Thank you for the opportunity to do this.

Okay, so let me introduce myself, who I am.

My name is Natalia, I teach English Community Interpreting here at the University.
Professionally, I am a translator at the University.
And I have worked at the University for seven years, something more than ten years
now.
And so I will be responsible for three different programs.
So I will be responsible for three different programs.
So I will be responsible for three different programs.
I will be working with my colleague, Professor Maria Saracino
I will be working with my colleague, Professor Maria Saracino
We will meet her next Thursday.
And as far as the general course details, we will be given extra details,
We will meet her next Thursday. And as far as the general course details, we will
be given extra details,
Because she's the person in charge of the whole report.
So, some of the details include sound days, for instance.
But we have to actually define, as you can see, we define our sound days,
because of course it's something we have to arrange with the other colleagues from
the other years.
You have to have the first year, second year and third year in a row, in this
order.
So we can just set the dates and just do whatever we want.
She will give you details. I'm not sure about next time, but from the beginning,
however,
about the written and the oral exams.
So,
specifically about topics.
Whereas today I'd like to talk about my topics with you.
Right?
So, my class is with you.
Today, in the next week, that is the time.
I would suggest a little change here.
I don't usually have a grading tree.
I don't know what my colleagues do.
I don't usually have large grading trees.
I usually have large grades.
I usually start teaching, and then I can have like a five minute break,
and then I can continue.
If anyone wants to do it.
Okay?
So, I would suggest to have time.
A quarter past two.
And then next Thursday.
Next Thursday, I wish I could start a new shower.
Okay?
I'm not trying to buy anything, okay?
This is the only time we can.
Because then I couldn't continue in Germany because of the exams.
Right?
Not at all.
Yes.
Then all the teaching activities are suspended until the second half of the month
of February.
So, I couldn't.
Why?
Because I was the last teacher.
First of all.
And the second part.
Yeah.
Then the first part, I had to give Canverec a treat because of when the term is
due.
When the term is due, I had to get the second part.
Right?
And the second part has to be the next Tuesday.
On the third, they told me that I can quit my Polish language for now.
Oh, truths.
Absolutely.
There are already some classes and some time slots that are taken up, that were
taken up by colleagues of mine before me, so I couldn't possibly just teach, for
instance, my American literature.
And we ordered a lot of classes, you know, these are things that are really
unacceptable, so I will be teaching that on Saturday, on Saturdays.
And we also, I don't know that it's up to you whether you'd like to come during the
week.
Um...
But I'm just asking, and I can't really say if it is doable, but I could ask the
people in the unit upstairs, in the offices, if you want to come on the date of the
last part of the day, like from 6 to 8, and it's during the week.
Okay?
So if you want to think about it, if you want to discuss...
Uh, this, uh, option, uh, just letting you know, you can find the time slot and the
day.
So the time slot is this way, and the day here, and the day is, uh, well, to be
defined, also depending on your classes and your courses.
So that, for me, is the 17th of February.
Uh, approximately, I think we would be able to finish on the 6th of April.
That's more or less, uh, the amount of time we would spend together.
Uh, because, of course, there's Easter break, where you can have classes, of
course.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may even be...
Uh, but there may even be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may even be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may even be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may even be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
Uh, but there may even be some flexibility in terms of how many classes you have.
So these are my details, so if you want to write an email, you can write an email
using
my official email address, and this is the link to, actually I've copied this to
make
things faster now.
Okay, are you familiar with this?
Yes, of course.
It should be made just today, I think.
So.
Okay, this is, these are just some of the latest news from Sparta and Conserve for
the
initiative manager for my tutoring hours.
Now, my tutoring hours are actually suspended for the moment, but what you will
want to
hear is that you have a link to my team for my initiative manager.
I have a team.
This is my, for tutoring hours.
So, people wishing to meet me online during my official tutoring hours, or
exceptionally
some other time in the week, can actually do so online with me and we can connect,
okay,
via the, my, my team.
So, if you go to this, you have to go to the initiative manager.
And the initiative manager, the list of the, are you familiar with that?
There is a list of, the list of all the teachers, professors' names, and then
click, and then
you click from here and you get to my team.
Okay?
That's, that's why I was using this, that's why I'm using the informational screen
here.
There's another reason why I tend to, you know.
Point out that we have this opportunity is that.
It's because sometimes if you have general questions about the course, coursework,
and
everything, you may want to actually ask the questions on the screen.
All right?
So, not just by writing.
All right?
Why do you think, and say, and say that there is this possibility.
So, unless it is something very private.
It is something about you, your, I don't know, personal affairs.
I wouldn't, I wouldn't suggest using the team.
Because, of course, if you write a question, you can ask a question, and I answer
your
question.
And it may be a question that other people may want to know about.
So, I answer one student.
I can answer one question from one student at the same time.
I'm answering the same question from all the others who may be interested to know.
Okay?
So.
That's my strategy.
Have you got any questions so far?
Is there anything that I'm supposed to say that you don't remember?
Have you got any questions?
All right.
Let's get a new video.
Okay.
Working methods.
I will be holding lectures.
As you are familiar with.
Okay?
I will be explaining things.
But there will also be exercises that we are doing together.
Basically reading.
And there will be readings.
Okay?
That we will do together.
And some text analysis.
Mostly, mostly about the contents.
Okay?
Of those texts.
Because they are relevant to our topics.
But of course, there may be some comments regarding syntax, grammar, things you
studied last year.
Okay?
So, if I want to, I can of course refer to or point out, emphasize something on the
text that is about syntax and grammar.
Okay?
We will be reading those texts together.
So, it is also one way for you to speak.
And to check your pronunciation.
All right?
Of course, there will be issues regarding prohibition and prohibitance.
You can use that.
But, of course, as you can see, reading and text analysis is what you will be doing
extensively.
