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UNIT-III : MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT & MAGNETISM

CHAPTER-4 : MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM

1. BIOT-SAVART LAW (BSL) :

According to the Biot Savart Law, the magnitude of magnetic field dB is proportional to the
current I, the element length d and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r. Its
direction is perpendicular to the plane containing d and r .
Field at point P due to current element
b
µ Id sin  cw 
dB  0 dB ×
4 r 2 P
 
r
0
 10 7 Tm / A IdO O
4

0 = permeability of free space (air/vacuum) r = OP
a
Vector form :

µ0 Id  rˆ µ0 Id  r
dB  
4 r 2 4 r 3
2. APPLICATION OF BIOT SAVART LAW :
µ0 I
(a) Finite length wire : BP  (sin 1  sin 2 )
4d

I
2
M 1 P

µ0 I
(b) Infinite length wire: BP 
2d

I
2 =90°
M P
1 =90°

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(c) Magnetic field at centre of current carrying circular loop :
I(ACW)
µ0 I
O B0 
2R
R

Magnetic field at centre of current carrying circular coil (N>1)

µ0 NI
B0  , where N  number of turns
2R
(d) Magnetic field at an axial point of current carrying circular coil :
µ0 NIR 2 N
Bx  I
2(x 2  R 2 )3/2
O P
x axis
Bx – x curve for circular coil  Bx
R
Bx x

B0 (max)
Point of inflextion
P Q
P&Q Point of curvature change
R
Point of zero curvature
–R/2 O +R/2
–x (x = 0) +x
(centre)
3. AMPERE'S CIRCUITAL LAW (ACL) :
It states that line integral of magnetic field is equal to 0 times the total current passing through
the surface  B ·d 0 I

4. APPLICATION OF ACL :
(A) Field at an axial point of solenoid :
0 nI
For finite length :- BP  (cos 1  cos 2 )
2
Angle 1 and 2 both measured in same sense from the axis of the solenoid to end vectors.
N Total turn
For Infinite length :- Bin  0 nI n 
L Total length
Bout  0

1 2
P

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(B) Field inside toroid : Not in syllabus for session 2023-24

B  0 nI , where n = N/2Rm, turn density

R1  R 2
mean radius R m 
2

winding core

R1

I
I

(C) Solid cylindrical wire :

I B
O 3 2 1

R
r
Cross section view R

Point Result :
µ0 I µ0 I
(1) r > R; Bout = (2) r = R ; BS =
2 r 2 R
µ0 Ir
(3) r < R; Bin = (4) r = 0; Baxis = 0
2 R 2
5. MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING CHARGE IN MAGNETIC FIELD :
 Fm  v 
Vector from Fm  q(v  Bext )  
 Fm  Bext 

v
 CW
Fm

(+q, m) Bext

Magnitude form :
 
 = 90º(v  B)  Fm = qvB (max. force)
Fm = qvBsin
 = 0º or 180º  Fm = 0 (min. force)

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6. MOTION OF CHARGE IN UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD (CIRCULAR PATH) :
mv 2
(v  B,  =90°) qvB 
r
×B
v
O
Fm
r

mv
(a) Radius of circular path : r  , where P = mv = 2mE K  2mqVacc
qB
2m
(b) Time period : T 
qB
(qBr)2
(c) Kinetic energy of charge : E K 
2m
Motion of charge in uniform magnetic field at any angle except 0° or 180° or 90°
(Helical path)
mv sin 
(a) Radius of helical path : r 
qB
2m
(b) Time period : T 
qB
2m
(c) Pitch of helix : P = (vcos) T, where T 
qB
Combined effect of E & B on moving charge
Electromegnetic or Lorentz force
FL  Fe  Fm  FL  qE  q(v  B)
7. MAGNETIC FORCE ON CURRENT CARRYING WIRE (OR CONDUCTOR) :
Straight wire :- Fm  I(L  Bext /uniform )
Bext. ×
L I N

L
8. MAGNETIC FORCE BETWEEN TWO LONG PARALLEL WIRES :
1 2

F µ0 I1I2  parallel currents  Attraction 

I1 I2  N/m antiparallel currents  Repulsion 
2d  

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9. MAGNETIC TORQUE ON A CLOSED CURRENT CIRCUIT :
When a plane closed current circuit is placed in uniform magnetic field , it experience a zero net
force, but experience a torque given by   NI A  B  M  B
  BINA sin 
Where A = area vector outward from the face of the circuit where the current is anticlockwise,
B = magnetic induction of the uniform magnetic field.
M = magnetic moment = NI A
Unit of magnetic moment = Am2
Note : This expression can be used only if B is uniform.
10. MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER (MCG) :
Principle : When current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a torque.
 = NI AB ...(1)
Scale

Pointer Permanent Magnet

Coil

N S
Pivot

Soft iron
Core
Uniform radial
magnetic field
It consists of a plane coil of many turns suspended in a radial magnetic field. When a current is
passed in the coil it experiences a torque which produces a twist in the suspension.
This deflection is directly proportional to the torque
 = K ...(2)
By equation (1) & (2)
 NIAB = K
 K 
I 
 NAB 
K = elastic torsional constant of the suspension
K
I  C ; C 
NAB
C  Characteristic constant of galvanometer
So I  
I

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Galvanometer :
An instrument used to measure strength of current by measuring the deflection of coil due to
torque produced by a magnetic field.
i
A Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter & voltmeter with desired range as below.
Current Sensitivity (CS)
It is defined as the deflection per unit current.
NAB
CS =  / I =
K
Voltage Sensitivity (VS)
It is defined as deflection per unit voltage.
 NAB 
VS =  / V =  / IR =  
 KR 
11. AMMETER :
It is a modified form of Galvanometer, it is used to measure current. A shunt (small resistance) is
connected in parallel with Galvanometer to convert into ammeter .
Uses of shunt : Ig
Rg
(i) To prevent G coil from over loading.
(ii) To increase the range of Ammeter.
(iii) To convert G in to Ammeter of required range.
IgRg Is = I–Ig S
S
I  Ig

Where,
Rg = Galvanometer resistance
Ig = Full scale deflection current for the galvanometer.
I = Maximum current that can be measured using the given ammeter .
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.
SR g
Ammeter resistance  RA =
S  Rg
12. VOLTMETER :
A high resistance is connected in series with Galvanometer. It is used to measure potential
difference.
V = Ig (Rg + R) Ig R
Rg
V
R   Rg
Ig
V0
Voltmeter Resistance : RV = Rg + R
For Ideal voltmeter resistance must be infinite.
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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
EXAMPLES
4.1 A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of 2 A. It is suspended in mid-
air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field B (Fig.). What is the magnitude of the magnetic field
I
B
mg
l

4.5 An element  = x î is placed at the origin and carries a large current I = 10 A. What is the
magnetic field on the y-axis at a distance of 0.5 m. x = 1 cm.

