days, was the Stapilearum in
hortis vindobonensibus cultarum. Published in
five fascicles between 1806 and 1819 (the fourth
by Jacquin himself at the age of eighty-nine,
and the fifth, posthumously by his son), it in-
cludes sixty-four plates of hand-colored illus-
trations of these strange but beautiful plants.
The Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei
schoenbrunnensis and its Preface
The Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei schoen-
brunnensis, a four- volume, imperial folio work
started in 1767, but printed between 1797 and
1804, is perhaps his most elaborate work. It has
500 stunning illustrations, initially painted by
Johannes Scharf and continued by Martin Se-
delmayer (1766–1799), of plants cultivated at
Schönbrunn gardens.46 As mentioned earlier,
in the extensive preface to this work, Jacquin
provides information about many facets of his
work not available elsewhere.47
Here for the first time we learn details of
his American expedition, and a short history
of the Dutch garden at Schönbrunn and how
it was populated with the plants he collected.
We also learn of the sad event in 1780 when the
principal gardener, Adrian van Steckhoven,
who was suffering from gout, left the care of the
hothouses to his assistants who, on a very cold
winter night, forgot to fire the furnace. The next
morning Van Steckhoven, while trying to repair
the damage, raised the temperature too high,
killing most of Jacquin’s plants from America.
Amongst these were all the Cinnamomums
46
Wilfrid Blunt and William Thomas Stearn (1994)
referred to it as “Jacquin’s greatest work on cultivated
flowers.”
47
An English translation was provided in 1800 in The
Monthly Magazine (London), No. 60: 527–529.
73
from Martinique, with stems as thick as a
man´s arm, the Crescentias, Sapotas, Annonas,
Portlandias, and a twenty-foot tall Coccoloba
with leaves two feet in diameter.
This incident led emperor Franz I’s son, Jo-
seph II (1741 –1790), to ask Jacquin and Ignaz
von Born (1742–1791), now director of the Natu-
ral History Cabinet, to organize a new expedi-
tion to the Americas. Jacquin relates various
complications that arose in the planning of
the expedition, primarily due to the ambitions
of von Born. The expedition, led by the natural
history professor Joseph Märter (1753–1827),
together with the botanists Franz Boos (1753–
1832), Matthias Leopold Stupiez, Franz Brede-
meyer and the painter Adam Moll, left Vienna
on April 1783. Jacquin reports that there were
many complications and some successes. Two
of the botanists, Stupiez and Moll, deserted
and stayed in America. However, Bredemeyer
was able to take live plants from Pennsylvania,
Virginia, and the Carolinas to Schönbrunn in
1784, while Boos, together with Märter and
Schöpf, visited Florida and the Bahamas in
March 1784 and sent a large cargo of live plants
to Vienna in May 1785. Märter returned to Vi-
enna in September of that year.48
In the mean time, the emperor had autho-
rized a purchase of tropical plants from Nicolas
Céré (1737-1810), director of the Jardin du Roi in
l’Isle de France (Mauritius); 49 the shipment ar-
rived in Trieste in February 1783, but the plants
were all dead and the seeds spoiled. However,
a list of the contents of the shipment, includ-
ing 218 trees of fifty-three species,50 reached
48
For more on this expedition and later Austrian sci-
entific expeditions see Hühnel 1992, Riedl-Dorn 2003 and
Klemun 2005, 2006.
49
For more on the connection between Schönbrunn
and Céré see Ly-Tio-Fane 1982.
50
The list is transcribed in its original French at the
end of the preface with scientific names added by Jac-
quin. The species, including mangos, jackfruit, Ceylon
cinnamon, star fruit, cardamom, avocados, camphor,
lychees, Chinese apricots, Malay apples, tea from China,
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

the emperor. He then sent Franz Boos (who
had recently returned to Vienna) and Georg
Scholl (1751-1831) to the Cape of Good Hope
and the Mascarene Islands to bring the de-
sired plants to Schönbrunn. The expedition
left Vienna in May 1786 and collected plants
in the Swartland and Karoo. Boos then trav-
elled to Mauritius and Réunion, collecting
throughout these islands and returning to the
Cape with 280 crates. These collections, and
the ones accumulated from the Cape region,
could not all fit in the ship which returned to
Vienna on 20 July 1788, so Scholl stayed be-
hind to take care of them. He remained at the
Cape until 1802, during which time he sent
numerous bulbs and seeds for the Schönb-
runn gardens, most of them beautifully de-
picted in the book.
Jacquin also reports a later expedition in
1791, this time ordered by emperor Leopold
II, in which Bredemeyer and Van der Schot’s
son Joseph were to collect a new shipment of
plants prepared by Céré and to bring Scholl
back to Vienna with his plants and animals.
Once again, however, they met with bad luck
on the return voyage to Trieste, this time due
to the maliciousness of the captain who, after
an unscheduled stop in Málaga, ousted the
two botanists forcing them to return to Vienna
a year later empty-handed.
Apart from other information, the preface
to the Plantarum rariorum includes an ac-
count of the plant illustrators that worked for
Jacquin, as mentioned above. Many details of
further developments at Schönbrunn, during
the reign of emperor Franz I and his succes-
sors, Joseph II, Leopold II, and Franz II (son of
Leopold II), are also included, such as the con-
struction of the hothouses and the purchase
and exchange of plants from all over Europe,
including the acquisition of the Schwenkian
garden at The Hague in an auction. Alexander
von Humboldt (1769–1859), in preparation for
his American voyage between 1799 and 1804,
visited Vienna to talk to Jacquin and Van der
Schot, and see in person the gardens at Schön-
brunn. In a letter of 17 January 1793 to Paul
Usteri, Humboldt writes, “the abundance of
treasures of the Schönbrunn garden by far sur-
pass in richness and beauty that of Kew.”51
In 1753, emperor Franz I met Jacquin by
the empty flowers beds of the Dutch garden at
Schönbrunn and asked him to lead an expedi-
tion to America. From that day on, thanks to
Jacquin´s diligence and continued efforts, that
garden became the finest in all Europe.

Holdings of the Selectarum stirpium

americanarum historia Luxury Edition
Austria
›› Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, ÖNB Sammlung von Handschriften und alten
Drucken, 177687-E
›› Universitätsbibliothek Salzburg , Hauptbibliothek, 80903 IV Rarum
›› Universitätsbibliothek Wien, FB Botanik, 241/4 [073-int]
›› Universitätsbibliothek Wien, Hauptbibliothek, III-191881

traveller’s palm, citrus, coconuts, cacao, date palms, Mal- Mauritius in plant trade during the eighteenth century
abar plums, mangosteen, grapefruit, etc., explain why the see Ly-Tio-Fane 1970.
emperor Joseph II was so keen to have the plants offered 51
Cited and translated by Klemun 2006.
by Céré. For the importance of Céré and the island of

74
 The Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia

Colombia
›› Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia, Fondos Especiales, Fondo Mutis 3867

France
›› Institut de France Bibliothèque, Reserve, Fol DM 111*

Germany
›› Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, Historischen Gebäude
im Lesesaal für Handschriften und Seltene Drucke, GR 2 BOT V, 9231 RARA
›› Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Former Royal Library), Libri impr. Rari, fol. 500
›› Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart, Nat.G.fol.763

Italy
›› Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense, I SC VI 59

Netherlands
›› Leiden University Library, Special Collections (KL), 1407 A 12
›› Teylers Museum, 131e 142

Poland
›› Biblioteka Narodowa, W. 4. 1631

Spain
›› Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Biblioteca, M-RJB, Ff(72)JAC

United Kingdom
›› British Library, General Reference Collection, 40.i.5
›› British Library, General Reference Collection, C.55.l.3
›› Natural History Museum Botany Library, Special Books, 581.9(79P9.9) JAC F CAT U
›› Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Library, qF15
›› Oxford University, Bodleian Library, Rare Books Post-1700, RR. y. 119
›› Royal Horticultural Society, Lindley Library, Rare Books Room, 581.9 (7V) JAC

Unites States of America

›› Brown University Library, Hay Lownes, 3-SIZE QK98 .J25x 1780
›› Harvard University Libraries, Botany Arnold (Cambr.), Fol. 2 J16 1780
›› Holden Arboretum, Warren H. Corning Library, Rare Books, RARE
›› Indiana University Libraries, Bloomington - Lilly Library (B-LILLY) Vault, QK98 .J3
›› Library of Congress, Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms, QK98 .J3 (Office)
›› New York Public Library, Schwarzman Building - Rare Book Collection Rm 328, *KF 1780
›› Oak Spring Garden Library, fak 225 J212 1780
›› The Morgan Library & Museum, Printed Books (ER), PML 61200
›› The New York Botanical Gardens, Mertz Library, Rare Book Room, lf QK98 .J3 1780
›› University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries, Special Collections (Memorial Lib.), Thor-
darson T 3376

75
 Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Josef Kreitzinger (artist of original), Jakob Adam (engraver), Artaria,
Vienna, 1784. Courtesy of Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt, S36 G01227.
 ConclusIon
Ambassador of Flora
Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin received
many titles and held high offices during his
long and prosperous life. However, the great-
est distinction conferred upon him was being
considered “Ambassador of Flora” by the great-
est naturalist of all times, Carl von Linnaeus.
Although in recent years we have learnt
a great deal about Jacquin’s life and achieve-
ments, mainly through the work of Austrian
scholars, his contribution to American Botany,
which earned him the above title, has only
been mentioned in passing and not given the
significance it deserves. In fact, it was defini-
tive in forging Jacquin’s professional life and
spurring his future as the “Austrian Linnaeus,”
the “Prince of German speaking botanists,” the
“Crown jewel of Austria’s botanists,” etc.1 Lin-
naeus added Jacquin to the list of prominent
collectors and authors in the introduction to
the twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae,
and immortalized his name with the genus
Jacquinia, to which many beautiful plants of
the Caribbean belong.
As has often been the case with great natu-
ralists in the history of science, it was through
their participation in expeditions and the
timely publication of their discoveries that
they were able to become great naturalists.
Timely in the sense of being prompt to act,
and particularly of being opportune in incor-
porating their work within the canons of cur-
rent knowledge, therefore becoming part of
the avant-gard; Jacquin was without doubt one
of these. However, participation in such expe-
ditions was not entirely serendipitous; it was
1
Sprengel 1808, Kronfeld 1905 and legend on Jac-
quin’s bust at University of Vienna.
the result of a prior disposition and of political
circumstances.
As we have seen, Jacquin came from a
wealthy family, capable of providing him a sol-
id education in Greek and Roman classics, and
medical instruction in his hometown of Leiden
with prominent figures of the time, particular-
ly in botany at its epicenter. Jacquin’s French
Catholic background in a Protestant Dutch
society prompted him, as was the case with
many Dutch members of the learned society,
to emigrate to Austria where, as members of
the Austrian Netherlands, they were welcomed
and began to form part of the academic elite.
In this, the patronage of Gerard van Swieten, a
family friend who had earlier moved to Vienna
after having found difficulties in ascending in
Dutch academic ranks, was undoubtedly ben-
eficial. Jacquin’s arrival in Vienna, at the begin-
ning of the Austrian Enlightenment, allowed
him to continue his scientific education and
enabled him to participate in the development
of science.
Motivated by the curiosity of the eighteenth
century royalty towards natural history as a
source of economic power, Jacquin met with
the fortune of serving Franz I, an emperor par-
ticularly fond of natural history objects, includ-
ing rare plants and animals. Jacquin’s expertise
and family connections in French and Dutch
colonies in the Caribbean were the perfect
credentials for a person to be charged with the
commission of providing the necessary plants
and animals to fill the empty beds, hothouses
and cages of the botanical garden and zoo at
Schönbrunn palace, and augmenting the col-
lections of the Natural History Cabinet in Vi-
enna. With strict instructions and ample funds
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
as well as aides, Jacquin set out on a journey
that would change his life forever. Always fol-
lowing his instructions by the book, and fulfill-
ing his duties thoroughly, Jacquin nevertheless
met with numerous difficulties which he man-
aged to overcome through perseverance and
good judgment. Unlike Charles Plumier, who
at age forty-three already a well-established
scientist, traveled as assistant in the expedi-
tion led by Joseph Donat Surian to the French
colonies in America, or Hans Sloane, who as
member of the Royal Society and well experi-
enced in natural history expeditions, accom-
panied the Duke of Albemarle in his voyage to
Jamaica, Jacquin, single-handed, led what was
probably meant to be a short voyage of collec-
tion but became one of the greatest scientific
expeditions to the Caribbean at the time.
Having been instructed to collect live,
aesthetically pleasing and tasty plants, and
handsome animals, Jacquin’s task was not an
easy one. It meant that he had to restrict his
collections to coastal plants, which could eas-
ily be transported on small boats to makeshift
nurseries, until enough were amassed to jus-
tify a very costly shipment. The animals were
not an easier task; they had to be collected
in pairs, fed, bred, and placed onboard with
notes to their keepers during the voyage and
after arrival in Vienna. All this was done by a
person with little knowledge of gardening or
zoo keeping, well before the development of
Wardian cases and the like to efficiently trans-
port live plants and animals in long transat-
lantic voyages. Jacquin’s knowledge of at least
French and Dutch was a great advantage, as
were his family connections. He lived through
the perils of the Seven Years War, known in the
Caribbean as the Sugar Wars, survived a major
hurricane, suffered from dysentery and yel-
low fever, and avoided malaria thanks to his
medical training. He was courted by young la-
dies, but as Stafleu put it, “apparently steered
free from emotional colonial involvements,”
78
concentrating on his mission. Though Jacquin
had purchased a slave to help him with the
keeping of plants and animals, he later learned
of the horrors of the slave trade, while travel-
ing in a ship crammed with slaves in inhumane
and horrible conditions. He was captured by
pirates on several occasions and lost some of
his most precious possessions, such as his di-
ary; but he never stopped collecting, taking
careful notes and making careful drawings of
the live plants in their habitat. In several failed
attempts to return home, he reached unfore-
seen lands such as mainland South America,
where in Cartagena, despite not having previ-
ously sought permits, he was allowed to col-
lect. In eight months he collected 158 species,
almost half of all the plants he had seen during
the whole four-year voyage.
His success was not only measured in the
amount of live plants and animals which suc-
cessfully reached Vienna, and the thousands
of shells, corals, and other natural history ob-
jects, including the coins explicitly demanded
by the emperor, but in the prompt and proper
publication of at least his botanical findings.
Written in perfect Latin, and following the
revolutionary system of Linnaeus (despite its
shortcomings and opposition from certain
circles, including Viennese), his books, prod-
uct of this expedition, remain today an im-
portant source of consultation for the study
of American botany. In contrast to the two
other contemporary naturalists in the region,
Patrick Browne and Jean Baptiste Mathieu
Thibault de Chanvalon, Jacquin had the ben-
efit of having studied the Linnaean canons in
Leiden, and can thus be considered the first
Linnean botanist in America. The illustrations
of the American plants included in these
books, produced at great expense, were, at the
time, great improvements on previously pub-
lished works, and are today important sources
of information in asserting the identity of the
plants described. The notes accompanying the
 Ambassador of Flora
descriptions, product of his detailed observa-
tions in the field, although greatly dismissed
by modern botanists, provide a wealth of infor-
mation on the ecology and uses of Caribbean
plants; in like manner, his works can be stud-
ied today in the light of conservation biology
as historical records of a flora greatly affected
by the development of the tourist industry, in
what was before a highly diverse region.
Ever since Christopher Columbus's incur-
sion into America, the Caribbean with its rich
79
ancestral history has become the new Mare
Nostrum (despite Spain’s initial attempts to
establish it as a Mare Clausum), thanks to the
contributions of Native, European and Afri-
can peoples. Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin, a Dutch
botanist of French ancestry, became one of
Austria’s greatest scientists, but he was, first
and foremost, a Caribbean botanist. Following
Linneaus’s designation of Jacquin as “Ambassa-
dor of Flora”, I propose he be considered by us,
Americans, Botanicus Nostrum.
 Appendix I
Jacquin’s American Plants
Original Illustrations
As mentioned earlier, Jacquin desisted from
making herbarium specimens of the plants he
collected after losing his exsiccatae to termites
(white ants) while in Martinique. He then dedi-
cated himself to making detailed illustrations.
Most of these must have survived the journey
(including ramsacking by pirates in Haiti) in
order to reproduce not only the structure and
dissections presented in the engravings of the
1763 edition of the Selectarum, but also the full
(unpruned) and colored specimens of the 1780
edition. Unfortunately, only a few original il-
lustrations are available to us at present. These
are kept at the Archives of the Natural History
Museum in Vienna. They are drawn by Jacquin
himself or by Richard van der Schot (innitials
on the originals), and bear a stamp “E colectione
Kronfeld.” Reproduced in the following pages
are all the original illustrations of American
plants available in the catalog of the Natural
History Museum in Vienna (fifteen in total) at
the time of publication of this book (Figs. 16–29).
List of American Plants Mentioned in
Jacquin’s Publications1
The genera and species published by Jacquin
are here presented alphabetically within mod-
ern families (according to APG III).2 In Small
Caps are the names as they appear in the
1
For continuous updates on nomenclature and hy-
perlinks to Internet sources see: JacquinPlants.uniandes.
edu.co
2
APG III, 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phy-
logeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
161(2): 105–121.
Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia
1780 (Select.) or those appearing only in other
works (Enum. for Enumeratio systematica plan-
tarum, Observ. for Observationum botanicarum,
Hort. for Hortus botanicus vindobonensis, Pl. rar.
for Plantarum rariorum horti caesari schoenb-
runnensis and Fragm. for Fragmeta botanica).
In parenthesis are spelling variants appear-
ing in the specified works. Volume (v.), page
(p.), plate (=tabula, t.) and figure (f.) numbers
are provided when applicable.3 Major locali-
ties provided by Jacquin are added. Modern
synonyms, primarily obtained from The Plant
List (www.theplantlist.org) and the Tropicos
database (www.tropicos.org) and from Richard
A. Howard (1973), are given with author abbre-
viations standardized according to the Tropicos
database. Common names are those provided
by Jacquin in their different languages (Fr.
=French, Sp. =Spanish, En. =English, Du. =Dutch
and Carib). Finally, figure and plate num-
bers correspond to the sequence in this work.
Acanthaceae
Avicennia: Enum. 6; Select. (1763) 177; Select.
(1780) 86. =Avicennia L.
Avicennia nitida: Enum. 25; Select. (1763) 177,
t. 112, f. 1; Select. (1780) 86, t. 169. Martinique.
=Avicennia germinans (L.) L. —Paletuvier
gris (Fr.). Plate 169.
Avicennia tomentosa: Enum. 25; Select.
(1763) 178, t. 112, f. 2; Select. (1780) 87, t. 261, f.
46. Caribbean, Continent. =Avicennia ger-
minans (L.) L. Plate 261, f. 46.
3
Page numbers for the Selectarum (1780) corre-
spond to the common typesetting. For the rare typeset-
ting add one page towards the end of the page sequence.
82
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 16. Alpinia spicata (=Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Kunth). Original by Richard van der Schot (left),
© Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien RVS4 & Tab. I from Selectarum (1763) (right), courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 1.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Barleria nitida: Select. (1780) 88. Martinique.
=Barleria nitida Nees.
Justicia carthagenensis: Enum. 11; Select.
(1763) 5, t. 5; Select. (1780) 8, t. 7. Cartagena.
=Justicia carthagenensis Jacq. Plate 7.
Justicia eustachiana: Enum. 11; Select. (1763)
4, t. 4; Select. (1780) 8, t. 5. Sint Eustatius.
=Justicia eustachiana Jacq. Plate 5.
Justicia martinicensis: Enum. 11; Select. (1763)
5, t. 2, f. 3; Select. (1780) 8, t. 6. Martinique.
=Dicliptera martinicensis Juss. Plate 6.
Justicia nitida: Enum. 11; Select. (1763) 5. Mar-
tinique. =Odontonema nitidum Kuntze.
Justicia pectoralis: Enum. 11; Select. (1763) 3,
t. 3; Select. (1780) 8, t. 4. Haiti, Martinique.
=Justicia pectoralis Jacq. —Herbe à char-
pentier (Fr.). Plate 4.
Justicia pulcherrima: Enum. 11; Select. (1763)
6, t. 2, f. 4; Select. (1780) 9, t. 259, f. 1. Carta-
gena. =Aphelandra pulcherrima (Jacq.)
Kunth. Plate 259, f. 1.
Justicia sessilis: Enum. 11; Select. (1763) 3, t. 2,
f. 2; Select. (1780) 8, t. 3. Sint Eustatius. =Jus-
ticia sessilis Jacq. Plate 3.
Justicia spinosa: Enum. 11; Select. (1763) 2, t.
2, f. 1; Select. (1780) 7, t. 2. Haiti. =Oplonia
spinosa Raf. Plate 2.
Aizoaceae
Sesuvium portulacastrum: Select. (1763) 155,
t. 95; Select. (1780) 76, t. 142. Caribbean. =Se-
suvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Plate 142.
Alismataceae
Sagittaria lancifolia: Select. (1763) 248; Se-
lect. (1780) 120. Cuba, Jamaica. =Sagittaria
lancifolia L.
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes altissima: Enum. 17; Select.
(1763) 81; Select. (1780) 42. Haiti. =Chamis-
soa altissima (Jacq.) Kunth.
83
Axyris pentandra: Enum. 33 (Spinacia litto-
ralis); Select. (1763) 244; Select. (1780) 118, t.
235. Cuba. =Atriplex cristata Humb. & Bon-
pl. ex Willd. Plate 235.
Illecebrum ficoideum: Select. (1763) 88, t.
60, f. 4 (Gomphraena ficoidea); Select. (1780)
42, t. 90. Martinique. =Alternanthera paro-
nychioides A. St.-Hil. Plate 90.
Amaryllidaceae
Pancratium declinatum: Select. (1763) 99;
Select. (1780) 50, t. 102; Hort. v. 3, p. 10, t. 11.
Cayenne, Martinique (cultivated). =Hy-
menocallis caribaea (L.) Herb. Figure 20,
Plate 102.
Pancratium littorale: Select. (1763) 99, t.
179, f. 94; Select. (1780) 50, t. 101; Hort. v. 3, p.
41, t. 75. Cartagena. =Hymenocallis littoralis
(Jacq.) Salisb. Plate 101.
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium: Enum. 4. =Anacardium L.
Anacardium occidentale: Select. (1763) 124,
t. 181, f. 35; Select. (1780) 62, t. 121. Caribbean,
Continent. =Anacardium occidentale L. —
Acajou, Pommier d’Acajou (Fr.). Figure 22,
Plate 121.
Astronium: Enum. 10. =Astronium Jacq.
Astronium graveolens: Enum. 33; Select.
(1763) 261, t. 181, f. 96; Select. (1780) 126, t.
262, f. 65. Cartagena. =Astronium graveo-
lens Jacq. Plate 262, f. 65.
Comocladia dentata: Enum. 12; Select. (1763)
13, t. 173, f. 4; Select. (1780) 12, t. 259, f. 2.
Cuba. =Comocladia dentata Jacq. —Guao
(Sp.). Plate 259, f. 2.
Comocladia integrifolia: Enum. 12; Select.
(1763) 12; Select. (1780) 12. Haiti, Jamaica.
=Comocladia pinnatifolia L.
Spondias: Select. (1763) 138; Select. (1780) 68.
=Spondias L.
Spondias mombin: Select. (1763) 138; Select.
(1780) 68. Caribbean, Continent. =Spondias
84
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 17. Cissus sicyoides (=Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis). Original by Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin (left),
© Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien jeigh9 & Tab. XV from Selectarum (1763) (right), courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 20.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
mombin L. —Mombin (Fr.), Jobo (Sp.),
Hog-Plum-tree (En.).
Spondias myrobalanus: Select. (1763) 139,
t. 88; Select. (1780) 68, t. 131. Cartagena,
Curaçao (cultivated), Haiti (introduced),
Jamaica (introduced), Sint Maarten (intro-
duced). =Spondias purpurea L. —Prunier
d’Espagne (Fr.), Ciruelo (Sp.), Spanish
plum-tree (En.). Plate 131.
Terebinthus brownei: Enum. 18 (Terebinthus
Brownii). =Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.
Annonaceae
Annona mucosa: Select. (1780) 84 (Anona mu-
cosa); Observ. v. 1, p. 16. Martinique. =An-
nona mucosa Jacq. —Cachiman morveux
(Fr.). Figure 24.
Annona muricata: Select. (1780) 82, t. 161
(Anona muricata); Observ. v. 1, p. 10, t. 5.
Caribbean. =Annona muricata L. —Coro-
sollier (Fr.), Guanaban (Sp.), Sour-sop-tree
(En.), Zuursack-boom (Du.). Figures 9 & 23,
Plate 161.
Annona reticulata: Select. (1780) 83, t. 264,
f. 93 (Anona reticulata); Observ. v. 1, p. 14, t.
6, f. 2. Caribbean. =Annona reticulata L. —
Cahiman caur de bauf (Fr.), Custard Apple-
tree (En.). Plate 264, f. 93.
Annona squamosa: Select. (1780) 83, t. 162
(Anona squamosa). Caribbean. =Annona
squamosa L. —Pommier de canelle (Fr.),
Chirimoya (Sp.), Sweet-sop-tree (En.), Stee-
nappelboom (Du.). Plate 162.
Apocynaceae
Asclepias gigantea: Select. (1780) 45, t. 88;
Observ. v. 3, p. 17, t. 69; Fragm. 86, t. 137. Ja-
maica. =Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Ai-
ton. Plate 88.
Cynanchum altissimum: Enum. 17 (Asclepias
altissima); Select. (1763) 84, t. 57; Select.
(1780) 43, t. 83. Cartagena. =Marsdenia al-
tissima (Jacq.) Dugand. Plate 83.
85
Cynanchum clausum: Enum. 17 (Asclepias
clausa); Select. (1763) 87, t. 60, f. 2; Select.
(1780) 44, t. 87. Cartagena. =Sarcostemma
clausum (Jacq.) Schult. Plate 87.
Cynanchum filiforme: Enum. 17 (Asclepias
filiformis); Select. (1763) 86, t. 60, f. 1; Select.
(1780) 44, t. 86. Cartagena. =Cynanchum fi-
liforme Jacq. Plate 86.
Cynanchum longiflorum: Enum. 17 (Ascle-
pias longiflora); Select. (1763) 85, t. 59; Se-
lect. (1780) 44, t. 85. Cartagena. =Matelea
longiflora (Jacq.) Morillo. Plate 85.
Cynanchum maritimum: Enum. 17 (Asclepias
maritima); Select. (1763) 83, t. 56; Select.
(1780) 43, t. 82. Cartagena. =Matelea mari-
tima (Jacq.) Woodson. Plate 82.
Cynanchum planiflorum: Enum. 17 (Asclepi-
as planiflora); Select. (1763) 82, t. 55; Select.
(1780) 43, t. 81. Cartagena. =Matelea plani-
flora (Jacq.) Dugand. Plate 81.
Cynanchum racemosum: Enum. 17 (Asclepias
racemosa); Select. (1763) 81, t. 54; Select.
(1780) 42, t. 80. Cartagena. =Cynanchum
racemosum (Jacq.) Jacq. Plate 80.
Cynanchum undulatum: Enum. 17 (Ascle-
pias undulata); Select. (1763) 85, t. 58; Select.
(1780) 44, t. 84. Cartagena. =Gonolobus un-
dulatus (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Schult. Plate 84.
Cameraria latifolia: Select. (1763) 37, t. 182,
f. 86; Select. (1780) 24, t. 39. Cuba, Haiti, Ja-
maica. =Cameraria latifolia L. Plate 39.
Cerbera thevetia: Select. (1763) 48, t. 34; Se-
lect. (1780) 29, t. 47. Cuba, Martinique. =The-
vetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Plate 47.
Echites: Enum. 2; Select. (1763) 29; Select.
(1780) 20. =Echites P. Browne.
Echites agglutinatus: Enum. 13 (Echites ag-
glutinata); Select. (1763) 31, t. 23 (Echites
adglutinata); Select. (1780) 21, t. 30. Haiti.
=Echites agglutinatus Jacq. Plate 30.
Echites biflorus: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 30,
t. 21 (Echites biflora); Select. (1780) 21, t. 28.
Caribbean. =Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.)
MülL. Arg. —Liane Mangle (Fr.). Plate 28.
86
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 18. Plumeria alba. Original by Richard van der Schot (left), © Naturhistorisches Museum,
Wien jeigh3 & Tab. CLXXIV from Selectarum 1763 (right), courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 38.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Echites corymbosus: Enum. 13; Select. (1763)
34, t. 30 (Echites corymbosa); Select. (1780)
23, t. 37. Haiti. =Pinochia corymbosa (Jacq.)
M.E. Endress & B.F. Hansen —Gras de galle
(Fr.). Plate 37.
Echites quinquangularis: Enum. 13; Select.
(1763) 32, t. 25; Select. (1780) 22, t. 32. Carta-
gena. =Prestonia quinquangularis (Jacq.)
Spreng. Plate 32.
Echites repens: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 33, t.
28; Select. (1780) 22, t. 35. Haiti. =Mesechites
repens (Jacq.) Miers. Plate 35.
Echites spicatus: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 34,
t. 29 (Echites spicata); Select. (1780) 22, t. 36.
Cartagena. =Forsteronia spicata (Jacq.) G.
Mey. Plate 36.
Echites suberectus: Enum. 13; Select. (1763)
32, t. 26 (Echites suberecta); Select. (1780)
22, t. 33. Haiti, Jamaica. =Pentalinon luteum
(L.) B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin. Plate 33.
Echites torosus: Enum. 13 (Echites torosa);
Select. (1763) 33, t. 27; Select. (1780) 22, t. 34.
Jamaica. =Mandevilla torosa (Jacq.) Wood-
son. Plate 34.
Echites trifidus: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 31,
t. 24 (Echites trifida); Select. (1780) 22, t.
31. Cartagena. =Mesechites trifidus (Jacq.)
MülL. Arg. Plate 31.
Echites umbellatus: Enum. 13; Select. (1763)
30, t. 22 (Echites umbellata); Select. (1780)
21, t. 29. Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica. =Echites um-
bellatus Jacq. Plate 29.
Plumeria alba: Select. (1763) 36, t. 174, f. 12; Select.
(1780) 23, t. 38. Martinique. =Plumeria alba L.
—Franchipanier blanc (Fr.). Figure 18. Plate 38.
Plumeria inodora: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 36;
Select. (1780) 24. Cartagena. =Plumeria ino-
dora Jacq.
Plumeria pudica: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 37;
Select. (1780) 24. Curaçao. =Plumeria pudica
Jacq. —Doncellas (Sp. in Curaçao).
Plumeria rubra: Select. (1763) 35; Select.
(1780) 23. Caribbean, Continent. =Plumeria
rubra L. —Franchipanier rouge (Fr.).
87
Rauvolfia canescens: Enum. 14 (Rauvolfia
hirsuta); Select. (1763) 47 (Rauvolfia hirsu-
ta); Select. (1780) 28, t. 259, f. 17. Caribbean,
Continent. =Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Plate
259, f. 17.
Rauvolfia nitida: Enum. 14; Select. (1763) 47;
Select. (1780) 28. Haiti. =Rauvolfia nitida
Jacq.
Rauvolfia tomentosa: Enum. 14; Select.
(1763) 48; Select. (1780) 29, t. 46; Observ. v. 2,
p. 9, t. 35. Cartagena. =Rauvolfia tetraphylla
L. Plate 46.
Tabernaemontana: Select. (1763) 38; Select.
(1780) 24. =Tabernaemontana L.
Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia: Enum.
14; Select. (1763) 39, t. 181, f. 15; Select. (1780)
25, t. 259, f. 11. Cartagena. =Tabernaemon-
tana amygdalifolia Jacq. Plate 259, f. 11.
Tabernaemontana citrifolia: Select. (1763)
38, t. 175, f. 13 (Tabernaemontana foliis oppo-
sitis…); Select. (1780) 24, t. 40. Martinique.
=Tabernaemontana citrifolia L. —Bois lait-
eux (Fr.). Plate 40.
Tabernaemontana cymosa: Enum. 14; Select.
(1763) 39, t. 181, f. 14; Select. (1780) 25, t. 259,
f. 10. Cartagena. =Tabernaemontana cymo-
sa Jacq. —Cojones de frayles (Sp.). Plate
259, f. 10.
Tabernaemontana grandiflora: Enum. 14;
Select. (1763) 40, t. 31; Select. (1780) 25, t.
41. Cartagena. =Stemmadenia grandiflora
(Jacq.) Miers. Plate 41.
Tabernaemontana laurifolia: Select. (1763)
39; Select. (1780) 24. Haiti, Jamaica. =Taber-
naemontana laurifolia L.
Araceae
Arum hederaceum: Enum. 31; Select. (1763)
240, t. 152; Select. (1780) 116, t. 230. Carta-
gena. =Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.)
Schott. Plate 230.
Arum seguine: Enum. 31 (Arum seguine); Se-
lect. (1763) 239, t. 151; Select. (1780) 116, t. 229.
88
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 19. Caryophylus Cordia (=Cordia sebestena L). & Anguria pedata (=Psiguria pedata (L.) R.A. Howard) (twining).
Original by Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin (left), © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien jeigh7 & Tab. CLV from Selectarum (1763) (right),
courtesy of BNC. Composite illustration: compare with Plates 44 & 233 respectively.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Caribbean. =Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.)
Schott —Seguine (Fr.). Plate 229.
Pistia: Enum. 8. =Pistia L.
Pistia stratiotes: Select. (1763) 234, t. 148; Se-
lect. (1780) 113, t. 225. Continent, Cuba, Hai-
ti. =Pistia stratiotes L. Figure 15, Plate 225.
Pothos acaulis: Enum. 31; Select. (1763) 240,
t. 153; Select. (1780) 116, t. 231. Martinique.
=Anthurium acaule (Jacq.) Schott —Queuë
de rat (Fr.). Plate 231.
Araliaceae
Aralia arborea: Select. (1763) 89; Select.
(1780) 46; PL. rar. v. 1, p. 26, t. 51. Cuba. =Den-
dropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch.
Aralia capitata: Enum. 18; Select. (1763) 89,
t. 61; Select. (1780) 46, t. 91; Fragm. 10, t. 6.
Martinique. =Oreopanax capitatus (Jacq.)
Decne. & Planch. Plate 91.
Arecaceae
Areca oleracea: Select. (1763) 278, t. 170; Select.
(1780) 134, t. 255. Caribbean. =Roystonea ol-
eracea (Jacq.) O.F. Cook —Choux almiste,
Palmiste franc (Fr.). Plate 255.
Bactris major: Select. (1763) 280, t. 171, f. 2; Se-
lect. (1780) 135, t. 263, f. 88. Cartagena. =Bac-
tris major Jacq. —Cocorotes (Sp.). Plate
263, f. 88.
Bactris minor: Select. (1763) 279, t. 171, f. 1; Se-
lect. (1780) 134, t. 256. Cartagena. =Bactris
guineensis (L.) H.E. Moore —Cannes de Ta-
bago (Fr.), Higuero de lata (Sp.). Plate 256.
Cocos aculeata: Select. (1763) 278, t. 169 (Co-
cos aculeatus); Select. (1780) 134, t. 254. Mar-
tinique. =Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.
ex Mart. —Grougrou (Carib). Plate 254.
Cocos amara: Select. (1763) 277 (Cocos ama-
rus); Select. (1780) 134. Martinique. =Syagrus
amara (Jacq.) Mart. —Palmiste amer (Fr.).
Cocos nucifera: Select. (1763) 277, t. 168 (Cocos
nucifer); Select. (1780) 134, t. 253. Caribbean,
Continent. =Cocos nucifera L. Plate 253.
89
Elaeis guineensis: Select. (1763) 280, t. 172;
Select. (1780) 135, t. 257. Martinique. =Elaeis
guineensis Jacq. —Palmier (Fr.). Plate 257.
Palma corozo: Select. (1763) 282, t. 171, f. 4; Se-
lect. (1780) 136, t. 263, f. 90. Cartagena. =At-
talea butyracea (Mutis ex L. f.) Wess. Boer.
—Corozo (Sp.). Plate 263, f. 90.
Palma Grigri: Select. (1763) 282, t. 171, f. 3;
Select. (1780) 136, t. 263, f. 89. Martinique.
(=Aiphanes minima (Gaertn.) Burret). —
Grigri (Carib). Plate 263, f. 89.
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia anguicida: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 232, t. 144; Select. (1780) 112, t. 220.
Cartagena. =Aristolochia anguicida Jacq.
—Contracapitán (Sp.). Plate 220.
Aristolochia caudata: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 233, t. 145; Select. (1780) 113, t. 221.
Haiti. =Aristolochia caudata Jacq. Plate 221.
Aristolochia maxima: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 233, t. 146; Select. (1780) 113, t. 223.
Cartagena. =Aristolochia maxima Jacq. —
Capitán (Sp.). Plate 223.
Aristolochia peltata: Select. (1780) 113, t.
222; Observ. v. 1, p. 9, t. 4. Haiti. =Aristolochia
peltata L. Plate 222.
Aristolochia pentandra: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 233, t. 147; Select. (1780) 113, t. 224. Cuba.
=Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. Plate 224.
Asparagaceae
Agave cubensis: Enum. 18 (Agave hexapetala);
Select. (1763) 100, t. 175, f. 28; Select. (1780)
50, t. 260, f. 25. Cuba. =Furcraea hexapetala
(Jacq.) Urb. —Maguei (Sp.). Plate 260, f. 25.
Asteraceae
Eclipta punctata: Enum. 28 (Bellis ramosa);
Select. (1763) 216, t. 129 (Bellis? ramosa);
Select. (1780) 105, t. 197. Haiti, Martinique.
=Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. —Intoum (Carib).
Plate 197.
90
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 20. Pancratium caribaeum (=Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb.). Original by Nikolaus Joseph
Jacquin, © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien jeigh2. Compare with Plate 102.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Kleinia: Enum. 8. =Porophyllum Guett.
Kleinia ruderalis: Enum. 28; Select. (1763)
215, t. 127; Select. (1780) 104, t. 195. Haiti,
Martinique. =Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.)
Cass. Plate 195.
Pectis punctata: Enum. 28; Select. (1763) 216,
t. 128; Select. (1780) 105, t. 196. Cartagena.
=Pectis linifolia L. Plate 196.
Polymnia wedelia: Enum. 28 (Wedelia fructi-
cosa); Select. (1763) 217, t. 130 (Wedelia fru-
tescens); Select. (1780) 105, t. 198. Cartagena.
=Wedelia frutescens Jacq. Plate 198.
Spilanthes: Enum. 8. =Spilanthes Jacq.
Spilanthes insipida: Enum. 28; Select. (1763)
215, t. 126, f. 2; Select. (1780) 104, t. 261, f. 63.
Cuba. =Spilanthes insipida Jacq. Plate 261,
f. 63.
Spilanthes urens: Enum. 28; Select. (1763) 214,
t. 126, f. 1; Select. (1780) 104, t. 194. Cartagena.
=Spilanthes urens Jacq. Plate 194.
Tetragonotheca parviflora: Enum. 28.
=Tetragonotheca parviflora Jacq.
Wedelia: Enum. 8. =Wedelia Jacq.
Bataceae
Batis: Enum. 10. =Batis P. Browne.
Batis maritima: Select. (1763) 260, t. 40, f. 4;
Select. (1780) 126, t. 246. Caribbean, Conti-
nent. =Batis maritima L. —Barrilla (Sp.).
Plate 246.
Bignoniaceae
Bignonia dichotoma: Enum. 25; Select. (1763)
183; Select. (1780) 89. Cartagena. =Frid-
ericia dichotoma (Jacq.) L.G. Lohmann.
Figure 26.
Bignonia echinata: Enum. 25; Select. (1763)
183, t. 176, f. 52; Select. (1780) 89, t. 261, f.
51. Cartagena. =Amphilophium crucigerum
(L.) L.G. Lohmann. Plate 261, f. 51.
Bignonia longisiliqua: Enum. 25 (Bignona
longissima); Select. (1763) 182, t. 176, f. 78
(Bignona longissima); Select. (1780) 89, t. 261,
91
f. 50. Haiti. =Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum.
Cours. —Chene nuir (Fr.). Plate 261, f. 50.
Bignonia orbiculata: Enum. 25; Select. (1763)
148, t. 180, f. 79; Select. (1780) 90, t. 263, f. 77.
Cartagena. =Anemopaegma orbiculatum
(Jacq.) A. DC. Plate 263, f. 77.
Bignonia paniculata: Enum. 25; Select. (1763)
183, t. 116; Select. (1780) 89, t. 175. Cartagena.
=Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) Kunth.
Plate 175.
Bignonia stans: Select. (1780) 90, t. 176. Mar-
tinique. =Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth.
Figure 27, Plate 176.
Crescentia cujete: Select. (1763) 175, t. 111;
Select. (1780) 85, t. 167; Fragm. 30, t. 33. Ca-
ribbean, Continent. =Crescentia cujete L.
—Calebassier (Fr.), Coui (Carib). Figure 25,
Plate 167.
Boraginaceae
Beurreria: Enum. 2 (Bourreria); Select. (1763)
44. =Bourreria P. Browne.
Cordia: Enum. 2; Select. (1763) 42; Select. (1780)
26. =Cordia L.
Cordia gerascanthus: Select. (1763) 43, t. 175,
f. 16; Select. (1780) 26, t. 259, f. 12. Caribbean.
=Cordia gerascanthus L. —Bois de Chypre
(Fr.). Plate 259, f. 12.
Cordia juglandifolia: Enum. 14; Select.
(1763) 43; Select. (1780) 26. Haiti. =Cordia
sebestena L.
Cordia sebestena: Select. (1763) 42; Select.
(1780) 26, t. 44. Cartagena. =Cordia sebe-
stena L. Figure 19, Plate 44.
Ehretia: Enum. 2 (Bourreria). =Ehretia P. Browne.
Ehretia bourreria: Enum. 14 (Bourreria suc-
ulenta); Select. (1763) 44; Select. (1780) 27, t.
45 (Ehretia Beurreria); Caribbean. =Bour-
reria baccata Raf. —Bois crabil/cabril
[vrille?] batard (Fr.). Plate 45.
Ehretia dubia: Select. (1780) 27; Observ. v. 1, p.
19. Jamaica. =Cordia collococca L.
Ehretia exsucca: Enum. 14 (Bourreria exuc-
ca); Select. (1763) 45, t. 173, f. 17 (Beurreria
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 21. Poinciana pulcherrima (=Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.). Original by Nikolaus Joseph
Jacquin, © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien jeigh5. Compare with Plate 120.