And of course, as far as the grammar is concerned, with your letterato classes.
Okay?
Those are key.
There is a key aspect for you.
What about letterato classes?
Could you attend those classes?
Have you been able to attend your letterato classes so far?
From the start?
From last November, October?
Do you usually go to letterato classes?
Of course, my colleague will also discuss this issue.
But it is something we usually invite you to attend letterato classes.
Because...
Of course, it is part of your learning process.
Okay?
Because I think there are some aspects of grammar, vocabulary, that you may not be
familiar with.
That you may not be aware of.
Okay?
So, there are like gaps that you then have.
You may have in your career.
And there may be problems there.
Including when you take our exams.
The more theoretical, we would say.
In terms of content.
And then, those problems will then show up.
Merge here and there.
Either in the written exam or in the oral exam.
And clearly, also the assessment by letterato classes is important.
It is important.
I think it is important for you.
For yourself.
For yourself.
For each one of you.
It is important because you can understand how far you have reached.
Okay?
In your learning process.
And rather than pay extra courses.
As we have been finishing with.
Okay?
To understand for M1, B1, B2.
B2 plus.
That you don't know.
How do you know?
How do you know?
You want to take an extra exam after you finish.
Pay.
Pay extra.
An extra.
Extra money.
This part of the same issue.
This part in part.
So, what you are doing here.
You are just paying.
Okay?
Paying your fees.
Paying your fees.
Paying your fees.
Paying your fees.
Paying your fees.
Paying your fees.
And probably you have heard this already.
So, I think it is a good opportunity for you.
To have, again, to have the native speakers.
Very valuable for you.
So.
Chucky.
Do you want to take the chair?
No.
Okay.
Now.
The reading.
Composter readings.
By readings I mean the coursework.
The materials.
That we are using for the theory.
I should not be talking about theoretical aspects.
So, any materials that you can use for the theory.
Okay?
So, I think that's it.
Thank you very much.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you very much.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Thank you.
The materials for the written and the oral exams will be made available either
online or at the bookshop.
I used to have my materials at Capri, so fortunately Capri closed last November.
But it's something we have to arrange with my colleagues, okay?
And so, I won't give you any book names, book titles at this stage.
Everything will be made available as a dispenser, okay?
And then, any extra materials, I'll put them, I can make that materials available
on my research and inventory team.
Under the...
Under the file, you know the file directory?
There will be a folder with the main reports, so you can find any extra materials
there.
Okay.
First, these are my contents.
The politics and policies of global English.
So, the focus...
The focus will be about English as a global language.
And then, I'm going to talk about learning English and learning through English.
And English history patterns and ideologies of English.
These are some of the titles from the materials that will be made available to you.
So, just check.
Sorry.
Just wanted to make sure.
Have you got any questions so far?
Okay.
So, the language of the teaching for me is English, of course.
We are not really working on translation.
I may want to make some references to translation issues.
If we find some phrases, some clause that...
If I can just extend it to a clause that is interesting and that we can make...
Let's concede that in terms of translation.
Is it...
Is it...
But, you don't know what translation is.
So...
I know your last year, just to make sure.
So, last year you studied...
Did you study socio linguistics?
From this book, BAKER, BAKER, you studied.
The subliminal important relevant variations of social differentiation of languages
and so on.
So, that is a sort of starting point.
This is a starting point for you, ok? What you study with my colleagues is a
starting point, ok?
Also, what you study, I'm not sure, did you study anything from this book also for
the history of the English language?
Or was the material from some other books?
But, of course, even though Global English, Global English also is part of the
history of the English language.
Now, let's say, next Thursday, I would like to have a very short test, like a sort
of entry test with you.
There will be a very short test, ok? So, how many of you, because actually you
cannot tell, you haven't met so far for a month of this class,
but how many of you, how many students are participating in this class?
In terms of last year, was that more or less the same amount of people, or are
there more people usually?
What can you say?
And do you think it's just because it's January that we don't have very many
people?
So, you don't think there will be more students next Thursday?
If I say that I would like to try a test, I want to take a test, I want to take a
test.
What do you think?
Ok.
What do you think?
Now, the reason, of course, I'm just telling you the reason, it's just a test to
see, and also for you, ok,
just to see the level more that on this class it won't be assessing, it won't be,
it won't be a mark, it's not a mark, paper, ok?
Let's see, my colleague, she thinks that we can postpone this, we can postpone this
to February, that's ok with me, alright?
So, it's a short test, and there will be also a sort of listening comprehension
test, as part of the test.
Ok.
As part of this test.
So.
Alright.
Now.
Very generally, I would like to talk about the varieties of individuals in
teaching, so I guess you are already familiar with this numeral.
Ok.
I've heard the word varieties in PhDs.
Yes or no?
A few years ago, Professor Crystal, who is a star, a student, Professor of English,
linguist,
helped talk here at the University.
He was invited by a colleague of mine, and he discussed the very first thing,
because he specializes in global English, world English, ok?
And he commented from the very beginning on the term Englishes.
And he said, oh, once I went to, I don't remember what it was, he went to South
Africa or somewhere.
And he said, here are some of the words.
And there was E, which is as part of the composter, to use the conference, this
conference.
And then, I don't know why, somebody wanted to raise the S at the end, or wanted to
remove the S at the end, or to remove the whole poster.
And he had to stop this verse and say, no, that's correct.
It's because it is a term, it is a term that is being used to refer to the
varieties of English.
That is correct.
They usually are plural for adjectives, but that's correct.
So, now, I just have some questions for you.
How many varieties of English can you think of?
Can you think of?
And can you name a few?
What do you mean by varieties of English?
Don't worry about it.
Say something in English.
Something inappropriate.
Something inappropriate.
I'm sure you know.
How many varieties of English do you have?
Maybe, I think it's Australian English, or...