4.8 Figure shows a long straight wire of a circular cross-section (radius a) carrying steady current I.
The current I is uniformly distributed across this cross-section. Calculate the magnetic field in the
region r < a and r > a.

4.11 A 100 turn closely wound circular coil of radius 10 cm carries a current of 3.2 A. (a) What is the
field at the centre of the coil? (b) What is the magnetic moment of this coil? The coil is placed in
a vertical plane and is free to rotate about a horizontal axis which coincides with its diameter. A
uniform magnetic field of 2T in the horizontal direction exists such that initially the axis of the
coil is in the direction of the field. The coil rotates through an angle of 90º under the influence of
the magnetic field. (c) What are the magnitudes of the torques on the coil in the initial and final
position? (d) What is the angular speed acquired by the coil when it has rotated by 90º? The
moment of inertia of the coil is 0.1 kg m2.

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EXERCISE
4.3 A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in north to south direction.
Give the magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5 m east of the wire.
4.7 Two long and parallel straight wires A and B carrying currents of 8.0 A and 5.0 A in the same
direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm. Estimate the force on a 10 cm section of wire A.
4.8. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter
of the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A. estimate the magnitude of B inside the
solenoid near its centre.
4.13 (a) A circular coil of 30 turns and radius 8.0 cm carrying a current of 6.0 A is suspended
vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 1.0 T. The field lines
make an angle of 60º with the normal of the coil. Calculate the magnitude of the counter
torque that must be applied to prevent the coil from turning.
(b) Would your answer change, if the circular coil in (a) were replaced by a planar coil of
some irregular shape that encloses the same area? (All other particulars are also
unaltered.)
4.23 A uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T exists in a cylindrical region of radius10.0 cm, its direction
parallel to the axis along east to west. A wire carrying current of 7.0 A in the north to south
direction passes through this region. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the wire
if,
(a) the wire intersects the axis,
(b) the wire is turned from N-S to northeast or northwest direction,
(c) the wire in the N-S direction is lowered from the axis by a distance of 6.0 cm?
4.28 A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 and the metre shows full scale deflection for
a current of 4 mA. How will you convert the galvanometer into an ammeter of range 0 to 6A?

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EXERCISE-I
Multiple Choice Questions :
1. A deuteron and an alpha particle move with the same kinetic energy under the effect of identical
magnetic fields. What will be the ratio of the radii of their paths followed? [ASQP-2023]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/2 (D) 2
2. Two concentric and coplanar circular loops P and Q have their radii in the ratio 2:3. Loop Q
carries a current 9 A in the anticlockwise direction. For the magnetic field to be zero at the
common centre, loop P must carry [SQP-2023]
(A) 3A in clockwise direction (B) 9A in clockwise direction
(C) 6 A in anti-clockwise direction (D) 6 A in the clockwise direction.
3. A long straight wire of circular cross section of radius 'a' carries a steady current I. The current is
uniformly distributed across its cross section. The ratio of the magnitudes of magnetic field at a
point distant a/2 above the surface of wire to that at a point distant a/2 below its surface is
[SQP-2023]
(A) 4:1 (B) 1:1 (C) 4: 3 (D) 3 :4
4. The SI unit of magnetic field intensity is :- [SQP-2022]
–1 –1 –1 –2 –2 –1 –2
(A) AmN (B) NA m (C) NA m (D) NA m
5. The coil of a moving coil galvanometer is wound over a metal frame in order to :- [SQP-2022]
(A) reduce hysteresis (B) increase sensitivity
(C) increase moment of inertia (D) provide electromagnetic damping
6. Two wires of the same length are shaped into a square of side 'a' and a circle with radius 'r'. If
they carry same current, the ratio of their magnetic moment is :- [SQP-2022]
(A) 2 :  (B)  : 2 (C)  : 4 (D) 4 : 
7. The current sensitivity of a galvanometer increases by 20%. If its resistance also increases by
25%, the voltage sensitivity will :- [SQP-2022]
(A) decreases by 1% (B) increases by 5%
(C) increases by 10% (D) decreases by 4%
8. Three infinitely long parallel straight current carrying wires A, B and C are kept at equal distance
from each other as shown in the figure. The wire C experiences net force F .The net force on wire
C, when the current in wire A is reversed will be :- r r [SQP-2022]
(A) Zero
(B) F/2 2I I I
(C) F
(D) 2F A B C
9. In a hydrogen atom the electron moves in an orbit of radius 0.5 Å making 10 revolutions per
second, the magnetic moment associated with the orbital motion of the electron will be :-
(A) 2.512 × 10–38 Am2 (B) 1.256 × 10–38 Am2 [SQP-2022]
(C) 0.628 × 10–38 Am2 (D) zero
*Not in syllabus for session 2023-24, but you should prepare it
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10. Time period of a charged particle undergoing a circular motion in a uniform magnetic field is
independent of : [SQP-2020]
(A) speed of the particle (B) mass of the particle
(C) charge of the particle (D) magnetic field

Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select
the correct answer to these questions from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false and R is also false
11. Assertion (A): To increase the range of an ammeter, we must connect a suitable high resistance
in series to it.
Reason (R): The ammeter with increased range should have high resistance. Select the most
appropriate answer from the options given below: [SQP-2022]
12. Assertion(A): A proton and an electron, with same momenta, enter in a magnetic field in a
direction at right angles to the lines of the force. The radius of the paths followed by them will be
same.
Reason(R): Electron has less mass than the proton. [SQP-2022]
13. Assertion (A): On Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer by increasing the number
of turns, may not necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity.
Reason (R): The resistance of the coil of the galvanometer increases on increasing the number of
turns. [SQP-2022]

ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B D C B D C D A B A
Q. No. 11 12 13
Ans. D B A

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SOLUTIONS
mv 1
1. r=  K= mv 2
qB 2

m 2K 2K
r= v=
qB m m
B, K, 2  Constant
2km
r=
q 2 B2 m

2km
r=
q 2 B2

m
r
q

rd m d q
 
r m  qd

2m 2e
 
4m e
rd
 2
r

Q
a/2
P a/2
3.

