ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Prepared by: Ms. Christy Meremilla

ATOM

➢ are the smallest entity of an element

➢ also
called as the building blocks of
matter
➢ arecomposed of subatomic particles,
protons, electrons, and neutrons.
COMMON ATOMIC THEORIES AND MODELS:

▪ Dalton’s atomic theory visualizes the atoms to be

indivisible and indestructible.
▪ J.J Thomson’s plum pudding model of the atom
visualizes the atom as one big sphere with the
negative electrons embedded in it.
▪ Ernest Rutherford’s nucleus model of the atom depicts
that the atom has a small but dense positive area
called the nucleus.
▪ Niels Bohr’s planetary model describes the electrons
to be moving at fixed orbits with certain energy level.
Atom can be further divided into
subatomic particles:
❑ Thenucleus of the atom contains
the positively charged particles
called the protons.
❑ Theneutral particles are called
the neutron.
❑ Surrounding the nucleus are
negatively charged particles
called the electrons.
Atoms of the same element should have
the same number of positively charged
protons and same number of negatively
charged electrons.
o Particlesof unlike charges attracts.
Particles of like charges repel.
X = symbol of the element
A = mass number = number of protons + number
of neutrons
A = 𝑝 + + 𝑛0
𝐴
Z = atomic number = number of protons
Z = 𝑝+
𝑧 𝑋
For neutral atoms:
number of 𝑝+ = number of 𝑒 −
 HELIUM
GIVEN:
Atomic number: 2
Mass number: 4
UNKNOWN:
𝑝+ 𝑒− 𝑛0
# of proton (𝑝+ ) 2 2

# of electron (𝑒 − )
# of neutron (𝑛0 )
 HELIUM
GIVEN:
Atomic number: 2
Mass number: 4
UNKNOWN:
𝑝+ 𝑒− 𝑛0
# of proton (𝑝+ ) 2 2

# of electron (𝑒 − )
# of neutron (𝑛0 )
 HELIUM
GIVEN:
Atomic number: 2
Mass number: 4
UNKNOWN:
𝑝+ 𝑒− 𝑛0
# of proton (𝑝+ ) 2 2

# of electron (𝑒 − )
# of neutron (𝑛0 )
 HELIUM

# of neutron (𝑛0 )

A = 𝑝+ + 𝑛0
A - 𝑝 + = 𝑛0
𝑛0 =A- 𝑝+ 𝑝+ 𝑒− 𝑛0
2 2 2
Neutrons (𝑛0 ): 4 – 2 = 2
 ATOMIC MASS PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON
NUMBER NUMBER

Mg 12 ___ ___ 12 12
(Magnesium)
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 ___ ___ 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

REMEMBER:
The number of protons is equivalent to the atomic
number of the element.
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 ___ 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

REMEMBER:
The number of protons is equivalent to the atomic
number of the element.
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 ___ 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Mass number is the total number of protons and

neutrons
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 ___ 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons

Mass # = p + n
= 12 p + 12 n
= 24
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 24 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons

Mass # = p + n
= 12 p + 12 n
= 24
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Ar 18 40 ___ ___ 22
(Argon)
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Ar 18 40 18 ___ 22
(Argon)
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Ar 18 40 18 18 22
(Argon)
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 24 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 24 ___ 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Atomic Number and the number of electrons are

the SAME.
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 24 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Atomic Number and the number of electrons are

the SAME.
The number of protons is equivalent to the atomic
number of the element
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Ar 18 40 18 18 ___
(Argon)
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Ar 18 40 18 18 ___
(Argon)

The number of protons is equivalent to the atomic

number of the element
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Ar 18 40 18 18 ___
(Argon)

NEUTRONS = Mass number – Atomic Number

 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Ar 18 40 18 18 22
(Argon)

The number of protons is equivalent to the atomic

number of the element
NEUTRONS = Mass number – Atomic Number
= 40 -18
= 22
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 24 12 ____ 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Mass # = p + n
= 12 p + 12 n
= 24
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 24 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Mass # = p + n
NUMBER OF ELECTRON = ATOMIC
= 12 p + 12 n #
= 24
 ATOMIC MASS PROTO ELECTRO NEUTRO
NUMBER NUMBER N N N

Mg 12 24 12 12 12
(Magnesiu
m)

Ar 18 40 18 18 22
(Argon)
Element Atomic Mass No. of No. of No of
number number p+ e- n

1. Potassium
(K)
19 39 19 19 20

2. Nitrogen
(N)
7 14 7 7 7
Aneutral atom has a balance of the
protons and the electrons. If the atom
loses an electron, it becomes positively
charged (+) called cation and if it gains
an electron, it becomes negatively
charged (-) called anion.
ISOTOPES

➢ Atoms that have the

same atomic number but
different atomic mass.
➢ Itis usually written using
the element name or
symbol, followed by a
dash and the atomic
number.
 q
Ions 𝐴
During a chemical reactions, the number 𝑧 𝑋
of protons remains the same in the atomic
mass, but the electrons may be lost by an
atom and gained by another.
The loss or gain of one or more
electrons leads to the formation of an
atom with a net positive or negatively
charge, respectively.
q = number of protons – number of electrons
FOR EXAMPLE:

Give the complete chemical symbol of an element with an atomic

number of 16 with 16 neutrons and 18 electrons.

Given:
Atomic number = 16
q
𝐴
𝑋
number of neutrons = 16
number of electrons = 18
Required:
Complete the chemical symbol 𝑧
FOR EXAMPLE:

Give the complete chemical symbol of an element with

an atomic number of 16 with 16 neutrons and 18
electrons.
FOR EXAMPLE:

Give the complete chemical symbol of an element with

an atomic number of 16 with 16 neutrons and 18
electrons.

Step 1: Looking at the periodic table, the element with

an atomic number 16 is the element of sulfur with a
symbol of S.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Give the complete chemical symbol of an element with
32 q

𝑆
an atomic number of 16 with 16 neutrons and 18
electrons.

Step 1: Looking at the periodic table, the element with

16
an atomic number 16 is the element of sulfur with a
symbol of S.
Step 2: Since the atomic number and the number of
neutrons is 16, the sum which is the mass number is equal
to 32
A=𝑝 +𝑛 + 0
FOR EXAMPLE:

Give the complete chemical symbol of an element with an

32q
atomic number of 16 with 16 neutrons and 18 electrons.

Step 1: Looking at the periodic table, the element with an

atomic number 16 is the element of sulfur with a symbol of S.
16𝑆
Step 2: Since the atomic number and the number of neutrons
is 16, the sum which is the mass number is equal to 32
Step 3: The number of proton is equal to the atomic number,
so it is 16. Its electron is 18. This means that the sulfur atom has
gained 2 more electrons and it is anion with a 2- charge.
FOR EXAMPLE:

Give the complete chemical symbol of an element with an

322-
atomic number of 16 with 16 neutrons and 18 electrons.

Step 1: Looking at the periodic table, the element with an 16𝑆

atomic number 16 is the element of sulfur with a symbol of S.
Step 2: Since the atomic number and the number of neutrons
is 16, the sum which is the mass number is equal to 32
Step 3: The number of proton is equal to the atomic number,
so it is 16. Its electron is 18. This means that the sulfur atom has
gained 2 more electrons and it is anion with a 2- charge.
END OF THE LESSON