92
 Jacquin’s American Plants
exsucca); Select. (1780) 28, t. 259, f. 13. Carta-
gena. =Bourreria cumanensis (Loefl.) O.E.
Schulz. Plate 259, f. 13.
Ehretia spinosa: Enum. 14; Select. (1763) 46, t.
180, f. 18; Select. (1780) 27, t. 259, f. 14. Carta-
gena. =Rochefortia spinosa (Jacq.) Urb. —
Cacaracacara (Sp.). Plate 259, f. 14.
Ehretia tinifolia: Enum. 14 (Ehretia Tinifo-
lia); Select. (1763) 45; Select. (1780) 26. Cuba,
Jamaica. =Ehretia tinifolia L.
Heliotropium gnaphalodes: Select. (1763)
25, t. 173, f. 11; Select. (1780) 19, t. 259, f. 9.
=Heliotropium gnaphalodes L. Plate 259, f. 9.
Tournefortia maculata: Enum. 14; Select.
(1763) 47; Select. (1780) 28. Cartagena.
=Tournefortia maculata Jacq.
Varronia: Enum. 2; Select. (1763) 40; Select.
(1780) 25. =Varronia P. Browne.
Varronia alba: Enum. 14; Select. (1763) 41; Se-
lect. (1780) 26. Cartagena, Curaçao. =Cordia
alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.
Varronia bullata: Select. (1780) 25, t. 43.
Haiti. =Cordia bullata (L.) Roem. & Schult.
Plate 43.
Varronia curassavica: Enum. 14; Select.
(1763) 40 (Varronia spicis oblongis…); Select.
(1780) 25. Curaçao. =Cordia curassavica
(Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.
Varronia globosa: Enum. 14; Select. (1763) 41;
Select. (1780) 25. Caribbean. =Cordia bullata
var. globosa (Jacq.) Govaerts.
Varronia humilis: Enum. 14; Select. (1763) 41;
Select. (1780) 25. Caribbean. =Cordia bullata
var. globosa (Jacq.) Govaerts.
Varronia macrostachya: Enum. 14; Select.
(1763) 41; Select. (1780) 25. Cartagena. =Cor-
dia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.
Varronia martinicensis: Enum. 14; Select.
(1763) 41, t. 32; Select. (1780) 25, t. 42. Marti-
nique. =Cordia martinicensis (Jacq.) Roem.
& Schult. Plate 42.
Varronia mirabiloides: Enum. 14 (Varronia
Mirabiloides); Select. (1763) 41, t. 33. Haiti.
=Cordia mirabiloides Roem. & Schult.
93
Bromeliaceae
Bromelia karatas: Enum. 18; Select. (1763)
90, t. 178, f. 26; Select. (1780) 46, t. 260, f. 24.
Cuba, Martinique. =Bromelia karatas L. —
Karatas (Carib). Plate 260, f. 24.
Bromelia pinguin: Select. (1763) 91; Select.
(1780) 47. Cartagena, Jamaica. =Bromelia
pinguin L.
Tillandsia lingulata: Select. (1763) 92, t. 62;
Select. (1780) 47, t. 92. Martinique. =Guz-
mania lingulata (L.) Mez —Ananas de bois
(Fr.). Plate 92.
Tillandsia polystachya: Select. (1763) 93, t.
183, f. 27 (Renealmia polystachia); Select.
(1780) 48, t. 94. Cuba. =Tillandsia polysta-
chia (L.) L. Plate 94.
Tillandsia tenuifolia: Select. (1763) 92, t. 63;
Select. (1780) 47, t. 93. Cartagena. =Tilland-
sia tenuifolia L. Plate 93.
Burseraceae
Burseria gummifera: Select. (1763) 94, t. 65;
Select. (1780) 48, t. 96; Fragm. 30, t. 33. Conti-
nent, Cuba, Curaçao, Haiti, Jamaica. =Burs-
era simaruba (L.) Sarg. —Gommier (Fr.),
Almácigo (Sp.), Birch tree (En.). Plate 96.
Elaphrium: Enum. 3; Select. (1763) 105; Select.
(1780) 53. =Bursera Jacq. ex L.
Elaphrium glabrum: Enum. 19; Select. (1763)
106, t. 71, f. 2; Select. (1780) 53, t. 260, f. 28.
Cartagena. =Bursera glabra (Jacq.) Triana
& Planch. Plate 260, f. 28.
Elaphrium tomentosum: Enum. 19; Select.
(1763) 105, t. 71, f. 1; Select. (1780) 53, t. 106.
Curaçao. =Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana
& Planch. Plate 106.
Terebinthus: Enum. 3. =Bursera Jacq. ex L.
Cactaceae
Cactus pitajaya: Enum. 23; Select. (1763) 151;
Select. (1780) 74. Cartagena. =Acanthocere-
us tetragonus (L.) Hummelinck —Pitajaya
(Sp.).
94
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 22. Anacardium occidentale L. Original by Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin (left), © Naturhistorisches
Museum, Wien jeigh4 & Tab. CLXXXI from Selectarum (1763) (right), courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 121.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Cactus triangularis var. aphyllus: Select.
(1763) 152, t. 181, f. 65 (Cactus triangularis
α aphyllus); Select. (1780) 74. Martinique.
=Hylocereus trigonus (Haw.) Saff. —Poirier
de chardon (Fr.).
Cactus triangularis var. foliaceus: Select.
(1763) 152, t. 181, f. 65 (Cactus triangularis β
foliosus); Select. (1780) 74, t. 260, f. 38. Sint
Eustatius. =Hylocereus trigonus (Haw.) Saff.
Plate 260, f. 38.
Calophyllaceae
Calophyllum calaba: Select. (1763) 269, t.
165; Select. (1780) 130, t. 249. Martinique.
=Calophyllum calaba L. —Calaba (Fr.), Cal-
aba (Carib). Plate 249.
Mammea americana: Select. (1763) 268, t. 181,
f. 82; Select. (1780) 129, t. 248. Caribbean,
Continent. =Mammea americana L. —
Abricotier, Eau Creole (Fr.), Mamei (Sp.),
Mamei (En.). Plate 248.
Campanulaceae
Lobelia longiflora: Select. (1763) 219; Select.
(1780) 106, t. 200; Hort. v. 1, p. 10, t. 27. Cuba,
Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique. =Hippobroma
longiflora (L.) G. Don —Quedec (Fr.), Revi-
entacaballos (Sp.). Plate 200.
Cannabaceae
Rhamnus iguanaea: Enum. 16 (Rhamnus
Iguaneaus); Select. (1763) 74; Select. (1780)
39. Caribbean, Continent. =Celtis iguanaea
(Jacq.) Sarg. —Wilde Kerseboom, Iguaen-
besienboom (Du.).
Capparaceae
Capparis: Select. (1763) 157; Select. (1780) 76.
=Capparis L.
Capparis breynia: Enum. 24 (Capparis Amyg-
dalifolia); Select. (1763) 161, t. 103; Select. (1780)
78, t. 152. Caribbean, Continent. =Quadrella
indica (L.) Iltis & Cornejo Plate 152.
95
Capparis comosa: Enum. 23; Select. (1763) 160;
Select. (1780) 78. Haiti. =Quadrella ferrugin-
ea (Jacq.) Iltis & Cornejo.
Capparis cynophallophora: Enum. 23 (Cap-
paris cynallophora); Select. (1763) 158, t. 98
(Capparis Cynallophora); Select. (1780) 77,
t. 145. Caribbean, Coro (Venezuela). =Cyno-
phalla flexuosa (L.) J. Presl. —Pois Man-
bouia (Fr.). Plate 145.
Capparis eustachiana: Enum. 23; Select. (1763)
159; Select. (1780) 77, t. 146. Sint Eustatius.
=Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J. Presl. Plate 146.
Capparis frondosa: Enum. 24; Select. (1763)
162, t. 104; Select. (1780) 78, t. 153. Cartagena,
Haiti. =Capparidastrum frondosum (Jacq.)
Cornejo & Iltis. Plate 153.
Capparis hastata: Enum. 23; Select. (1763) 159,
t. 174, f. 56; Select. (1780) 77, t. 147. Carta-
gena. =Cynophalla hastata (Jacq.) J. Presl.
Plate 147.
Capparis jamaicensis: Enum. 23 (Capparis
Jamaicensis); Select. (1763) 160, t. 101; Select.
(1780) 78, t. 150. Jamaica. =Quadrellla jamai-
censis (Jacq.) J. Presl. Plate 150.
Capparis linearis: Enum. 24; Select. (1763)
161, t. 102; Select. (1780) 78, t. 151. Cartagena,
Coro (Venezuela). =Cynophalla linearis
(Jacq.) J. Presl. Plate 151.
Capparis nemorosa: Enum. 24; Select. (1763)
164, t. 181, f. 69; Select. (1780) 79, t. 156. Carta-
gena. =Belencita nemorosa (Jacq.) Dugand.
Plate 156.
Capparis octandra: Enum. 23 (Capparis
Elaeagnifolia); Select. (1763) 160, t. 100; Se-
lect. (1780) 77, t. 149. Haiti. =Quadrella fer-
ruginea (Jacq.) Iltis & Cornejo. Plate 149.
Capparis pulcherrima: Enum. 24; Select.
(1763) 163, t. 106; Select. (1780) 79, t. 155.
Cartagena. =Calanthea pulcherrima (Jacq.)
Miers. Figure 21, Plate 155.
Capparis tenuisiliqua: Enum. 24; Select.
(1763) 162, t. 105; Select. (1780) 79, t. 154. Cart-
agena. =Monilicarpa tenuisiliqua (Jacq.)
Cornejo & Iltis. Plate 154.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 23. Annona muricata L. Original by Richard van der Schot,

© Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien RVS6. Compare with Figure 9 & Plate 161.

96
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Capparis verrucosa: Enum. 23; Select. (1763)
159, t. 99; Select. (1780) 77, t. 148. Cartage-
na. =Cynophalla verrucosa (Jacq.) J. Presl.
Plate 148.
Morisonia americana: Select. (1763) 156, t.
97; Select. (1780) 95, t. 144. Cartagena, Mar-
tinique. =Morisonia americana L. —Bois
Mabouia (Fr.). Plate 144.
Celastraceae
Hippocratea: Enum. 1. =Hippocratea L.
Hippocratea scandens: Enum. 12; Select.
(1763) 9, t. 9; Select. (1780) 10, t. 12. Carta-
gena, Haiti, Martinique. =Hippocratea volu-
bilis L. Plate 12.
Myginda: Enum. 1. =Myginda Jacq.
Myginda uragoga: Enum. 12; Select. (1763) 24,
t. 16; Select. (1780) 18, t. 22. Cartagena, Sint
Maarten. =Rhacoma uragoga (Jacq.) Baill.
—Hierba de maravedi (Sp.). Plate 22.
Schaefferia: Enum. 10. =Schaefferia Jacq.
Schaefferia frutescens: Enum. 33; Select.
(1763) 259; Select. (1780) 125. Cartagena.
=Schaefferia frutescens Jacq.
Chrysobalanaceae
Chrysobalanus: Enum. 5. =Chrysobalanus L.
Chrysobalanus icaco: Enum. 23; Select.
(1763) 154, t. 94; Select. (1780) 75, t. 141. Ca-
ribbean, Continent. =Chrysobalanus icaco
L. —Prunier Icaque (Fr.), Icaco (Sp.), Coc-
coplum-tree (En.). Plate 141.
Hirtella americana: Select. (1763) 8, t. 8; Se-
lect. (1780) 10, t. 11. Martinique. =Hirtella
americana L. Plate 11.
Cleomaceae
Cleome procumbens: Enum. 26; Select. (1763)
189, t. 120; Select. (1780) 92, t. 181. Haiti.
=Cleome procumbens Jacq. Plate 181.
Cleome serrata: Enum. 26; Select. (1763) 190,
t. 180, f. 43; Select. (1780) 92, t. 262!, f. 73. Car-
tagena. =Cleome serrata Jacq. Plate 262, f. 73.
97
Cleome spinosa: Enum. 26; Select. (1763) 190;
Select. (1780) 92. Jamaica. =Cleome spinosa
Jacq.
Clusiaceae
Clusia: Enum. 10. =Clusia L.
Clusia alba: Enum. 34; Select. (1763) 271, t. 166;
Select. (1780) 130, t. 250. Martinique. =Clusia
major L. —Aralie (Fr.). Figures 29 & 30,
Plate 250.
Clusia flava: Enum. 34; Select. (1763) 272, t.
167; Select. (1780) 131, t. 251. Jamaica. =Clusia
flava Jacq. Plate 251.
Clusia rosea: Enum. 34; Select. (1763) 270; Se-
lect. (1780) 130. Haiti. =Clusia rosea Jacq.
Clusia venosa: Enum. 34; Select. (1763) 273;
Select. (1780) 131. Martinique. =Clusia minor
L. —Paletuvier de montagne (Fr.).
Combretaceae
Combretum: Select. (1763) 103; Select. (1780)
52. =Combretum Loefl.
Combretum decandrum: Enum. 19; Select.
(1763) 104; Select. (1780) 52, t. 260, f. 27. Car-
tagena. =Combretum decandrum Jacq. Plate
260, f. 27.
Combretum laxum: Enum. 19; Select. (1763)
104; Select. (1780) 52. Haiti. =Combretum
laxum Jacq.
Combretum secundum: Enum. 19; Select.
(1763) 103, t. 176, f. 30; Select. (1780) 52, t. 260,
f. 26. Cartagena. =Combretum fruticosum
(Loefl.) Stuntz. Plate 260, f. 26.
Conocarpus erecta: Select. (1763) 78, t. 52, f.
1; Select. (1780) 41, t. 78. Caribbean. =Cono-
carpus erectus L. —Mangle Zaragoza (Sp.).
Plate 78.
Conocarpus procumbens: Select. (1763) 79, t.
52, f. 2; Select. (1780) 41, t. 260, f. 22. Cuba.
=Conocarpus erectus L. Plate 260, f. 22.
Conocarpus racemosus: Select. (1763) 80, t.
53 (Conocarpus racemosa); Select. (1780) 41,
t. 79. Caribbean. =Laguncularia racemosa
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 24. Anona fructu lutescente laevi serotum arietis referente (=Rollinia mucosa
(Jacq.) Baill.). Original by Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin, © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien jeigh8.
Composite illustration: large three lobed structure corresponds to exaggerated flower of
Rollinia mucosa; axillary flowering branchlet with smaller leaves is of unknown identity.

