Q: What are top-down effects, and why are they mentioned in the context of

predator-
prey dynamics?
A: the predation risk faced by buffalo, interact with forage heterogeneity (bottom-
up effects) to influence the spatial distribution, home range size, and grouping
behaviors of the buffalo population.

Q:How does forage heterogeneity influence the behavior and distribution of large
herbivores?
A:The Text is explainig to us how forage heterogeneity, driven by geologic
substrate (granite and basalt), influences The distribution of large

herbivores?
Q:• Why is substrate mentioned as a factor influencing herbivore behavior, and how
does
it do so indirectly?
A: Substrate (granite and basalt)mentioned in the Text is a factor because it plays
a role in determining forage heterogeneity.Its indirectly Because it impact forage
quality and distribution such as (Creation of Nutrient Hotspots)

Q:• What data sources are used in the study, and why are they important for the
research?
A:satellite imagery, forage quantity data, and three years of radio-tracking data.

Q:What differences were observed in the behavior and distribution of buffalo in

poorer
foraging environments compared to those in higher-quality environments?
A:several differences were observed in the behavior:1-Home Range Size 2-Grouping
Behaviors

Q:What is the significance of nutrient hotspots, and how are they related to the
buffalo foraging behavior?
A:nutrient hotspots are significant for African buffalo, Because wherever there is
a hotspots there is less predation (Group Dynamics)

Q:How might predation risk influence the creation and location of nutrient hotspots
by
buffalo?
A:Predation risk influence the creation and location of nutrient hotspots by
bufflo,Because Hotspots serve as refuges where buffalo feel less exposed to
predators.
words in the text whose definitions follow :
1.home range
2.nutrient hotspots
3.forage heterogeneity

3Adjectives: smaller,comprehensive,complex
3Adverbs: Overall,Strategically,potentially

• 5. Identify the different verb tenses used in the text and explain why each tense
is
chosen in its respective context.
•verb tenses and an explanation of why each tense is chosen :Present Simple
(describe a general truth or fact),Present Continuous (describe an action that is
happening)Simple Past(completed actions or events that occurred in the past)
Future (the potential to create or maintain)