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Kuliah 3
Kuliah 3
03 Modul ke:
Fakultas
Fakultas
Teknik
Program Studi
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Kontan Tarigan, Ph.D
Pembuka Daftar Pustaka Akhiri Presentasi
MASALAH YANG HARUS DIATASI...
• Definisi dan Klasifikasi
• Struktur bahan keramik:
• Bagaimana mereka berbeda dari logam?
• Cacat titik (Point defects):
Bagaimana mereka berbeda dari yang ada di logam?
Pengotor (Impurities):
Bagaimana mereka ditampung dalam kisi dan
bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap properti?
Sifat mekanik:
Ketentuan/tes khusus apa yang dibuat untuk
bahan keramik?
CERAMICS: DEFINTIONS (1)
Low temperature
(the ice cube)
Quartz tubing is The lamp applications are
fabricated from beach sand shown in the GE product montage Highly thermal resistive
ceramics
Glasses (non-crystalline)
Ceramics Crystals:
atoms have short range
atoms have long
order only (amorphous)
range periodic order
CERAMICS
• Chemical Durability
- The high chemical durability of the great majority of ceramic
products makes them resistant to almost all acids, alkalis, and organic
solvents.
- Of further importance is the fact that ceramic materials are not
affected by oxygen. The materials generally contained in the ceramic
products have already combined with all of the oxygen for which they
have an affinity, and therefore, are not affected further by the presence
of oxygen in their environment.
CERAMICS: PROPERTIES (2)
• Mechanical Durability
The mechanical durability of ceramics is evidenced by their
strength and hardness. The compressive strengths of ceramic
materials are extremely high, normally 50,000 to 100,000 lbs/sq.
in. The hardness makes ceramic materials very resistant to
abrasion. Itis this property which makes them useful for floors,
and for the grinding of metals and other materials.
CERAMICS: PROPERTIES (3)
• Thermal Durability
Most ceramics have the ability to withstand high
temperatures. This is why they are useful in the production
of all types of heat-containing equipment such as kilns for
the ceramic industry, and such products as the inner
linings of fireplaces and home heating furnaces.
CLASSIFICATION
Properties:
- oxidation resistant,
- chemically inert,
- electrically insulating
- generally low thermal conductivity,
Notes:
- relatively simple manufacturing and low cost for Al2O3
- more complex manufacturing and higher cost for ZrO2
NON-OXIDE CERAMICS
Properties:
- Low oxidation resistance,
- Extreme hardness,
- Chemically inert,
- High thermal conductivity,
- May be electrically conducting,
Notes: difficult energy dependent manufacturing
and high cost (TiC, ZrN, B4C, BN, Si3N4, SiC etc).
CERAMIC-BASED COMPOSITES
Properties:
- Toughness,
- Low and high oxidation resistance (type related),
- Variable thermal and electrical conductivity,
Ceramic % Ionic
Nonmeta l
H He Character
Intermediate
Li Be O F Ne CaF2 89
Na Mg S Cl Ar MgO 73
K Ca Sc
NaCl 67
Se Br Kr
Al2O3 63
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
SiO2 51
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Si3N4 30
Fr Ra ZnS 18
SiC 12
Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:
Readily give up electrons Readily acquire electrons
to become + ions. to become - ions.
IONIC BONDING & STRUCTURE
• Charge Neutrality: F-
- Net charge in the CaF2 : Ca2+ + anions
structure should be zero. cation
F-
• Ex: NaCl
cation
• Substitutional cation impurity vacancy
Ca 2+
Na+
Na +
Ca 2+
initial geometry Ca2+ impurity resulting geometry
Cl - Cl -
initial geometry O2- impurity resulting geometry
GLASS STRUCTURE
• Basic Unit: • Glass is amorphous
4- • Amorphous structure
Si0 4 tetrahedron occurs by adding impurities
Si4+ (Na+,Mg2+,Ca2+, Al 3+ )
O2-
• Impurities:
interfere with formation of
crystalline structure.
• Quartz is crystalline
SiO2:
(soda glass)
GLASS PROPERTIES
• Specific volume (1) vs Temperature (T):
• Crystalline materials:
--crystallize at melting temp, Tm
--have abrupt change in spec.
vol. at T m
• Glasses:
--do not crystallize
--spec. vol. varies smoothly with T
--Glass transition temp, T g
• Viscosity:
dv
--relates shear stress &
velocity gradient: dy
--has units of (Pa-s)
GLASS VISCOSITY VS TEMPERATURE
Important temperatures in glasses are
defined in terms of viscosity
• Strain point: viscosity = 3x1014 P, above this viscosity, fracture occurs before
plastic deformation
• Kic=Y(a)0.5
• It appears that for brittle materials (e.g. ceramics) the maximum stress that they
can withstand, varies unpredictably from specimen to specimen even under
identical testing conditions
• Thus the strength of brittle material is not a well define value and has to be
described with respect to fracture statistics
• Properties:
--Tmelt for glass is moderate, but large for other ceramics.
--Small toughness, ductility; large moduli & creep resist.
• Applications:
--High T, wear resistant, novel uses from charge neutrality.
• Fabrication
--some glasses can be easily formed
--other ceramics can not be formed or cast.
APPLICATION: REFRACTORIES
• Need a material to use in high temperature furnaces.
• Consider Silica (SiO2) - Alumina (Al2O3) system.
• Phase diagram shows:
mullite, alumina, and crystobalite (made up of SiO 2)
tetrahedra as candidate refractories.
2200 3Al2O 3-2SiO 2
T(°C)
mullite
2000 Liquid
(L) alumina + L
1800
mullite alumina
crystobalite
+L +
+L
1600 mullite
mullite
+ crystobalite
1400
0 20 40 60 80 100
Composition (wt% alumina)
APPLICATION: DIE BLANKS
• Die surface:
--4 m polycrystalline diamond
particles that are sintered on to a
cemented tungsten carbide Courtesy Martin Deakins, GE
substrate. Superabrasives,
Worthington, OH. Used with
--polycrystalline diamond helps control permission.
fracture and gives uniform hardness
in all directions.
APPLICATION: CUTTING TOOLS
• Tools:
--for grinding glass, tungsten,
carbide, ceramics
--for cutting Si wafers
--for oil drilling
GLASS
FORMING
• Pressing: • Fiber drawing:
Gob Pressing
operation
Parison
mold
• Blowing: wind up
GLASS FORMING
Hot-rolling!
The press – and –blow technique
for glass bottle production
THERMAL STRESSES
PARTICULATE
FORMING
• Sintering: useful for both clay and non-clay compositions.
• Procedure:
--grind to produce ceramic and/or glass particles
--inject into mold
--press at elevated T to reduce pore size.
• Aluminum oxide powder:
--sintered at 1700C
for 6 minutes.
CERAMIC FABRICATION METHODS-IIA
PARTICULATE
FORMING
• Milling and screening: desired particle size
• Mixing particles & water: produces a "slip“ – highly plastic media
• Form a "green" component
--Hydroplastic forming:
extrude the slip (e.g., into a pipe) pacificator
--Slip casting:
CEMENTATION