µ0 Ir
Binside =
2a 2
a
µ0 I
BP = 2  µ0 I
2 a 2 4 a
µ0 I
Boutside =
2 r
µo I µI
BQ =  o
3a 3a
2
2
BQ 4a 4
   BQ : BP  4 : 3
BP 3a 3

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IS
7. VS =
R
120
IS
24
So, VS'  100 = VS
125 25
R
100
V S' – VS
So, Change in VS =  100%
VS
24
VS  VS
= 25  100%
VS

1
= 100%
25
= 4 % (decreases)
µ0 I µo (2I) µo I
8. FC    (Attractive)
2r 2(2r) r
Now (2I current is reversed)
µ0 I µI
FC = (attractive)  0 (repulsive)
2r 2r
FC = 0
9. v = 10Hz
M = IA = e r2
= 1.6 × 10–19 × 10 × 3.14 × (0.5 × 10–10)2
M = 1.256 × 10–38 Am2
mv 2
12.  qvBsin 90º
r
mv P
r= 
qB qB
P, B are same
q is also same.
So r is same
So Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A

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EXERCISE-II
Two Mark Questions :
1. Two straight infinitely long wires are fixed in space so that the current in the left wire is 2 A and
directed out of the plane of the page and the current in the right wire is 3 A and directed into the
plane of the page. In which region(s) is/are there a point on the x-axis, at which the magnetic field
is equal to zero due to these currents carrying wires? Justify your answer. [SQP-2021]
Region-I Region-II Region-III
× +X
2A 3A

B2 upwards B2 upwards B1 upwards

Sol. +X
B1 downwards 2A B1 upwards 3AB2 downwards

B1  Magnetic field due to wire 1.

B2  Magnetic field due to wire 2.
So, Magnetic field can be cancelled in Region-I & III. With the help of Right hand thumb Rule,
we get direction of magnetic field & they are in opposite direction in Region-I & III.
2. (a) Name the physical quantity having unit J/T. [SQP-2021]
(b) An electron with charge -e and mass m travels at a speed v in a plane perpendicular to a
magnetic field of magnitude B. The electron follows a circular path of radius R. In a time, t, the
electron travels halfway around the circle. What is the amount of work done by the magnetic
field? [SQP-2021]
Sol. (a) Magnetic dipole moment (b) Zero
3. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current passing through a long solenoid.
Sol. Q
l Q
d c

P
a b
P
B
×××××××××××××××××××××××
4. Find the condition under which the charged particles moving with different speeds in the
presence of electric and magnetic field vectors can be used to select charged particles of a
particular speed.
y
Sol. Consider a charge 'q' moving with velocity v in the presence of both
   
electric field E & magnetic field B experiences a force given as- FE E

 
v
F  q E  v  B  FE  FB x
B

Assume, E & B are  to each other & also  to the velocity of the
particle. FB
z
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Directions of electric force ( FE ) & magnetic force ( FB ) are just opposite.

 F  q  E  vB  ˆj

If magnitudes of electric and magnetic force are equal then, net force on the particle is zero & it
will move undeflected in the fields.

qE =qvB or v  E / B

The above condition is used to select charged particles of a particular velocity.

5. In figure given below, wire PQ is fixed while the square loop ABCD is free to move under the
influence of currents flowing in them. State with reason, in which direction does the loop begin
to move or rotate ?
P
A B

D C
Ia
d d

Sol. Forces on side AB and CD cancel each other. Now force on AD is attractive due to similar
direction of current and on side BC force is repulsive due to opposite direction of current. As
side AD is nearer to wire PQ as compared to BC so force on side AD ( attractive ) is more than
the force on side BC ( repulsive), so square loop ABCD does move towards wire PQ.
6. (a) Write the relation for the force acting on a charged particle q moving with velocity v in the
presence of a magnetic field B .
(b) A proton is accelerated through a potential difference V, subjected to a uniform magnetic
field acting normal to the velocity of the proton. If the potential difference is doubled, how
will the radius of the circular path described by the proton in the magnetic field change?

Sol. (a) F  q(v  B)

mv 2m(KE)
(b) r= = [mv  P  2mK] (K  K.E.)
qB qB

2m(qV)
=
qB

r V

Thus if V2 = 2V1  r2 = 2r1

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7. (a) A proton and an electron travelling along parallel paths enter a region of uniform magnetic
field, acting perpendicular to their paths. Which of them will move in a circular path with
higher frequency?
(b) What can be the cause of helical motion of a charged particle ?
Sol. (a) We know that, frequency
qB
= and me < < mp
2m
So electron will move with higher frequency.
(b) When a charged particle moves in uniform external magnetic field, with velocity not
perpendicular or parallel to the magnetic field, then charge particle experiences a force
also along with torque and perform helical motion.
8. (a) Write the underlying principle of a moving coil galvanometer.
(b) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying current i.
Sol. (a) Moving coil galvanometer works on the principle that when a current carrying coil placed
in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque so, it get deflected and by measuring deflection
we can measure current.
(b) Magnetic field due to circular wire carrying current i.

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EXERCISE-III
Three Mark Questions :
1. An alpha particle is moving with a
velocity v. It enters a magnetic field (B) as
shown below. The magnetic field is alpha particle
perpendicular and into the plane of paper. velocity v
A uniform electric field is applied in the
same region as the magnetic field so that uniform
the alpha particle passes undeviated magnetic field
through the combined fields.
(a) What should be the direction of the electric field?
(b) Without any change in the electric and magnetic field, the alpha particle is replaced by the
following particles:
(i) Proton moving with a velocity v, (ii) Electron moving with a velocity v/2 [ASQP-2023]
Will there be any change a deviation in the path of the particles? Give a reason for your answer.
Sol. (a) downwards in the plane of the paper (or) perpendicular to B and v, [1]
(b)(i) Proton moving with a velocity v
No deviation
qE = qvB
Force does not depend on mass and the charge cancels out. So the proton will also pass
undeviated. [1]
(ii) Electron moving with a velocity v/2
The electron will deviate upwards.
Since velocity is halved, electric force > magnetic force. [1]
2. A rectangular coil of sides '' and 'b' carrying a current I is subjected to a uniform magnetic field
B acting perpendicular to its plane. Obtain the expression for the torque acting on it.
Sol. Consider a rectangular conducting loop (PQRS) of length  and breadth b placed in a uniform
magnetic field. Let I be the current flowing in the loop in clockwise direction. Let at any instant
the angle between the magnetic field and normal to the rectangular coil is .