Yes, what, maybe, what is Australian English?
American English.
American English?
American English.
New Zealand English.
New Zealand English?
New Zealand English.
Anyone who would like to write something in your body?
Social variety, for example.
Well, we have social varieties, of course.
I think this book is, I mean, this book is very acceptable, but I think as far as
culture and music is concerned,
you have a couple of, two or three interesting things, especially when they talk
about novel,
or the language, gender.
Language and gender issues.
I find it very detailed, okay?
Because on the one hand, we have the grammar, and the country, and the art, and so
on.
And then also, the way female speakers use the languages is not the same as male
speakers.
Okay?
So, gender issues.
Not in the way we refer to the, to the different genders.
Okay.
So, we can have British English, of course, Canadian English.
We may also include South African English.
Or in this case, I would say South African English is, in a way.
Okay?
And what particular variety of English do you speak?
What do you think is the variety of English you speak?
Okay.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Okay.
What did you say about yourself?
No?
You don't know?
Are you more attracted to American English?
Are you more attracted to British English?
Well, you're taught maybe by American professors, teachers at the, at the
university, and the
high school.
Or say, half a century or something, and you're taught English, and you have a lot
of English.
Okay?
or say upper secondary school, and then now you speak American English.
You watch very many TV series from the U.S.
So you have picked up that fast.
And what variety of varieties, that's another question,
what variety of varieties do you think should be considered proper and correct?
Can you say that?
Why is it important for you to have these similar aspects very clear in your mind?
Why?
Because you will be teachers.
I sometimes teach English not here, but at the university.
And sometimes I ask questions like, I don't know,
you're interested in the wind in the text, and you have the word, yes.
And then somebody may come to me and say, oh, this is an elevator.
What do you say?
Which one is proper?
Which one is correct?
Will you be able to answer that question from one of your future students?
What would you say?
That's right.
Because in both, you will see this.
Both American English and British English are two.
Okay.
So what are the varieties?
Am I right?
One, okay, possible question that you may have.
But they want to learn from you.
Okay?
Okay.
So that's what we have more or less discussed also.
So we may have a classification of Englishes based on group or even class.
Okay.
And group or even class.
Clearly.
Okay.
So that's also bordered with type register.
Okay.
Because we may have professionals.
Okay.
A group of users that is professionals.
Okay.
From a specific area.
Okay.
From a specific industry, sector.
According to the region, that is my starting point, after all.
Okay.
Where, okay, English is a standard variety.
Mm-hmm.
Again, the starting point.
The group of users, of course, can also be, for instance, of classes.
Mm-hmm.
But sometimes groups of, like, young people.
Mm-hmm.
So have you ever heard of, and this is not sort of old.
But non-standard variety, London, Jamaica.
Have you ever heard of London, Jamaica?
Who is this?
Or what is known as M&E.
Have you heard of M&E?
Multi-Cultural London English.
Mm-hmm.
It is the language spoken by young people coming from different ethnic backgrounds.
Mm-hmm.
Because they have different ethnic backgrounds within their families.
Okay.
So there may be a child whose mother is British and whose father is, yes, let's
say, Canadian.
Okay.
But at the same time, one of the grandmothers, especially the mother's mother, is,
I don't
know, Russian.
Okay.
So you may have those settings, especially in large urban cities like this, like
London.
Okay.
And, of course, the way they use English is affected by all these varieties.
Mm-hmm.
And this, especially young people who tend to have their own, their own jargon.
Mm-hmm.
There was, there was a case with London, Jamaica.
It was Jamaican.
But then it was sort of American.
It was sort of created by the second generation, third generation Jamaicans.
Okay.
But some of the things that they started saying, their conversations were then
taken
up also by non-Jamaican, say, peers.
Okay.
People of the same age group.
And they were white.
They were from China.
They were from everywhere.
But they picked up that, those expressions that were coming and so on.
So, so we can, I'd like to introduce just a few that you see here actually.
English is a native language.
Okay.
Then, ESL, English as a second language.
Then you can have, you have, you have now English as a foreign language.
English as an international language.
And then you have, this is not EHAP.
Sorry.
Yes.
EHAP.
Sorry.
I have to change.
Um.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
And English as a lingual contract.
Uh-hmm.
I don't know what it says, something about it?
English as a lingual contract.
Have you ever found this classification?
Have you ever found this classification?
Now this is part of social linguistics.
If you're, if you've never heard of it, then you don't know this.
It's a kind of magazine.
You know, the magazine of English as a whole.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
social industries, but it is also part of the disability industry, and we will see
why.
Now, do you know this, have you ever seen Norman,
capturing three circles of English? Yes or no? No?
Now, as you can see, there are three circles, and the first three circles are
basically
English as a native language, English as a second language, and English as a
foreign language.
So,
the
core,
they say the inner circle, but it is the core of this monolingual state,
consists of native varieties.
And as a result, we can say, standard varieties.
Okay?
Southern US, the UK, and so on.
Then you have an outer circle,
this is one model,
there are many other models,
representing the spread of English,
and the current situation.
Okay?
But this is often mentioned,
when we are talking about the varieties of English.
And then we have outer circle.
The outer circle includes such countries as India, Nigeria,
Kenya, Singapore, and so on.
And then, in this circle includes the English as a second language varieties.
Why was that the second language?
What do you think?
What does it mean that English is the second language?
Do you know?
.
Yes.
.
Yes.
So, basically, the country were colonized,
or somehow,
were in touch with the English language,
with more,
with equal rules, I would say.
Not because I don't want you to colonize, okay?
And standard is colonization, basically.
But sometimes we would see,
there are different groups, okay,
around, let's say, the United English,
there are different groups,
okay, to this contact,
right between,
and different effects,
we could see that there were different effects
over the centuries, right?