98
 Jacquin’s American Plants
(L.) C.F. Gaertn. —Mangle bobo (Sp.),
White Mangrove (En.), Plate 79.
Commelinaceae
Callisia repens: Enum. 12 (Hapalanthus re-
pens); Select. (1763) 11, t. 11 (Hapalanthus
repens); Select. (1780) 11, t. 14. Martinique.
=Callisia repens (Jacq.) L. Plate 14.
Hapalanthus: Enum. 1. =Callisia Loefl.
Tradescantia geniculata: Enum. 18; Select.
(1763) 94, t. 64; Select. (1780) 48, t. 95. Marti-
nique. =Gibasis geniculata (Jacq.) Rohwed-
er. Plate 95.
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus havanensis: Select. (1780) 19, t.
264, f. 97; Observ. v. 2, p. 25, t. 45, f. 3. Cuba.
=Jacquemontia havanensis (Jacq.) Urb.
Plate 264, f. 97.
Convolvulus martinicensis: Select. (1763) 26,
t. 17; Select. (1780) 19, t. 24. Martinique. =An-
iseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy. Plate 24.
Cuscuta americana: Select. (1763) 24; Se-
lect. (1780) 17. Caribbean. =Cuscuta amer-
icana L.
Evolvulus nummularius: Select. (1780) 45, t.
260, f. 23. Caribbean. =Evolvulus nummu-
larius (L.) L. Plate 260, f. 23.
Ipomoea carnea: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 26, t.
18 (Ipomaea carnea); Select. (1780) 19, t. 25.
Cartagena. =Ipomoea carnea Jacq. —Cam-
panilla (Sp.). Plate 25.
Ipomoea filiformis: Enum. 13; Select. (1763)
27, t. 19 (Ipomaea filiformis); Select. (1780)
20, t. 26. Martinique. =Quamoclit filiformis
(Jacq.) Roberty. Plate 26.
Ipomoea repanda: Enum. 13; Select. (1763) 28,
t. 20 (Ipomaea repanda); Select. (1780) 20, t.
27. Martinique. =Quamoclit repanda (Jacq.)
Roberty. Plate 27.
Ipomoea tuberosa: (Ipomaea tuberosa); Se-
lect. (1780) 20; Observ. v. 1, p. 39. Caribbean,
Haiti. =Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle.
99
Costaceae
Alpinia spicata: Enum. 11; Select. (1763) 1, t. 1;
Select. (1780) 7, t. 1; Fragm. 54, t. 77 (Costus
cylindricus). Martinique. =Costus spicatus
(Jacq.) Sw. —Canne de Riviere (Fr.). Figure
16, Plate 1.
Cucurbitaceae
Anguria: Enum. 9. =Psiguria Neck. ex Arn.
Anguria pedata: Enum. 31; Select. (1763) 242, t.
155; Select. (1780) 117, t. 233. Haiti. =Psiguria
pedata (L.) R.A. Howard. Figure 19, Plate 233.
Anguria trilobata: Enum. 31; Select. (1763)
243, t. 156; Select. (1780) 118, t. 234. Carta-
gena. =Psiguria jacquiniana (Schldl.) R.A.
Howard. Plate 234.
Chayota edulis: Enum. 32 (Sicyos Edulis);
Select. (1763) 258, t. 163 (Sicyos edulis); Se-
lect. (1780) 124, t. 245. Cuba. =Sechium ed-
ule (Jacq.) Sw. —Chayote, Chayote francés
(Sp.). Plate 245.
Elaterium: Enum. 9. =Rytidostylis Hook. & Arn.
Elaterium carthagenense: Enum. 31; Select.
(1763) 241, t. 154; Select. (1780) 117, t. 232.
Cartagena. =Rytidostylis carthagenensis
(Jacq.) Kuntze. Plate 232.
Ebenaceae
Diospyros inconstans: Enum. 34; Select.
(1763) 276, t. 174, f. 67; Select. (1780) 132, t.
263, f. 87. Cartagena. =Diospyros inconstans
Jacq. Plate 263, f. 87.
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum areolatum: Enum. 21 (Eryth-
roxylum carthagenense); Select. (1763) 134,
t. 87, f. 1 (Erythroxylum carthagenense); Se-
lect. (1780) 66, t. 129. Cartagena. =Erythroxy-
lum carthagenense Jacq. Plate 129.
Erythroxylum havanense: Enum. 21; Select.
(1763) 135, t. 87, f. 2; Select. (1780) 66, t. 130. Cuba.
=Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. Plate 130.
100
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 25. Crescentia cujete L. Original by Richard van der Schot (left), © Naturhistorisches Museum,
Wien RVS2 & Tab. CXI from Selectarum (1763) (right), courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 167.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha carthagenensis: Enum. 32; Select.
(1763) 253, t. 180, f. 57; Select. (1780) 122, t.
263, f. 78. Cartagena. =Acalypha carthage-
nensis Jacq. Plate 263, f. 78.
Acalypha corensis: Enum. 32; Select. (1763)
254, t. 161; Select. (1780) 122, t. 241. Haiti,
Martinique, Coro (Venezuela). =Bernardia
corensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg. Plate 241.
Acalypha villosa: Enum. 32; Select. (1763)
254, t. 183, f. 61; Select. (1780) 122, t. 240; Hort.
v. 3, p. 26, t. 47. Cartagena. =Acalypha vil-
losa Jacq. Plate 240.
Anisophyllum pinnatum: Select. (1763) 283,
t. 180, f. 45; Select. (1780) 136, t. 262, f. 72.
Cartagena. =Anisophyllum pinnatum Jacq.
—Árbol de quien las hojas huelen el anís
(Sp.). Plate 262, f. 72.
Croton balsamifer: Enum. 32; Select. (1763)
255, t. 162, f. 3 (Croton balsamiferum); Select.
(1780) 123, t. 242; Hort. v. 3, p. 26, t. 46. Cura-
çao, Martinique. =Croton flavens L. —Petit
beaume, Eau de Mantes (Fr.). Plate 242.
Croton linearis: Enum. 32; Select. (1763) 256,
t. 162, f. 4 (Croton lineare); Select. (1780) 123,
t. 263, f. 80. Coro (Venezuela). =Croton cas-
carilla (L.) L. Plate 263, f. 80.
Croton niveus: Enum. 32; Select. (1763) 255, t.
162, f. 2 (Croton niveum); Select. (1780) 123,
t. 263, f. 79. Cartagena. =Croton niveus Jacq.
Plate 263, f. 79.
Croton polygamus: Enum. 32; Select. (1763)
255 (Croton polygamum); Select. (1780) 123,
t. 243. Cartagena. =Ditaxis polygama (Jacq.)
L.C. Wheeler. Plate 243.
Croton procumbens: Enum. 32; Select. (1763)
254; Select. (1780) 123. Cartagena. =Croton
procumbens Jacq.
Dalechampia: Enum. 9. =Dalechampia L.
Dalechampia scandens: Enum. 31; Select.
(1763) 252, t. 160; Select. (1780) 122, t. 239.
Haiti. =Dalechampia scandens L. Plate
239.
101
Euphorbia bombensis: Enum. 22; Select.
(1763) 151; Select. (1780) 73. Cartagena. =Eu-
phorbia bombensis Jacq.
Euphorbia graminea: Select. (1763) 151; Select.
(1780) 73, t. 139; Observ. v. 2, p. 5, t. 31. Carta-
gena. =Euphorbia graminea Jacq. Plate 139.
Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia: Enum.
22; Select. (1763) 150; Select. (1780) 73. Carta-
gena. =Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia
Jacq.
Euphorbia obliterata: Enum. 22; Select.
(1763) 151; Select. (1780) 73. Cartagena. =Eu-
phorbia hirta L.
Euphorbia tithymaloides: Select. (1763) 149,
t. 92; Select. (1780) 73, t. 138. Caribbean,
Continent. =Euphorbia tithymaloides L.
Plate 138.
Hippomane mancinella: Enum. 31; Select.
(1763) 250, t. 159 (Hippomane Mançanilla);
Select. (1780) 121, t. 238. Caribbean, Conti-
nent. =Hippomane mancinella L. —Mança-
nilla (Sp.). Plate 238.
Jatropha hastata: Enum. 32 (Jatropha has-
tata); Select. (1763) 256, t. 173, f. 54 (Iatropha
hastata); Select. (1780) 123, t. 263, f. 82. Haiti.
=Jatropha integerrima Jacq. Plate 263, f. 82.
Jatropha integerrima: Enum. 32 (Jatropha
integerrima); Select. (1763) 256, t. 183, f. 74
(Iatropha integerrima); Select. (1780) 123, t.
263, f. 81. Cuba. =Jatropha integerrima Jacq.
Plate 263, f. 81.
Jatropha janipha: Enum. 32 (Jatropha car-
thagenensis); Select. (1763) 256, t. 162, f. 1
(Iathropa carthagnensis); Select. (1780) 123,
t. 244 (Latropha Janipha); Hort. v. 3, p. 42,
t. 77. Cartagena. =Manihot carthagenensis
(Jacq.) Müll. Arg. Plate 244.
Sapium: Enum. 9. =Sapium Jacq.
Sapium aucuparium: Enum. 31; Select. (1763)
249, t. 158; Select. (1780) 120, t. 237. Carta-
gena. =Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong
—Mangle cautivo (Sp.). Plate 237.
Tragia hexandra: Enum. 31; Select. (1763) 245,
t. 173, f. 63; Select. (1780) 118, t. 263, f. 75.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 26. Bignonia Americana capreolis donata (=Fridericia dichotoma (Jacq.) L.G.
Lohmann). Original by Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin, © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien jeigh6.

102
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Cuba. =Platygyna hexandra (Jacq.) Müll.
Arg. Plate 263, f. 75.
Fabaceae
Amerimnon: Enum. 7. =Dalbergia L. f.
Amerimnon brownei: Enum. 27 (Amerimnon
Brownii); Select. (1763) 199, t. 180, f. 58; Se-
lect. (1780) 97, t. 263, f. 86. Cartagena, Haiti,
Jamaica. =Dalbergia brownei (Jacq.) Schinz.
Plate 263, f. 86.
Amerimnon pinnatum: Select. (1763) 200, t.
177, f. 50; Select. (1780) 98, t. 263, f. 85. Carta-
gena. =Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq.) Du-
gand. Plate 263, f. 85.
Bauhinia aculeata: Select. (1763) 119, t. 177, f.
2; Select. (1780) 59, t. 260, f. 31. Cartagena.
=Bauhinia aculeata L. Plate 260, f. 31.
Bauhinia punctata: Enum. 20 (Bauhinia gla-
bra); Select. (1763) 119, t. 173, f. 3 (Bauhinia
glabra); Select. (1780) 60, t. 260, f. 32. Carta-
gena. =Bauhinia glabra Jacq. Plate 260, f. 32.
Brownea: Enum. 6 (Brownaea). =Brownea Jacq.
Brownea coccinea: Enum. 26; Select. (1763)
194, t. 121; Select. (1780) 94, t. 183. Sauca (Ven-
ezuela). =Brownea coccinea Jacq. Plate 183.
Copaifera officinalis: Enum. 21 (Copaïva
officinalis); Select. (1763) 133, t. 86 (Copaiva
officinalis); Select. (1780) 65, t. 128. Mar-
tinique. =Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L.
Plate 128.
Copaiva: Enum. 4. =Copaifera L.
Diphysa: Enum. 7. =Diphysa Jacq.
Diphysa carthagenensis: Enum. 28; Select.
(1763) 208, t. 181, f. 51; Select. (1780) 101, t. 261,
f. 59. Cartagena. =Diphysa carthagenensis
Jacq. —Vivaseca (Sp.). Plate 261, f. 59.
Dolichos altissimus: Enum. 27; Select.
(1763) 203, t. 182, f. 85; Select. (1780) 99, t.
190. Martinique. =Mucuna urens (L.) Me-
dik. Plate 190.
Dolichos lignosus: Select. (1763) 205; Select.
(1780) 99. Caribbean. =Dipogon lignosus
(L.) Verdc.
103
Dolichos pruriens: Enum. 27; Select. (1763)
201, t. 122; Select. (1780) 98, t. 188. Carib-
bean. =Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. —Pois à
grater (Fr.). Plate 188.
Dolichos ruber: Select. (1763) 204, t. 123; Se-
lect. (1780) 99, t. 191. Martinique. =Galactia
rubra (Jacq.) Urb. Plate 191.
Dolichos subracemosus: Select. (1763) 205;
Select. (1780) 100. Caribbean. =Dolichos sub-
racemosus Jacq.
Dolichos urens: Enum. 27; Select. (1763) 202,
t. 182, f. 84; Select. (1780) 99, t. 189. Carib-
bean. =Mucuna sloanei Fawc. & Rendle —
Yeux bourrique (Fr.). Plate 189.
Galega caribaea: Enum. 27 (Vicia disticha);
Select. (1763) 212, t. 125; Select. (1780) 100, t.
193. Caribbean. =Coursetia caribaea (Jacq.)
Lavin. Plate 193.
Galega littoralis: Enum. 27 (Vicia Littora-
lis); Select. (1763) 206, t. 124 (Vicia littoralis);
Select. (1780) 100, t. 192. Cartagena. =Tephro-
sia cinerea (L.) Pers. Plate 192.
Geoffroea: Enum. 7. =Geoffroea Jacq.
Geoffroea spinosa: Enum. 28; Select. (1763)
207, t. 180, f. 62; Select. (1780) 101, t. 261, f. 58.
Cartagena. =Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. Plate
261, f. 58.
Hymenaea courbaril: Select. (1780) 62, t. 264,
f. 95. Sint Maarten. =Hymenaea courbaril L.
Plate 264, f. 95.
Mimosa biglobosa: Select. (1763) 267, t. 179,
f. 87; Select. (1780) 129, t. 262, f. 68. Marti-
nique. =Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G.
Don. Plate 262, f. 68.
Mimosa cornigera: Select. (1763) 266; Select.
(1780) 128. Cartagena. =Acacia cornigera
(L.) Willd. —Cuernezuela (Sp.).
Mimosa fagifolia: Select. (1763) 264, t. 164; Se-
lect. (1780) 127, t. 247. Martinique. =Inga lau-
rina (Sw.) Willd. —Pois doux (Fr.). Plate 247.
Mimosa mangensis: Enum. 34; Select. (1763)
267; Select. (1780) 128, t. 262, f. 70. Cartage-
na. =Chloroleucon mangense (Jacq.) Britton
& Rose. Plate 262, f. 70.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 27. Bignonia (=Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth). Original by Richard van der Schot,
© Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien RVS5. Compare with Plate 176.

104
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Mimosa polystachya: Select. (1763) 265, t.
183, f. 93; Select. (1780) 128, t. 262, f. 67. Mar-
tinique. =Entada polystachya (L.) DC. Plate
262, f. 67.
Mimosa retusa: Enum. 34; Select. (1763) 267;
Select. (1780) 129. Cartagena. =Acacia retusa
(Jacq.) R.A. Howard.
Mimosa tergemina: Select. (1763) 265, t. 177,
f. 81; Select. (1780) 128, t. 262, f. 69. Mar-
tinique. =Calliandra tergemina (L.) Benth.
Plate 262, f. 69.
Myrospermum: Enum. 4. =Myrospermum
Jacq.
Myrospermum frutescens: Enum. 20; Select.
(1763) 120, t. 174, f. 34; Select. (1780) 60, t. 118.
Cartagena. =Myrospermum frutescens Jacq.
Plate 118.
Nissolia: Enum. 7. =Nissolia Jacq.
Nissolia arborea: Enum. 27; Select. (1763)
199, t. 174, f. 48; Select. (1780) 97, t. 261, f. 60.
Cartagena. =Machaerium arboreum (Jacq.)
Benth. —Juan Gómez (Sp.). Plate 261, f. 60.
Nissolia fruticosa: Enum. 27; Select. (1763)
198, t. 179, f. 44; Select. (1780) 96, t. 187; Hort.
v. 2, p. 78, t. 167; Fragm. 30, t. 33. Cartagena.
=Nissolia fruticosa Jacq. Plate 187.
Parkinsonia aculeata: Select. (1763) 121, t.
80; Select. (1780) 60, t. 119. Caribbean, Con-
tinent. =Parkinsonia aculeata L. —Genet
épineux (Fr.). Plate 119.
Phaseolus sclaraeoides: Enum. 27; Select.
(1763) 201 (Phaseolus sclareodes); Select.
(1780) 98. Cuba. =Phaseolus sclaraeoides
Jacq.
Piscidia carthagenensis: Enum. 27; Select.
(1763) 210; Select. (1780) 102. Cartagena. =Pi-
scidia carthagenensis Jacq.
Piscidia erythrina: Enum. 27; Select. (1763)
209; Select. (1780) 101. Jamaica. =Piscidia pi-
scipula (L.) Sarg.
Poinciana bijuga: Enum. 20 (Poinciana bi-
jugata Jacq.); Select. (1763) 123 (Poinciana
bijugata Jacq.); Select. (1780) 61. Curaçao.
=Caesalpinia vesicaria L.
105
Poinciana coriaria: Select. (1763) 123, t. 175,
f. 36; Select. (1780) 61, t. 260, f. 33. Cartage-
na, Curaçao. =Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.)
Willd. Plate 260, f. 33.
Poinciana pulcherrima: Select. (1763) 122;
Select. (1780) 61, t. 120. Caribbean. =Cae-
salpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. —Poinciade,
Fleurs de Paradis (Fr.). Plate 120.
Psoralea enneaphylla: Enum. 27 (Psoralea
carthagenensis); Select. (1763) 206 (Psoralea
carthagenensis); Select. (1780) 100. Cartage-
na. =Dalea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr.
Pterocarpus draco: Select. (1763) 283, t. 183,
f. 92 (Pterocarpus officinalis); Select. (1780)
97, t. 264, f. 91. Cartagena. =Pterocarpus offi-
cinalis Jacq. —Sangre de dragón (Sp.). Plate
264, f. 91.
Robinia sepium: Enum. 28; Select. (1763) 211, t. 179,
f. 101; Select. (1780) 102, t. 260, f. 40. Cartagena.
=Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. —
Ratón, Matarratón (Sp.). Plate 260, f. 40.
Robinia violacea: Enum. 28; Select. (1763) 210,
t. 177, f. 49; Select. (1780) 102, t. 261!, f. 61.
Cartagena. =Lonchocarpus violaceus (Jacq.)
Kunth ex DC. Plate 261, f. 61.
Sophora havanensis: Enum. 20; Select. (1763)
118, t. 173, f. 1; Select. (1780) 59, t. 261, f. 62.
Cuba. =Sophora tomentosa L. Plate 261, f. 62.
Tamarindus indica: Select. (1763) 10, t. 10, f.
98; Select. (1780) 11, t. 13. Caribbean, Conti-
nent. =Tamarindus indica L. Plate 13.
Gentianaceae
Gentiana aphylla: Enum. 17; Select. (1763) 87,
t. 60, f. 3; Select. (1780) 45, t. 89. Martinique.
=Voyria aphylla (Jacq.) Pers. Plate 89.
Gesneriaceae
Besleria cristata: Select. (1763) 188, t. 119; Se-
lect. (1780) 91, t. 180. Martinique. =Crantzia
cristata (L.) Scop. Plate 180.
Besleria lutea: Select. (1763) 187; Select. (1780)
91. Martinique. =Besleria lutea L.
106
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 28. Epidendron difforme (=Epidendrum difforme Jacq.). Original by Richard van der Schot (left), © Naturhistorisches
Museum, Wien RVS3 & Tab. CXXXVI from Selectarum (1763) (right), courtesy of BNC. Compare with Plate 206.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Columnea scandens: Select. (1780) 87, t. 170.
Martinique. =Columnea scandens L. —Li-
anne de syrop (Fr.). Plate 170.
Gesneria tomentosa: Select. (1763) 179, t. 175,
f. 64; Select. (1780) 87, t. 261, f. 47. Cuba.
=Rhytidophyllum crenulatum DC. Plate 261,
f. 47.
Goodeniaceae
Lobelia plumieri: Select. (1763) 219, t. 179, f.
88. Sint Maarten. =Scaevola plumieri (L.)
Vahl.
Scaevola lobelia: Select. (1780) 35, t. 199. Sint
Maarten. =Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl. Plate
199.
Hernandiaceae
Gyrocarpus americanus: Select. (1763) 282, t.
178, f. 80; Select. (1780) 136, t. 258; Fragm. 63,
t. 93. Cartagena. =Gyrocarpus americanus
Jacq. Plate 258.
Hernandia: Enum. 9. =Hernandia L.
Hernandia sonora: Select. (1763) 245; Select.
(1780) 119. Martinique. =Hernandia sonora
L. —Myrobolan (Fr.).
Hypericaceae
Hypericum cayennensis: Enum. 28; Select.
(1763) 213 (Hypericum cayennense); Select.
(1780) 103. Cayenne. =Vismia cayennensis
(Jacq.) Pers.
Iridaceae
Iris martinicensis: Enum. 12; Select. (1763) 7,
t. 7; Select. (1780) 10, t. 10. Martinique. =Tri-
mezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb. Plate 10.
Lamiaceae
Aegiphila martinicensis: Select. (1780) 16;
Observ. v. 2, p. 3, t. 27; Fragm. 40, t. 46. Mar-
tinique. =Aegiphila martinicensis Jacq. —
Bois cabril (Fr.).
107
Ballota suaveolens: Select. (1763) 172; Select.
(1780) 84, t. 163. Caribbean. =Hyptis suaveo-
lens (L.) Poit. Plate 163.
Callicarpa integrifolia: Enum. 12; Select.
(1763) 15, t. 173, f. 7; Select. (1780) 13, t. 259, f.
6. Cartagena. =Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.)
B.D. Jacks. Plate 259, f. 6.
Clinopodium martinicense: Enum. 25; Se-
lect. (1763) 173, t. 177, f. 75; Select. (1780) 84, t.
261, f. 45. Martinique. =Leucas martinicen-
sis (Jacq.) R. Br. Plate 261, f. 45.
Petitia: Enum. 1. =Petitia Jacq.
Petitia domingensis: Enum. 12; Select. (1763)
14, t. 182, f. 6; Select. (1780) 13, t. 259, f. 5. Hai-
ti. =Petitia domingensis Jacq. Plate 259, f. 5.
Scutellaria havanensis: Enum. 25; Select.
(1763) 172; Select. (1780) 84, t. 165; Observ. v.
2, p. 5, t. 29. Cuba. =Scutellaria havanensis
Jacq. Plate 165.
Teucrium cubense: Enum. 25; Select. (1763)
172, t. 183, f. 47; Select. (1780) 84, t. 164; Ob-
serv. v. 2, p. 5, t. 30. Cuba. =Teucrium cubense
Jacq. Plate 164.
Volkameria aculeata: Select. (1763) 185, t. 117;
Select. (1780) 90, t. 177. Caribbean. =Clero-
dendrum aculeatum (L.) Schltdl. Plate 177.
Lauraceae
Cassytha: Enum. 3. =Cassytha L.
Cassytha filiformis: Enum. 20; Select. (1763)
115, t. 79; Select. (1780) 57, t. 116. Cartagena.
=Cassytha filiformis L. Plate 116.
Laurus cinnamomum: Select. (1763) 117; Select.
(1780) 58, t. 117. Martinique (reported as na-
tive). =Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. Plate 117.
Laurus persea: Select. (1780) 58, t. 264, f. 92;
Observ. v. 1, p. 37. Caribbean. =Persea ameri-
cana Mill. —Poirier d’avocat (Fr.), Peral
de abogado (Sp.), Avocato-Pear-Tree (En.).
Plate 264, f. 92.
Lecythidaceae
Lecythis: Enum. 5. =Lecythis Loefl.
108
NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 29. Clusia alba (=Clusia major L.). Original by Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin (left), © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien jeigh1
& original by Richard van der Schot (right), © Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien RVS1. Compare with Fig. 30 & Plate 250.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Lecythis minor: Select. (1763) 168, t. 109; Select.
(1780) 81, t. 160. Cartagena. =Lecythis minor
Jacq. —Ollita de mono (Sp.). Plate 160.
Lentibulariaceae
Utricularia montana: Enum. 11 (Utricularia
alpina); Select. (1763) 7, t. 6; Select. (1780) 9,
t. 8. Martinique. =Utricularia alpina Jacq.
Plate 8.
Loasaceae
Mentzelia: Enum. 5. =Mentzelia L.
Mentzelia aspera: Select. (1763) 164; Select.
(1780) 79. Curaçao. =Mentzelia aspera L.
Loranthaceae
Loranthus: Select. (1763) 97; Select. (1780) 49.
=Loranthus Jacq.
Loranthus americanus: Select. (1763) 97, t.
67; Select. (1780) 49, t. 98. Martinique. =Psitt-
acanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don. Plate 98.
Loranthus biracemosus: Enum. 35. =Loran-
thus biracemosus Jacq.
Loranthus pedunculatus: Enum. 18; Se-
lect. (1763) 98; Select. (1780) 50. Cartagena.
=Struthanthus pedunculatus (Jacq.) G. Don.
Loranthus sessilis: Enum. 18; Select. (1763)
99; Select. (1780) 50. Cartagena. =Struthan-
thus sessilis (Jacq.) G. Don.
Loranthus spicatus: Enum. 18; Select. (1763) 97,
t. 68; Select. (1780) 49, t. 99. Cartagena. =Oryc-
tanthus spicatus (Jacq.) Eichler. Plate 99.
Loranthus uniflorus: Enum. 18; Select.
(1763) 98, t. 69; Select. (1780) 50, t. 100. Haiti.
=Dendropemon uniflorum (Jacq.) Steud.
Plate 100.
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium dichotomum: Select. (1780) 133,
t. 252; Hort. v. 3, p. 26, t. 45. Martinique.
=Huperzia dichotoma (Jacq.) Trevis. Plate
252.
109
Lythraceae
Ginoria: Enum. 5. =Ginoria Jacq.
Ginoria americana: Enum. 22; Select. (1763)
148, t. 91; Select. (1780) 72, t. 137. Cuba.
=Ginoria americana Jacq. —Rosa del río
(Sp.). Plate 137.
Lythrum carthagenense: Enum. 22; Select.
(1763) 148; Select. (1780) 72. Cartagena. =Cu-
phea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr.
Malpighiaceae
Hiraea: Enum. 4. =Hiraea Jacq.
Hiraea reclinata: Enum. 21; Select. (1763) 137, t.
176, f. 42; Select. (1780) 67, t. 260, f. 37. Carta-
gena. =Hiraea reclinata Jacq. Plate 260, f. 37.
Malpighia altissima: Select. (1780) 67; Ob-
serv. v. 1, p. 40. Martinique. =Byrsonima al-
tissima DC. —Bois tan (Fr.).
Malpighia angustifolia: Enum. 21 (Malpi-
ghia linearis); Select. (1763) 135 (Malpighia
linearis); Select. (1780) 66. Sint Maarten.
=Malpighia linearis Jacq.
Malpighia diphylla: Enum. 21; Select. (1763)
136; Select. (1780) 66. Cartagena. =Buncho-
sia diphylla (Jacq.) Cuatrec. & Croat.
Malpighia grandiflolia: Enum. 21; Select.
(1763) 137; Select. (1780) 67. Martinique.
=Bunchosia grandifolia (Jacq.) A. Juss.
Malpighia martinicensis: Enum. 21; Select.
(1763) 136; Select. (1780) 66. Martinique.
=Malpighia martinicensis Jacq.
Malpighia nitida: Enum. 21; Select. (1763) 136;
Select. (1780) 66. Cartagena. =Bunchosia ni-
tida (Jacq.) DC.
Malpighia odorata: Enum. 21; Select. (1763)
136, t. 177, f. 41; Select. (1780) 67, t. 260, f. 36.
Cartagena. =Bunchosia odorata (Jacq.) DC.
Plate 260, f. 36.
Malvaceae
Ayenia magna: Select. (1780) 111. Cartagena.
=Ayenia magna L.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 30. Clusia alba (=Clusia major L.). Tab. CLXVI from Selectarum (1763),
courtesy of BNC. Compare with Fig. 29 & Plate 250.