[1]

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Force acting on the arm PQ of the loop,
F1  I(l  B)  F1  I B l (Directed inside the sheet of paper)
Similarly, force acting on the arm RS of the loop,
F2  I( l  B)  F2  I B l (Directed outside the sheet of paper) [1]
Force F3 acting on the arm QR and force F4 acting on the arm SP of the loop are equal, opposite
and act along the same line, hence they cancel each other. Therefore only two forces F1 and F2
act on the loop. F1 and F2 form a couple and try to rotate the loop clockwise. The magnitude of
the torque () due to forces F1 and F2 is given by
 = Magnitude of the either force × Perpendicular distance between forces
 = IB × b sin  { × b = A, area of the loop

 = I A B sin 
In vector form   I(A  B)
If the loop has N turns, then net torque acting on the loop is
 = BINA sin 
 = M B sin 
  MB [1]
3. (a) Write the expression for the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on a charged particle
moving with velocity v in the presence of magnetic field B.
(b) A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform
magnetic field going in to the plane of the paper as shown. Trace their paths in the field and
justify your answer.
× × × × × ×
•
× × × × × ×
n•
× × × × × ×
e•
× × × × × ×
Sol. (a) Force acting on a charged particle q which is moving with velocity v in magnetic field B is
given by F = q(v  B)
The fleming left hand rule gives the direction of the force .The direction of the force is
perpendicular to the plane containing velocity v and magnetic field B . [1]
(b) A charge particle experience a force when it enters the magnetic field .Due to the presence
of magnetic field, charged particle will move in a circular path because the force is
perpendicular to the velocity of the charged particle, required centripetal force will be
provided by magnetic force.
Radius of the circular path in which the charged particle is moving is given by r = mv/qB
since v and B are constant so radius of path of particle is proportional to their mass to
charge ratio.
E 107
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 Alpha-particle will trace circular path in anti-clockwise sense and its deviation will
be in the direction of (v  B) .
 Neutron will pass without any deviation as magnetic field does not exert force on
neutral particle.
 Electron will trace circular path in clockwise sense as its deviation is in the direction
opposite to (v  B) with a smaller radius due to mass to charge.
× × × ×

× × × ×
n
e
× × × ×
[2]
4. (a) A point charge q moving with speed v enters a uniform magnetic field B that is acting into
the plane of the paper as shown. What is the path followed by the charge q and in which
plane does it move?
(b) How does the path followed by the charge get affected if its velocity has a component
parallel to B ?
(c) If an electric field E is also applied such that the particle continues moving along the original
straight line path, what should be the magnitude and direction of the electric field E ?
Y
×B
v q

X
Sol. (a) Charge q moves in circular path . It does move in X-Y plane. [1]
(b) If velocity has component parallel to B then charge q moves in helical path. [1]
(c) v  viˆ
[ The particle is moving along negative x-direction]
B   Bkˆ
 The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the paper directed inwards i.e. negative
z-direction.
   
Force acting due to magnetic field Fm = q v  B  q  viˆ  Bkˆ 
  
Fm  qvBjˆ  ˆi  kˆ  ˆj
 
 Magnitude of Fm = qvB, in –Y direction
 For the undeflected motion of particle,

 
Fe = qE should be applied in y  ˆj direction. [1]

108 E
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5. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to infinitely long straight current carrying conductor
by using Ampere's law.
Sol. Magnetic field due to infinitely long straight current carrying conductor :
Apply ampere's law to find out magnetic field at point 'p'

 B.d  0  I

   0º 
 B
I
 Bd cos   0 I cos   1 
d
dl

 r
 I  I 0
P
B  d 0 I  B × 2r = 0I amperian loop

0 I
B [3]
2r

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EXERCISE-IV
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Four Mark Questions :
1. Amperes law gives a method to calculate the magnetic field due to given current distribution.
According to it, the circulation  B.dl of the resultant magnetic field along a closed boundary is
equal to µ0 times the total current crossing the area bounded by the closed curve provided the
electric field inside the loop remains constant. Ampere's law is more useful under certain
symmetrical conditions. Consider one such case of a long Straight wire with circular cross-
section (radius R) carrying current 1 uniformly distributed across this cross-section.

Line of r
force

I
(i) The magnetic field at a radial distance r from the centre of the wire in the region r > R, is
µo I µI µ IR 2 µ Ir 2
(A) (B) o (C) o (D) o
2 r 2 R 2r 2R
(ii) A long straight wire of a circular cross section (radius a) carries a steady current I and the current
I is uniformly distributed across this cross-section. Which of the following plots represents the
variation of magnitude of magnetic field B with distance r from the centre of the wire?
B B B B

(A) (B) (C) (D)

O r O r O r O r
a a a a
(iii) A long straight wire of radius R carries a steady current I. The current is uniformly distributed
across its cross-section. The ratio of magnetic field at R/2 and 2R is
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 (C) 1/4 (D) 1
(iv) A long straight wire of very-very thin radius carries a steady current I. How magnetic field at a
distance from this wire changes if value if current in the wire is doubled?
(A) Doubled (B) halved (C) three times (D) none of the above

ANSWERS
Q. No. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
1. A A D A

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EXERCISE-V
Five Mark Questions :
1. (a) State Ampere’s circuital law. [SQP-2020]
(b) Two long straight parallel conductors are carrying steady current I1 and I2 separated by a
distance d. if the currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic field
set up in one produces an attractive force on the other. Obtain the expression for this force.
Hence define one ampere.
(c) How are the magnetic field lines different from the electrostatic field lines ?
Sol. (a) Ampere’s circuital law : The line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop is 0 times
the total current threading through that loop