So, basically, we could think probably,
forward colonies,
belonging to one community,
if you think about the French Empire.
.
What is the important institution
within the British Empire
that still survives?
.
What is it?
.
The Commonwealth.
You don't have Commonwealth Games,
you still have Commonwealth Games.
Many of the countries that are already dependent now,
but you still have Commonwealth Games, right?
.
Now, it's a second language,
because it was mainly used
for the English, English was used
mainly for administrative purposes,
because the language used at school,
in courthouses,
so to administer law,
to administer education,
for instance, for healthcare,
for all official needs, okay?
English was the language used.
Written, I don't know,
the laws, okay?
This is a general definition, right?
And then we have the expanding circle,
where we have the countries like China, Russia, Brazil,
and so on, Italy.
So, going back to my question,
which variety of English do you speak?
I would say,
and I would say this for my staff as well,
that I speak the English as a foreign language,
so the expanding circle
is the variety of English as a foreign language,
because we learn English at school, basically,
unless one of you was born
in one of these English-speaking countries,
you have your mum,
who's English,
who's British,
American,
Australian, okay?
Or you come from another country,
from where English is used as a second language.
Now,
so the materials that I want to study with you
is just to give you insights
on the
implications,
okay,
of the different layers.
Again,
basically,
because you need to know,
let me put it like that,
but also because as teachers,
if you want to become a teacher,
but also if you don't want to be a teacher,
but anyone
asking for advice,
okay,
you may be some teachers,
and you are the one who will become an English.
People may want to know,
friends,
colleagues,
anyone,
but whatever,
whatever profession you would like to then
take on,
okay,
in the future.
I think it's important to know
where you are,
where somebody else is.
For instance,
there are,
I can see that there are Indian
teachers.
There are people coming from India
that are used to teach English sometimes.
What can you say about their way,
are they acceptable in terms of teachers?
Can they be described as mother tongue speakers?
Are they native speakers?
How can we classify them?
Because of course,
they probably know more
than we know
as Italians.
But we cannot say.
We cannot see why sometimes
it's a bit tricky to have,
not for my opinion,
okay,
let's say what the,
what opinions we have regarding
people coming from
outer circle countries,
teaching English,
and sometimes considered
native speakers.
Are they actually
native speakers?
Have you got any questions?
So,
being a circle,
yes,
that's basically
the country
that we mentioned before.
Island,
of course.
Now,
don't just,
don't look at the numbers,
because it may not be
really,
really simple.
So,
it may not be
accurate enough.
So,
these are some of the countries
belonging to the outer circle.
India,
Nigeria,
the Philippines,
although the Philippines,
they were,
they were,
they became,
they were under
U.S. control
at some time,
I think.
Can you remember
whether the,
the Spanish Empire,
um,
um,
gave,
simply,
the Philippines
to the
U.S.
in exchange
for
.
Then,
of course,
you have some Asian countries
as well,
other Asian countries.
Um,
Zambia,
okay.
Can you say
Zambia?
No,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
Zambia,
I don't know.
Wow,
yeah,
Zambia is a big
um,
I can't remember.
Anyway,
um,
the
expanding circle.
The expanding circle,
so China,
a little bit
to say about
China
if you think
about
China.
China is, in general, part of the Expanded Circle, except for Hong Kong.
Hong Kong was a British colony.
So you have the English spoken as a separate language there.
Now, of course, it was then returned to China.
I think it was in 1999, if I'm not mistaken.
More or less about the same time.
And so you have the two.
China includes both varieties.
Okay, the four rivers are Japan,
all the other countries,
most of Europe.
Now, as far as Europe is concerned,
what we can say is that there are countries such as Sweden,
where you have a tendency now to become part of the Outer Circle.
Because, as a result of the migration flows,
laws are being passed
and basically published also in English first.
So English is becoming sort of an official language,
together with Swedish.
So it's being almost embraced by the Circle,
the Second Circle.
And the same applies to Belgium, of course.
So that's what they're trying to do
and that's what they want to do.
Okay.
Now, these are some more details
we've done in the First Circle.
And the idea of the North.
Remember, what is proper?
What is correct?
Now, the Inner Circle is more provided
because, of course, the ground lines.
I mean, the proof in terms of
guidelines and rules and so on,
all come from the Outer Circle,
the Inner Circle of countries.
And then, the Circles, the Outer Circle,
is not developing.
And this is something we will discuss.
But it is not developing, meaning that,
of course, because it is a language used
for official purposes,
and sometimes, and I will return to this,
if you think about India,
each which had, over the centuries,
a unifying, was a unifying force for India.
Because India is a country where you have
many varieties, many dialects
that are spoken at the same time.
So instead of Hindu,
they also decided to use English
as a unifying language for communication.
So, it is not just something you find
on grids, okay,
like this letter,
and everything like that,
for official purposes.
It is a language that they use
for communication purposes as well.
So, it is developing because,
as a result,
the English language has changed
in some parts of the world
where English is used as a second language.
But it is used also for spoken language.
And we know that languages,
change over the centuries,
will change,
not so much as a written phenomenon,
but as a spoken phenomenon.
And that's why it is not developing.
And we will see what it is.
What is different?
Different and,
let's say, clear for them.
And then, of course,
the expanding circle is known,
dependent.
Because,
as Italian,
we have to learn English,
and the English from,
that is probably the standard,
for the standard varieties.
And, of course,
one of the standard,
for one of the standard varieties.
Okay?
Of course,
we will see
that English is a little bit more tranquil.
We may have some,
we may change something
about the language,
but not so much
as the countries
in the English spoken
in the second language.
So,
if we want to be,
to be proficient,
we have to learn the grammar
as it is.
Okay?
And sometimes,
we want to be accepted.
In some areas,
we have to learn English proficiently.
Progressively.
So,
this is an example
of how to learn English
proficiently.