110
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Bombax ceiba: Enum. 26 (Bombax quinatum);
Select. (1763) 192, t. 176, f. 71 (Bombax qui-
natum); Select. (1780) 93, t. 261, f. 54. Carta-
gena. =Bombax ceiba L. —Ceiba (Sp.). Plate
261, f. 54.
Bombax heptaphyllum: Enum. 26 (Bombax
septenatum); Select. (1763) 193 (Bombax
septenatum); Select. (1780) 94, t. 261, f. 55.
Cartagena. =Pseudobombax septenatum
(Jacq.) Dugand —Ceiba (Sp.). Plate 261,
f. 55.
Bombax pentandrum: Enum. 26; Select.
(1763) 191, t. 176, f. 70; Select. (1780) 93, t.
182. Caribbean. =Ceiba pentandra (L.)
Gaertn. —Fromager (Fr.), Silk Cotton-tree
(En.). Plate 182.
Byttneria carthagenensis: Enum. 17 (Chae-
taea aculeata); Select. (1763) 76 (Byttneria
aculeata); Select. (1780) 40. Cartagena.
=Byttneria aculeata (Jacq.) Jacq.
Chaetaea: Enum. 2. =Chaetaea Jacq.
Corchorus hirsutus: Select. (1763) 165; Se-
lect. (1780) 80, t. 157. Cuba, Curaçao, Sint
Maarten. =Corchorus hirsutus L. Plate 157.
Helicteres: Enum. 8. =Helicteres L.
Helicteres apetala: Enum. 30; Select. (1763)
238, t. 181, f. 97; Select. (1780) 115, t. 263, f.
74. Cartagena. =Sterculia apetala (Jacq.)
H. Karst. —Camajonduro (Sp.). Plate 263,
f. 74.
Helicteres barbadensis: Enum. 38. =He-
licteres jamaicensis Jacq.
Helicteres baruensis: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 236, t. 149; Select. (1780) 114, t. 227.
Cartagena. =Helicteres baruensis Jacq. —
Majagua de playa (Sp.). Plate 227.
Helicteres carthagenensis: Enum. 30; Se-
lect. (1763) 237, t. 150; Select. (1780) 115, t.
228. Cartagena. =Helicteres carthagenensis
Jacq. Plate 228.
Helicteres jamaicensis: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 235, t. 179, f. 99; Select. (1780) 114, t.
226; Hort. v. 2, p. 67, t. 143. Jamaica. =He-
licteres jamaicensis Jacq. Plate 226.
111
Hibiscus spinifex: Select. (1763) 196; Select.
(1780) 95, t. 185; Hort. v. 2, p. 46, t. 103. Ca-
ribbean. =Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. Plate
185.
Melochia domingensis: Select. (1763) 194;
Select. (1780) 94. Curaçao, Haiti. =Melochia
pyramidata L.
Melochia frutescens: Select. (1763) 193
(Melochia tomentosa); Select. (1780) 94,
t. 264, f. 98; Observ. v. 2, p. 22, t. 44. Marti-
nique, Sint Maarten. =Melochia tomentosa
var. frutescens DC. Plate 264, f. 98.
Sida filiformis: Select. (1780) 95; Observ. v. 2,
p. 23. Martinique. =Sida abutifolia Mill.
Sida triquetra: Enum. 26 (Sida trisulcata);
Select. (1763) 195 (Sida trifulcata); Select.
(1780) 95, t. 184. Haiti. =Abutilon trisulca-
tum (Jacq.) Urb. Plate 184.
Theobroma cacao: Select. (1780) 103; Observ.
v. 1, p. 3. Caribbean. =Theobroma cacao L.
Triumfetta lappula: Enum. 22; Select. (1763)
146; Select. (1780) 71. Martinique. =Trium-
fetta lappula L.
Triumfetta rhomboidea: Enum. 22; Select.
(1763) 147, t. 90; Select. (1780) 71, t. 134. Mar-
tinique. =Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. —
Cousin (Fr.). Plate 134.
Triumfetta semitriloba: Select. (1763) 147;
Select. (1780) 71, t. 133; Hort. v. 3, p. 41, t. 76.
Caribbean. =Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.
Plate 133.
Marcgraviaceae
Marcgravia umbellata: Select. (1763) 156, t.
96; Select. (1780) 76, t. 143. Caribbean. =Mar-
cgravia umbellata L. —Bois des couilles
(Fr.). Plate 143.
Ruyschia: Enum. 2. =Ruyschia Jacq.
Ruyschia clusiaefolia: Enum. 17 (Ruyschia
Clusiaefolia); Select. (1763) 75, t. 51, f. 2; Se-
lect. (1780) 40, t. 76. Martinique. =Ruyschia
clusiifolia Jacq. —Aralie à petites feuilles
(Fr.). Plate 76.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
Martyniaceae
Craniolaria annua: Select. (1763) 173, t. 110; Se-
lect. (1780) 85, t. 166. Cartagena. =Craniolaria
annua L. —Escorzonera (Sp.). Plate 166.
Melastomataceae
Melastoma discolor: Select. (1763) 130, t. 84;
Select. (1780) 64, t. 125. Martinique. =Tetra-
zygia discolor (L.) DC. Plate 125.
Melastoma septemnervium: Enum. 20
(Melastoma septemnervia); Select. (1763)
131; Select. (1780) 64. Martinique. =Melas-
toma septemnervium Jacq.
Meliaceae
Cedrela odorata: , t. 261, f. 52. =Cedrela odo-
rata L. Plate 261, f. 52.
Guarea trichilioides: Select. (1763) 126, t.
176, f. 37 (Melia Guara); Select. (1780) 52,
t. 260, f. 34. Cuba. =Guarea guidonia (L.)
Sleumer —Guara (Sp.). Plate 260, f. 34.
Swietenia: Enum. 4. =Swietenia Jacq.
Swietenia mahagoni: Enum. 20; Select. (1763)
127; Select. (1780) 63. Caribbean. =Swietenia
mahagoni (L.) Jacq.
Trichilia: Enum. 4; Select. (1763) 128. =Trich-
ilia P. Browne.
Trichilia glabra: Enum. 20 (Trichilia ha-
vanensis); Select. (1763) 129, t. 175, f. 38
(Trichilia havanensis); Select. (1780) 63, t.
260, f. 35. Cuba. =Trichilia glabra L. Plate
260, f. 35.
Trichilia spondiodes: Enum. 20 (Trichilia
spondioides); Select. (1763) 128; Select. (1780)
63. Cartagena, Haiti, Jamaica. =Trichilia hir-
ta L. —Mombin batard (Fr.).
Trichilia terminalis: Enum. 20; Select. (1763)
130; Select. (1780) 64. Jamaica. =Trichilia
glabra L.
Trichilia trifolia: Enum. 20; Select. (1763)
129, t. 82; Select. (1780) 63, t. 123. Continent,
Curaçao. =Trichilia trifolia L. —Cerezo ma-
cho (Sp.), Kerseboom (Du.). Plate 123.
112
Moraceae
Morus tinctoria: Select. (1763) 247, t. 180, f.
55 (Morus Zanthoxylym); Select. (1780) 119,
t. 263, f. 76. Caribbean, Cartagena. =Maclu-
ra tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. —Morita
(Sp.), Stokvishoudt (Du.). Plate 263, f. 76.
Muntingiaceae
Muntingia: Enum. 5. =Muntingia L.
Muntingia calabura: Select. (1763) 166, t. 107;
Select. (1780) 80, t. 158. Haiti. =Muntingia
calabura L. Plate 158.
Myrtaceae
Eugenia carthagenensis: Enum. 23; Select.
(1763) 152, t. 178, f. 53; Select. (1780) 74, t. 260,
f. 39. Cartagena. =Eugenia acapulcensis
Steud. —Cimbrarera (Sp.). Plate 260, f. 39.
Eugenia carthagenensis var. baruensis:
Select. (1763) 153 (Eugenia carthagenensis
β baruensis); Select. (1780) 74. Cartagena.
=Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd.
Eugenia carthagenensis var. myrtifolia:
Select. (1763) 153 (Eugenia carthagenensis
γ myrtifolia); Select. (1780) 74. Cartagena.
=Eugenia acapulcensis Steud.
Eugenia pseudopsidium: Enum. 23; Select.
(1763) 152, t. 93; Select. (1780) 74, t. 140. Mar-
tinique. =Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq. —
Goyavier batard (Fr.). Plate 140.
Myrtus caryophyllata: Select. (1780) 75; Ob-
serv. v. 2, p. 1. Grenada, Guadeloupe, Mar-
tinique. =Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W.
Moore —Bois d’lude (Fr.).
Myrtus triflora: Enum. 23; Select. (1763) 153,
t. 183, f. 59; Select. (1780) 74, t. 261, f. 49. Car-
tagena. =Eugenia triflora (Jacq.) Ham. Plate
261, f. 49.
Nyctaginaceae
Pisonia aculeata: Select. (1763) 274; Select.
(1780) 131. Haiti, Jamaica. =Pisonia acu-
leata L.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Pisonia inermis: Select. (1763) 275; Select.
(1780) 132. Cartagena. =Guapira fragrans
(Dum. Cours.) Little.
Ochnaceae
Sauvagesia erecta: Select. (1763) 77, t. 51, f. 3;
Select. (1780) 40, t. 77. Martinique. =Sauva-
gesia erecta L. Plate 77.
Olacaceae
Heisteria: Enum. 4. =Heisteria Jacq.
Heisteria coccinea: Enum. 20; Select. (1763)
126, t. 81; Select. (1780) 62, t. 122. Martinique.
=Heisteria coccinea Jacq. —Bois perdrix
(Fr.). Plate 122.
Ximenia: Enum. 3. =Ximenia L.
Ximenia americana: Enum. 19 (Ximenia mul-
tiflora); Select. (1763) 106, t. 177, f. 31 (Xi-
menia multiflora); Select. (1780) 53, t. 107.
Cartagena. =Ximenia americana L. —Croc
(Fr.). Plate 107.
Onagraceae
Oenothera octovalvis: Enum. 19; Select.
(1763) 102, t. 70; Select. (1780) 51, t. 105. Ca-
ribbean. =Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.
Raven. Plate 105.
Orchidaceae
Epidendrum altissimum: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 229, t. 141; Select. (1780) 110, t. 215.
Martinique. =Oncidium altissimum (Jacq.)
Sw. Plate 215.
Epidendrum anceps: Select. (1763) 224, t. 138;
Select. (1780) 108, t. 208. Martinique. =Epi-
dendrum anceps Jacq. Plate 208.
Epidendrum carthagenense: Enum. 20; Se-
lect. (1763) 228, t. 133, f. 4; Select. (1780) 110,
t. 214. Cartagena. =Trichocentrum carthage-
nense (Jacq.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams.
Plate 214.
Epidendrum cebolleta: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 230, t. 131, f. 2; Select. (1780) 111, t.
113
217. Cartagena. =Trichocentrum cebolleta
(Jacq.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams —Ce-
bolletas (Sp.). Plate 217.
Epidendrum ciliare: Enum. 29; Select. (1763)
224, t. 179, f. 89; Select. (1780) 108, t. 209. Mar-
tinique. =Epidendrum ciliare L. Plate 209.
Epidendrum coccineum: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 222, t. 135; Select. (1780) 108, t. 205.
Martinique. =Ornithidium coccineum
(Jacq.) Salisb. ex R. Br. Plate 205.
Epidendrum concretum: Enum. 30; Select.
(1763) 228; Select. (1780) 110. Martinique.
=Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & H.R.
Sweet.
Epidendrum difforme: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 223, t. 136; Select. (1780) 108, t. 206.
Martinique. =Epidendrum difforme Jacq.
Figure 28, Plate 206.
Epidendrum globosum: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 222, t. 133, f. 1; Select. (1780) 107, t. 203.
Martinique. =Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.)
Schltr. Plate 203.
Epidendrum lineare: Enum. 29; Select. (1763)
221, t. 131, f. 1; Select. (1780) 107, t. 201. Marti-
nique. =Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br. Plate 201.
Epidendrum nocturnum: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 225, t. 139; Select. (1780) 109, t. 210.
Martinique. =Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq.
Plate 210.
Epidendrum nodosum: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 226, t. 140; Select. (1780) 109, t. 213.
Cartagena. =Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl.
—Abrazapalo (Sp.). Plate 213.
Epidendrum ophioglossoides: Enum. 29
(Epidendrum Ophioglossoides); Select.
(1763) 225, t. 133, f. 2; Select. (1780) 109, t. 211.
Martinique. =Stelis ophioglossoides (Jacq.)
Sw. Plate 211.
Epidendrum ramosum: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 221, t. 132; Select. (1780) 107, t. 202.
Martinique. =Epidendrum ramosum Jacq.
Plate 202.
Epidendrum rigidum: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 222, t. 134; Select. (1780) 107, t. 204.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
Martinique. =Epidendrum rigidum Jacq.
Plate 204.
Epidendrum ruscifolium: Enum. 29 (Epiden-
drum Ruscifolium); Select. (1763) 226, t. 133, f.
3; Select. (1780) 109, t. 212. Martinique. =Pleu-
rothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. Plate 212.
Epidendrum secundum: Enum. 29; Select.
(1763) 224, t. 137; Select. (1780) 108, t. 207.
Martinique. =Epidendrum secundum Jacq.
Plate 207.
Epidendrum tetrapetalum: Enum. 30; Se-
lect. (1763) 230, t. 142; Select. (1780) 111, t.
216. Jamaica. =Tolumnia guttata (L.) Nir.
Plate 216.
Epidendrum violaceum: Select. (1763) 230
(B. Epidendrum violaceum); Select. (1780)
110. Sauca (Venezuela). =Cattleya violacea
(Kunth) Rolfe.
Orchis setacea: Enum. 29; Select. (1763) 220;
Select. (1780) 107. Martinique. =Habenaria
monorrhiza (Sw.) Rchb. f.
Satyrium plantagineum: Select. (1763) 221;
Select. (1780) 107. Martinique. =Microchilus
plantagineus D. Dietr.
Papaveraceae
Bocconia: Enum. 5. =Bocconia L.
Bocconia frutescens: Enum. 22; Select. (1763)
146; Select. (1780) 71. Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica.
=Bocconia frutescens L.
Passifloraceae
Passiflora laurifolia: Select. (1780) 112, t. 219;
Observ. v. 1, p. 35; Hort. v. 2, p. 76, t. 162. Carib-
bean. =Passiflora laurifolia L. —Pommes de
Liane (Fr.), Honey-Suckles (En.). Plate 219.
Passiflora nigra: Select. (1780) 112; Observ. v.
2, p. 27, t. 46, f. 3. Cartagena. =Passiflora su-
berosa L.
Passiflora quadrangularis: Select. (1763)
231, t. 143; Select. (1780) 111, t. 218. Caribbean.
=Passiflora quadrangularis L. —Granadille
(Fr.). Plate 218.
114
Passiflora quadrangularis var. sulcata:
(Passiflora quadrangularis β sulcata); Se-
lect. (1780) 111. Continent. =Passiflora quad-
rangularis L.
Passiflora serrulata: Select. (1780) 112; Ob-
serv. v. 2, p. 26, t. 46, f. 2. Cartagena. =Pas-
siflora serrulata Jacq.
Phytolaccaceae
Petiveria octandra: Select. (1763) 101; Select.
(1780) 51, t. 104. Martinique. =Petiveria allia-
cea L. Plate 104.
Rivina dodecandra: Select. (1780) 17, t. 21; Ob-
serv. v. 1, p. 6, t. 2. Caribbean. =Trichostigma
octandrum (L.) H. Walter —Lianné a baril
(Fr.). Plate 21.
Seguieria americana: Select. (1763) 170 (Se-
guieria aculeata); Select. (1780) 81. Carta-
gena. =Seguieria americana L.
Plantaginaceae
Gratiola monnieria: Select. (1780) 9, t. 261, f.
64; Observ. v. 1, p. 4, t. 1. Haiti. =Bacopa mon-
nieri (L.) Wettst. Plate 261, f. 64.
Russelia: Enum. 6. =Russelia Jacq.
Russelia sarmentosa: Enum. 25; Select. (1763)
178, t. 113; Select. (1780) 87, t. 171. Cuba. =Rus-
selia sarmentosa Jacq. Plate 171.
Scoparia dulcis: Select. (1763) 17; Select. (1780)
14. Caribbean, Continent. =Scoparia dulcis
L. —Balai doux (Fr.), Escobilla menuda
(Sp.).
Scoparia procumbens: Enum. 12; Select.
(1763) 18; Select. (1780) 14. Cartagena. =Sco-
paria dulcis L.
Stemodia maritima: Select. (1763) 181, t. 174,
f. 66; Select. (1780) 88, t. 261, f. 48. Jamaica.
=Stemodia maritima L. Plate 261, f. 48.
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago scandens: Select. (1780) 18, t. 23.
Haiti, Martinique, Saint Kitts. =Plumbago
scandens L. Plate 23.
 Jacquin’s American Plants

Polygalaceae Coccoloba punctata: Enum. 19 (Coccoloba

coronata); Select. (1763) 114, t. 77 (Coccoloba
Polygala domingensis: Select. (1780) 96. Hai-
coronata); Select. (1780) 57, t. 114. Cartagena.
ti. =Badiera penaea (L.) DC.
=Coccoloba coronata Jacq. Plate 114.
Securidaca: Enum. 7; Select. (1763) 197; Select.
Coccoloba uvifera: Enum. 19 (Coccoloba
(1780) 96. =Securidaca L.
uvifera); Select. (1763) 112, t. 73; Select. (1780)
Securidaca erecta: Enum. 27; Select. (1763)
56, t. 110. Caribbean. =Coccoloba uvifera (L.)
197, t. 183, f. 39; Select. (1780) 96, t. 261, f. 56.
L. —Raisinier du bord de la mer (Fr.), Uve-
Martinique. =Securidaca diversifolia (L.)
ro (Sp.). Plate 110.
S.F. Blake. Plate 261, f. 56.
Triplaris pyramidalis: Select. (1763) 13, t. 173,
Securidaca scandens: Enum. 27; Select. (1763)
f. 5; Select. (1780) 12, t. 259, f. 3. Cartagena.
197, t. 183, f. 83; Select. (1780) 96, t. 186. Carta-
=Triplaris americana L. Plate 259, f. 3.
gena. =Securidaca scandens Jacq. Plate 186.
Triplaris ramiflora: Select. (1763) 14; Select.
Polygonaceae (1780) 12, t. 259, f. 4. Cartagena. =Ruprechtia
ramiflora (Jacq.) C.A. Mey. Plate 259, f. 4.
Coccoloba: Select. (1763) 111; Select. (1780) 56.
=Coccoloba P. Browne. Primulaceae
Coccoloba barbadensis: Enum. 37; Observ.
Jacquinia: Enum. 2; Select. (1763) 53; Select.
v. 1, p. 18, t. 8. =Coccoloba barbadensis Jacq.
(1780) 31. =Jacquinia L.
Coccoloba diversifolia: Enum. 19; Select.
Jacquinia armillaris: Enum. 15; Select. (1763)
(1763) 114, t. 76; Select. (1780) 57, t. 113. Haiti.
53, t. 39; Select. (1780) 31, t. 56. Caribbean,
=Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. Plate 113.
Cartagena, Curaçao, Martinique. =Jacquin-
Coccoloba emarginata: Enum. 37; Observ. v.
ia armillaris Jacq. —Bois bracelets (Fr.),
1, p. 18, t. 9. =Neomillspaughia emarginata
Barbasco (Sp.). Plate 56.
(H. Gross) S.F. Blake.
Jacquinia linearis: Enum. 15; Select. (1763) 54,
Coccoloba excoriata: Enum. 19 (Coccoloba
t. 40, f. 1; Select. (1780) 31, t. 58. Haiti. =Jac-
nivea); Select. (1763) 115, t. 78 (Coccoloba
quinia linearis Jacq. Plate 58.
nivea); Select. (1780) 57, t. 115. Haiti, Marti-
Jacquinia ruscifolia: Enum. 15; Select. (1763)
nique. =Coccoloba venosa L. —Raisinier de 54; Select. (1780) 31, t. 57. Cuba. =Jacquinia
coude (Fr.). Plate 115. aculeata Mez. Plate 57.
Coccoloba flavescens: Enum. 19; Select. Petesioides laurifolium: Select. (1763) 17;
(1763) 114, t. 75; Select. (1780) 57, t. 112. Haiti. Select. (1780) 14. Haiti. =Petesioides laurifo-
=Coccoloba flavescens Jacq. Plate 112. lium Jacq.
Coccoloba leoganensis: Enum. 19; Select.
(1763) 113, t. 178, f. 33; Select. (1780) 56, t. 260, Ranunculaceae
f. 30. Haiti. =Coccoloba leoganensis Jacq.
Plate 260, f. 30. Atragene polygama: Enum. 24 (Clematis po-
Coccoloba obtusifolia: Enum. 19; Select. lygama); Select. (1763) 171; Select. (1780) 82,
(1763) 114, t. 74; Select. (1780) 56, t. 111. Carta- t. 261, f. 44. Cuba. =Clematis polygama Jacq.
gena. =Coccoloba obtusifolia Jacq. Plate 111. Plate 261, f. 44.
Coccoloba pubescens: Enum. 19 (Coccoloba
Rhamnaceae
grandifolia); Select. (1763) 113 (Coccoloba gran-
difolia); Select. (1780) 56. Martinique. =Coccolo- Gouania: Select. (1763) 263; Select. (1780) 127.
ba pubescens L. —Bois à grandes feuilles (Fr.). =Gouania Jacq.

115
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
Gouania glabra: Select. (1763) 264, t. 179, f. 40
(Goüania glabra); Select. (1780) 127, t. 264,
f. 96. Haiti. =Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb.
Plate 264, f. 96.
Gouania tomentosa: Select. (1763) 263 (Goüa-
nia tomentosa); Select. (1780) 127, t. 262, f.
71. Haiti. =Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb.
Plate 262, f. 71.
Rhamnus colubrina: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
74 (Rhamnus colubrinus); Select. (1780) 39,
t. 74. Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Sint Maarten.
=Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. —Bois
coulevre (Fr.). Plate 74.
Rhamnus cubensis: Enum. 16; Select. (1763) 75;
Select. (1780) 40, t. 75; Hort. v. 3, p. 28, t. 49.
Cuba. =Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn.
Plate 75.
Rhamnus domingensis: Enum. 17. =Gouania
lupuloides (L.) Urb.
Rhamnus polygama: Enum. 17; (Rhamnus po-
lygamus). =Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb.
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora mangle: Select. (1763) 141, t. 89;
Select. (1780) 69, t. 132. Caribbean. =Rhi-
zophora mangle L. —Paletuvier, Mangle
(Fr.), Mangle (Sp.), Mangrove (En.). Figure
8, Plate 132.
Rubiaceae
Barleria hirsuta: Select. (1780) 88, t. 172; Ob-
serv. v. 2, p. 7, t. 32. Martinique. =Gonzala-
gunia hirsuta (Jacq.) K. Schum. Plate 172.
Chimarrhis cymosa: Select. (1763) 61; Select.
(1780) 34. Martinique. =Chimarrhis cymosa
Jacq. —Bois de rivière (Fr.).
Chiococca racemosa: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
68; Select. (1780) 37, t. 69. Cartagena, Haiti, Ja-
maica. =Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Plate 69.
Chomelia: Enum. 1. =Chomelia Jacq.
Chomelia spinosa: Enum. 12; Select. (1763) 18,
t. 13; Select. (1780) 14, t. 17. Cartagena. =Cho-
melia spinosa Jacq. Plate 17.
116
Cinchona caribaea: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
61, t. 179, f. 95; Select. (1780) 34, t. 63; Ob-
serv. v. 2, p. 27, t. 47. Cuba, Haiti. =Ex-
ostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.
Plate 63.
Coffea occidentalis: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
67, t. 47; Select. (1780) 36, t. 68. Haiti. =Far-
amea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. Plate 68.
Erithalis inodora: Select. (1763) 73; Select.
(1780) 39. Curaçao. =Erithalis fruticosa L.
Erithalis odorifera: Select. (1763) 72, t. 173, f.
23; Select. (1780) 39, t. 260, f. 20. Martinique.
=Erithalis odorifera Jacq. Plate 260, f. 20.
Hamelia: Enum. 2; Select. (1763) 71; Select.
(1780) 38. =Hamelia Jacq.
Hamelia erecta: Enum. 16; Select. (1763) 71;
Select. (1780) 38. Cartagena. =Hamelia pat-
ens Jacq.
Hamelia patens: Enum. 16; Select. (1763) 72, t.
50; Select. (1780) 38, t. 72. Haiti. =Hamelia
patens Jacq. Plate 72.
Hedyotis americana: Enum. 12; Select. (1763)
20; Select. (1780) 15, t. 18. Cuba. =Rachicallis
americana (Jacq.) Hitchc. Plate 18.
Hillia: Enum. 3. =Hillia Jacq.
Hillia parasitica: Enum. 18; Select. (1763) 96,
t. 66; Select. (1780) 49, t. 97. Martinique.
=Hillia parasitica Jacq. Plate 97.
Justicia hirsuta: Enum. 11; Select. (1763) 4.
Martinique. =Gonzalagunia hirsuta (Jacq.)
K. Schum.
Laugieria: Enum. 2. =Guettarda L.
Laugieria odorata: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
64, t. 177, f. 21; Select. (1780) 35, t. 259, f.
16. Cartagena, Cuba. =Guettarda odorata
(Jacq.) Lam. Plate 259, f. 16.
Morinda muscosa: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
65, t. 45; Select. (1780) 36, t. 66. Martinique.
=Psychotria muscosa (Jacq.) Steyerm.
Plate 66.
Mussaenda: Select. (1763) 69; Select. (1780) 37.
=Mussaenda L.
Mussaenda formosa: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
70, t. 48; Select. (1780) 37, t. 70. Cartagena.
 Jacquin’s American Plants
=Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Jacq.)
Fagerl. Plate 70.
Mussaenda spinosa: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
70, t. 49; Select. (1780) 38, t. 71. Cartagena,
Martinique. =Randia armata (Sw.) DC. —
Cruceta (Sp.). Plate 71.
Peplis tetrandra: Enum. 18; Select. (1763) 100,
t. 180, f. 29; Select. (1780) 51, t. 103. Cuba.
=Lucya tetrandra (L.) K. Schum. Plate 103.
Petesia tomentosa: Enum. 12; Select. (1763)
18; Select. (1780) 14. Cartagena. Uncertain
identity.
Portlandia grandiflora: Enum. 16; Select.
(1763) 62, t. 44; Select. (1780) 34, t. 64. Jamai-
ca. =Portlandia grandiflora L. Plate 64.
Portlandia hexandra: Enum. 16; Select.
(1763) 63, t. 182, f. 20; Select. (1780) 35, t. 65.
Cartagena. =Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K.
Schum. Plate 65.
Psychotria: Select. (1763) 65; Select. (1780) 36.
=Psychotria L.
Psychotria carthagenensis: Enum. 16; Se-
lect. (1763) 65, t. 174, f. 22; Select. (1780) 36, t.
260, f. 19. Cartagena. =Psychotria carthage-
nensis Jacq. Plate 260, f. 19.
Psychotria domingensis: Enum. 16; Select.
(1763) 66; Select. (1780) 36. Haiti. =Psy-
chotria domingensis Jacq.
Psychotria herbacea: Enum. 16; Select.
(1763) 66, t. 46; Select. (1780) 36, t. 67. Mar-
tinique. =Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst.
Plate 67.
Rondeletia disperma: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
59; Select. (1780) 33, t. 259, f. 18. Cartagena.
=Rondeletia disperma Jacq. Plate 259, f. 18.
Rondeletia odorata: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
59, t. 42; Select. (1780) 33, t. 61. Cuba. =Ron-
deletia odorata Jacq. Plate 61.
Rondeletia trifoliata: Select. (1763) 60, t. 43
(Rondeletia trifolia); Select. (1780) 33, t. 62.
Jamaica. =Rondeletia stipularis (L.) Druce.
Plate 62.
Sideroxyloides ferreum: Select. (1763) 19, t.
175, f. 9; Select. (1780) 15, t. 259, f. 7. Martinique.
117
=Ixora ferrea (Jacq.) Benth. —Bois de fer
(Fr.). Plate 259, f. 7.
Spermacoce havanensis: Select. (1780) 15.
Cuba. =Machaonia havanensis (Jacq. ex J.F.
Gmel.) A. H. Liogier.
Spermacoce spinosa: Enum. 12; Select. (1763)
21. Cuba. =Machaonia havanensis (Jacq. ex
J.F. Gmel.) A. H. Liogier.
Strumpfia: Enum. 8. =Strumpfia Jacq.
Strumpfia maritima: Enum. 28; Select. (1763)
218; Select. (1780) 106. Curaçao. =Strumpfia
maritima Jacq.
Viscoides pendulum: Select. (1763) 73, t. 50,
f. 1; Select. (1780) 39, t. 73. Martinique. =No-
topleura guadalupensis (DC.) C.M. Taylor.
Plate 73.
Rutaceae
Amyris: Enum. 3; Select. (1763) 107; Select.
(1780) 54. =Amyris P. Browne.
Amyris maritima: Enum. 19; Select. (1763) 107;
Select. (1780) 54. Cuba. =Amyris elemifera L.
Amyris sylvatica: Select. (1763) 107; Select.
(1780) 54, t. 108. Cartagena. =Amyris sylvati-
ca Jacq. Plate 108.
Fagara tragodes: Enum. 12; Select. (1763) 21, t.
14; Select. (1780) 16, t. 19. Haiti. =Zanthoxy-
lum tragodes (L.) DC. Plate 19.
Salicaceae
Casearia: Enum. 4; Select. (1763) 132; Select.
(1780) 65. =Casearia Jacq.
Casearia aculeata: Enum. 21; Select. (1763)
133; Select. (1780) 65. Haiti. =Casearia acu-
leata Jacq.
Casearia nitida: Enum. 21; Select. (1763) 132;
Select. (1780) 65, t. 126. Cartagena. =Case-
aria nitida (L.) Jacq. Plate 126.
Casearia parviflora: Enum. 21 (Casearia
decandra); Select. (1763) 133, t. 85 (Casearia
decandra); Select. (1780) 65, t. 127. Marti-
nique. =Casearia decandra Jacq. Plate 127.
Homalium: Enum. 5. =Homalium Jacq.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
Homalium racemosum: Enum. 24; Select.
(1763) 170, t. 183, f. 72; Select. (1780) 82, t. 261,
f. 43. Martinique. =Homalium racemosum
Jacq. Plate 261, f. 43.
Laetia apetala: Enum. 24; Select. (1763) 167, t.
108; Select. (1780) 80, t. 159. Cartagena. =La-
etia americana L. Plate 159.
Laetia completa: Enum. 24; Select. (1763) 167,
t. 183, f. 60; Select. (1780) 80, t. 261, f. 42. Car-
tagena. =Hecatostemon completus (Jacq.)
Sleumer. Plate 261, f. 42.
Samyda: Enum. 4. =Samyda Jacq.
Samyda dodecandra: Enum. 21; Select. (1763)
131; Select. (1780) 64. Sint Maarten. =Samy-
da dodecandra Jacq.
Samyda dodecandra: Enum. 21 (Samyda do-
decandra); Select. (1763) 132; Select. (1780)
65 (Samyda serrulata); Haiti. =Samyda do-
decandra Jacq.
Sapindaceae
Dodonaea: Enum. 3. =Dodonaea Mill.
Dodonaea viscosa: Enum. 19; Select. (1763)
109; Select. (1780) 54. Cartagena, Jamaica.
=Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.
Melicoccus: Enum. 3. =Melicoccus P. Browne.
Melicoccus bijugatus: Enum. 19; Select.
(1763) 108, t. 72; Select. (1780) 54, t. 109.
Cartagena, Curaçao (introduced), Jamaica
(cultivated). =Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. —
Moños (Sp.), Knippen (Du.). Plate 109.
Paullinia barbadensis: Enum. 36; Observ. v. 3,
p. 11, t. 62, f. 9. =Paullinia barbadensis Jacq.
Paullinia diversifolia: Enum. 36; Observ.
v. 3, p. 11, t. 62, f. 14. =Serjania diversifolia
(Jacq.) Radlk.
Paullinia nodosa: Enum. 35; Observ. v. 3, p. 11,
t. 62, f. 3. =Serjania nodosa Radlk.
Paullinia tomentosa: Enum. 37; Observ. v. 1,
p. 19, t. 10. =Paullinia tomentosa Jacq.
Paullinia triternata: Select. (1763) 110, t. 180,
f. 32; Select. (1780) 55, t. 260, f. 29; Observ. v.
3, p. 11, t. 62, f. 11. Haiti. =Serjania triternata
(L.) Willd. Plate 260, f. 29.
118
Trigonis: Enum. 3. =Cupania L.
Trigonis tomentosa: Enum. 19; Select. (1763)
102; Select. (1780) 51. Haiti. =Cupania ameri-
cana L.
Sapotaceae
Achras mammosa: Select. (1763) 56, t. 182, f. 19
(Achras Zapota major); Select. (1780) 32, t. 59.
Cartagena, Cuba, Jamaica. =Pouteria sapota
(Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn —Mamei (Fr.),
Sapota (Sp.), Mamei-Sapota (En.). Plate 59.
Achras sapota: Enum. 15 (Sideroxylum sapo-
ta); Select. (1763) 57, t. 41 (Achras Zapota);
Select. (1780) 32, t. 60. Caribbean, Conti-
nent. =Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen —
Sapotillier, Sapotier (Fr.), Nispero (Sp.),
Sapodille-tree, Nisberry (En.), Mispelboom
(Du.). Plate 60.
Achras sapota var. sapotilla: (Achras Zapo-
ta β Zapotilla); Select. (1780) 32. Caribbean
(cultivated), Continent. =Manilkara zapota
(L.) P. Royen.
Chrysophyllum: Enum. 2. =Chrysophyllum L.
Chrysophyllum argenteum: Enum. 15; Se-
lect. (1763) 53, t. 38, f. 1; Select. (1780) 30, t.
54. Martinique. =Chrysophyllum argenteum
Jacq. —Bouis (Fr.). Plate 54.
Chrysophyllum cainito: Enum. 15; Select.
(1763) 51, t. 37, f. 1; Select. (1780) 30, t. 51.
Haiti, Martinique. =Chrysophyllum cainito
L. —Caimitier, (Fr.), Cainito (Sp.). Plate 51.
Chrysophyllum cainito var. jamaicense:
Select. (1763) 52 (Chrysophyllum Cainito
β jamaicense); Select. (1780) 30. Jamaica.
=Chrysophyllum cainito L. —Starapple (En.).
Chrysophyllum cainito var. caeruleum:
Select. (1763) 52, t. 37 (Chrysophyllum
Cainito γ caeruleum); Select. (1780) 30, t. 52.
Martinique. =Chrysophyllum cainito L. —
Gros Bouis (Fr.). Plate 52.
Chrysophyllum cainito var. microphyllum:
Select. (1763) 53, t. 37, f. 2 (Chrysophyllum
Cainito δ microphyllum); Select. (1780) 30,
 Jacquin’s American Plants
t. 53. Cuba. =Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.
Plate 53.
Chrysophyllum glabrum: Enum. 15; Select.
(1763) 53, t. 38, f. 2 (Chrysophyllum foliis
utrinque…); Select. (1780) 30, t. 55. Mar-
tinique. =Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.
Plate 55.
Sideroxylon foetidissimum: Enum. 15; Se-
lect. (1763) 55 (Sideroxylum foetidissimum);
Select. (1780) 31. Haiti. =Sideroxylon foetidis-
simum Jacq.
Sideroxylon pauciflorum: Enum. 15; Select.
(1763) 55 (Sideroxylum pauciflorum); Se-
lect. (1780) 31. Haiti. =Sideroxylon foetidis-
simum Jacq.
Scrophulariaceae
Bontia daphnoides: Select. (1763) 178, t. 173, f.
46; Select. (1780) 87, t. 261, f. 57. Martinique.
=Bontia daphnoides L. Plate 261, f. 57.
Capraria biflora: Select. (1763) 182, t. 115; Se-
lect. (1780) 89, t. 174. Caribbean, Continent.
=Capraria biflora L. —Theé du pays (Fr.).
Plate 174.
Smilacaceae
Smilax hastata: Enum. 33; Select. (1763) 262,
t. 179, f. 103; Select. (1780) 127, t. 263, f. 84.
Haiti. =Smilax hastata Jacq. Plate 263, f. 84.
Smilax havanensis: Enum. 33; Select. (1763)
262, t. 179, f. 102; Select. (1780) 127, t. 263, f.
83. Cuba. =Smilax havanensis Jacq. Plate
263, f. 83.
Solanaceae
Aquartia: Enum. 1. =Solanum L.
Aquartia aculeata: Enum. 12; Select. (1763)
15, t. 12; Select. (1780) 13, t. 15. Haiti. =Sola-
num tetramerum Dunal. Plate 15.
Brunfelsia spinosa: Enum. 14. =Brunfelsia
spinosa Jacq.
Capsicum chinense: Hort. v. 3, p. 38, t. 67 Mar-
tinique. =Capsicum chinense Jacq.
119
Chiococca nocturna: Enum. 16; Select. (1763)
68; Select. (1780) 37. Haiti. =Cestrum noctur-
num L. —Lilac de nuit (Fr.).
Ixora alternifolia: Enum. 12; Select. (1763)
16, t. 177, f. 8; Select. (1780) 13, t. 16. Mar-
tinique. =Cestrum alternifolium (Jacq.) O.E.
Schulz. Plate 16.
Lycium americanum: Select. (1763) 50; Select.
(1780) 29. Haiti. =Lycium americanum Jacq.
Solanum bombense: Enum. 15; Select. (1763)
49; Select. (1780) 29. Cartagena. =Solanum
bombense Jacq.
Solanum havanense: Enum. 15; Select. (1763)
49, t. 35; Select. (1780) 29, t. 48. Cuba. =Sola-
num havanense Jacq. Plate 48.
Solanum racemosum: Enum. 15; Select. (1763)
50, t. 36; Select. (1780) 29, t. 50. Martinique.
=Solanum bahamense L. Plate 50.
Solanum subinerme: Enum. 15; Select. (1763)
50, t. 40, f. 3; Select. (1780) 29, t. 259, f. 15.
Cartagena. =Solanum subinerme Jacq. Plate
259, f. 15.
Solanum triste: Enum. 15; Select. (1763) 50, t.
40, f. 2; Select. (1780) 29, t. 49. Martinique.
=Solanum triste Jacq. Plate 49.
Surianaceae
Suriana: Enum. 4. =Suriana L.
Suriana maritima: Enum. 21; Select. (1763)
140; Select. (1780) 68. Caribbean. =Suriana
maritima L.
Symplocaceae
Symplocos: Enum. 5. =Symplocos Jacq.
Symplocos martinicensis: Enum. 24; Select.
(1763) 166, t. 175, f. 68; Select. (1780) 80, t. 261,
f. 41. Martinique. =Symplocos martinicensis
Jacq. Plate 261, f. 41.
Talinaceae
Portulaca paniculata: Enum. 22; Select.
(1763) 148; Select. (1780) 72, t. 136. Haiti,
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
Martinique. =Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.)
Gaertn. Plate 136.
Portulaca triangularis: Enum. 22; Select.
(1763) 147; Select. (1780) 72, t. 135; Observ. v. 1,
p. 35, t. 23. Caribbean. =Talinum triangulare
(Jacq.) Willd. Plate 135.
Urticaceae
Boehmeria: Enum. 9. =Boehmeria Jacq.
Boehmeria ramiflora: Enum. 31; Select.
(1763) 246, t. 157; Select. (1780) 119, t. 236.
Martinique. =Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq.
Plate 236.
Cecropia peltata: Select. (1780) 125, t. 262, f. 66;
Observ. v. 2, p. 12, t. 46, f. 4. Caribbean, Con-
tinent. =Cecropia peltata L. —Boix Canon
(Fr.), Trumpet-Tree (En.). Plate 262, f. 66.
Verbenaceae
Citharexylum cinereum: Enum. 26 (Cithar-
exylum teres); Select. (1763) 185, t. 118
(Citharexylum teres); Select. (1780) 90, t. 178.
Martinique. =Citharexylum spinosum L. —
Bois cotelet (Fr.). Plate 178.
Citharexylum quadrangulare: Enum. 26;
Select. (1763) 186; Select. (1780) 91. Mar-
tinique. =Citharexylum spinosum L. —Bois
cotelet carré (Fr.).
Duranta: Enum. 6. =Duranta L.
Duranta ellisia: Enum. 26; Select. (1763) 187,
t. 176, f. 77; Select. (1780) 91, t. 179; Hort. v. 3,
p. 51, t. 99. Jamaica. =Duranta erecta L. Plate
179.
Duranta plumieri: Enum. 26; Select. (1763)
186, t. 176, f. 76; Select. (1780) 91, t. 261, f. 53.
Haiti. =Duranta erecta L. Plate 261, f. 53.
Lippia hemisphaerica: Enum. 25; Select. (1763)
176, t. 179, f. 100; Select. (1780) 86, t. 168. Cart-
agena. =Lippia americana L. Plate 168.
Petrea volubilis: Select. (1763) 180, t. 114 (Pe-
traea volubilis); Select. (1780) 88, t. 173. Mar-
tinique. =Petrea volubilis L. Plate 173.
Petrea: Enum. 6. =Petrea L.
12 0
Verbena lappulacea: Select. (1780) 9, t. 9; Ob-
serv. v. 1, p. 37, t. 24. Caribbean. =Priva lap-
pulacea (L.) Pers. Plate 9.
Violaceae
Hybanthus: Enum. 2. =Hybanthus Jacq.
Hybanthus havanensis: Enum. 17; Select.
(1763) 77. Cuba. =Ionidium jacquinianum
Roem. & Schult.
Viola hybanthus: Select. (1763) 77, t. 175, f. 24
& 25 (Hybanthus havanensis); Select. (1780)
106, t. 260, f. 21. Cuba. =Corynostylis arborea
(L.) S.F. Blake. Plate 260, f. 21.
Vitaceae
Cissus acida: Select. (1780) 16. Cartagena, Hai-
ti, Jamaica. =Cissus trifoliata (L.) L.
Cissus alata: Select. (1763) 23, t. 182, f. 10 (Cis-
sus alatus). Cartagena, Jamaica. =Cissus
alata Jacq.
Cissus sicyoides: Select. (1763) 22, t. 15; Select.
(1780) 16, t. 20. Caribbean. =Cissus verticillata
(L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis. Figure 17, Plate 20.
Cissus trifoliata: Select. (1763) 23 (Cissus trifo-
liatus); Select. (1780) 17, t. 259, f. 8. Cartagena,
Jamaica. =Cissus trifoliata (L.) L. Plate 259, f. 8.
Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllum arboreum: Enum. 20; Select.
(1763) 130, t. 83; Select. (1780) 64, t. 124.
Cartagena. =Bulnesia arborea (Jacq.) Engl.
—Guayacán (Sp.). Plate 124.
The Plates of the Luxury Edition of the
Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia
In the following pages are the 264 illustrations
of the second edition of the Selectarum (1780).
Though reduced to fit this page format (origi-
nals were painted in Imperial Folio 48 cm tall),
they are all presented here at the same scale.
Images are courtesy of the Biblioteca Nacional
de Colombia.
Plate 1. Alpinia spicata (=Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.). Compare with Fig. 16.