 B dl   (I)0 [1]
(b) We consider two long conductor X1Y1 and X2Y2 placed Y2 Y1
parallel to each other at a distance d apart. The current
I2 I1 B2
I1 and I2 are flowing as shown in diagram.
Magnetic field at point P (on the conductor X1Y1 due to Q
F F P
current I2 flowing through the long conductor X2Y2) is
B1 d
given by
µ0 I2 X2 X1
B2 =
2d
According to right hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field B2 at a point P is
perpendicular to the plane of paper and in inward direction. Now, the conductor X1Y1
carrying current I1 lies in the magnetic field B2 produced by the conductor X2Y2.
Since F=BIl, the force experienced by the unit length of the conductor X1Y1 due to
magnetic field B2 is given by
0 I1I 2
F= B2 (I1) =
2d
OR
F µ0 I1I 2
= .....(1)
2d
Applying Fleming's left hand rule,it follows that the force F on the conductor X1Y1 act in
the plane of the paper and towards left. If we proceed in a similar manner then it can be
proved that the conductor X2Y2 experience an equal force in the plane of the paper but
towards right .
Therefore, the two parallel conductor carrying current in the same direction attracts each
other.

E 111
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Definition of Ampere : Let I1 = I2= 1 A and d = 1 m
Then from eq (1) we have that
F
= 2 × 10–7 N/m

This means that one ampere of current is that much current which when flown through
two infinitely long parallel conductors ,separated by one meter in free space, causes a force
of 2 × 10–7 N per meter on each conductor. [3]
(c) The magnetic field lines form continuous closed loops, whereas electrostatic field lines
never forms closed loop. [1]
2. (i) Write Biot-Savart law in vector forma and use it to obtain the expression for the magnetic
field at an axial point situated at distance d from the centre of a circular coil of radius R
carrying current I.
(ii) Also, find the ratio of the magnitudes of the magnetic field of this coil at the centre and at
an axial point for which x  R 3 . [SQP-2020]
Sol. (i) Vector form of Biot-Savart's law
0 I 
dB 
4r 2

dl  rˆ   r̂ 

r
r
Magnetic field at an axial point of a current carrying circular loop :
0 I
 dB 
4r 3

dl  r 



[1]


Magnetic field due to small element at point 'P'

0 Idl sin 
dB  ………..(1)
4r 2
Angle between dl and r̂ is always 90° ( = 90°). Direction of magnetic field is
perpendicular to the plane of dl and r̂ .
0 Idl
dB  sin 90  1
4r 2
112 E
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Total magnetic field at point P


2 R 2 R
µ0 Idl R R
Baxis  
0
dBsin   Baxis  
0

4r 2 r
sin  
r

0 IR 2 R µ0 IR 0 IR 2
4 r 3 0
Baxis  dl  Baxis   2 R  B 
4 r 3 axis
2r 3

Baxis 
 0 IR 2
2  R2  x2 
3/2 r   R  x 
2 2
1/2

µ0 NIR 2
Baxis  [2+1]
2  R2  x2 
3/2

(ii) At the centre of current loop

0 NI
B0 
2R
At the axial point x = R 3

0 NIR 2 0 NIR 2
B1  
  2  8R3
32
2 R 2  3R 2

0 NI
B0
  2R  8 :1 [1]
B1 0 NI
2  8R
3. A square loop of sides 5 cm carrying a current of 0.2 A in the clockwise direction is placed at a
distance of 10 cm from an infinitely long wire carrying a current of 1 A as shown. Calculate (i)
the resultant magnetic force, and (ii) the torque, if any, acting on the loop.
Sol. (i) Force on side bc and ad are same in magnitude and opposite in direction. So they cancel
each other.

F2   F 4  F2  F 4  0 F2 [1]
0.2A
Force on side (ab) 1A b c
 I I 
F1=  0 1 2  F1 F3
 2 d1 
a d
 4 10 7  1  0.2  10 cm 5 cm
F1 =  5 F4
 2 10 
F1 = 2 × 10–8 N (towards left) [1]

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Force on side (cd)
 I I 
F3 =  0 1 2  
 2 d 2 
 4 10 7 1  0.2 
F3 =  5
 2 15 
4
F3  10 8 N (towards right) [1]
3
Resultant force on loop,
F = F1 – F3 ( F1 & F3 are opp.)

 4
=  2    10 8
 3

F   10 8 N (towards left) [1]
3
(ii) Torque on square loop 'abcd'
 = MB sin { = 0}

0 [1]
4. (i) With the help of a neat and labelled diagram, explain the principle and working of a
moving coil galvanometer.
(ii) What is the function of uniform radial field and how it is produced ?
(iii) Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. How is current sensitivity increased ?
Sol. (i) Principle : When current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a torque.
 = NI AB ...(1)
Scale

Pointer Permanent Magnet

Coil

N S
Pivot

Soft iron
Core
Uniform radial
magnetic field
[1]
It consists of a plane coil of many turns suspended in a radial magnetic field. When a
current is passed in the coil it experiences a torque which produces a twist in the
suspension.
114 E
 
This deflection is directly proportional to the torque
 = K ...(2)
By equation (1) & (2)
 NIAB = K;
 K 
I  ;
 NAB 
K = elastic torsional constant of the suspension
K
I  C ; C 
NAB
C  Galvanometer constant
So I
I [1]
Galvanometer :
An instrument used to measure strength of current by measuring the deflection of coil due
to torque produced by a magnetic field.
i
A Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter & voltmeter with desired range as below.
Voltage Sensitivity (VS)
It is defined as deflection per unit voltage.
 NAB 
VS =  / V =  / IR =   [1]
 KR 
(ii) The function of radial field, is.
(a) To maximize the deflecting torque acting on the current carrying coil.
(b) To increase the strength of magnetic field.
Radial magnetic field is produced by using concave magnetic pole. Also cylindrical soft
iron core helps in production of radial magnetic field. [1]
(iii) Current sensitivity is the deflection shown by galvanometer for a unit current flow.
 NAB
IS  or
I K
Where  is the deflection in the coil.
Current sensitivity of galvanometer can be increased by
(a) Increasing the number of turns (N)
(b) Increasing magnetic induction (B)
(c) Increasing area of coil (A)
(d) Decreasing the couple per unit twist of the spiral springs.
(By using phosphor bronze wire) [1]