Okay?
So,
this is an example
of how to learn English
proficiently.
Okay?
So,
this is an example
of how to learn English
proficiently.
Okay?
So,
this is another
example,
another
model.
Just
writing
the
circle
of
English.
See?
There are
different
representations,
but
the
practice
model
is
very
concise
and
still detailed
in one
way.
Okay?
Because
I remember
that it was
a very
complex
model.
So,
I'm
going to
try to
show you
how to
write
English
proficiently.
Okay?
So,
this
is an
example
of how
to
learn
English
proficiently.
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this
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What
do
you
know?
Why
do
we
have
English,
that
variety
of
English,
becoming
predominant
over the
others?
That
dialect
over the
others?
Because
it was
one
dialect
becoming
more
prestigious
variety.
It's a
question of
being
prestigious.
What
do
you
know
about
that
was
probably
old
English
going
towards
the
early
English
period?
What
happened?
And
of
course,
this
is
something
I'm
not
going
to
talk
about
in
the
next
lecture,
but
I
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
the
history
of
English
in
terms
of
standardization.
What
do
we
know
about
events
in
a
way?
What
phenomena
were
influencing
the
birth
of
English
as
we
know
it
now?
French
influence,
Germanic
of
course,
in
all
this
history.
So,
what
happened
to
the
English
period
in the
Middle
English
period?
It
was
in
West
Saxon
areas,
okay,
Alfred,
King
Alfred.
Because
he
revived
the
English
language,
he
rebuilt
monasteries,
he
brought
monks
over
to
his
area,
and so
they started
writing
again,
so there
was a
revival,
cultural
revival.
The very
first
standard
for
the
English
was
the
English
spoken
in
Winchester,
in
this
court,
the
introduction
of the
press,
that is
one technical
element,
because
of course,
because they
were printed,
the documents
were printed
for the
masses,
okay?
The
printer,
so the
publisher
had to
find,
adopt
one
version,
one variety,
okay,
one spelling,
one
vocabulary,
and of course,
the
vocabulary
and the
the center
of the
cultural,
economic,
political
center
was London,
and
and
all of the
three big
presses
were actually
installed
in the area
around London,
that's why
we have
from the
English
spoken
that was
basically
the
design
of London,
it was
a triangle
because of
course at
the same
time we
have the
birth of
Oxford and
Cambridge
as two
university
centers,
two centers
of knowledge,
so it
was a
triangle.
And so,
the language
spoken
in these
three centers
influenced
them,
the
language
Shakespeare, if you think about Shakespeare and his play,
there are different versions of his plays, comedies, etc.
but there are different spellings, different grammatical usages.
Sometimes you have questions in the do,
or you have already the do,
sometimes you have questions without the do,
sometimes you have questions without the do.
So let's just focus on the four stages first.
Selection, choosing the variety or quality to be developed.
There is chosen and then quality to be developed,
so you choose one variety.
In England, the variety became as a result of different reasons.
Variety.
Variety, the most common in the area of ground London,
and then also Oxford and Cambridge.
So that was selected.
Codification, the standard items structuring with the features.
So we have the word dictionary, grammar,
it talks about how to pronounce words also,
and other codes.
It's very well-introduced, about proper, correct grammar,
the right grammar.
Elaboration, it means you have to find,
you have to change the language,
or adapt the language to the different functions,
for which you want to use it.
Okay?
Or also new domains.
If you remember what happened in the early,
modern period, or in the modern period,
what happened in the modern period,
how was the grammar effective in English?
What new domains required some form of adaptation and change?
If you think about the language of science and technology,
because of the industrial revolution,
because of the developments in the healthcare sector.
And what happened?
English decided to adopt,
in creating the new words,
they decided to make the results,
they made the dictionary.
Yes, they did,
they created the dictionary.
So we had new words,
some new versions,
with Latin or Greek compounds,
like Greek or Latin monophiles,
we used to create new words,
What did people exist in Latin or in Greek?
But they were created to conduct new phenomena,
to do new diseases, to do new processes,
to do anything that was new at the time.
Also giving a new meaning to some words,
to think about it.
And still, sometimes this is still the case.
And then, securing acceptance.
Now, securing acceptance,
this stage is strictly related to selection,
because of course a variety is imposed on the whole population.
It is of course the rulers
who decide that they are supposed to become
the standard variety,
the most prestigious variety,
and so on.
And so as a result,
you have to enhance these procedures
and encourage people to develop pride
in the language of all of these words.
So I know you're from Scotland,
or you're from Wales,
but forget about Galilee,
forget about you have to speak English,
or any other local dialects.
Apparently they say, for instance,
that
from what you know,
this is young people.
Then, as far as the BBC is concerned,
of course,
only received pronunciation was accepted
up to a certain point in time.
Let's say,
up to the early 1960s.
From that moment on,
also the varieties were acceptable.
But not only the first variety
that became more acceptable,
it was the first one that was heard
and was heard on the radio on the TV,
including as an accent.
What do you think?
Beautiful English.
Why?
This is why we're going to use these words.
Because of the Beatles.
Of course, the Beatles were from Liverpool.
They spoke with their accent.
There was some vocabulary from their dialect.
Okay?
And so, from their way of view,
they didn't even try to tell them,
I want you to speak with a perceived pronunciation.
Okay?
So you first heard some specific,
let's say, some differences, you know?
Not standard.
And,
because it was the BBC,
not standard pronunciation,
vocabulary,
phonology,
and so on.
So you have to secure acceptance.
You have to make sure that
that is shared knowledge.
Okay.
So,
both English and both Englishes.
Okay?
You know,
these are both correct.
But,
of course,
one more,
actually.
Let me just find.
Now,
let me,
okay.
Now, moving away from standard forms,
what's not a standard variety,
as we know?
Yeah.
For the dialects around the British Isles,
there are different dialects.