12 1
Plate 2. Justicia spinosa (=Oplonia spinosa Raf.).

12 2
Plate 3. Justicia sessilis Jacq.

12 3
Plate 4. Justicia pectoralis Jacq.

12 4
Plate 5. Justicia eustachiana Jacq.

12 5
Plate 6. Justicia martinicensis (=Dicliptera martinicensis Juss.).

12 6
Plate 7. Justicia carthagenensis Jacq.

12 7
Plate 8. Utricularia montana (=Utricularia alpina Jacq.).

12 8
Plate 9. Verbena lappulacea (=Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers.).

129
Plate 10. Iris martinicensis (=Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb.).

13 0
Plate 11. Hirtella americana L.

13 1
Plate 12. Hippocratea scandens (=Hippocratea volubilis L.).

13 2
Plate 13. Tamarindus indica L.

13 3
Plate 14. Callisia repens (Jacq.) L.

13 4
Plate 15. Aquartia aculeata (=Solanum tetramerum Dunal).

13 5
Plate 16. Ixora alternifolia (=Cestrum alternifolium (Jacq.) O.E. Schulz).

13 6
Plate 17. Chomelia spinosa Jacq.

13 7
Plate 18. Hedyotis americana (=Rachicallis americana (Jacq.) Hitchc.).

13 8
Plate 19. Fagara tragodes (=Zanthoxylum tragodes (L.) DC.).

139
Plate 20. Cissus sicyoides (=Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis). Compare with Fig. 17.

140
Plate 21. Rivina dodecandra (=Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walter).

141
Plate 22. Myginda uragoga (=Rhacoma uragoga (Jacq.) Baill.).

142
Plate 23. Plumbago scandens L.

143
Plate 24. Convolvulus martinicensis (=Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy).

144
Plate 25. Ipomaea carnea (=Ipomoea carnea Jacq.).

145
Plate 26. Ipomaea filiformis (=Quamoclit filiformis (Jacq.) Roberty).

146
Plate 27. Ipomaea repanda (=Quamoclit repanda (Jacq.) Roberty).

147
Plate 28. Echites biflora (=Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Müll. Arg.).

148
Plate 29. Echites umbellata (=Echites umbellatus Jacq.).

1 49
Plate 30. Echites adglutinata (=Echites agglutinatus Jacq.).

150
Plate 31. Echites trifida (=Mesechites trifidus (Jacq.) Müll. Arg.).

151
Plate 32. Echites quinquangularis (=Prestonia quinquangularis (Jacq.) Spreng.).

152
Plate 33. Echites suberecta (=Pentalinon luteum (L.) B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin).

153
Plate 34. Echites torosa (=Mandevilla torosa (Jacq.) Woodson).

154
Plate 35. Echites repens (=Mesechites repens (Jacq.) Miers).

155
Plate 36. Echites spicata (=Forsteronia spicata (Jacq.) G. Mey.).

156
Plate 37. Echites corymbosa (=Pinochia corymbosa (Jacq.) M.E. Endress & B.F. Hansen).

157
Plate 38. Plumeria alba L. Compare with Fig. 18.

158
Plate 39. Cameraria latifolia L.

159
Plate 40. Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.

160
Plate 41. Tabernaemontana grandiflora (=Stemmadenia grandiflora (Jacq.) Miers).

161
Plate 42. Varronia martinicensis (=Cordia martinicensis (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.).

162
Plate 43. Varronia bullata (=Cordia bullata (L.) Roem. & Schult.).

163
Plate 44. Cordia Sebestena (=Cordia sebestena L.). Compare with Fig. 19.

164
Plate 45. Ehretia Beurreria (=Bourreria baccata Raf.).

1 65
Plate 46. Rauvolfia tomentosa (=Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.).

166
Plate 47. Cerbera Thevetia (=Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.).

1 67
Plate 48. Solanum havanense Jacq.

168
Plate 49. Solanum triste Jacq.

169
Plate 50. Solanum racemosum (=Solanum bahamense L.).

170
Plate 51. Chrysophyllum Cainito (=Chrysophyllum cainito L.).

171
Plate 52. Chrysophyllum Cainito γ caeruleum (=Chrysophyllum cainito L.).

172
Plate 53. Chrysophyllum Cainito δ microphyllum (=Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.).

173
Plate 54. Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.

174
Plate 55. Chrysophyllum glabrum (=Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.).

175
Plate 56. Jacquinia armillaris Jacq.

176
Plate 57. Jacquinia ruscifolia (=Jacquinia aculeata Mez).

177
Plate 58. Jacquinia linearis Jacq. Compare with Fig. 4.

178
Plate 59. Achras mammosa (=Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn).

179
Plate 60. Achras sapota (=Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen).

180
Plate 61. Rondeletia odorata Jacq.

181
Plate 62. Rondeletia trifoliata (=Rondeletia stipularis (L.) Druce).

182
Plate 63. Cinchona caribaea (=Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.).

183
Plate 64. Portlandia grandiflora L.

184
Plate 65. Portlandia hexandra (=Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum.).

185
Plate 66. Morinda muscosa (=Psychotria muscosa (Jacq.) Steyerm.).

186
Plate 67. Psychotria herbacea (=Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst.).

187
Plate 68. Coffea occidentalis (=Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.).

188
Plate 69. Chiococca racemosa (=Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.).

1 89
Plate 70. Mussaenda formosa (=Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Jacq.) Fagerl.).

19 0
Plate 71. Mussaenda spinosa (=Randia armata (Sw.) DC.).

19 1
Plate 72. Hamelia patens Jacq.

19 2
Plate 73. Viscoides pendulum (=Notopleura guadalupensis (DC.) C.M. Taylor).

193
Plate 74. Rhamnus colubrinus (=Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.).

19 4
Plate 75. Rhamnus cubensis (=Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn.).

19 5
Plate 76. Ruyschia clusiaefolia (=Ruyschia clusiifolia Jacq.).

19 6
Plate 77. Sauvagesia erecta L.

19 7
Plate 78. Conocarpus erecta (=Conocarpus erectus L.).

19 8
Plate 79. Conocarpus racemosa (=Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn.).

199
Plate 80. Cynanchum racemosum (Jacq.) Jacq.

2 00
Plate 81. Cynanchum planiflorum (=Matelea planiflora (Jacq.) Dugand).

2 01
Plate 82. Cynanchum maritimum (=Matelea maritima (Jacq.) Woodson).

2 02
Plate 83. Cynanchum altissumum (=Marsdenia altissima (Jacq.) Dugand).

203
Plate 84. Cynanchum undulatum (=Gonolobus undulatus (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Schult.).

2 04
Plate 85. Cynanchum longiflorum (=Matelea longiflora (Jacq.) Morillo).

205
Plate 86. Cynanchum filiforme Jacq.

2 06
Plate 87. Cynanchum clausum (=Sarcostemma clausum (Jacq.) Schult.).

207
Plate 88. Asclepias gigantea (=Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton).

2 08
Plate 89. Gentiana aphylla (=Voyria aphylla (Jacq.) Pers.).

2 09
Plate 90. Illecebrum ficoideum (=Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.-Hil.).

2 10
Plate 91. Aralia capitata (=Oreopanax capitatus (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch.).

2 11
Plate 92. Tillandsia lingulata (=Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez).

2 12
Plate 93. Tillandsia tenuifolia L.

2 13
Plate 94. Tillandsia polystachya (=Tillandsia polystachia (L.) L.).

2 14
Plate 95. Tradescantia geniculata (=Gibasis geniculata (Jacq.) Rohweder).

2 15
Plate 96. Burseria gummifera (=Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.).

2 16
Plate 97. Hillia parasitica Jacq.

2 17
Plate 98. Loranthus americanus (=Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don).

2 18
Plate 99. Loranthus spicatus (=Oryctanthus spicatus (Jacq.) Eichler).

219
Plate 100. Loranthus uniflorus (=Dendropemon uniflorum (Jacq.) Steud.).

220
Plate 101. Pancratium littorale (=Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.).

221
Plate 102. Pancratium declinatum (=Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb.). Compare with Fig. 20.

222
Plate 103. Peplis tetrandra (=Lucya tetrandra (L.) K. Schum.).

223
Plate 104. Petiveria octandra (=Petiveria alliacea L.).

224
Plate 105. Oenothera octovalvis (=Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven).

225
Plate 106. Elaphrium tomentosum (=Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch.).

226
Plate 107. Ximenia americana L.

227
Plate 108. Amyris sylvatica Jacq.

228
Plate 109. Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

229
Plate 110. Coccoloba Uvifera (=Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.).

230
Plate 111. Coccoloba obtusifolia Jacq.

231
Plate 112. Coccoloba flavescens Jacq.

232
Plate 113. Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.

23 3
Plate 114. Coccoloba punctata (=Coccoloba coronata Jacq.).

234
Plate 115. Coccoloba excoriata (=Coccoloba venosa L.).

23 5
Plate 116. Cassytha filiformis L.

236
Plate 117. Laurus Cinnamomum (=Cinnamomum verum J. Presl).

23 7
Plate 118. Myrospermum frutescens Jacq.

238
Plate 119. Parkinsonia aculeata L.

239
Plate 120. Poinciana pulcherrima (=Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.). Compare with Fig. 21.

2 40
Plate 121. Anacardium occidentale L. Compare with Fig. 22.

241
Plate 122. Heisteria coccinea Jacq.

2 42
Plate 123. Trichilia trifolia L.

243
Plate 124. Zygophyllum arboreum (=Bulnesia arborea (Jacq.) Engl.).

2 44
Plate 125. Melastoma discolor (=Tetrazygia discolor (L.) DC.).

245
Plate 126. Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq.

2 46
Plate 127. Casearia parviflora (=Casearia decandra Jacq.).

247
Plate 128. Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L.

2 48
Plate 129. Erythroxylum carthagenense Jacq.

249
Plate 130. Erythroxylum havanense Jacq.

2 50
Plate 131. Spondias myrobalanus (=Spondias purpurea L.).

2 51
Plate 132. Rhizophora Mangle (=Rhizophora mangle L.). Compare with Fig. 8.

2 52
Plate 133. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.

253
Plate 134. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.

2 54
Plate 135. Portulaca triangularis (=Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.).

255
Plate 136. Portulaca paniculata (=Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.).

2 56
Plate 137. Ginoria americana Jacq.

257
Plate 138. Euphorbia tithymaloides (=Euphorbia tithymaloides L.).

2 58
Plate 139. Euphorbia graminea Jacq.

2 59
Plate 140. Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq.

2 60
Plate 141. Chrysobalanus Icaco (=Chrysobalanus icaco L.).

2 61
Plate 142. Sesuvium Portulacastrum (=Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.).

2 62
Plate 143. Marcgravia umbellata L.

263
Plate 144. Morisonia americana L.

2 64
Plate 145. Capparis Cynophallophora (=Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J. Presl).

2 65
Plate 146. Capparis eustachiana (=Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J. Presl).

2 66
Plate 147. Capparis hastata Jacq. (=Cynophalla hastata (Jacq.) J. Presl).

2 67
Plate 148. Capparis verrucosa Jacq. (=Cynophalla verrucosa (Jacq.) J. Presl).

2 68
Plate 149. Capparis octandra (=Quadrella ferruginea (Jacq.) Iltis & Cornejo).

2 69
Plate 150. Capparis jamaicensis (=Quadrellla jamaicensis (Jacq.) J. Presl).

2 70
Plate 151. Capparis linearis Jacq. (=Cynophalla linearis (Jacq.) J. Presl).

2 71
Plate 152. Capparis Breynia (=Quadrella indica (L.) Iltis & Cornejo).

2 72
Plate 153. Capparis frondosa Jacq. (=Capparidastrum frondosum (Jacq.) Cornejo & Iltis).

273
Plate 154. Capparis tenuisiliqua Jacq. (=Monilicarpa tenuisiliqua (Jacq.) Cornejo & Iltis).

2 74
Plate 155. Capparis pulcherrima Jacq. (=Calanthea pulcherrima (Jacq.) Miers).

275
Plate 156. Capparis nemorosa (=Belencita nemorosa (Jacq.) Dugand).

2 76
Plate 157. Corchorus hirsutus L.

277
Plate 158. Muntingia Calabura (=Muntingia calabura L.).

2 78
Plate 159. Laetia apetala (=Laetia americana L.).

2 79
Plate 160. Lecythis minor Jacq.

2 80
Plate 161. Anona muricata (=Annona muricata L.). Compare with Figs. 9 & 23.

281
Plate 162. Anona squamosa (=Annona squamosa L.).

2 82
Plate 163. Ballota suaveolens (=Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.).

283
Plate 164. Teucrium cubense Jacq.

2 84
Plate 165. Scutellaria havanensis Jacq.

285
Plate 166. Craniolaria annua L.

2 86
Plate 167. Crescentia Cujete (=Crescentia cujete L.). Compare with Fig. 25.

287
Plate 168. Lippia hemisphaerica (=Lippia americana L.).

2 88
Plate 169. Avicennia nitida (=Avicennia germinans (L.) L.).

289
Plate 170. Columnea scandens L.

290
Plate 171. Russelia sarmentosa Jacq.

29 1
Plate 172. Barleria hirsuta (=Gonzalagunia hirsuta Schum.).

292
Plate 173. Petraea volubilis (=Petrea volubilis L.).

293
Plate 174. Capraria biflora L.

294
Plate 175. Bignonia paniculata (=Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) Kunth).

295
Plate 176. Bignonia stans (=Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth). Compare with Fig. 27.

296
Plate 177. Volkameria aculeata (=Clerodendrum aculeatum (L.) Schltdl.).

297
Plate 178. Citharexylum cinereum (=Citharexylum spinosum L.).

298
Plate 179. Duranta Ellisia (=Duranta erecta L.).

299
Plate 180. Besleria cristata (=Crantzia cristata (L.) Scop.).

3 00
Plate 181. Cleome procumbens Jacq.

3 01
Plate 182. Bombax pentandrum (=Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.).

3 02
Plate 183. Brownea coccinea Jacq.

3 03
Plate 184. Sida triquetra (=Abutilon trisulcatum (Jacq.) Urb.).

3 04
Plate 185. Hibiscus spinifex (=Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav.).

305
Plate 186. Securidaca scandens Jacq.

3 06
Plate 187. Nissolia fruticosa Jacq.

307
Plate 188. Dolichos pruriens (=Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.).

3 08
Plate 189. Dolichos urens (=Mucuna sloanei Fawc. & Rendle).

3 09
Plate 190. Dolichos altissimus (=Mucuna urens (L.) Medik.).

3 10
Plate 191. Dolichos ruber (=Galactia rubra (Jacq.) Urb.).

3 11
Plate 192. Galega littoralis (=Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers.).

3 12
Plate 193. Galega caribaea (=Coursetia caribaea (Jacq.) Lavin).

3 13
Plate 194. Spilanthes urens Jacq.

3 14
Plate 195. Kleinia ruderalis (=Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.).

3 15
Plate 196. Pectis punctata (=Pectis linifolia L.).

3 16
Plate 197. Eclipta punctata (=Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.).

3 17
Plate 198. Polymnia wedelia (=Wedelia frutescens Jacq.).

3 18
Plate 199. Scaevola lobelia (=Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl).

319
Plate 200. Lobelia longiflora (=Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G. Don).

320
Plate 201. Epidendrum lineare (=Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br.).

321
Plate 202. Epidendrum ramosum Jacq.

322
Plate 203. Epidendrum globosum (=Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.) Schltr.).

32 3
Plate 204. Epidendrum rigidum Jacq.

324
Plate 205. Epidendrum coccineum (=Ornithidium coccineum (Jacq.) Salisb. ex R. Br.).

32 5
Plate 206. Epidendrum difforme Jacq. Compare with Fig. 28.

326
Plate 207. Epidendrum secundum Jacq.

32 7
Plate 208. Epidendrum anceps Jacq.

328
Plate 209. Epidendrum ciliare L. Foldout.

329
Plate 210. Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq.

330
Plate 211. Epidendrum ophioglossoides (=Stelis ophioglossoides (Jacq.) Sw.).

331
Plate 212. Epidendrum ruscifolium (=Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br.).

332
Plate 213. Epidendrum nodosum (=Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl.).

333
Plate 214. Epidendrum carthagenense (=Trichocentrum carthagenense
(Jacq.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams).

334
Plate 215. Epidendrum altissimum (=Oncidium altissimum (Jacq.) Sw.). Foldout.

33 5
Plate 216. Epidendrum tetrapetalum (=Tolumnia guttata (L.) Nir).

336
Plate 217. Epidendrum Cebolleta (=Trichocentrum cebolleta (Jacq.) M.W. Chase & N.H. Williams).

33 7
Plate 218. Passiflora quadrangularis L.

338
Plate 219. Passiflora laurifolia L.

339
Plate 220. Aristolochia anguicida Jacq.

3 40
Plate 221. Aristolochia caudata Jacq.

3 41
Plate 222. Aristolochia peltata L.

3 42
Plate 223. Aristolochia maxima Jacq.

343
Plate 224. Aristolochia pentandra Jacq.

3 44
Plate 225. Pistia stratiotes (=Pistia stratiotes L.). Compare with Fig. 15.

3 45
Plate 226. Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq.

3 46
Plate 227. Helicteres baruensis Jacq.

3 47
Plate 228. Helicteres carthagenensis Jacq.

3 48
Plate 229. Arum Seguine (=Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott).

349
Plate 230. Arum hederaceum (=Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott).

3 50
Plate 231. Pothos acaulis (=Anthurium acaule (Jacq.) Schott).

3 51
Plate 232. Elaterium carthagenense (=Rytidostylis carthagenensis (Jacq.) Kuntze).

3 52
Plate 233. Anguria pedata (=Psiguria pedata (L.) R.A. Howard). Compare with Fig. 19.

353
Plate 234. Anguria trilobata (=Psiguria jacquiniana (Schldl.) R.A. Howard).

3 54
Plate 235. Axyris pentandra (=Atriplex cristata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.).

355
Plate 236. Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq.

3 56
Plate 237. Sapium aucuparium (=Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong).

357
Plate 238. Hippomane Mançanilla (=Hippomane mancinella L.).

3 58
Plate 239. Dalechampia scandens L.

359
Plate 240. Acalypha villosa Jacq.

3 60
Plate 241. Acalypha corensis (=Bernardia corensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg.).

3 61
Plate 242. Croton balsamiferum (=Croton flavens L.).

3 62
Plate 243. Croton polygamum (=Ditaxis polygama (Jacq.) L.C. Wheeler).

363
Plate 244. Jatropha Janipha (=Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg.).

3 64
Plate 245. Chayota edulis (=Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.).

3 65
Plate 246. Batis maritima L.

3 66
Plate 247. Mimosa fagifolia (=Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.).

3 67
Plate 248. Mammea americana L.

3 68
Plate 249. Calophyllum Calaba (=Calophyllum calaba L.).

369
Plate 250. Clusia alba (=Clusia major L.). Compare with Figs. 29 & 30.

3 70
Plate 251. Clusia flava Jacq.

3 71
Plate 252. Lycopodium dichotomum (=Huperzia dichotoma (Jacq.) Trevis.).

3 72
Plate 253. Cocos nucifera L.

373
Plate 254. Cocos aculeata (=Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.).

3 74
Plate 255. Areca oleracea (=Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O.F. Cook).

375
Plate 256. Bactris minor (=Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E. Moore). Compare with Fig. 6.

3 76
Plate 257. Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

377
Plate 258. Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.

3 78
Plate 259. Composite plate. See legend on p. 385.

379
Plate 260. Composite plate. See legend on p. 385.

3 80
Plate 261. Composite plate. See legend on p. 385.

3 81
Plate 262. Composite plate. See legend on p. 385.

3 82
Plate 263. Composite plate. See legend on p. 385.