E 115
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5. (a) State Biot – Savart law and express this law in the vector form.
(b) Two identical coils P and Q each of radius R are lying in perpendicular planes such that
they have a common centre. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the
common centre of the two coils, if they carry currents equal to I and 3 I respectively
Q

P O

Sol. (a) According to the Biot Savart Law, the magnitude of magnetic field dB is proportional to
the current I, the element length d and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
r. Its direction is perpendicular to the plane containing d and r .
Field at point P due to current element
µ0 Id sin 
dB 
4 r 2
0 

dB ×
 10 7 Tm / A 
4
 

Id O
0 = permeability of free space (air/vacuum) 

OP
Vector form :-
µ0 Id  rˆ µ0 Id  r
dB   [2]
4 r 2 4 r 3
y BP y
(b)
Q BP BR
I2
P
x 
I1 BQ x
BQ
z
Given,
I1 = I (current in coil P) ; I2 = 3 I (current in coil Q)
Magnetic field at the centre of circular current carrying coil, is given by
B = 0I/2R
0 I 3 0 I
So BP   BQ 
2R 2R
116 E
 
Net field at centre (BR)
2
 0 I   30 I 
2

BR = B B  
2 2
  
 2R   2R 
P Q

0 I B 1
So, BR  , Direction tan = P 
R BQ 3
 = 30o [3]
6. How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter and an ammeter? Draw the relevant diagrams
and find resistance of the arrangement in each case. Take resistance of galvanometer as G.
Sol. Conversion of Galvanometer into voltmeter :
Voltmeter is used to measure p.d. so it is connected in parallel, in a circuit and it's resistance
should be infinite in ideal case, thus in order to maximize resistance of galvanometer according
to required range we connect a suitable resistance in series as shown :
RX
G
Ig

V [1]
If potential difference between the points to be measured = V and if galvanometer gives full-
scale deflection, when current "ig" passes through it. Then,
V = Ig(Rg + RX)  V = IgRg + IgRX  V – IgRg = IgRX
RX = (V – IgRg) /Ig
V
RX   Rg
Ig
Also, equivalent resistance of voltmeter : Rv = Rx + Rg [1½]
Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter :
Ammeter is a current measuring device so it's resistance should be zero in ideal case, thus in
order to minimize it's resistance according to the required range, we connect a suitable resistance
in parallel with it, which is called shunt 'S' as shown.
Then current through shunt : IS = (I – Ig) Ig
Potential difference across the shunt : Vg = IgRg G
But VS = (I – Ig)RS IS RS
VS = Vg (in parallel combination)
RS(I – Ig) = IgRg
I [1]
Ig
A
RS  Rg
I  Ig

R g .R S
Thus equivalent resistance G'  [1½]
R g  RS

E 117
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
NOTE: Q. No. 1 to 15 carrying 1 mark each, Q. No.16 to 18 carrying 3 mark each & Q. No. 19
to 21 carrying 5 marks.
1. The moving coil galvanometer G1 and G2 have the following particulars respectively: [2022]
N1 = 30 , A1 = 3.6 x 10–3m2 , B1 = 0.25 T
N2 = 42 , A2 = 1.8 x 10-3m2 , B2 = 0.50 T
The spring constant is same for both the galvanometers. The ratio of current sensitivities of G 1
and G2 is :
(A) 5:7 (B) 7:5 (C) 1:4 (D) 1:1
2. A current I is flowing through the loop as shown in the figure (MA = R, MC = 2R). The magnetic
µ0 I
field at the centre of the loop is times : [2022]
R
5
(A) in to the plane of paper
16
M A
5 I
(B) out of the plane of paper
16
7 D
(C) out of the plane of paper I
16
C
7
(D) in to the plane of paper
16
3. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 15A in north to south direction.
The magnitude and direction of magnetic field at a point 2.5 m east of the wire respectively are :
[2022]
(A) 1.2 T, vertically upward (B) 1.2 T, vertically downward
(C) 0.6 T, vertically upward (D) 0.6 T, vertically downward
4. An electron is projected with velocity ⃗ along the axis of a current carrying long solenoid. Which
of the following statements is true? [2022]
(A) The path of the electron will be circular about the axis
(B) The electron will be accelerated along the axis
(C) The path of the electron will be helical
(D) The electron will continue to move the same velocity ⃗ along the axis of the solenoid.
5. If the speed v of a charged particle moving in a magnetic field ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ) is
halved, then the radius of its path will : [2022]
(A) not change (B) become two times
(C) become one-fourth (D) become half
6. The speed acquired by a free electron when accelerated from rest through a potential difference
of 100V is: [2022]
6 –1 6 –1 5 –1 3 –1
(A) 6 × 10 m s (B) 3 × 10 m s (C) 4 × 10 m s (D) 2 × 10 m s
118 E
 
7. Which of the following is not affected by the presence of a magnetic field? [2022]
(A) A current carrying conductor
(B) A moving charge
(C) A stationary charge
(D) A rectangular current loop with its plane parallel to the field
8. In a certain region electric field E and magnetic field B are perpendicular to each other. An
electron enters the region perpendicular to the direction of both E and B moves undeflected.
The speed of the electrons is – [2022]
E B
(A) E B (B) E  B (C) (D)
B E

9.  
A test charge of 1.6  10 19 C is moving with a velocity v  4iˆ  3kˆ ms in a magnetic field
1

 
B  3kˆ  4iˆ T . The force on this test charge is :- [2022]