As your colleague was suggesting,
the dialects that are spoken in Scotland,
there are different dialects there as well,
with different pronunciation.
Are you familiar with the Scottish accent?
What is one of the major differences
in the Scottish accent?
So you go.
Because I've noticed this on time,
there are some of the tests,
also,
there's a British English test,
where you can find
all sorts of different sorts of
different words,
like,
okay,
Scottish accent?
And what is the main versatility
for a Scottish speaker?
I just want to make sure
Do you know what phonologically, what about the main features?
It's a striking feature. This is really completely different from English.
Completely different from English.
Scottish English is wrong, for instance.
And also some vowel signs are also different.
On the other hand, we have U.S. English and it's rotting as well.
We have American English and it's rotting also.
But Australian English, for instance, is not rotting.
Let me just show you a couple of videos.
The sound is not very good in this room, I know.
And I'm honored to be here.
I apologize.
Hope you will.
Sorry.
I'm sorry.
Sorry.
Sorry.
Sorry.
Okay.
Let's start from...
I'm just thinking of one of the videos here available.
We'll move on to agenda item two, which is our main public business today.
Which is our main public business today.
And it's an evidence session...
And it's an evidence session...
And it's an evidence session...
I believe it was right that I did not intervene in the investigation.
She was the, you know her, Nicola Sturgeon, she was, up until a few months ago, I
guess, Scotland's First Minister.
Now because of her, we have Prime Minister for all the other independent areas,
parts of the country,
so Scotland,
and Northern Ireland, also, the equivalent of their Prime Minister is called First
Minister.
Of course it is not as important as the British Prime Minister, but because they
are independent,
they have, they enjoy greater independence, they have their own ministers, and they
have their Prime Minister,
but it is called, they're called First Ministers. Right?
So she,
was speaking,
her,
you know her family,
her
First Minister,
Scotland.
Now let's see,
how she speaks,
officially,
because this is an official speech,
and she was speaking there,
everywhere in the world.
Okay?
I became aware of it,
even though Alex Salmond asked me to do so.
And finally,
what the mistake made in the conduct of the investigation meant, ultimately,
that the action for traditional review could not be defended.
I will demonstrate that the decision taken in each state review will legally sound.
I'm sure we'll return to all of these matters in detail.
However, I want to focus in these opening remarks on the issues around my contact
with Alex Salmond on 2nd April,
and my contact three days earlier with his former Chief of Staff.
Alex has claimed in his testimony to the Committee at the meeting,
So you see, the vowel sounds are slightly different than the R sound.
Okay?
It is pronounced,
or it is pronounced,
in standard,
in standard pronunciation.
Okay?
That is,
Oh, you have a First Minister there,
and you can spell.
But that is one example.
You also have some very famous actors,
who also speak,
in...
I believe you can call them the last generation.
I...
Okay.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Thank you very much Deputy Speaker and I rise for a motion moved by the Leader of
the Opposition and in so doing I say to the Leader of the Opposition
I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man. I will not be
lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man. Not now, not yet.
Of course it was influenced by the accents spoken in some areas of England.
Because of course you have masses of people moving from, specifically from some
parts of England, the British Isles and they of course carry also their accents
with them.
Leader of the Opposition
Who says that people with the most...
...of sexist views and who aren't delusional are not appropriate for my office?
Well I hope the Leader of the Opposition has got a piece of paper and he is writing
out his resignation.
Clearly Australian English is a variety, standard variety, but it became a standard
variety after the dictionary of Australian English was published for the first time
some 50 years ago.
Before that, I don't know what you know about Australian English, but anything.
Before that, they had some sort of cultural sense of inferiority.
Some sort of cultural cringe.
They felt inferior.
They felt they were not speaking proper English because of the accent they would
say.
They felt they were speaking, they were not speaking proper English also because
they had...
...their specific vocabulary.
And it's not just, of course, kangaroo and all the animals they have, but for
other, let's say, aspects.
In terms of vocabulary, for instance.
One of the phenomena you usually find in reading in Australian English is dick
babies, for instance.
They're called the American Argo.
So they create all these new words.
Okay?
And of course they may have different words for things from everyday language, as
you know.
That is the other difference.
So, if you want to...
I forgot to ask, is there anyone...
...we were in other...
...of course not even with English...
...but are there any students...
who are still attending classes online, from teams, would you know, based on your
classes from the other languages?
Do you know?
Because I actually forgot to start my online classes, so I just wanted to make sure
nobody was there waiting for me.
I wasn't actually informed.
So, when we talk about world communities, we may have different...
...labels, like what will you be calling these companies, what will you be calling
them generally, okay?
So, it is a variety of languages that is shared by speakers around the world.
Including people from the Hispanic circle, from the outer circle, and sometimes
almost excluding people from the inner circle.
We will see.
So, that's one definition.
World communities refer to the emergence of localized or indigenized varieties of
each.
Especially varieties that have developed in nations colonized by great leaders and
influenced by the United States.
Influenced by the United States is more for us, for instance.
Countries, Europe, countries from the... some countries...
...and the last one I want to define is the eight-family sector.
Now, why do we have English as the country that is known around the world?
Why?
Of course, you know that there are historical reasons.
The spread of English was a British empire.
And then the United States...
...started to...
Of course...
nominate the nervous, or basically they wanted to expand in terms of economic
terms.
Internal political reasons, as I said, the way that you want it to happen.
One, like we define, okay, all the population, whether it is in English speaking
countries
or in English speaking countries, which is spoken as a second language,
the external political reasons to impose this variety for all the communications
in the international relationships.
Practical reasons, because you want to communicate and you want to be understood.
Intellectual reasons because, of course,
there may be exchange between universities,
between other cultural centers, technological centers,
and they need one language to communicate.
And the paper reasons, you know, the importance of English in the media.