383
Plate 264. Composite plate. See legend on p. 386.

3 84
 Jacquin’s American Plants
Plate 259: f. 1, Justicia pulcherrima (=Aphelandra
pulcherrima (Jacq.) Kunth); f. 2, Comocladia
dentata Jacq; f. 3, Triplaris pyramidalis (=Tri-
plaris americana L.); f. 4, Triplaris ramiflora
(=Ruprechtia ramiflora (Jacq.) C.A. Mey.); f. 5, Pe-
titia domingensis Jacq; f. 6, Callicarpa integ-
rifolia (=Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.) B.D. Jacks.);
f. 7, Sideroxyloides ferreum (=Ixora ferrea
(Jacq.) Benth.); f. 8, Cissus trifoliata (L.) L; f. 9,
Heliotropium gnaphalodes L; f. 10, Tabernae-
montana cymosa Jacq; f. 11, Tabernaemontana
amygdalifolia Jacq; f. 12, Cordia Gerascanthus
(=Cordia gerascanthus L.); f. 13, Ehretia exsucca
(=Bourreria cumanensis (Loefl.) O.E. Schulz); f. 14,
Ehretia spinosa (=Rochefortia spinosa (Jacq.)
Urb.); f. 15, Solanum subinerme Jacq; f. 16, Laugie-
ria odorata (=Guettarda odorata (Jacq.) Lam.); f.
17, Rauvolfia canescens (=Rauvolfia tetraphylla
L.); f. 18, Rondeletia disperma Jacq.
Plate 260: f. 19, Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq;
f. 20, Erithalis odorifera Jacq; f. 21, Viola Hy-
banthus (=Corynostylis arborea (L.) S.F. Blake);
f. 22, Conocarpus procumbens (=Conocarpus
erectus L.); f. 23, Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L;
f. 24, Bromelia Karatas (=Bromelia karatas L.); f.
25, Agave cubensis (=Furcraea hexapetala (Jacq.)
Urb.); f. 26, Combretum secundum (=Combre-
tum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz); f. 27, Combretum
decandrum Jacq; f. 28, Elaphrium glabrum
(=Bursera glabra (Jacq.) Triana & Planch.); f. 29,
Paullinia triternata (=Serjania triternata (L.)
Willd.); f. 30, Coccoloba leoganensis Jacq; f. 31,
Bauhinia aculeata L; f. 32, Bauhinia punctata
(=Bauhinia glabra Jacq.); f. 33, Poinciana coriaria
(=Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.); f. 34, Guarea
trichilioides (=Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer); f.
35, Trichilia glabra L; f. 36, Malpighia odora-
ta (=Bunchosia odorata (Jacq.) DC.); f. 37, Hiraea
reclinata Jacq; f. 38, Cactus triangularis β fo-
liosus (=Hylocereus trigonus (Haw.) Saff.); f. 39,
Eugenia carthagenensis (=Eugenia acapulcensis
Steud.); f. 40, Robinia sepium (=Gliricidia sepium
(Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.).
Plate 261: f. 41, Symplocos martinicensis Jacq; f.
42, Laetia completa (=Hecatostemon completus
3 85
(Jacq.) Sleumer); f. 43, Homalium racemosum
Jacq; f. 44, Atragene polygama (=Clematis po-
lygama Jacq.); f. 45, Clinopodium martinicense
(=Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br.); f. 46, Avi-
cennia tomentosa (=Avicennia germinans (L.)
L.); f. 47, Gesneria tomentosa (=Rhytidophyllum
crenulatum DC.); f. 48, Stemodia maritima L; f. 49,
Myrtus triflora (=Eugenia triflora (Jacq.) Ham.);
f. 50, Bignonia longisiliqua (=Catalpa longissi-
ma (Jacq.) Dum. Cours.); f. 51, Bignonia echinata
(=Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G. Lohmann); f.
52, Cedrela odorata L; f. 53, Duranta Plumieri
(=Duranta erecta L.); f. 54, Bombax Ceiba (=Bom-
bax ceiba L.); f. 55, Bombax heptaphyllum (=Pseu-
dobombax septenatum (Jacq.) Dugand); f. 56, Se-
curidaca erecta (=Securidaca diversifolia (L.) S.F.
Blake); f. 57, Bontia daphnoides L; f. 58, Geof-
froea spinosa Jacq; f. 59, Diphysa carthagenen-
sis Jacq; f. 60, Nissolia arborea (=Machaerium
arboreum (Jacq.) Benth.); f. 61, Robinia violacea
(=Lonchocarpus violaceus (Jacq.) Kunth ex DC.); f.
62, Sophora havanensis (=Sophora tomentosa L.);
f. 63, Spilanthes insipida (=Spilanthes insipida
Jacq.)
Plate 262, f. 64, Gratiola monnieria (=Bacopa
monnieri (L.) Wettst.); f. 65, Astronium graveo-
lens Jacq; f. 66, Cecropia peltata L; f. 67, Mimosa
polystachya (=Entada polystachya (L.) DC.); f. 68,
Mimosa biglobosa (=Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.
Br. ex G. Don); f. 69, Mimosa tergemina (=Calli-
andra tergemina (L.) Benth.); f. 70, Mimosa man-
gensis (=Chloroleucon mangense (Jacq.) Britton &
Rose); f. 71, Gouania tomentosa (=Gouania polyg-
ama (Jacq.) Urb.); f. 72, Anisophyllum pinnatum
Jacq; f. 73, Cleome serrata Jacq.
Plate 263: f. 74, Helicteres apetala (=Sterculia
apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst.); f. 75, Tragia hexan-
dra (=Platygyna hexandra (Jacq.) Müll. Arg.); f.
76, Morus tinctoria (=Maclura tinctoria (L.)
D. Don ex Steud.); f. 77, Bignonia orbiculata
(=Anemopaegma orbiculatum (Jacq.) A. DC.); f.
78, Acalypha carthagenensis Jacq; f. 79, Cro-
ton niveum (=Croton niveus Jacq.); f. 80, Croton
lineare (=Croton cascarilla (L.) L.); f. 81, Iatro-
pha integerrima (=Jatropha integerrima Jacq.);
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

f. 82, Iatropha hastata (=Jatropha integerrima
Jacq.); f. 83, Smilax havanensis Jacq; f. 84, Smi-
lax hastata Jacq; f. 85, Amerimnon pinnatum
(=Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq.) Dugand); f.
86, Amerimnon Brownei (=Dalbergia brownei
(Jacq.) Schinz); f. 87, Diospyros inconstans Jacq;
f. 88, Bactris major Jacq; f. 89, Palma Grigri
(=Aiphanes minima (Gaertn.) Burret); f. 90, Palma
Corozo (=Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L. f.) Wess.
Boer).
Plate 264: f. 91, Pterocarpus Draco (=Pterocar-
pus officinalis Jacq.); f. 92, Laurus Persea (=Persea
americana Mill.); f. 93, Anona reticulata (=Anno-
na reticulata L.); f. 94, “Pain d’epices” (=cf. Pouteria
multiflora (A. DC.) Eyma); f. 95, Hymenaea Cour-
baril (=Hymenaea courbaril L.); f. 96, Gouania
glabra (=Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb.); f. 97, Con-
volvulus havanensis (=Jacquemontia havanensis
(Jacq.) Urb.); f. 98, Melochia frutescens (=Melo-
chia tomentosa var. frutescens DC.).

3 86
 Appendix II
Jacquin’s American Animals
Very little is known about the animal collec-
tions made by Jacquin during his expedition
to the Caribbean. However, it was clear from
the emperor’s instructions that Jacquin´s
first commission was to bring live animals
for the Schönbrunn menagerie; additionally,
he was to bring fossils, shells, corals, etc., for
the Natural History Cabinet. Jacquin’s own de-
scription of the shipments of specimens, lists
a wide variety of live animals and ‘curiosities’.
Amongst the former were an agouti, at least
five flying squirrels from Mississippi, a squir-
rel from Riohacha, twenty-five anteaters from
Cumaná, a wild cat, a fox, an opossum, a cou-
gar, six twelve-foot snakes, at least 138 birds,
and many others not listed. The curiosities in-
cluded zoophytes (corals), fossils, shells, crabs,
sea urchins, insects, fish (including flying fish,
saws of sawfish, stingray tails, remoras) birds’
nests, turtles, snake skins, etc.1
Upon returning to Europe, Jacquin concen-
trated in publishing the collections of plants,
but was well aware that the animal specimens
he had brought live or dead were important
additions to natural history. He made sure the
live animals were well kept at the Schönbrunn
1
Other curiosities included minerals such as mag-
netic stones (a detailed description of this is provided by
Jacquin to Linnaeus in a letter of 30 April 1760), copper,
ore, platinum from one of the few alluvial deposits of this
very rare element in Chocó (Colombia), emeralds from
the famous mines of Somondoco (Colombia), and am-
ethysts (most likely from Brazil). The three last minerals
were obtained while in Curaçao, an island well-known
for being a trade and contraband center in the region.
Amongst other curiosities were artworks, tools, instru-
ments (including arrows), and religious objects of the
Carib Indians, an engraved rhinoceros horn, and many
coins from the West and East Indies to enrich the em-
peror’s large collection.
menagerie, providing information on the ani-
mals´ feeding habits and behavior from his own
observations, both in the wild and in captivity.
Jacquin never published anything about
the animals, but we can learn a lot about these
from his correspondence with Linnaeus in the
succeeding years. Although the bulk of this
correspondence deals with the plants, as early
as December 1759 Linnaeus had asked Jacquin
if he had made any observations on birds,
fishes, insects and amphibians in America.
Jacquin replied that he had kept a terrarium
with 700 live animals that he had fed and
studied, and had accumulated a collection of
many more which were brought dead to him.
Jacquin also told him that it was difficult to
imagine how many new plants and animals
were to be found in America, but stressed the
difficulty of studying them.
Regarding the insects, Jacquin mentioned
in a letter of 17 December 1759 that he had
studied only a few on his journey, for lack of
time. On 20 February 1760 he provided further
information on the animals and described in
detail the shape and habits of a hermit crab
from De Klip, in Curaçao, which was unfortu-
nately lost in the mail. On 17 March Linnaeus
wrote regretting that there was no specimen
available for he did not understand Jacquin’s
description. On 30 April 1760 Jacquin again
described a Cancer parasiticus at length. Lin-
naeus also showed great interest in an eagle
called harpyja, which Jacquin had kept for a
year in America but then died during the voy-
age to Europe. Jacquin expanded on this bird,
described how he had kept it, and provided de-
tails on its diet which consisted of hens, mon-
keys, and other animals. More birds which
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
he had seen or kept in cages are described in
subsequent letters (e.g., 7 August 1760, 27 Sep-
tember 1760). He referred to them as Anas,
Fulica, Fringilla, Phasianus, Tetrao, Rham-
phastos, Pelecanus (from Hungary), Coracias,
etc., and remarked that many had been sent
to Europe but only a few had survived. Their
long descriptions included their external char-
acters, as well as sounds, diet, location, com-
mon names, and if they were used as game by
the local inhabitants. He provided a detailed
description of the bird Coracia garrula, its ser-
rated beak and carnivorous diet, together with
a drawing of the interrupted pattern of its tail
feathers. The bird was later named Rampha-
stus momota (Momotus momota) by Linnaeus.
On 2 January 1765, continuing his descriptions
of animals, Jacquin described a large bird 1.5
feet tall from Grenada, called Chavaria, which
was possible to be tamed.
Notes on a big lizard, Lacerta iguana, and
many large snakes from Aruba were provided
on 29 March 1760, mentioning how he had
kept them alive and how they had died dur-
ing the journey to Europe. Linnaeus showed
great interest in a letter from Sauvages (10 July
1759) in which he mentions a possible cure for
snakebite using an Aristolochia, reported by
Jacquin as contracapitán. As a passing note in
a letter to his friend Carl Gustaf Tessin (1695–
1770), on 30 January 1760, Linnaeus mentions
that Jacquin had learned how to charm snakes.
Later, in one of his student’s dissertations,2
Linnaeus included a note on Jacquin’s alleged
findings, eagerly awaiting a publication with
details on its use. These were finally published
in the description of Aristolochia anguicida in
the Selectarum. Here Jacquin mentioned how
the root of this plant, mixed with saliva, is used
to deter snakes from biting, to numb or even
to kill them, depending on the dosage applied
2
Johan Gustaf Acrel, 1762, Morsura Serpentum,
Amoenitates Academicae 6.
3 88
in their mouths. He also talks about curing
snakebite symptoms by applying this mixture
directly on the wound.
Descriptions of mammals included a squir-
rel, a red monkey with a loud howl from Carta-
gena (27 September 1760), and a nocturnal,
herbivorous animal similar to a monkey and
as large as a small cat, locally called Marta (30
April 1760).
On several occasions Linnaeus mentions
that he will include the descriptions of the ani-
mals (particularly the birds) in his new edition
of the Systema Naturae. On 29 March 1765 Jac-
quin tells Linnaeus that he is free to use the in-
formation on birds given by him since he does
not intend to publish it himself. On 26 January
1767 Linnaeus lets him know that the first part
of the Systema Naturae (12th edition) will be
ready in February, and will include many ob-
servations by Jacquin. Although no mention is
made of Jacquin amongst the Colectores in the
introduction of the Systema, several entries of
American animals are accompanied by “D. Jac-
quin.” These include:
Simia Seniculus, Cartagena, D. Jacquin, Linnaeus,
1766: 37 =Alouatta seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766) —
Mono colorado, Red howler monkey
Ramphastos Aracari, America meridionale, D.
Jacquin, Linnaeus, 1766: 151 =Pteroglossus ara-
cari (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ramphastos Momota, America meridionale, D.
Jacquin, Linnaeus, 1766: 152 =Momotus momota
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Anas viduata, Cartagena, D. Jacquin, Linnaeus,
1766: 205 =Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus,
1766) —Viudita, Viuda
Fulica chloropus, Martinique, D. Jacquin, Lin-
naeus, 1766: 258 =Gallinula chloropus (Linnae-
us, 1758)
Fulica carthagena, Cartagena, D. Jacquin, Lin-
naeus, 1766: 258 =?
Fulica martinica, Martinique, D. Jacquin, Linnaeus,
1766: 259 =Porphyrio martinicus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Parra Chavaria, Sinú (Cartagena), D. Jacquin, Lin-
naeus, 1766: 260 =Chauna chavaria (Linnaeus,
1766)
 Jacquin’s American ANIMALS
Fringilla lepida, Havana, D. Jacquin, Linnaeus,
1766: 320 =Tiaris olivacea (Linnaeus, 1766)
In the introduction to the Serpentes, p. 348,
the anti-venom properties of Aristolochia are
again mentioned and attributed to Jacquin.
Most of the descriptions of these animals are
copied directly, though abbreviated, from Jac-
quin’s letters, since Linnaeus had never seen
specimens of these.
The only known publication of Jacquin’s
animals from the Caribbean was authored by
his son, Joseph Franz, in 1784. Published in Vi-
enna under the title Beyträge zur Geschichte
der Vögel, it includes descriptions of thirty-two
birds, twenty-two of which are of American
origin. Of the nineteen color plates that ac-
company the descriptions, eight are from the
Caribbean or nearby continent, and are repro-
duced here.3 The American birds included in
this publication are:
Corvus argyrophthalmus, Beytr. 1. Cartagena.
Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, 1788: 375 =Quisca-
lus mexicanus (Gmelin, 1788) —Ojo de plata
(Spanish).
Anas viduata, Beytr. 3, Tab. 1. Cartagena. Anas vi-
duata Linnaeus, 1766: 205 =Dendrocygna vidua-
ta (Linnaeus, 1766) —Viudita, Viuda (Spanish).
Fig. 31.
? Beytr. 5. San Domingo (Haiti) =? —Suceé (French).
Anas autumnalis, Beytr. 6. Nueva Granada. Anas
autumnalis Linnaeus, 1758: 127, Linnaeus, 1766:
205 =Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linnaeus,
1758) —Pisesi, Pisesia (Spanish), Canard siflear
(French), Fluyter (Dutch), Spanish main-duck
(English).
Fringilla lepida, Beytr. 7, Tab. 2. Habana. Fringilla
lepida Linnaeus, 1766: 320 =Tiaris olivacea (Lin-
naeus, 1766). Fig. 32.
Fringilla carthagenensis, Beytr. 8. Cartagena.
cf. Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus, 1766: 321 =Sicalis
flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766) —Canario.
3
Some of the illustrations are attributed to Franz
Xaver von Wulfen (1728–1805), while others, to Jakob
Adam (1748-1811).
389
Fringilla aethiops, Beytr. 10. Cartagena. cf. Molo-
thrus armenti Cabanis, 1851 =Molothrus armenti
(Cabanis, 1851).
Fringilla rufo-barbata, Beytr. 11. Martinique.
Fringilla noctis Linnaeus, 1766: 320 =Loxigilla
noctis (Linnaeus, 1766) —Père noir (French).
Fulica martinicensis, Beytr. 12, Tab. 3. Martinique.
Fulica martinica Linnaeus, 1766: 259 =Porphyrio
martinica (Linnaeus, 1766). Fig. 33.
Tantalus coco, Beytr. 13. Westindies. Scolopax alba
Linnaeus, 1758: 145, Linnaeus, 1766: 247 =Eudo-
cimus albus (Linnaeus, 1758) —Coco (Spanish),
Le Pecheur (French).
Vultur coronatus, Beytr. 15. Magdalena River, near
Cartagena. Vultur harpyja Linnaeus, 1758: 86,
Linnaeus, 1766: 121 =Harpia harpyja (inmature)
(Linnaeus, 1758) —Aguila coronada (Spanish).
Falco cheriway, Beytr. 17, Tab. 4. Aruba, Venezue-
la. Falco cheriway Jacquin, 1784 =Caracara cheri-
way (Jacquin, 1784) —Cheriway (Carib). Fig. 34.
Ardea nivea, Beytr. 18. Cartagena. Ardea thula Mo-
lina, 1782 =Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) —Graza
blanca (Spanish).
Crax cumanensis, Beytr. 25, Tab. 10. Cumaná Riv-
er, Venezuela. Crax cumanensis Jacquin, 1784
=Aburria (Pipile) cumanensis (Jacquin, 1784).
Fig. 35.
Crax pipile, Beytr. 26, Tab. 11. Came on ship to
Martinique (endemic to Trinidad). Crax pipile
Jacquin, 1784 =Aburria (Pipile) pipile (Jacquin,
1784). Fig. 36.
Columba caribaea, Beytr. 30. Caribbean islands.
Columba caribaea Jacquin 1784 =Patagioenas
caribaea (Jacquin 1784).
Columba corensis, Beytr. 31. Coro Venezuela. Co-
lumba corensis Jacquin 1784 =Patagioenas co-
rensis (Jacquin 1784).
Columba passerina, Beytr. 32. Caribbean islands.
Columba passerina Linnaeus, 1758: 165, Linnae-
us, 1766: 258 =Columbina passerina (Linnaeus,
1758) —Palomito (Spanish), Ortolan (French),
Steen-Duifje (Dutch).
aff. Columba leucoptera, Beytr. 33. Cartagena. =?
Columba striata, Beytr. 34, Tab. 15. Venezuela.
Columba squammata Lesson, 1831 =Columbina
squammata (Lesson, 1831). The illustration
represents Columba striata Linnaeus, 1766: 282
=Geopelia striata (Linnaeus, 1766) from South-
east Asia. Fig. 37.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS
Columba cyanocephala, Beytr. 36, Tab. 17. Cuba.
Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus, 1766: 288
=Starnoenas cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1766).
Fig. 38.
Apart from the descriptions of American ani-
mals by Jacquin in his letters to Linnaeus, Lin-
naeus’s citations of Jacquin, and Joseph Franz’s
publication, nothing more is known about the
many animals collected by Jacquin during
his expedition. I have recently found unique
animal illustrations representing animals of
Caribbean origin in catalogues of art works
from major art dealers and auction houses
in Europe. The illustrations are attributed to
Franz Anton von Scheidel, and include corals,
starfish, shells, an iguana, snakes (incl. Tantilla
semicincta, Micrurus dissoleucus, Micrurus
390
dumerilii), turtles (incl. Lepidochelys olivacea,
Dermochelys coriacea), fish (skates, pufferfish,
catfish, etc.; a volume including eighty plates
of fish has been in the market), armadillos
(incl. Dasypus novemcinctus), a giant anteater
(Myrmecophaga tridactyla), a four-toed ant-
eater (Tamandua tetradactyla), a forest rabbit
(Sylvilagus brasiliensis), a capuchin monkey
and a volume with 115 plates of birds including
a curassow of South American origin. Unfortu-
nately, these illustrations are not in the public
domain and cannot be reproduced here, with
the exception of a Tamandua anteater avail-
able in Wikimedia Commons (fig. 39), most
likely drawn from one of the twenty-five speci-
mens from Cumaná, which Jacquin sent to
Schönbrunn.
 Jacquin’s American ANIMALS

Figure 31. Anas viduata (=Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766)). Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

39 1
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 32. Fringilla lepida (=Tiaris olivacea (Linnaeus, 1766)). Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

392
 Jacquin’s American ANIMALS

Figure 33. Fulica martinicensis (=Porphyrio martinica (Linnaeus, 1766)). Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

393
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 34. Falco cheriway (=Caracara cheriway (Jacquin, 1784)). Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

394
 Jacquin’s American ANIMALS

Figure 35. Crax cumanensis (=Aburria (Pipile) cumanensis

(Jacquin, 1784)). Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

39 5
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 36. Crax pipile (=Aburria (Pipile) pipile (Jacquin, 1784)). Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

396
 Jacquin’s American ANIMALS

Figure 37. Columba striata (=Columbina squammata (Lesson, 1831). Illustrated: Geopelia striata
(Linnaeus, 1766) from Southesat Asia. Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

39 7
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Figure 38. Columba cyanocephala (=Starnoenas cyanocephala

(Linnaeus, 1766)). Courtesy of www.phaidra.org.

398
399
Jacquin’s American ANIMALS

Figure 39. Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758). Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

 Appendix III

Jacquin’s Publications1

1760 Enumeratio systematica plantarum (Enum. syst pl.) (finished in May, published Aug.–Sep.)
1762 Enumeratio stirpium plerarumque, quae sponte crescunt in agro vindobonensi (Enum.
stirp. vindob.) (May)
1763 Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia (Select. stirp. amer. hist.) (Jan. 5)
1764 Observationum botanicarum (Observ. bot.), part 1
1767 Observationum botanicarum, part 2 (Apr.)
1768 Observationum botanicarum, part 3
1769 Examen Chemicum
1770 Index regni vegetabilis (Index regn. veg.)
Hortus botanicus vindobonensis (Hort. bot. vindob.), volume 1, fascicle 1
1771 Observationum botanicarum, part 4
Hortus botanicus vindobonensis, volume 1, fascicle 2
1772 Hortus botanicus vindobonensis, volume 1, fascicle 3
1773 Florae austriaceae (Fl. austriac.), volume 1
1774 Florae austriaceae, volume 2
Pharmacopoea Austriaco-Provincialis (coeditor)
1775 Florae austriaceae, volume 3
1776 Hortus botanicus vindobonensis, part 2, fascicle 1
Florae austriaceae, volume 4
1777 Hortus botanicus vindobonensis, part 2, fascicle 2
1778 Florae austriaceae, volume 5
Miscellanea austriaca (Misc. austr.), volume 1
1780 Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, second (luxury) edition (Select. stirp. amer.
hist.), fascicle 1
1781 Miscellanea austriaca, volume 2
Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, second edition, fascicle 2
Icones plantarum rariorum (Icon. pl. rar.), volume 1, part 1
1782 Icones plantarum rariorum, volume 1, part 2
1783 Icones plantarum rariorum, volume 1, part 3
Anfangsgründe der medicinisch-practischen Chymie
1784 Icones plantarum rariorum, volume 1, part 4
1785 Anleitung zur Pflanzenkenntniss (Anl. Pfl.-Kenntn.) (Oct.)
1787 Collectanea, volume 1 (Jan.–Sep.)
Icones plantarum rariorum, volume 1, part 5 (?)
Icones plantarum rariorum, volume 1, part 6 (Apr.–May)

1
Compiled from Stafleu & Cowan 1979.
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Icones plantarum rariorum, volume 1, parts 7 & 8

Icones plantarum rariorum, text list I
1788 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 1 (Jan.–Apr.)
Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, Mannheim edition
Collectanea, volume 2
1789 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 2 (Feb.–Mar.)
Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 3 (Mar.)
Collectanea, volume 3 (Apr.)
1790 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 4 (Jan.–Apr.)
Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 5 (Apr.)
1791 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 6 & 7 (Jan.–June)
Collectanea, volumes 4 & 5
1792 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 8 (Jan.–June)
Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, parts 9–11 (late)
1793 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 12
1794 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 13–15
Oxalis
1795 Icones plantarum rariorum, volumes 2 & 3, part 16
Icones plantarum rariorum, text lists II & III
1797 Collectanea, volume 5
Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis (Pl. hort. schoenbr.), volumes 1 & 2
1798 Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis, volume 3
1800 Fragmenta botanica (Fragm. bot.), part 1
1801 Fragmenta botanica, part 2
1804 Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis, volume 4
1805 Fragmenta botanica, part 3
1806 Fragmenta botanica, part 4
Stapilearum in hortis vindobonensibus cultarum (Stapel. hort. vindob. cult.), part 1
1807 Fragmenta botanica, part 5
1809 Fragmenta botanica, part 6
Stapilearum in hortis vindobonensibus cultarum, part 2 (finished Mar. 16)
1811 Genitalia Asclepiadearum controversa (Genit. Asclep.) (Oct.)
1813 Stapilearum in hortis vindobonensibus cultarum, part 3 (finished Mar. 7)
1817 Stapilearum in hortis vindobonensibus cultarum, part 4 (finished Jan. 2). Part 5 published
posthumously on Nov. 20 1819 by his son.