(A) 24ˆj N (B)  24 ˆi N (C) 24 kˆ N (D) 0

10. Two identical thick wires and two identical thin wires ,all of the same material and the same
length form a square in three different ways P,Q and R as shown. Due to the current in these
loops the magnetic field at the centre of the loop will be zero in case of – [2022]

i
P Q R

(A) P and R only (B) Q and R only (C) P and Q only (D) P ,Q and R
11. A circular coil carrying a certain current produces a magnetic field B0 at its centre. The coil is
now rewound so as to have three turns and the same current is passed through it. The new
magnetic field at the centre is :- [2022]
B B
(A) 3B0 (B) 0 (C) 0 (D) 9B0
3 9
12. Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R) [2022]
Assertion (A): When a charged particle moves with velocity v in a magnetic field B (v  B), the
force on the particle does no work.
Reason (R): The magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity of the particle.
Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is also false.
13. A current carrying square loop is suspended a uniform magnetic field acting in the plane of the
loop. If the force on one arm of the loop is F, the net force on the remaining three arms of the
loop will be :- [2022]
(A) 3 F (B) –3 F (C) F (D) – F
E 119
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14. Assertion (A) : Higher the range of an ammeter, smaller is its resistance.
Reason (R) : To increase the range of the ammeter, additional shunt needs to be connected
across it. [2021-C]
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
15. The magnetic dipole moment of a current carrying coil does not depend upon [2020]
(A) Number of turns of the coil. (B) Cross-sectional area of the coil
(C) Current flowing in the coil (D) Material of the turns of the coil
16. Two long straight parallel wires A and B separated by a distance d, carry equal current I flowing
in same direction as shown in the figure.
A B
P
I I
r
d

(a) Find the magnetic field at a point P situated between them at a distance x from one wire.
(b) Show graphically the variation of the magnetic field with distance x for 0 < x < d. [2020]
17. (a) Write an expression of magnetic moment associated with a current (I) carrying circular coil
of radius r having N turns.
(b) Consider the above mentioned coil placed in YZ plane with its centre at the origin. Derive
expression for the value of magnetic field due to it at point (x, 0, 0). [2020]
18. (a) Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its expression.
(b) A galvanometer has resitance G and shows full scale deflection for current Ig.
(i) How can it be converted into an ammeter to measure current up to I0 (I0 > Ig) ?
(ii) What is the effective resistance of this ammeter ? [2020]
19. (i) An -particle, a deuteron and a proton enter into a uniform magnetic field normally with
the same kinetic energy and describe circular paths. Find the ratio of radii of their paths.
(ii) Give the direction of magnetic field acting on the current carrying coil ACDE shown in the
figure so that the coil is in unstable equilibrium.
Y

I
A C
10 cm
10 cm

E X
D
Z

(iii) Why do we use a low resistance ammeter in a circuit to measure current ? [2021-C]

120 E
 
20. (i) Draw a diagram to show the magnetic field lines produced by two parallel straight wires
carrying currents in the same direction. Obtain an expression for the force per unit length
between these wires and hence define SI unit of current.
(ii) The figure shows a circular loop connected to a battery. The arc ACB of length l2 carries a
current lI and are ADB of length l2 carries a current I2. Show that the net magnetic field at
the centre of the loop is zero. [2021-C]

21. (a) Derive the expression for the torque acting on the rectangular current carrying coil of a
galvanometer. Why is the magnetic field made radial ?
(b) An -particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kV and moves along
x-axis. It enters in a region of uniform magnetic field B = 2 × 10–3 T acting along y-axis.
Find the radius of its path. (Take mass of -particle = 6.4 × 10–27 kg) [2020]

E 121
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IMPORTANT NOTES

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122 E
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UNIT-III : MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT & MAGNETISM
CHAPTER-5 : MAGNETISM AND MATTER
1. MAGNETIC FIELD LINES :
 The magnetic field lines are imaginary lines to present magnetic field.
 The magnetic field lines of a magnet form continuous closed loops and tangent to the field
line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic field at that point.
2. MAGNETIC MOMENT OF REVOLVING ELECTRON :
[Not in syllabus for session 2023-24 ]
e
If an electron is revolving with T as a time period then equivalent current is given by I  T , &

magnetic moment is given as  = IA = Ir2 = evr

2

eL
  Where L = angular momentum
2m e

NOTE: The ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum called gyromagnetic ratio.
Bohr magnetron = 9.27 × 10–24 Am2
3. GAUSS' LAW FOR MAGNETISM :

It states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero B   B·S  0

4. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS :

 Intensity of magnetisation or magnetisation I = M/V
 Magnetic induction or magnetic field or magnetic flux density B = µH = µ0(H + I)
B
 Magnetic permeability µ=
H
I
 Magnetic susceptibility  m = = µr – 1
H
5. CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS :
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic
–1< 0 0  <  1
0 µr < 1 1 < µr < 1 +  r >>1
 < 0 µ > µ0  >> 0

  small positive number introduced to quantify paramagnetic materials.

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NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
EXAMPLES
5.2 A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with an external field of 800 G experiences a
torque of 0.016 Nm.
(a) What is the magnetic moment of the magnet?
(b) What is the work done in moving it from its most stable to most unstable position?
(c) The bar magnet is replaced by a solenoid of cross-sectional area 2 × 10–4 m2 and 1000 turns,
but of the same magnetic moment. Determine the current flowing through the solenoid.
5.7 If magnetic monopoles existed, how would the Gauss' law in magnetism be modified?

EXERCISE
5.9 A circular coil of 16 turns and radius 10 cm carrying a current of 0.75A rests with its plane
normal to an external field of magnitude 5.0 × 10–2 T. The coil is free to turn about an axis in its
plane perpendicular to the field direction. When the coil is turned slightly and released, it
oscillates about its stable equilibrium with a frequency of 2.0 s–1. What is the moment of inertia
of the coil about its axis of rotation?

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EXERCISE-I
Multiple Choice Questions :
1. A wire of length L carrying a current I can be turned into a circular loop of N turns. For what
value of N, will the magnetic moment of this current-carrying loop be maximum? [ASQP-2023]
(A) one
(B) 4 L
(C) infinite
(D) Magnetic moment is a constant for a given L and is independent of N
2. Two blocks of different materials are placed in a uniform magnetic field B. The magnetic field
lines passing through the two blocks are represented as follows.

B B

(I) (II)

Identify the suitable values of relative permeability  r and magnetic susceptibility  for the
materials I and II. [ASQP-2023]
(A) For I : rFor II : r
(B) For I : rFor II : r
(C) For I : rFor II : r
(D) For I : rFor II : r
3. If the magnetizing field on a ferromagnetic material is increased, its permeability [SQP-2023]
(A) decreases (B) increases
(C) remains unchanged (D) first decreases and then increases

Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select
the correct answer to these questions from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false and R is also false
4. Assertion (A) : An atom behaves as magnetic dipole.
Reason (R) : It is because, an atom contains equal positive & negative charges.
5. Assertion (A) : When radius of circular loop carrying current is doubled, its magnetic moment
becomes four times.
Reason (R) : Magnetic moment depends on area of the loop.