Not so much, okay, the media when we talk about the internet,
but, of course, in the pop culture, music, cinema, TV.
You know.
This is pop here.
Also, you know, my material.
Of course, you can have, as I said before, language varieties.
There can be regional varieties and cultural varieties.
Let's see.
Okay, that's what we were discussing before.
Now, let me just focus because, again, this is one topic, one aspect.
What can you say about English?
Do you think English is a popular language?
I guess so.
What do you think?
What do you think?
What do you mean?
Okay.
So, language papers.
Let me put it like that.
A language paper.
What is the meaning?
There is a little pride for the English is a random language.
Yes.
That English becomes the preferred medium for also internal conversations.
Let's say, superseding after a while the local varieties, the local languages.
That is one perspective.
English as a frightening language.
But, this may not be the case.
Because what can we say about the depth of the language?
About language dying.
What can we say?
That is a natural phenomenon actually.
That language may die.
Because of the language die.
We don't want to have a population, okay, speaking a language.
And that language is not going to transmit to anyone else.
That is a natural process.
So, we better really say that English in one way or another,
other languages. Maybe we seek, of course, either a language, a pure language or a
language
that we have, but not necessarily. Okay, let me just move to this part. Sometimes
English, maybe
seek as a language promoter. Now, why is it a promoter? Because remember, when we
talked about,
just a moment ago, I talked about non-developing language.
So, based on what I know about the English language, I make that, create new words,
new, starting
from English. Because of the way English is constructed, the phonology, the
pronunciation,
everything, I mean, from there, expand, let's say, develop the language, create new
terms,
get more flexibility.
So, that is promoter.
Because many of the new inventions are then developed in English, and some new
terms come in,
in translation, in the vocabulary of a country, of a nation.
But based on what you know of the English language, you may also say that the
opposite is the case.
That English was the first language to be threatened.
If you think about the different invasions in the British Isles, first the Germanic
tribes,
first then the Romans, then the Germanic tribes, and then the Vikings, then the
French.
It was actually always, because it's a language that was actually, that became a
language that
morphed into something else gradually, because of outer influences.
Also.
But that's another model of the spread of English.
So, English is a second language.
Now, the focus here is in South Africa,
because historically South Africa was...
At the same time and place, we can have English spoken as a first language and also
English spoken as a second language.
So originally, so you know that in Africa, in South Africa, you have British
politics, British studies, you have British settlers, but also settlers coming from
the Netherlands, the Boers.
So the official languages, the two languages spoken, apart from the indigenous
languages, from the black tribe, the two official languages were Afrikaans and
English.
English became the official language, it was voted as a second language.
It became English, more official.
It became official in the United States, but the two languages just co-existed.
Now, of course there is a part of the population in South Africa that consists of
native speakers, people coming directly from the British Isles.
And they still speak English with the British Isles.
They didn't have English as a second language.
It was spoken by all the other people, especially by the black groups.
Now, they were spoken by the black groups because they decided to embrace English
as their language also for the internationalization of South Africa.
To be able to be understood outside Africa, South Africa.
And also, because if you think about our tribe, the upper tribe was a regime that
was actually founded by Afrikaans speakers.
Okay?
Speakers using Afrikaans that is very similar to Dutch.
Okay?
So, they decided to move away from that language.
Now, what happens in terms of vocabulary?
You may have some terms that you find in the English vocabulary in South Africa.
This is also part of being called general English, general international English.
Upper tribe, impala, they were just like kangaroo, moccasins, all the other words.
And they are not just from South Africa.
They are all the other words.
But what happens is that sometimes you also have words that are part of the English
vocabulary.
But these words actually refer to entities that are peculiar to South Africa.
That you wouldn't find in a general international English vocabulary like dormant
breathing.
So, these are two English words that are peculiar to South African English.
You can't find them in the Oxford Dictionary for instance.
And that is perfectly understood by the population, English speaking population in
South Africa.
But not, it's not understood by anyone else in the rest of the world.
And so, I'm just providing examples from South Africa.
We can do the same with Australia, with Canada, also the US sometimes.
If you think about the influence, in terms of the community of Hungary, from the
indigenous population.
As I said, moccasins, moccasins is a term that was taken from the native Indians in
the US.
Not the native ones.
Now, Singapore.
That's, I will make some reference to this.
Singapore is the local variety, the variety that is called in Singapore.
Now, Singapore, I have a picture here, is the typical, typical sign of the coast of
Malaysia.
Hmm?
The typical, typical sign around the coast.
Now, this has been used as a second language, but there is a variety that has
spread over the last 30 years or so, that is Singlish.
I will say something about the differences and what the government is doing with
respect to Singlish.
But now.
Singapore is important, as I said, economically, and it is a country that is trying
to expand its influence.
And I have a picture, to justify the claim, that was really the case.
Have you, well you probably were too young, but, I don't know, have you ever seen
this picture?
You know what that is?
So, we have President Trump, he was President of the US.
And, I always tend to forget his name.
Probably because I don't like him, so.
Why was she born?
I don't know.
Excuse you, I'm sorry, I forget his name.
I should be writing it down.
Now, Trump wanted to meet you personally.
Okay?
Because, of course, we know Trump was basically a businessman.
An entrepreneur.
So, he wanted to behave just like you.
He wanted to do just like he would do for his own business, for his own partners.
That you meet your partners.
Okay?
Or your competitors.
Sometimes you want to meet your competitors.
Especially.
Okay?
You want to have your own idea about
what kind of person you are.
What kind of person you are.
Okay?
And so, he decided to meet this enemy, because at the time he was this enemy.
Right?
North Korea is one of the enemies of the US.
And so, in fact, they decided to meet.
And, they met in Singapore.
The fifth in the country, of course, was his dead teeny tiny island.
But, they met there.