402
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 INDICES

Subject Index

Adam, Jakob 61, 73, 76, 389n Boos, Franz 73–74

Adour, river 40 Bord-de-Mer de Limonade 33, 44
Afbeeldingen van zeldzaame gewassen (Meerburg) 11n16 Bordeaux 27, 40, 45
Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried 7 Born, Ignaz von 73
Alix, Joseph 32, 45 Botanical Society of Cortona 21
Allioni, Carlo 50 Bredemeyer, Franz 26, 73–74
Alps 9, 60, 71 Breton, Raymond 27
Amethyst 33, 45, 387 Brill 48n4
Amoenitates Academicae (Linnaeus) 388 British Library 66, 75
Amsterdam 8, 15, 33, 42, 45, 49, 62 Broekhuysen, Maria 17
Antigua 37 Brown University Library 75
Antwerp 7, 19 Browne, Patrick 37, 39, 47, 49, 56, 58, 78, 85, 91, 93, 112,
Aquart, Benoit 26, 33, 48 115, 117–118
Aruba 42, 388, 389 Buonamici, Giovanni 21, 25, 30, 41, 44
Audibert Trading Company 22 Burman, Johannes 8, 49, 62
Austrian National Library 3, 5, 58, 63, 70
Cabo de San Antonio 40, 43
Bäck, Abraham 47 Cajigal de la Vega Salinas y Acevedo, Francisco
Baillou, Jean de 9, 11, 12, 30, 44 Antonio 40
Banská Štiavnica 1, 17, 18 Camellón de los Mártires 44
Barbados 26, 30, 49n11 Cap-Français 33, 42, 44, 60
Barculli, Ferdinando 21, 28, 30, 32–33, 37, 39, 40–42, 45 Cap-Haïtien 33, 44
Barrère, Pierre 27 Cape of Good Hope 74
Barú 39, 44 Carib 44–45, 56, 68, 387
Base-Terre 30 Carl Ritter, Maria Barbara Isabella 17
Bauer, Ferdinand Lucas and Franz Andreas 63, Carolina (USA) 23, 49, 56–57, 73
63n40, 71 Carrera de Indias 37, 39
Bay of Bayaha 33, 44 Carry-le-Rouet 22, 41
Bayonne 40 Cartagena de Indias 28, 33, 37–40, 42–44, 61, 78, 388
Beaucaire 40 Case-Pilote 27–28, 43
Beaume de Laubiere 22, 41 Castillo de los Tres Reyes del Morro 44
Bellini, Nicolas 27 Catesby, Mark 8, 49, 56, 57
Bergius, Petter Jonas 49 Cayenne 32, 44
Berlin State Library 66n43, 75 Céré, Nicolas 73–74
Bertin, Catherine 17 Chanvet (captain) 25, 44
Bertin, Marie Anne Angélique 17 Civil and Natural History of Jamaica (Browne) 36–37,
Besançon 17, 32, 40 39, 49
Beyträge zur Geschichte der Vögel (Jacquin, J.F.) 389 Clifford, George 8
Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia 58, 63, 65, 66, 70, coins 11, 14, 25, 32–33, 44–45, 78, 387n
70n45, 75, 120 Collectanea (Jacquin) 70n45
Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense 75 Columbus, Cristopher 33, 79
Biblioteka Narodowa 75 copper ore 33, 45, 387n
Bibliotheca botanica (Linnaeus) 48 Coro 32, 42–43
Biographie 3–5, 8, 11, 19, 21, 23, 33, 50 Corpus Christi 39, 42
Biographie des Vaters Nicolaus von Jacquin 5n23 corsair 35, 42
Blunt, Wilfrid 73n46 Cotes, Thomas (captain) 33
Boca Chica 37, 39–40, 42, 43, 44 Critica Botanica (Linnaeus) 8
Boerhaave, Herman 7–8 Cuba 40, 43–44
Bologna 21, 41 Cul-de-Sac du Marin 25, 27
Bompar, Maximin de 22–23, 25 Cul-de-Sac Royal 25
Bones-Terres 35 Cumaná 26, 39, 44, 387, 390
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Curaçao 32–33, 42–43, 45, 47, 387, 387n Genera Plantarum (Linnaeus) 8
Curiot, Jacqueline 7, 16 Genitalia Asclepiadearum (Jacquin) 61
Getsemaní 44
Danube, river 40 Ginori, Carlo Andrea 15, 15n21, 21–22, 28, 28n20, 45n39
Dax (Landes) 40 Giorgi, Antonio 21
De Kuil, volcano 43 Givry, Antoine Lefebvre de 22, 23
Demoiselle Jeane (ship) 33 gonorrhea 26, 58
Deschizaux, Pierre M. 27 Grand Caille 25
Description des plantes de l’Amérique (Plumier) 49 Grande-Terre 30
Deutz, Willem Gideon 15, 15n22, 33, 45 Grenada 17, 23, 25–27, 41, 388
diary, Jacquin’s 3–4, 35, 78 Grenadines 26–27
Dictionnaire Caraïbe (Breton) 27 Gronovius, Jan Frederik 8
Dillen, Johann Jacob (Dillenius) 48 Gronovius, Laurens Theodorus 8, 8n5, 9n13, 48n7, 49
Dioscorides, Pedanius 60 Guadeloupe 27–28, 30, 41, 43
Doccia, ceramic factory 21
Dolezal, Helmut 2, 4 Haak, Theodore 48, 48n4
Dry Tortugas 40 Haen, Anton de 9
Du Tertre, Jean-Baptiste 27 Haiti 42, 43, 81
Dugand, Armando 48n9, 61 Harvard University Libraries 75
Dutch Garden (Schönbrunn) 1–2, 9–11, 51n18, 58, 66, Havana 33, 37, 40, 42–45
70–71, 73–74, 77 Heemstede 8
dysentery 32–33, 35, 45, 78 Hejliger, Abraham 28
Helvetius, Claude Adrien 23, 41
Ehret, Georg Dionysius 8, 36 herbarium, Jacquin’s 5, 25, 50, 81
emeralds 33, 42, 45, 387n Hernández, Francisco 47, 49
Endlicher, Stephan 5 Heyningen, Elisabeth Marie van 7, 17
Enumeratio stirpium plerarumque (Jacquin) 4n21, 60, 70 Hispaniola 33
Enumeratio systematica plantarum (Jacquin) 3–4, Histoire des plantes medicales de l’Amérique (Feuillée) 27
48–51, 53, 60, 81 Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par les Français
Espérance (ship) 25, 41 (Du Tertre) 27
Examen Chemicum (Jacquin) 61n31 Histoire naturelle de la France equinoctiale (Barrère) 27
Hofbauer, Josef 63, 63n40, 71
Familiengeschichte (Jacquin, J.F.) 4n19, 5, 16, 18 Holden Arboretum 75
Félicité (ship) 23, 23n8, 25 Horto Upsaliensis 51
Ferrol 40, 43, 45 Hortus Botanicus 8, 8nn
Ferry 35, 44 Hortus botanicus vindobonensis (Jacquin) 61, 70–71, 81
Feuillée, Louis Éconches 27 Hortus Cliffortianus 8
Flora Jamaicencis (Linnaeus) 48 Hortus Cliffortianus (Linnaeus) 8
Flora virginica (Gronovius) 8 Hortus Elthamensis (Sherard) 48
Florae austriaceae (Jacquin) 61, 70 Howard, Richard A. 2, 50
Florae leydensis prodromus (Van Royen) 8 Hühnel, Helga 3–4
Florence 9, 15, 21, 41 Humboldt, Alexander von 74
Florida 40, 43, 73 Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation 5
Flota de Indias 37 hurricanes 28, 30, 37, 41, 78
Fonque (captain) 23 Hyères islands 21, 41
Fort Saint-Pierre 16, 17
Fort-de-France 23 Icones plantarum rariorum (Jacquin) 2, 63n40,
Fort-Liberté Bay 33, 44 70n46, 71
Fort-Philip 28 Imperial Court Library, Vienna 49, 60
Fort-Picolet 33, 44 Index regni vegetabilis (Jacquin) 61n32
Fort-Royal 25, 27, 32 Indiana University Libraries 75
Fort-Royal 25, 27, 32 indigo 28
Fragmenta botanica (Jacquin) 71 Ingenhousz, Jan 18
Franz I Stephan von Lothringen (Holy Roman Institut de France 75
Emperor) 1, 9, 12, 15n19, 21, 25, 53, 63, 66, 73–74, 77 Isle de France (see Mauritius)
Franz II (Holy Roman Emperor) 74 Iter Hispanicum (Löfling) 49

Gahn, Hans Jacob 70, 70n45 Jacquin, Agatha Maria (sister) 18

Gaubius, Hieronymus David 7 Jacquin, Alexandre Antoine (second cousin) 17, 23

410
 indices

Jacquin, Charlotte Françoise Marie (second cousin once Linnaean Society in London 50, 52, 60
removed) 17 Linnaeus, Carl Nilsson 2nn, 3, 5, 8, 35n, 37, 39–40, 42n,
Jacquin, Claude (great-uncle) 7, 16, 23 43, 44n, 45n40, 47–51, 53, 58, 60–61, 63, 66, 70,
Jacquin, Claude François (first cousin once 77–78, 387–88, 390
removed) 16, 23 Linnean system 39, 56, 70
Jacquin, Claude Nicolas (father) 7, 11 Livorno 15, 21, 26, 28, 30, 41, 44–45
Jacquin, Claude Nicolas Vincent Charles (second Löfling, Pehr 49n9
cousin) 16, 23, 32 London 5, 29, 36–38, 48, 50, 57, 60, 62–63, 66
Jacquin, Emilian Gottfried (son) 1n1, 18, 19 Luchtmans, Samuel 48n4
Jacquin, Franziska (daughter) 1, 18, 19 Lyon 40
Jacquin, Guy (great-grandfather) 7, 16
Jacquin, Isabella Francisca (grand-daughter) 18 magnetic stones 33, 40, 45, 387n
Jacquin, Johannes Jacobus (brother) 17 Málaga 23, 41, 74
Jacquin, Joseph Franz (son) 2–5, 17, 19, 389-90 malaide de Siam 25
Jacquin, Maria Francisca (sister) 18 malaria 47, 78
Jacquin, Marie Anne Catherine (second cousin) 16, 23, 32 Manga, isla de 39, 44
Jacquin, Nicolas (grandfather) 5, 7, 17 Margny-lès-Compiègne 7
Jacquin, Robert Nicolas (first cousin once removed) 17, 23 Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empress) 1–2, 7, 9
Jamaica 26, 33, 35–37, 39, 42, 44, 53n21, 78 Marlborough (ship) 33, 35
Jansi, José (captain) 39 Marmande 40
Jardin du Roi, Mauritius 73 Marquart (captain) 33, 45
Jardin du Roi, Paris 8 Marseille 15, 21–23, 25–27, 32, 41–42, 44–45
Jetsemani 39 Märter, Franz Joseph 26, 73
Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor) 73, 74, 74n50 Martinique 5, 16, 22–24, 26, 28, 30, 32–33, 41–45, 47–48,
Jussieu, Antoine de 8, 27 50, 53, 58, 73, 81
Jussieu, Bernard de 8 Mascarene, islands 74
Mauritius 73–74
Kaiserhaus 9 Mauvaise Saison 30, 40
Karoo 74 Medici Gallery 9
Kingston 35, 42, 44 Meerburg, Nicolas 11
Knowles, Sir Charles 35 menagerie, Scönbrunn Zoo 1, 9–10, 11, 22, 61, 77, 387, 390
Kronfeld, Ernst Moritz 2–4, 4nn, 32n25, 81 Merian, Maria Sibylla 60, 62
Methodus Plantarum Sexualis (Linnaeus) 8
La Condamine, Charles Marie de 21–22, 41 Miscellanea Austriaca (Jacquin) 61, 70n45
La Gonâve 35, 42 Missouri Botanical Garden 50, 58, 62, 63
La Popa 39, 44 Moll, Adam 73
La Quinta 39, 44 Montis Calebasse 43
Labat, Jean-Baptiste 27 Montpellier 22, 40, 41, 43, 47
Lack, Hans Walter 3, 63, 70 Montserrat 30, 37, 42
Lagusius, Leopold von 18 Moore, Sir Henry 35
Landes (see Dax) Morne Calebasse 43
Langon 40 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 1n1, 18
Latin School, Leiden 7, 19 Musschenbroek, Pieter van 7
Laugier, Robert-François 2, 2n6, 9, 61 Mutis, José Celestino 70
Lavalette, Antoine de 22 Mygind, Franz von 49
Le Cap (see Cap-Haïtien)
Le Carbet 25, 43 Natural History Cabinet, Vienna 9, 11–12, 14, 22, 25–26,
Le Cat, Claude-Nicolas 8 28, 32, 61, 73, 77, 387
Le Fabre (captain) 25, 44 Natural History Museum, London 5, 50, 66
Le Lamentin 25, 32 Natural History Museum, Vienna 3, 5, 21n3, 22n5, 50,
Le Morne-Rouge 43 63, 81
Le Robert 32, 43 Natural History of Carolina... (Catesby) 8, 49, 56, 57
Leiden 1, 7–8, 17, 18, 19, 37, 48–49, 77–78 Navassa 35, 42
Leiden University 1, 5, 7, 19, 37, 75 Nay, Emmanuel de, (Count of Richecourt) 15n20, 21
Léogâne 35, 42 New York 35
Leopold II (Holy Roman Emperor) 74 New York Public Library 75
Leuven 7, 19 Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek
Library of Congress 75 Göttingen 75
Liguané 35, 44 Nîmes 40

411
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Nouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amerique (Labat) 27 Saint Croix 37

Nova plantarum americanarum genera (Plumier) 49 Saint Domingue 33–34, 37, 40
Nowotny, Otto 3, 4 Saint Kitts 30, 41
Nueva Granada 33, 37 Saint Lucia 17, 23, 25, 27
Saint Macaire 40
Oak Spring Garden Library 75 Saint Vincent 27
Oberhummer, Wilfried 2 Saint-Pierre 16–17, 23, 25–26, 32, 35, 41–45
Observationum botanicarum (Jacquin) 2, 60, 62, 70, 81 Salicetti, Natale 70
Ocono, Don Francesco 40 San Antonio de Tire 39
Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 74 San Jago de la Vega 35, 42
San Lázaro 39, 44
Paris 1, 7–9, 16, 19, 23, 27–28, 37 San Sebastián 40
Paris of the Antilles 33 Santa Ana de Coro 32, 42–43
Parlamentaire (ship) 33, 35 Santa Cruz de Lorica 39, 42
Pennsylvania 73 Santa María de Azores 40, 43
Pert Poseaux 40 Sauca 32, 43
Petit-Goâve 35, 42 Sauvages, François Boissier de Lacroix de 2n6, 22,
Petz-Grabenbauer, Maria 3–4 39–41, 43, 47, 388
Peyssonnel, Jean-André 27, 30 Scharf, Johannes 63n40, 71, 73
Philipsburg 43 Scheidel, Franz Anton von 26, 61, 71, 390
Pie de la Popa 44 Schemnitz 1–2, 19, 60–61
Pinel, Marie Anne Colombe 16, 23 Scholl, Georg 74
pirates 4n15, 33, 35, 37, 42, 78, 81 Schönbrunn Palace 1–2, 9–11, 19, 40, 43, 51n18, 58, 61,
Pius VI (pope) 70 66, 70–71, 73–74, 77, 387, 390
Plantarum americanarum (Plumier) 49 Schöpf, Johan David 73
Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei schoenbrunnensis Schot, Richard van der 9, 16, 21, 25–26, 41, 44, 50,
(Jacquin) 3, 5, 11n14, 25, 70–71, 73–74, 81 60–61, 74, 81–82, 86, 96, 100, 104, 106, 108
Plantarum selectarum icones pictae (Meerburg) 11n16 Schreibers, Carl von 3n10
platina (platinum) 33, 40, 45, 387n1 Schreibers, Johann Heinrich 17
Plumier, Charles 27, 48–49, 56, 58, 61, 62, 78 Schreibers, Katharina Josepha von 2, 5, 17, 19
Pocquelin, Catherine 16 Schubert, Bernice G. 2
Port Royal 35, 42 Schwenkian Garden 74
Port-au-Prince 35, 42, 44 Sedelmayer, Martin 73
Portobelo 33, 37 Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia
Pourfour de Petit, François 48 (Jacquin) 3–5, 25n12, 28, 31, 51–75, 81–82, 84, 86,
privateers 33 88, 94, 100, 106, 110, 120, 388
Puerto Real de la Vega 32, 42 Seven Years War 30, 78
Puerto Rico 30 sexual system, Linnaeus’s 8, 58, 70
Sherard, James & William 48
Quebranto Luenos 39, 42 Sherard, James and William 48
Simon, baie du 32
Raimann, Johann Nepomuk von 1–4 Simpson Bay 28, 43
Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid 63, 66, 70, 75 Sint Anna Bay 32
Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault de 27–28 Sint Eustatius 28, 30, 41, 43–45
Rerum medicarum novae Hispaniae thesaurus Sint Maarten 28, 41, 43
(Hernández) 49 Sinú, river 39, 42, 44
Réunion 74 slaves 25, 35, 37, 39, 42, 53, 78
Rhone, river 40 Sloane, Sir Hans 49, 56, 61–62, 78
Riedl-Dorn, Christa 3–4 Somondoco 33, 42, 45, 387n1
Riohacha 32, 45, 387 Soto y Marne, Francisco 23
Rivière-Salée 25 Spanish Town 35, 42, 44
Rolander, Daniel 49 Species Plantarum (Linnaeus) 51, 60
Rolland, caves of 22, 41 Spielmann, Jakob Reinhold 40
Rouen 8, 19 St. Rochus (ship) 25, 44
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 63, 66, 74–75 Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin 75
Royal Drawing Academy, Vienna 11 Stafleu, Frans Antoine 3, 32, 50, 56n25, 60, 63, 78
Royal Horticultural Society 75 Stapilearum in hortis vindobonensibus cultarum
Royal Society 19, 27, 78 (Jacquin) 73
Royen, Adriaan van 8 Steckhoven, Adrian van 9, 73

412
 indices

Störck, Anton von 9 University Botanical Garden, Vienna 1–2, 5, 9, 11, 19,
storm 21, 30, 40, 43, 60, 66 48, 61, 66
Straight of Bahamas 40, 43 University of Leuven 7, 19
Strasbourg 40 University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries 75
Stupiez, Matthias Leopold 73 Uppsala University 5
Sugar Wars 78 Urban, Ignatz 50
Surian, Joseph Donat 78 Usteri, Paul 74
Surinam 49
Swartland 74 Venezuela 26, 42–43, 47n1
Swieten, Gerard van 1–2, 7–9, 12, 25, 28, 49, 51, 56, 77 Venice 15, 21, 41, 53
Swieten, Gottfried van 7 Venuti, Filippo 21
syphilis 47 Veracruz 37
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus) 8, 48, 51, 61, 66, 70, Vernon, Edward (captain) 33
77, 388 Vertus en Champagne 7, 16–17, 23
Vienna 1–5, 7–11, 16–19, 21–22, 25–26, 32, 35, 40–41,
Tabares, Don Diego 39 43–45, 47–48, 50–51, 58, 60–63, 73–74, 77–78, 81
Tessin, Carl Gustaf 388 Villa Buondelmonti 21
Teylers Museum 75 Virginia 73
The Morgan Library & Museum 70, 75 Vomito Preto 39
The New York Botanical Garden 50, 63, 75 Voyage à la Martinique (Thibault de Chanvalon) 28
Thibault De Chanvalon, Jean-Baptiste Mathieu 27–28, Voyage to the Islands of Madera... (Sloane) 49
30, 78
Tierra Bomba 39, 44 Wagner, Joseph 4, 53–54, 56, 60
Tortuga 33 Wardian cases 78
Toskanischen Kanzlei 9 Wead, H. (captain) 37, 39
Toulon 15, 21, 41 Weiss, Friedrich Wilhelm 63
Toulouse 40 Wiltshear, Felix Gilbert 66
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de 48n8 Windt, Jan de 28
Toussaint, François-Joseph 14–16, 21–22, 41 Wulfen, Franz Xaver von 389
Trieste 15, 21, 41, 73–74 Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart 75
Tuscany 9, 11, 15, 21
Yaquezi Point 33, 44
Ulm 40, 43 yellow fever 25, 28, 39, 41, 78
Universitätsbibliothek Salzburg 74
Universitätsbibliothek Wien 74 Zedinger, Renate 11

413
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Organism Index

Common names begin with lowercase letter. Accepted scientific names set in roman; synonyms,
spelling variants and superfluous names in italic. When a name appears in more than one page,
an asterisk (*) is added to the page number in appendices I and II. Italic numbers correspond to
pages with illustrations.

abrazapalo 113 Anas 388

abricotier 95 Anas autumnalis 389
Aburria cumanensis 27, 389*, 395 Anas viduata 389, 391
Aburria pipile 389, 396 Anemopaegma orbiculatum 91, 383
Abutilon trisulcatum 111, 304 Anguria 99
Acacia cornigera 103 Anguria pedata 88, 99, 353
Acacia retusa 105 Anguria trilobata 99, 354
acajou 83 Aniseia martinicensis 99, 144
Acalypha carthagenensis 101, 383 Anisophyllum pinnatum 101, 382
Acalypha corensis 32, 101*, 361 Annona mucosa 85, 98
Acalypha villosa 101, 360 Annona muricata 60, 66, 85*, 281
Acanthaceae 81 Annona reticulata 85, 384
Acanthocereus tetragonus 93 Annona squamosa 44, 85*, 282
Achras mammosa 118, 179 Annonaceae 85
Achras sapota 32, 45, 118*, 180 annonas 73
Achras sapota var. sapotilla 118 Anona mucosa 85, 98
Achras zapota 118, 179 Anona muricata 85
Achras zapota major 118 Anona reticulata 85
Achras zapota ß zapotilla 118 Anona squamosa 85
Achyranthes altissima 83 anteater 26, 44, 387, 390
Acrocomia aculeata 89, 374 Anthurium acaule 89, 351
Aegiphila integrifolia 107, 379 Aphelandra pulcherrima 83, 379
Aegiphila martinicensis 107 Apocynaceae 85
Agave cubensis 40, 89*, 380 Aquartia 26, 48, 119*
Agave hexapetala 89 Aquartia aculeata 119, 135
agouti 26, 44, 387 Araceae 87
aguila coronada 389 Arachis hypogea 22
Aiphanes minima 89, 383 aralia 97
Aizoaceae 83 Aralia arborea 89
Alismataceae 83 Aralia capitata 89, 211
almácigo 93 Araliaceae 89
Alouatta seniculus 388 aralie à petites feuilles 111
Alpinia spicata 26, 58, 70, 82, 99*, 121 arbol de quien las hojas huelen el anis 101
Alternanthera paronychioides 83, 210 Ardea nivea 389
Amaranthaceae 83 Ardea thula 389
Amarylidaceae 83 Areca oleracea 89, 375
Amerimnon 37 Arecaceae 89
Amerimnon brownei 37, 103*, 383 Aristolochia 47, 388–89
Amerimnon Brownii 103 Aristolochia anguicida 89, 388
Amerimnon pinnatum 103, 303 Aristolochia caudate 89, 341
Amphilophium crucigerum 91, 381 Aristolochia maxima 89, 343
Amphilophium paniculatum 91, 295 Aristolochia peltata 89, 342
Amyris 117 Aristolochia pentandra 89, 344
Amyris elemifera 117 Aristolochiaceae 89
Amyris maritima 117 armadillos 390
Amyris sylvatica 117, 228 Arum hederaceum 89, 350
Anacardiaceae 83 Arum seguine 87, 349
Anacardium 83 Asclepiadaceae (see also Apocynaceae) 2, 61, 61n34, 73
Anacardium occidentale 83*, 94, 241 Asclepias 73
ananas de bois 93 Asclepias altissima 85

414

Asclepias clausa 85
Asclepias filiformis 85
Asclepias gigantean 85
Asclepias longiflora 85
Asclepias maritima 85
Asclepias planiflora 85
Asclepias racemosa 85
Asclepias undulata 85
Asparagaceae 89
Asteraceae 89
Astronium 83
Astronium graveolens 83, 382
Atragene polygama 115, 381
Atriplex cristata 83, 355
Avicennia 81
Avicennia germinans 81, 289, 381
Avicennia nitida 81, 289
Avicennia tomentosa 81, 381
avocato-pear-tree 107
Axyris pentandra 83, 355
Ayenia magna 109
Bacopa monnieri 60, 114*, 381
Bactris guineensis 53, 55, 89*, 376
Bactris major 89, 386
Bactris minor 53, 55, 89*, 376
Badiera penaea 115*
balai doux 114
Ballota suaveolens 107*, 283
barbasco 49n9, 115
Barleria hirsuta 116*, 292
Barleria nitida 83*
barrilla 91
Bataceae 91
Batis 91
Batis maritima 91, 366
Bauhinia aculeata 103, 385
Bauhinia glabra 103, 385
Bauhinia punctata 103, 385
Belencita nemorosa 95, 276
Bellis ramosa 89, 317
Bernardia corensis 32, 101*, 361
Besleria cristata 105, 300
Besleria lutea 105
Beurreria exsucca 91
Bignona longissima 91
Bignonia americana capreolis donata
Bignonia dichotoma 91
Bignonia echinata 91, 385
Bignonia longisiliqua 91, 385
Bignonia orbiculata 91, 385
Bignonia paniculata 91, 295
Bignonia radicans 22
Bignonia stans 91, 104, 296
Bignoniaceae 91
birch tree 93
Bocconia 114
Bocconia frutescens 114
Boehmeria 120
indices
Boehmeria ramiflora 120, 356
bois à grandes feuilles 115
bois bracelets 115
bois cabril 91
bois cotelet 120
bois cotelet carré 120
bois coulevre 116
bois crabil 91
bois d’lude 112
bois de chypre 91
bois de fer 117
bois de riviere 116
bois des couilles 111
bois laiteux 87
bois mabouia 97
bois perdrix 113
bois tan 109
boix canonn 120
Bombax ceiba 56, 111*, 385
Bombax heptaphyllum 111, 385
Bombax pentandrum 111, 302
Bombax quinatum 111, 385
Bombax septenatum 111, 385
Bontia daphnoides 119, 385
Boraginaceae 91
bouis 118
Bourreria 91
Bourreria baccata 91, 165
Bourreria cumanensis 93, 385
Bourreria exucca 91
Bourreria suculenta 91
Brassavola nodosa 113, 333
Bromelia karatas 93, 385
Bromelia pinguin 93
Bromeliaceae 93
Brownaea 103
Brownea 37
Brownea coccinea 103
Brunfelsia spinosa 119
Bulnesia arborea 120, 244
Bunchosia diphylla 109
Bunchosia grandifolia 109
Bunchosia nitida 109
Bunchosia odorata 109, 385
Bursera 93
Bursera glabra 93, 385
102 Bursera simaruba 93, 216
Bursera tomentosa 93, 226
Burseraceae 93
Burseria gummifera 93, 216
Byrsonima altissima 109
Byttneria aculeata 111
Byttneria carthagenensis 111
cabril batard 91
cacao 28, 60, 74n50
cacaracacara 93
cachiman morveux 85
Cactaceae 93
415
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Cactus Pitajaya 93 Cassytha 107

Cactus triangularis α aphyllus 94, 385 Cassytha filiformis 107, 236
Cactus triangularis β foliosus 94, 385 Catalpa longissima 91, 381
Caesalpinia coriaria 105, 385 Cattleya violacea 114
Caesalpinia pulcherrima 92, 105*, 240 cebolletas 113
Caesalpinia vesicaria 105 Cecropia peltata 120, 382
cahiman caur de bauf 85 Cedrela odorata 56, 112*, 381
caimitier 118 ceiba 111
cainito 118 Ceiba pentandra 111, 302
Calanthea pulcherrima 95, 275 Celastraceae 97
calaba 95 Celtis iguanaea 95
calebassier 91 Cerbera Thevetia 85, 167
Calliandra tergemina 105, 385 cerezo macho 112
Callicarpa integrifolia 107, 385 Cestrum alternifolium 119, 136
Callisia 99 Cestrum nocturnum 119
Callisia repens 99, 134 Chaetaea 111
Calophyllaceae 95 Chaetaea aculeata 111
Calophyllum calaba 95, 369 Chamissoa altissima 83
Calotropis procera 85, 208 chauna chavaria 388
camajonduro 47, 111* Chayota edulis 99, 365
Cameraria latifolia 85, 159 chayote, chayote francés 99
campanilla 99 chene nuir 91
Campanulaceae 95 cheriway 389
Campsis radicans 22 Chimarrhis cymosa 116
canard siflear 389 Chiococca alba 116, 189
canario 389 Chiococca nocturna 119
Cancer parasiticus 387 Chiococca racemosa 116, 189
Cannabaceae 95 chirimoya 85
canne de riviere 99 Chloroleucon mangense 39, 103*, 382
cannes de tabago 89 Chomelia 116
capitán 89 Chomelia spinosa 116, 137
Capparaceae 95 choux almiste 89
Capparidastrum frondosum 95, 273 Chrysobalanaceae 97
Capparis 35, 95* Chrysobalanus 97
Capparis Amygdalifolia 95 Chrysobalanus icaco 97, 261
Capparis Breynia 95, 272 Chrysophyllum 35, 118*
Capparis comosa 33, 95* Chrysophyllum argenteum 118–19, 174, 175
Capparis cynallophora 95 Chrysophyllum cainito 35, 53n22, 118*, 171, 172
Capparis cynophallophora 95, 265, 270 Chrysophyllum Cainito β jamaicense 118
Capparis Elaeagnifolia 95 Chrysophyllum Cainito γ caeruleum 118, 172
Capparis eustachiana 28, 95*, 266 Chrysophyllum Cainito δ microphyllum 118, 173
Capparis frondosa 95, 273 Chrysophyllum foliis utrinque… 119
Capparis hastata 95, 267 Chrysophyllum glabrum 119, 175
Capparis jamaicencis 95, 270 Chrysophyllum oliviforme 119, 173
Capparis linearis 95, 271 cimbrarera 112
Capparis nemorosa 95, 276 Cinchona caribaea 33, 116*, 183
Capparis octandra 47, 95*, 269 cinnamon 28, 73
Capparis pulcherrima 95, 287 ciruelo 85
Capparis tenuisiliqua 95, 274 Cissus acida 120
Capparis verrucosa 97, 268 Cissus alata 120
Capraria biflora 119, 294 Cissus alatus 120
Capsicum chinense 119 Cissus sicyoides 84, 120*, 140
capuchin monkey 390 Cissus trifoliata 120, 379
Caracara cheriway 389, 394 Cissus trifoliatus 120
Casearia 117 Cissus verticillata 84, 120*, 140
Casearia aculeata 117 Citharexylum cinereum 120, 298
Casearia decandra 28, 117*, 247 Citharexylum quadrangulare 120
Casearia nitida 117, 246 Citharexylum spinosum 120, 298
Casearia parviflora 28, 117*, 247 Citharexylum teres 120

416
 indices
Clematis polygama 115, 261
Cleomaceae 97
Cleome procumbens 97, 301
Cleome serrata 97, 382
Cleome spinosa 97
Clerodendrum aculeatum 107, 297
Clinopodium martinicense 107, 381
Clusia 97
Clusia alba 97, 108, 110, 370
Clusia flava 97, 371
Clusia major 97, 108, 110, 370
Clusia minor 97
Clusia rosea 97
Clusia venosa 97
Clusiaceae 97
Coccoloba 73, 115*
Coccoloba barbadensis 26, 115*
Coccoloba coronata 115, 234
Coccoloba diversifolia 115, 233
Coccoloba emarginata 115
Coccoloba excoriata 115, 235
Coccoloba flavescens 35, 115*, 232
Coccoloba grandifolia 115
Coccoloba leoganensis 35, 115*, 380
Coccoloba nivea 115
Coccoloba obtusifolia 115, 231
Coccoloba pubescens 115
Coccoloba punctata 115, 234
Coccoloba uvifera 115, 230
Coccoloba venosa 115, 235
coccoplum-tree 97
cochenilles 28
cocorotes 89
Cocos aculeata 89, 374
Cocos aculeatus 89
Cocos amara 89
Cocos amarus 89
Cocos nucifer 89
Cocos nucifera 89, 373
Coffea occidentalis 116
coffee 15n22, 21, 28, 30
cojones de frayles 87
Colubrina arborescens 116, 194
Colubrina cubensis 40, 116*, 195
Columba caribaea 389
Columba corensis 389
Columba cyanocephala 390, 398
Columba leucoptera 389
Columba squammata 389
Columba striata 389, 397
Columbina passerina 389
Columbina squammata 389
Columnea scandens 107, 290
Combretaceae 97
Combretum 97
Combretum decandrum 97, 380
Combretum fruticosum 97, 380
Combretum laxum 97
Combretum secundum 97, 380
417
Commelinaceae 99
Comocladia dentata 83, 379
Comocladia integrifolia 83
Comocladia pinnatifolia 83
Conocarpus erecta 97, 198
Conocarpus erectus 97, 198, 380
Conocarpus procumbens 97, 380
Conocarpus racemosa 97, 199
Conocarpus racemosus 97, 199
contracapitán 47, 89, 388
Convolvulaceae 99
Convolvulus havanensis 99, 384
Convolvulus martinicensis 99, 144
Copaifera 103
Copaifera officinalis 103, 248
Copaiva 103
Copaiva officinalis 103
Coracia garrula 388
coracias 388
corals 11, 14, 25, 27, 32–33, 40, 44–45, 61, 78, 387, 390
Corchorus hirsutus 111, 277
Cordia 91
Cordia alba 93
Cordia bullata 35, 93*, 163
Cordia bullata var. globosa 93
Cordia collococca 91
Cordia curassavica 93
Cordia gerascanthus 91, 379
Cordia juglandifolia 33, 91*
Cordia martinicensis 93, 162
Cordia mirabiloides 93
Cordia sebestena 33, 88, 91*, 164
corosollier 85
Corvus argyrophthalmus 389
Corvus mexicanus 389
Corynostylis arborea 120, 380
Costaceae 99
Costus arabicus 8n5, 70
Costus cylindricus 99
Costus speciosus 8, 8n5
Costus spicatus 26, 58, 82, 99*, 121
cougar 40, 45, 387
coui 91
Coursetia caribaea 103, 313
cousin 111
Coutarea hexandra 117, 185
crab 25, 44, 387
Craniolaria annua 112, 286
Crantzia cristata 105, 300
Crax cumanensis 26, 389*, 395
Crax pipile 389, 396
Crescentia cujete 91, 100, 287
crescentias 73
croc 113
Croton balsamifer 101
Croton balsamiferum 101, 362
Croton cascarilla 101, 383
Croton flavens 101, 362
Croton lineare 101, 383
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Croton niveum 101, 383 Echites 85

