ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING 2:

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN & COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

Ar. JOB ENRICK M. BERROYA, uap, rmp

SPACES IN
URBAN DESIGN,
URBAN AESTHETICS
AND PATTERNS
 SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS

SIR PATRICK GEDDES

He used the term “conurbation” and
gave emphasis to how people and
cities have a relationship.

He was fond of using the survey

method and was a forerunner of the
rational type of planning.

He was called the Father of

Regional Planning
SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS

DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

He is the father of American City Planning
and a hallmark name in the
City Beautiful Movement.

He created the plan for Chicago,

Baltimore, San Francisco and locally,
Manila and Baguio.

He also gave the famous inspirational

quote: “Make no little plans… Aim high in
hope and work, remembering that a
noble, logical diagram once recorded will
never die, but long after we are gone will
be a living thing.”
 SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS

CHARLES EDOARD JEANNERET

OR LE CORBUSIER
This architect was a very fond of cubist
aesthetics and conceptualized sky-high
buildings and block apartments that would
house 3 million people.

He provided a paradoxical solution to

congestion, saying that city centers should
be decongested by increasing the center
density.
SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS

HOMER HOYT
This land economist studied 142 cities and
came up with a sectoral model that showed
radiating wedges.

His model shows that central business district

has commercial functions and high land
values, while surrounding areas take up the
industrial and transport functions
 SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

He came up with the broadacre city
where settlements were allotted 1,000
has., complete with social infrastructure.

He also opened the doors for

suburbanization and addressed urban
decentralization.

He was criticized and ridiculed for

including a helicopter in his conceptual
ideal city.
 SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS

SPATIAL AND
LOCAL THEORIES
OF URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY

BID RENT THEORY

SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

• Developed by the German
geographer Walter Christaller in
1933
• It explains the reasons behind the
distribution patterns, size, and
number of cities and towns.
• Tested in Southern Germany and
came to the conclusion that
people gather together in cities to
share goods and ideas.
SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

ASSUMPTIONS
• humans will always purchase
goods from the closest place
• unbounded isotropic (all flat),
homogeneous, limitless surface
• evenly distributed population
• all settlements are equidistant
and exist in a triangular lattice
pattern
• evenly distributed resources
Isotropic - is uniformity in all orientations
SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS
 SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY

• Advanced by Paul Peterson in his
1981 book, City Limits
• States that urban politicians and
governing regimes are
subordinate to the overall
economic principles that force
cities to compete to capture new
investment and capital.
• The competitive nature of cities
encourages the business elite
and politicians to favor new
development
 SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

BID RENT THEORY

• Geographical economic theory that
refers to how the price and demand for
real estate change as the distance from
the central business district (CBD)
• This is based upon the idea that retail
establishments wish to maximize their
profitability, so they are much more
willing to pay more for land close to the
CBD and less for land further away from
this area.
• The amount they are willing to pay is
called "bid rent".
SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

GRID MODEL OR
HIPPOPODAMIAN MODEL
• Proposed by Hippodamus of Miletus
who is considered the father of rational
city planning
• The center of the city contains the
agora (Market place), theaters, and
temples. Private rooms surround the
city’s public arenas.
• The plan can be laid out uniformly over
any kind of terrain since it’s based on
angles and measurements.
SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
SPACES IN URBAN DESIGN, AESTHETICS AND PATTERNS

URBAN LAND USE

MODEL
 URBAN LAND USE MODELS

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

SECTOR MODEL
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
URBAN REALMS MODEL
CORE FRAME MODEL
IRREGULAR PATTERN MODEL

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
• Also known as The Burgess Model,
The Bull's Eye Model
• Developed in the 1920's by the urban
sociologist Ernest Burgess.
• The model portrays how cities social
groups are spatially arranged in a series
of rings.
• The size of the rings may vary, but the
order always remains the same.
URBAN LAND USE MODELS
Shortcomings
• It assumes an isotropic plain
• land may restrict growth of certain
sectors
• The model does not fit polycentric cities
• It describes the peculiar American
geography, where the inner city is poor
while suburbs are wealthy; the converse
is the norm elsewhere.
 URBAN LAND USE MODELS

CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL


CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
• Central Business District (CBD)
• This area of the city is a non-
residential area and it’s where
businesses are. This area s called
downtown ,a lot of sky scrapers
houses government institutions,
businesses, stadiums, and restaurants
• Zone of Transition
• the zone of transition contains
industry and has poorer-quality
housing available. Created by
subdividing larger houses into
apartments
URBAN LAND USE MODEL
• Zone of the working class
• This area contains modest older
houses occupied by stable, working
class families. A large percentage of
the people in this area rent.
• Zone of better residence
• This zone contains newer and more
spacious houses. Mostly families in
the middle-class live in this zone.
• Commuter’s Zone/Suburbs
• This area is located beyond the
build-up area of the city. Mostly
upper class residents live in this area.
 URBAN LAND USE MODELS

SECTOR ZONE MODEL

• Chicago and Newcastle upon
Tyne/Newcastle
• Developed in 1939 by land economist
Homer Hoyt
• It is a model of the internal structure of
cities.
• Social groups are arranged around a
series of sectors, or wedges radiating out
from the central business district (CBD)
and centred on major transportation
lines
• low-income households to be near
railroad lines, and commercial
establishments to be along business
thoroughfares
Shortcomings
• Applies well to some towns only
• Low cost housing is near industry and
transportation proving Hoyt’s model
• Theory based on 20th century and does
not take into account cars which make
commerce easier
• With cars, people can live anywhere
and further from the city
 URBAN LAND USE MODELS

SECTOR ZONE MODEL

Stresses the importance
of transportation corridors.
Sees growth of various
urban activities as
expanding along roads,
rivers, or train routes.
 URBAN LAND USE MODEL

MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

• The Multiple Nuclei Model is an
ecological model created by Chauncy
Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945
• City grows from several independent
points rather than from one central
business district.
• As these expand, they merge to form a
single urban area.
• Ports, universities, airports and parks also
act as nodes
• Based on the idea that people have
greater movement due to increased car
ownership.
 URBAN LAND USE MODEL

MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

Assumptions
• Land is Flat
• The model has four geographic
• Even Distribution of Resources
principles
• Even Distribution of people in Residential
• Certain activities require highly
areas
specialized facilities
• Even Transportation Costs
• Accessible transportation for a factory
• Large areas of open land for a housing
Criticisms
tract
• Each zone displays a significant degree
• Certain activities cluster because they
of internal heterogeneity
profit from mutual association
• and not homogeneity
• Certain activities repel each other and
• No consideration of influence of physical
will not be found in the same area
relief and government policy.
• Certain activities could not make a profit
• Not applicable to oriental cities with
if they paid the high rent of the most
different cultural, economic and political
desirable locations
backgrounds
 URBAN LAND USE MODEL

Stresses the importance of

multiple nodes of activity, not
a single CBD. Ports, airports,
universities attract certain
uses while repelling others.

Urban realm depends on
• Overall size of the
metropolitan region
• Amount of economic
activity in each urban
realm
• Topography and major
land features
• Internal accessibility of
each realm
URBAN LAND USE MODEL
URBAN REALMS MODEL
• Developed by James E. Vance Jr. in the
1960’s
• Each realm is a separate economic,
social and political entity that is linked
together to form a larger metro
framework
• suburbs are within the sphere of
influence of the central city and its
metropolitan CBD
• Now urban realms have become so
large they even have exurbs not just
suburbs
 URBAN LAND USE MODEL

CORE FRAME MODEL

• The Core frame model is a model
showing the urban structure of the
Central Business District of a town or
city.
• The model includes an inner core
where land is expensive and used
intensively
• The outer core and frame have lower
land values and are less intensively
developed.
• various land uses are linked to the bid
rent theory
 URBAN LAND USE MODEL

IRREGULAR PATTERN MODEL

• Arrangement of Public space that
characterizes the stage of "Transition
from village to city" especially in Third
World.
• This urban model is due to lack of
planning or construction and illegal
without a specific order.
• Includes blocks with no fixed order, or
permanent and temporary structures. S
• structures are not related to an urban
centres near the place
 URBAN LAND USE MODEL

HOWARD GARDENS MODEL

• Developed by Sir Ebenezer Howard
(1898)
• Inspired by the idea of ideal/Utopian
cities
• Inspired works on Model villages by
Robert Owen and Model industrial
towns by Buckingham.
• Comprised of Town, Country and Town-
country interactions
 ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING 2:
FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN & COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
Ar. JOB ENRICK M. BERROYA, uap, rmp

SPACES IN
URBAN DESIGN,
URBAN AESTHETICS
AND PATTERNS