They could have met in Russia.
They could have met in China.
They could have met in London.
They could have met everywhere else in the world.
But, Singapore offered to host this event.
So, you can understand the importance of that place.
Politically, economically, and so on.
Now, just a few words about English as an international language.
And, English has a beautiful tongue.
Now, you have English as a foreign language.
Language that you speak, that you learn.
As a non-native speaker.
And, it is supposed to use proficiently.
Then, you have English as an international language.
It's a form of world English.
Where you use English for communication purposes.
And, it's English used with...
No native speakers, but also native speakers.
You tend to use it effectively, proficiently, and so on.
And, that's English as an international language.
You know that English is a lingua franca.
Of course, the idea of lingua franca is understood by you.
But, L, because it's pronounced L, is...
It's a new tendency of the language.
It's not a variety.
It's a new tendency of the language.
So, it is a variety of English that is mainly spoken by non-native speakers.
When they communicate for different reasons.
Maybe for academic purposes.
Maybe for technical purposes.
Maybe for business.
Maybe for any reason.
For everyday conversation.
And, the point is that...
This is a lingua franca where we have speakers who may be proficient in English.
But, because they're speaking to non-native speakers, they don't really worry too
much about making mistakes.
Where grammar mistakes are not a problem.
If you want to say that.
But, the ideology behind English as a lingua franca is communication.
Not the cultural entity.
So, I use English still.
I convey something about my culture.
Something about my language.
So, you may have people speaking and using some words from their local languages.
And, the word is used in the context.
And, sometimes it is picked up and used also by the speakers of other languages.
So, it's really a lingua franca.
And, the goal is not the grammar.
The correctness.
But, it's more of the value.
Not so much of one language.
It's also everyone.
In the communication.
Just like you have in the United States.
Where you have...
General American.
American English is imposed on the whole population.
The mainstream language.
But, you want to, as you say here.
Signal of your culture.
So, this is just an example of the word used.
Okay.
Just a couple of ideas.
Now, the problem is that sometimes.
We will see.
We will talk about William Stone.
Who wrote the ownership of English.
Okay.
That was a paper.
So, who owns the English language?
So, think about it now.
Do we have like historians of the English language in English speaking countries?
Trying to regulate all sorts of conversations in English?
Okay.
And, so.
But, on the other hand.
We have also double standards.
What does it mean?
That, of course.
On the one hand.
We have historians of English.
Who are native speakers.
And they say.
Whatever is created by us.
Is native speakers acceptable?
Anything that is created by no native speakers.
Including by speakers of non-English population second language.
That is not acceptable.
So, that was done.
Any new.
Neon Jesus.
If it is created within.
English speaking countries.
That is correct.
If it is.
Created by no native English speakers.
Not English speaking countries.
That is not really acceptable.
So, and that is for.
Specifically.
New scientific classes.
Okay.
Let me see if I have an example.
Of this.
Yes.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Thank you.
Hey.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Okay.
Okay.
Okay.
Thank you.
Thank.
Thank you again.
Thank you Higger.
You know.
Great.
As an antonym, of course, phone.
Now, for the custodians of the language, that may not be acceptable.
But it is used.
To de-phone, because de-phone is also sometimes used, you know, in English.
Or some constructions like to be plus in in stating verbs.
And having two houses.
This is something you may hear from speakers of English as a settlement.
I'm having two houses.
Because I'm the owner and the owner of two houses.
So they want to use the progressive form.
Of course, that's not acceptable.
Still, to think about McDonald's London and loving it.
That is something significantly that also standard varieties may become to be
influenced.
By the other varieties.
I'm loving it.
To say I love it.
Yes.
In terms of big ones, just if you think about the intangibles.
Now, the thing is not so much that we use too many English words.
It's that we use too many English words in a way that is not correct.
Evidenza.
Now, we have, I mean, mostly Evidenza here.
Originally, we don't have that really for everything.
Okay?
Evidenza is something else in Italian.
But it has become part of a lot of boundaries as a result of scientific documents,
for instance.
And also, because our scientists, just speaking Italian, they don't speak English.
And nobody's telling them that Italian will come later.
Okay?
Magnificare.
I heard on TV a doctor say, describing a machine.
He was an eye doctor, understand that.
Okay?
He was an ophthalmologist.
Describing a new machine created to enlarge, okay, to magnify your eye to be able
to see what is wrong in your eye.
And he said,
And I would say, what does it mean that your eyes are better, are nicer, are
embellished in some way, that they are not magnificati?
Significare is something else that we think about.
So, he was supposed to say,
Probably didn't find that out.
Probably didn't find that out.
Probably didn't find that out.
Probably didn't find that out.
So, someone had to make these stupid mistakes, okay?
But that's the translation, okay?
So, cura.
Cure.
It's not cura.
That's a post-line.
Della corrigione, sometimes, okay?
Or virtualmente.
That means in pratica, quasi.
Virtually.
Non è virtualmente.
Vuol dire in pratica, no?
Non è virtualmente.
No?
O dramatic, non drammatico.
Dramatica in profondamente, non drammaticamente.
Non è drammatico, è una vista drammatica.
No.
Vole dire drammatico di un'opera suggestiva.
Dipende.
Yes, then there is.
So the idea that you don't have the, the, when you talk about the company name.
I work for IBM, for the IBM, and so sometimes you say so in Italian.
I work for IBM, for IBM.
Microsoft, I love Microsoft.
But you say Microsoft as well.
Let me see my last, very last.
Sorry.
Okay.
This sentence in Italian.
So based also, once you know how to use the language, you can, you probably, you're
able also to use English.
And learn more and better.
Okay.
So that's how it's all.
It's 4 o'clock.
Have you got any questions?
I will see you next Thursday.
Now, I do not know if you know anything, but it was really easy.
Press.
Let me see.
That's right.
.