Croton niveus 101, 383 Echites adglutinata 85, 150
Croton polygamum 101, 363 Echites agglutinata 85
Croton procumbens 101 Echites agglutinatus 85, 150
cruceta 117 Echites biflora 85, 148
cryptogams 56, 60 Echites corymbosa 87, 157
Cucurbitaceae 99 Echites quinquangularis 87, 152
cuernezuela 103 Echites repens 33, 87*, 155
Cupania 118 Echites spicata 87, 156
Cupania americana 118 Echites suberecta 87, 153
Cuphea carthagenensis 109 Echites suberectus 33, 87*
Cuscuta americana 99 Echites torosa 87, 154
custard apple-tree 85 Echites trifida 87, 151
Cynanchum 61n34 Echites umbellata 87, 149
Cynanchum racemosum 85, 200 Echites umbellatus 87, 149
Cynophalla flexuosa 95, 265, 266 Eclipta prostrata 89, 317
Cynophalla hastata 95, 267 Eclipta punctata 25n12, 89*, 317
Cynophalla linearis 95, 271 Egretta thula 389
Cynophalla verrucosa 97, 280 Ehretia 91
Ehretia Beurreria 91, 165
Dalbergia 103 Ehretia dubia 91
Dalbergia brownei 37, 103*, 383 Ehretia exsucca 91, 379
Dalea carthagenensis 105 Ehretia spinosa 93, 379
Dalechampia 101 Ehretia tinifolia 93
Dalechampia scandens 101, 359 Elaeis guineensis 89, 377
Dasyprocta leporina 26 Elaphrium 58, 93*
Dasypus novemcinctus 390 Elaphrium glabrum 93, 380
Dendrocygna autumnalis 389 Elaphrium tomentosum 93, 226
Dendrocygna viduata 388–89, 391 Elaterium 99
Dendropanax arboreus 89 Elaterium carthagenense 49, 99*, 352
Dendropemon uniflorum 109, 220 Entada polystachya 105, 382
Dermochelys coriacea 390 Epidendrum altissimum 113, 335
Deutzia 33 Epidendrum anceps 113, 328
Dicliptera martinicensis 83, 126 Epidendrum carthagenense 113, 334
Didelphis marsupialis 45 Epidendrum cebolleta 113, 337
Dieffenbachia seguine 89, 349 Epidendrum ciliare 113, 329
Diospyros inconstans 99, 383 Epidendrum coccineum 113, 325
Diphysa 103 Epidendrum concretum 113
Diphysa carthagenensis 103, 381 Epidendrum difforme 106, 113*, 206
Dipogon lignosus 103 Epidendrum globosum 113, 323
Ditaxis polygama 101, 363 Epidendrum lineare 113, 321
Dodonaea 118 Epidendrum nocturnum 113, 330
Dodonaea viscosa 118 Epidendrum nodosum 113, 333
Dolichos altissimus 103, 310 Epidendrum ophioglossoides 113, 331
Dolichos lignosus 103 Epidendrum ramosum 113, 322
Dolichos pruriens 103, 308 Epidendrum rigidum 113, 324
Dolichos ruber 103, 311 Epidendrum ruscifolium 114, 332
Dolichos subracemosus 103 Epidendrum secundum 114, 327
Dolichos urens 103, 309 Epidendrum tetrapetalum 114, 336
doncellas 87 Epidendrum violaceum 114
duck, Spanish-main 389 Erithalis fruticosa 116
Duranta 120 Erithalis inodora 116
Duranta Ellisia 120, 299 Erithalis odorifera 116, 380
Duranta erecta 120, 299, 381 Erythroxylaceae 99
Duranta Plumieri 120, 381 Erythroxylum areolatum 99
Erythroxylum carthagenense 99, 249
eau creole 95 Erythroxylum havanense 99, 250
eau de mantes 101 escobilla menuda 114
Ebenaceae 99 escorzonera 112

418
 indices

Eudocimus albus 389 Geophila repens 117, 187

Eugenia acapulcensis 112, 380 Gesneria tomentosa 107, 381
Eugenia axillaris 112 Gesneriaceae 105
Eugenia carthagenensis 112, 380 Gibasis geniculata 99, 215
Eugenia carthagenensis β baruensis 112 Ginoria 21, 109
Eugenia carthagenensis γ myrtifolia 112 Ginoria americana 109, 257
Eugenia pseudopsidium 112, 260 Glaucomys volans 26
Eugenia triflora 112, 381 Gliricidia sepium 105, 380
Euphorbia bombensis 39, 101 gommier 93
Euphorbia graminea 101, 259 Gomphraena ficoidea 83
Euphorbia hirta 101 Gonolobus undulatus 85, 204
Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia 101 Gonzalagunia hirsuta 116, 292
Euphorbia obliterata 101 Goodeniaceae 107
Euphorbia tithymaloides 101, 258 Gouania 115
Euphorbiaceae 101 Gouania glabra 116, 384
euphorbias 28, 45 Gouania lupuloides 33, 116*, 384
Evolvulus nummularius 99, 380 Gouania polygama 116, 382
Exostema caribaeum 33, 116*, 183 Gouania tomentosa 116, 382
goyavier batard 112
Fabaceae 103 granadille 114
Fagara tragodes 35, 56, 117*, 139 gras de galle 87
Falco cheriway 389, 394 grasses 56, 60
Faramea occidentalis 116, 188 Gratiola monnieria 60, 114*, 382
Felis concolor 116, 188 graza blanca 389
fish 25–26, 28, 32, 44–45, 61, 387, 390 gros bouis 118
fish, flying 32, 45, 387 grougrou 89
fleurs de paradis 105 guanaban 85
fluyter 389 guao 83
Forsteronia spicata 87, 156 Guapira fragrans 113
fossils 9, 11, 14, 25–26, 28, 32–33, 44–45, 387 guara 112
fox 32, 45, 387 Guarea guidonia 112, 380
franchipanier blanc 87 Guarea trichilioides 112, 380
franchipanier rouge 87 guayacán 120
Fridericia dichotoma 91, 102 Guettarda 116
Fringilla 388 Guettarda odorata 50, 116*, 379
Fringilla aethiops 389 Guzmania lingulata 93, 212
Fringilla carthagenensis 389 Gyrocarpus americanus 107, 378
Fringilla flaveola 389
Fringilla lepida 389, 392 Habenaria monorrhiza 114
Fringilla noctis 389 Hamelia 116
Fringilla rufo-barbata 389 Hamelia erecta 116
fromager 111 Hamelia patens 116, 192
Fulica 388 Hapalanthus 99
Fulica carthagena 388 Hapalanthus repens 49, 99*
Fulica chloropus 388 Harpia harpyja 389
Fulica martinica 388–89 Hecatostemon completus 118, 381
Fulica martinicensis 389, 393 Hedyotis americana 116, 138
Furcraea hexapetala 40, 89*, 380 Heisteria 113
Heisteria coccinea 113, 242
Galactia rubra 103, 311 heliconias 26, 44
Galega caribaea 103, 313 Helicteres 111
Galega littoralis 51, 103*, 312 Helicteres apetala 111, 383
Gallinula chloropus 388 Helicteres barbadensis 26, 111*
genet épineux 105 Helicteres baruensis 39, 111*, 347
Gentiana aphylla 105, 209 Helicteres carthagenensis 111, 348
Gentianaceae 105 Helicteres jamaicensis 26, 111*, 346
Geoffroea 103 Heliotropium gnaphalodes 93, 379
Geoffroea spinosa 103, 381 herbe à charpentier 83
Geopelia striata 389, 397 Hernandia 107

419
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Hernandia sonora 107 Jacquinia aculeata 115, 177

Hernandiaceae 107 Jacquinia arborea 49
Hibiscus spinifex 111, 305 Jacquinia armillaris 49, 115*, 176
Hibiscus tiliaceus 26 Jacquinia linearis 35, 52, 115*, 178
hierba de maravedi 97 Jacquinia ruscifolia 48, 115*, 177
higuero de lata 89 Jacquiniella globosa 113, 323
Hillia 116 Jatropha 28
Hillia parasitica 116, 217 Jatropha carthagenensis 101
Hippobroma longiflora 95, 320 Jatropha hastata 101
Hippocratea 97 Jatropha integerrima 101, 383
Hippocratea scandens 97, 132 jobo 85
Hippocratea volubilis 97, 132 juan gómez 105
Hippomane Mançanilla 101, 358 Justicia carthagenensis 83, 127
Hippomane mancinella 101, 358 Justicia eustachiana 83, 125
Hiraea 109 Justicia hirsuta 116
Hiraea reclinata 109, 380 Justicia martinicensis 83, 126
Hirtella americana 97, 131 Justicia nitida 83
hog-plum-tree 85 Justicia pectoralis 83, 124
Homalium 117 Justicia pulcherrima 83, 379
Homalium racemosum 118, 381 Justicia sessilis 83, 123
honey-suckles 114 Justicia spinosa 35, 83*, 122
Huperzia dichotoma 09, 372 justicias 28
Hybanthus 120
Hybanthus havanensis 109 karatas 93
Hylocereus trigonus 95, 380 kerseboom 112
Hymenaea courbaril 103, 384 kerseboom, wilde 95
Hymenocallis 32 Kleinia 91
Hymenocallis caribaea 83, 90, 222 Kleinia ruderalis 91, 315
Hymenocallis littoralis 83, 221 knippen 118
Hypericaceae 107
Hypericum cayennense 26, 44, 107* Lacerta 56
Hypericum cayennensis 107 Lacerta iguana 388
Hyptis suaveolens 107, 283 Laetia americana 118, 279
Laetia apetala 118, 279
Iathropa carthagnensis 101 Laetia completa 118, 381
Iatropha hastata 101, 383 Laguncularia racemosa 97, 199
Iatropha integerrima 101, 383 Lamiaceae 107
icaco 97 Latropha Janipha 101
iguaenbesienboom 95 Laugieria 48, 51, 116*
iguana 43, 388, 390 Laugieria odorata 50, 116*, 379
Illecebrum ficoideum 83, 210 Lauraceae 107
Inga laurina 103, 367 Laurus cinnamomum 44, 107*, 237
insects 25, 44, 387 Laurus persea 107, 384
intoum 89 Lecythidaceae 107
Ionidium jacquinianum 120 Lecythis 107
Ipomaea carnea 99, 145 Lecythis minor 109, 280
Ipomaea filiformis 99, 146 Lentibulariaceae 109
Ipomaea repanda 99, 147 Lepidochelys olivacea 390
Ipomaea tuberosa 99 Leucas martinicensis 107, 381
Ipomoea carnea 99, 145 liane mangle 85
Ipomoea tuberosa 33, 99* lianné a baril 114
Iridaceae 107 lianne de syrop 107
Iris martinicensis 107, 130 lilac de nuit 119
Isochilus linearis 113, 321 Lippia americana 120, 288
Ixora alternifolia 119, 136 Lippia hemisphaerica 120, 288
Ixora ferrea 117, 379 Loasaceae 109
Lobelia longiflora 95, 320
Jacquemontia havanensis 99, 384 Lobelia plumieri 107
Jacquinia 48, 48n9, 77, 115* Lonchocarpus violaceus 105, 381

42 0
 indices

Loranthaceae 109 Melastoma septemnervium 112

Loranthus 109 Melastomataceae 112
Loranthus americanus 109, 218 Melia guara 112
Loranthus biracemosus 109 Meliaceae 112
Loranthus pedunculatus 109 Melicoccus 118
Loranthus sessilis 109 Melicoccus bijugatus 32, 53n20, 118*, 229
Loranthus spicatus 109, 219 Melocactus 28
Loranthus uniflorus 109, 220 Melochia domingensis 33, 111
Loxigilla noctis 389 Melochia frutescens 28, 111*, 384
Lucya tetrandra 117, 223 Melochia pyramidata 33, 111
Ludwigia octovalvis 113, 225 Melochia tomentosa 111
Lycium americanum 35, 119* Melochia tomentosa var. frutescens 28, 111*, 384
Lycopodiaceae 109 Mentzelia 109
Lycopodium dichotomum 109, 372 Mentzelia aspera 109
Lythraceae 109 Merremia tuberosa 33, 99*
Lythrum carthagenense 109 Mesechites repens 33, 87*, 155
Mesechites trifidus 87, 151
Machaerium arboreum 105, 381 Metopium brownei 85
Machaonia havanensis 117 Microchilus plantagineus 114
Maclura tinctoria 112, 383 Micrurus dissoleucus 390
maguei 89 Micrurus dumerilii 390
majagua de playa 111 Mimosa biglobosa 103, 382
Malpighia altissima 109 Mimosa cornigera 103
Malpighia angustifolia 109 Mimosa fagifolia 103, 367
Malpighia diphylla 109 Mimosa mangensis 39, 103*, 382
Malpighia grandifolia 109 Mimosa polystachya 105, 382
Malpighia linearis 109 Mimosa retusa 105
Malpighia martinicensis 109 Mimosa tergemina 105, 382
Malpighia nitida 109 mispelboom 118
Malpighia odorata 109, 380 Molothrus armenti 389
Malpighiaceae 109 mombin 85
Malvaceae 109 mombin batard 112
Malvaviscus tiliaceus 26 Momotus momota 388
mamei 95 Monilicarpa tenuisiliqua 95, 274
mamei-sapota 118 monkey, red howler 388
Mammea americana 95, 368 monkeys 387, 390
mançanilla, manzanilla 101 mono colorado 388
Manchineel tree 27 moños 118
Mandevilla torosa 87, 154 Morinda muscosa 116, 186
mangle 116 Morisonia americana 97, 264
mangle bobo 99 morita 112
mangle cautivo 101 Morus tinctoria 112, 383
mangle zaragoza 97 Morus zanthoxylym 112
mango 28, 45, 73n50 Mucuna pruriens 103, 308
mangrove 116 Mucuna sloanei 103, 309
mangrove, white 99 Mucuna urens 103, 310
Manihot carthagenensis 101, 364 Muntingia 112
Manilkara zapota 32, 45, 118*, 180 Muntingia calabura 112, 278
Marcgravia umbellata 111, 263 Muntingiaceae 112
Marcgraviaceae 111 Musa 26
Marsdenia altissima 85, 203 Mussaenda 116
marta 388 Mussaenda formosa 116, 190
Martyniaceae 112 Mussaenda spinosa 117, 191
matarratón 105 Myginda 49n11, 97*
Matelea longiflora 85, 205 Myginda uragoga 28, 97*, 142
Matelea maritima 85, 202 Myrmecophaga tridactyla 390
Matelea planiflora 85, 201 myrobolan 107
Melastoma discolor 112, 245 Myrospermum 105
Melastoma septemnervia 112 Myrospermum frutescens 105, 238

42 1
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Myrtaceae 112 Paullinia diversifolia 118

Myrtus caryophyllata 25, 112 Paullinia nodosa 118
Myrtus triflora 112, 381 Paullinia tomentosa 118
Paullinia triternata 118, 380
Neomillspaughia emarginata 115 Pavonia spinifex 111, 305
nisberry 118 pecheur, le 389
nispero 118 Pectis linifolia 91, 316
Nissolia 105 Pectis punctata 91, 316
Nissolia arborea 105, 381 Pelecanus 388
Nissolia fruticosa 105, 307 Pentalinon luteum 33, 87*, 153
Notopleura guadalupensis 117, 193 Peplis tetrandra 117, 223
Nyctaginaceae 112 peral de abogado 107
pere noir 389
ocelot 40 Persea americana 60, 107*, 384
Ochnaceae 113 Petesia tomentosa 117
Odontonema nitidum 83 Petesioides laurifolium 115
Oenothera octovalvis 113, 225 petit beaume 101
ojo de plata 389 Petitia 107
Olacaceae 113 Petitia domingensis 33, 49, 107*, 379
ollita de mono 109 Petiveria alliacea 51, 114*, 224
Onagraceae 113 Petiveria octandra 51, 114*, 224
Oncidium altissimum 113, 335 Petraea volubilis 120, 173
Oplonia spinosa 83, 122 Petrea 120
opossum 40, 45, 387 Petrea volubilis 120, 293
Orchidaceae 113 Phaethon aethereus 56
Orchis setacea 114 Phaseolus sclaraeoides 105
Oreopanax capitatus 89, 211 Phaseolus sclareodes 105
Ornithidium coccineum 113, 325 Phasianus 388
ortolan 389 Philodendron hederaceum 87, 350
Oryctanthus spicatus 109, 219 Phytolaccaceae 114
Oxalis 71 Pimenta racemosa 25, 112*
pineapple 28, 45, 53
paletuvier 116 Pinochia corymbosa 87, 157
paletuvier de montagne 97 Pipile cumanensis 389, 395
paletuvier gris 81 Pipile pipile 389, 396
Palma corozo 89, 383 Piscidia carthagenensis 105
Palma grigri 89, 383 Piscidia erythrina 105
palmier 89 Piscidia piscipula 105
palmiste amer 89 pisesi 389
palmiste franc 89 pisesia 389
palomito 389 Pisonia aculeata 112
pancratias 45 Pisonia inermis 113
Pancratium 32 Pistia 89
Pancratium declinatum 83, 222 Pistia stratiotes 72, 89, 345
Pancratium littorale 83, 221 pitajaya 93
Papaveraceae 114 Plantaginaceae 114
Parkia biglobosa 102, 382 Platygyna hexandra 103, 383
Parkinsonia aculeata 105, 239 Platymiscium pinnatum 103, 383
Parra chavaria 388 Pleurothallis ruscifolia 114, 332
Passiflora laurifolia 114, 339 Plumbaginaceae 114
Passiflora nigra 114 Plumbago scandens 114, 143
Passiflora quadrangularis 114, 338 Plumeria alba 47, 86, 87*, 158
Passiflora quadrangularis β sulcata 114 Plumeria inodora 87
Passiflora serrulata 114 Plumeria pudica 87
Passiflora suberosa 114 Plumeria rubra 87
Passifloraceae 114 poinciade 105
Patagioenas caribaea 389 Poinciana bijuga 105
Patagioenas corensis 389 Poinciana bijugata 105
Paullinia barbadensis 26, 118* Poinciana coriaria 105, 380

42 2
 indices
Poinciana pulcherrima 92, 105, 240
poirier d’avocat 107
poirier de chardon 95
pois à grater 103
pois doux 103
pois manbouia 95
Polygala domingensis 33, 115*
Polygalaceae 115
Polygonaceae 115
Polymnia wedelia 91, 318
Polystachya concreta 113
pommes de liane 114
pommier d’acajou 83
pommier de canelle 85
Porophyllum 91
Porophyllum ruderale 91, 315
Porphyrio martinica 389, 393
Porphyrio martinicus 388
Portlandia grandiflora 117, 184
Portlandia hexandra 117, 185
portlandias 73
Portulaca paniculata 119, 256
Portulaca triangularis 120, 255
Pothos acaulis 89, 351
Prestonia quinquangularis 87, 152
Primulaceae 115
Priva lappulacea 120, 129
prunier d’espagne 85
prunier icaque 97
Pseudobombax septenatum 111, 381
Psiguria 99
Psiguria jacquiniana 99, 354
Psiguria pedata 88, 99, 353
Psittacanthus calyculatus 109, 218
Psoralea carthagenensis 105
Psoralea enneaphylla 105
Psychotria 117
Psychotria carthagenensis 117, 380
Psychotria domingensis 33, 117*
Psychotria herbacea 117, 187
Psychotria muscosa 116, 186
Pterocarpus draco 105, 384
Pterocarpus officinalis 105
Pteroglossus aracari 388
Quadrella ferruginea 33, 35, 95*, 269
Quadrella indica 95, 272
Quadrellla jamaicensis 95, 270
Quamoclit filiformis 99, 146
Quamoclit repanda 99, 147
quedec 95
queuë de rat 89
Quiscalus mexicanus 389
rabbit 390
Rachicallis americana 116, 138
raisinier de coude 115
raisinier du bord de la mer 115
Ramphastos aracari 388
42 3
Ramphastus momota 388
Randia armata 117, 191
Ranunculaceae 115
ratón 105
Rauvolfia canescens 87, 379
Rauvolfia hirsuta 87
Rauvolfia nitida 87
Rauvolfia tetraphylla 87, 166, 379
Rauvolfia tomentosa 87, 166
remora 33, 45, 387
Renealmia polystachia 93
revientacaballos 95
Rhabdadenia biflora 85, 148
Rhacoma uragoga 28, 97*, 142
Rhamnaceae 115
Rhamnus colubrinus 116, 194
Rhamnus cubensis 40, 116*, 195
Rhamnus domingensis 33, 116*
Rhamnus polygamus 116
Rhamphastos 388
rhinoceros, horn 32, 45, 387n1
Rhizophora mangle 58, 59, 116*, 252
Rhizophoraceae 116
Rhytidophyllum crenulatum 107, 381
Rivina dodecandra 114, 141
Robinia sepium 105, 380
Robinia violacea 105, 381
Rochefortia spinosa 93, 379
Rondeletia disperma 117, 379
Rondeletia odorata 117, 181
Rondeletia stipularis 117, 182
Rondeletia trifolia 117
Rondeletia trifoliata 117, 182
rosa del río 109
Rosenbergiodendron formosum 117, 190
Roystonea oleracea 89, 375
Rubiaceae 116
Ruprechtia ramiflora 115, 379
Russelia 114
Russelia sarmentosa 114, 291
Rutaceae 117
Ruyschia 111
Ruyschia clusiaefolia 111, 196
Ruyschia clusiifolia 111, 196
Rytidostylis 99
Rytidostylis carthagenensis 49, 99*, 352
Sagittaria lancifolia 83
Salicaceae 117
Samyda 118
Samyda dodecandra 118
Samyda serrulata 118
sangre de dragón 105
Sapindaceae 118
Sapium 101
Sapium aucuparium 101, 357
Sapium glandulosum 101, 357
sapodille-tree 118
sapota 118
 NIKOLAUS JOSEPH JACQUIN’S AMERICAN PLANTS

Sapotaceae 118 Solanum triste 119, 169

sapotas 73 Sophora havanensis 105, 381
sapotier 118 Sophora tomentosa 105, 381
sapotillier 118 sour-sop-tree 85
Sarcostemma clausum 85, 206, 207 spanish plum-tree 85
Satyrium plantagineum 114 Spermacoce havanensis 117
Sauvagesia 47 Spermacoce spinosa 117
Sauvagesia erecta 113, 197 Spilanthes 91
sawfish 45, 387 Spilanthes insipida 91, 381
Scaevola lobelia 107, 319 Spilanthes urens 91, 314
Scaevola plumieri 107, 319 Spinacia littoralis 83
Schaefferia 97 Spondias 83
Schaefferia frutescens 97 Spondias mombin 83
Scolopax alba 389 Spondias myrobalanus 32, 85*, 251
Scoparia dulcis 114 Spondias purpurea 32, 85*, 251
Scoparia procumbens 114 squirrel, flying 26, 28, 32, 44–45, 387–388
Scrophulariaceae 119 Stapelia 1–2, 61n34, 73
Scutellaria havanensis 107, 285 starapple 118
Sechium edule 99, 365 starfish 390
Securidaca 115 Starnoenas cyanocephala 390, 398
Securidaca diversifolia 115, 381 steen-duifje 389
Securidaca erecta 115, 381 steenappelboom 85
Securidaca scandens 115, 306 Stelis ophioglossoides 113, 331
Seguieria aculeata 114 Stemmadenia grandiflora 87, 161
Seguieria americana 114 Stemodia maritima 114, 381
seguine 89 Sterculia apetala 111, 383
Serjania diversifolia 118 stingray 45, 387
Serjania nodosa 118 stokvishoudt 112
Serjania triternata 118, 380 Strumpfia 117
Serpentes 389 Strumpfia maritima 117
Sesuvium portulacastrum 83, 262 Struthanthus sessilis 109
shells 9, 11, 14, 25–26, 28, 30, 32–33, 40, 44–45, 56, 61, suceé 389
78, 387, 390 sugarcane 28, 53
Sicalis flaveola 389 Suriana 119
Sicyos edulis 99 Suriana maritima 119
Sida abutifolia 111 Surianaceae 119
Sida filiformis 111 sweet-sop-tree 85
Sida trifulcata 111 Swietenia 56, 112*
Sida triquetra 111, 304 Swietenia mahagoni 56, 112*
Sida trisulcata 111 Syagrus amara 89
Sideroxyloides ferreum 117, 379 Sylvilagus brasiliensis 390
Sideroxylon foetidissimum 119 Symplocaceae 119
Sideroxylum foetidissimum 119 Symplocos 119
Sideroxylum pauciflorum 119 Symplocos martinicensis 119, 381
Sideroxylum sapota 118
silk cotton-tree 111 Tabernaemontana 87
Simia seniculus 388 Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia 87, 379
Smilacaceae 119 Tabernaemontana citrifolia 87, 160
Smilax hastata 119, 383 Tabernaemontana cymosa 87, 379
Smilax havanensis 119, 383 Tabernaemontana foliis oppositis… 87
snake 32, 42, 45, 47, 61, 387–88, 390 Tabernaemontana grandiflora 87, 161
Solanaceae 119 Tabernaemontana laurifolia 87
Solanum 119 Talinaceae 119
Solanum bahamense 119, 170 Talinum paniculatum 120, 256
Solanum bombense 39, 119* Talinum triangulare 120, 255
Solanum havanense 119, 168 Tamandua tetradactyla 26, 390, 399
Solanum racemosum 119, 170 Tamarindus indica 105, 133
Solanum subinerme 119, 379 Tantalus coco 389
Solanum tetramerum 119, 135 Tantilla semicincta 390

42 4
 indices

Tecoma stans 91, 104, 296 Utricularia alpina 109, 128

Tephrosia cinerea 51, 103*, 312 Utricularia montana 109, 128
Terebinthus 93 uvero 115
Terebinthus brownei 85
Terebinthus brownii 85 Varronia 93
termites 25, 50, 81 Varronia alba 93
Tetragonotheca parviflora 91 Varronia bullata 35, 93*, 163
Tetrao 388 Varronia curassavica 32, 93*
Tetrazygia discolor 112, 245 Varronia globosa 93
Teucrium cubense 107, 284 Varronia humilis 93
theé du pays 119 Varronia macrostachya 93
Theobroma cacao 60, 111* Varronia martinicensis 93, 162
Thevetia peruviana 85, 167 Varronia mirabiloides 35, 93
Tiaris olivacea 389, 392 Varronia spicis oblongis… 93
Tillandsia lingulata 93, 212 Verbena lappulacea 120, 129
Tillandsia polystachia 93, 214 Verbenaceae 120
Tillandsia polystachya 93, 214 Vicia disticha 103
Tillandsia tenuifolia 93, 213 Vicia littoralis 51, 103
Tolumnia guttata 114, 336 Viola hybanthus 120, 380
Tournefortia maculata 93 Violaceae 120
Tradescantia geniculata 99, 215 Viscoides pendulum 117, 193
Tragia hexandra 101, 383 Vismia cayennensis 26, 44, 107*
Trichilia 112 Vitaceae 120
Trichilia glabra 112, 380 viuda 388, 389
Trichilia havanensis 112 viudita 388, 389
Trichilia hirta 112 vivaseca 103
Trichilia spondiodes 112 Volkameria aculeata 107, 297
Trichilia spondioides 112 Voyria aphylla 105, 209
Trichilia terminalis 112 Vultur coronatus 389
Trichilia trifolia 53n20, 112*, 243 Vultur harpyja 389
Trichocentrum carthagenense 113, 334
Trichocentrum cebolleta 113, 337 Wedelia 91
Trichostigma octandrum 114, 141 Wedelia fructicosa 91
Trigonis 118 Wedelia frutescens 91, 318
Trigonis tomentosa 118 white mangrove 99
Trimezia martinicensis 107, 130
Triplaris americana 115, 379
Triplaris pyramidalis 115, 379 Ximenia 113
Triplaris ramiflora 115, 379 Ximenia americana 113, 227
Triumfetta lappula 111 Ximenia multiflora 113
Triumfetta rhomboidea 111, 254
Triumfetta semitriloba 111, 253 yeux bourrique 103
tropicbird 56, 57
trumpet-tree 120 Zanthoxylum tragodes 117, 139
turtle 45, 61, 387, 390 zoophytes 22, 26, 44, 387
zuursack-boom 85
urchin, sea 25, 44, 387 Zygophyllaceae 120
Urticaceae 120 Zygophyllum arboreum 120, 244

42 5