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ANSWER KEY

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. A D A C B

SOLUTIONS
1. M = NIA
For M  maximum
area must be maximum
So, N must be one

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EXERCISE-II
Two Mark Questions :
1. As shown below, a magnetic dipole moment is oriented in 3 different ways in a uniform magnetic
field. [ASQP-2023]

I II III

m B

(a) Which orientation results in the largest magnetic torque on the dipole?
(b) Which orientation has the largest potential energy?
Give a reason for your answer.
Sol. (a) Orientation-II
Since   m x B = mB sin, torque is maximum when  = 90°.
(b) Orientation-I
U = –m .B = –mB cos, potential energy in case of orientation I is positive.
2. A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown in figure when two specimens A and B are
placed in it. [SQP-2023]

A B

(b)
(a)

(i) Identify the specimen A and B.

(ii) How is the magnetic susceptibility of specimen A different from that of specimen B?
Sol. A – diamagnetic
B – paramagnetic or ferromagnetic
The magnetic susceptibility of A is small negative and that of B is small positive. (paramagnetic)

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EXERCISE-III
Three Mark Questions :
1. Establish different relations between magnetisation(I), magnetic intensity(H), magnetic

susceptibility () and relative magnetic permeability(µr). Define the magnetic susceptibility ().

Sol. When current is passed through the solenoid a magnetic field is developed inside the solenoid. If

a magnetic substance is kept in a magnetising field of intensity (H), then it gets magnetised. The

total magnetic induction (B) is the sum of the magnetic induction (B0) in vacuum and magnetic

induction (B1) due to magnetisation of material.

B = B 0 + BI

B = µ0H + µ0I

B = µ0 (H + I) { I = H }

B = µ0[H + H]

µH = µ0H [1 + ]

µ = µ0 [1 + ] { µr = µ/µ0}

µr =[1 + ] [2]

Magnetic Susceptibility : It is a property which determine how easily a specimen can be

magnetised. It is expressed as

I
m 
H

Since I is magnetic moment per unit volume, units of I and H are same (Am –1). m has no units

and no dimension. [1]

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2. Differentiate diamagnetic, Paramagnetic & Ferromagnetic substances on the basis of their
properties.
Sol.
PROPERTIES DIAMAGNETIC PARAMAGNETIC FERROMAGNETIC
Cause of Orbital motion of electrons Spin motion of Formation of domains
magnetism electrons
Substance Here Bm < B0 Here Bm > B0 Here Bm >>> B0
placed in
uniform
magnetic field.

m – T curve m small, negative & m small, positive & m  very large,
temperature independent varies inversely with positive & temp.
mT 0 temp. dependent
1 1
m  (Curie law) m  (Curie
T T  TC

 Weiss law) (for T > TC)
(TC = Curie
temperature)


TC(Iiron)=770°C or
1043K
µr (µ < µ0) 1 > µr > 0  (small positive no.) µr >>> 1 (µ >>> µ0)
> µr > 1 (µ > µ0)
Examples Bi, Cu, Ag, Pb, H2O, Hg, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Sn, Fe,Co, Ni all their
H2, He, Ne, Au, Zn, Sb, Pt, Al, O2 alloys, Fe3O4 Gd,
NaCl, Diamond.( May be (May be found in solid, Alnico, etc.
found in solid, liquid or liquid or gas.) (Normally found only in
gas). solids) (crystalline
solids)
[3]

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EXERCISE-IV
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Four Mark Questions :
1. When the atomic dipoles are aligned partially or fully, there is a net magnetic moment in the
direction of the field in any small volume of the material. The actual magnetic field inside
material placed in magnetic field is the sum of the applied magnetic field and the magnetic field
due to magnetization. This field is called magnetic intensity ( H ).

H= –M
µo
where M is the magnetization of the material µo, is the permittivity of vacuum and B is the total
magnetic field. The measure that tells us how a magnetic material responds to an external field is
given by a dimensionless quantity is appropriately called the magnetic susceptibility; for a certain
class of magnetic materials, intensity of magnetization is directly proportional to the magnetic
intensity.
(i) Magnetization of a sample is
(A) volume of sample per unit magnetic moment
(B) net magnetic moment per unit volume
(C) ratio of magnetic moment and pole strength
(D) ratio of pole strength to magnetic moment.
(ii) Identify the wrongly matched quantity and unit pair.
(A) Pole strength - Am
(B) Magnetic susceptibility - dimensionless number
(C) Intensity of magnetisation - A/m
(D) Magnetic permeability - henry m
(iii) A bar magnet has length 3 cm, cross-sectional area 2 cm2 and magnetic moment 3 A-m2. The
intensity of magnetisation of bar magnet is
(A) 2 × l05A/m (B) 3 ×105 A/m (C) 4 × 105 A/m (D) 5 × 105A/m
(iv) A solenoid has core of a material with relative permeability 500 and its windings carry a current
of 1 A. The number of turns of the solenoid is 500 per metre. The magnetization of the material
is nearly :-
(A) 2.5 × 103A/m (B) 2.5 × 105 A/m (C) 2 × 103 A/m (D) 2 ×105 A/m
OR
(v) The relative permeability of iron is 6000. Its magnetic susceptibility is
(A) 5999 (B) 6001 (C) 6000 × 10–7 (D) 6000 × 10–7

ANSWERS
Q. No. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
1. B D D B A

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SOLUTIONS

M 3
1. (iii) IM = = 4 2
= 0.5 × 106 = 5 × 105 A/m
V 2 10  3 10
(iv) M = H = (µr – 1) nI
= (500 – 1) × 500 × 1
M = 2.5 × 105 A/m
OR
(iv) m = µr – 1
= 6000 – 1
= 5999
EXERCISE-V

* No question asked in this category.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

NOTE: Q. No. 1 carrying 1 mark, Q. No. 2 carrying 2 mark.

1. Assertion (A) : A bar magnet experiences a torque when place in a magnetic field. [2022]
Reason (R) : A bar magnet exerts a torque on itself due to its own magnetic field.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false (R) is also false.
2. The magnetic moment of a circular coil carrying current I, having N turns, each of radius r, is M.
Find the magnetic moment of the same coil if it is unwound and rewound into a coil having 2N
turns for the same current. [2021-C]

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