VEtERINARY

PARASItOLOGY
At a G l a n c e
2nd Revised and
Enlarged Edition
(Based on new VCI Syllabus)
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 ^ETEM N ^R Y
E ^ ^ S IT O L O G Y
At a Gla nc e
2nd Rev ised and E ria^ed Editio n
(Based o n new VCI SyUabus)

S.C. M.V.Sc., PhD. (I.V.R.I.)

^ s o c . Professor,
De pa rtme nt of Veterina ry Pa ra sitology,
College of Veterina ry Sci. &A.H.
Anjora ,Durg (C.G.)
Disclaimer
Science and technology are constantly changing fields. New research and experience broaden the scope of information and
knowledge. The authors have tried their best in giving information available to them while preparing the material for this
book. Although, all efforts have been made to ensure optimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quite possible some errors
might have been left uncorrected. The publisher, the printer and the authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent
errors, omissions or inaccuracies.

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D edicated, to m y gran d p aren ts
‘B agafa —B alika’
 Whatever petty the creatio n that creato r’s ^fetence.
i^atever quality o f the creatio n that creato r’s endeavo ur.
~^atever co ntributio n mafa the emo tio n creato r’s satwty.
^ ate v e r inspiratio n made ty the creatio n the cmato r’s persernrance,
^ ate v e r essence pro vided the creatio n the creato r’s relinquishment.
Ihe universe endless, so the kno wledge.
To ^ d a dro p to the seao f kno wledge &, ^ ifa child’s effo rt.
But it's significance is thepassio n o f the ernato r lxyo nd imaginatio n

— The a uthor
 d e fa c e to the 1st e dition
Wh y W e te ^ n^ ^ P ^ ^ i t ol ^ ^ a t a glance’ ? Because th ere
was a longfelt need of such a book of Veterinary Parasitology, wh ich
a student, of any category of merit, can easily understand and can
prepare th e course with out h aving to dive into th e sea of study
material in th e search of relevant matter. And undoubtedly th e book
is so. At th e same time.th e book would h elp th e teach ers in such a
way th at th ey can prepare th eir lecture just by putting single glance
upon th e matter immediately before entering th e classroom of th e
undergraduate classes. Th e beauty of th e book is th at th ough th e
book is concise, it does not miss out any important detail.
Th e book is intended for undergraduate students. Care h as
been taken about th e matter wh ich is frequently left out during
routine lectures delivered to th e students, ^ e book h as been written
as per th e course of VCI. Th e most noticeable th ing about th is ■
book'is th at th e important matter h as been described somewh at in
detail, th e less important matter h as been described in brief and th e
unimportant matter h as been omitted. Th e student of average capacity
will not fall in question w h a t to and w h a t not to re a d at th e
stage of undergraduate level. It h as been tried to incorporate th ose
details wh ich are useful and described very meticulously. Th e
diagrams h ave been placed and focussed in order to make th e
matter more easy.
I don’t h esitate to mention th at every work in th e world h as
some kind of lacuna, I w ould like to welcome any views and,
suggestions to improvise on th is book in its forth coming edition.

v
 Pre fa ce to the 2nd e dition
Th is book was written in such a way th at it would not merely
appear.as an inert storeh ouse of informations; rath er th e book itself
will guide th e readers and introduce th e course material. Th is book
h as been so. As if, th is book is th e answer of eversince question
‘Wh at and h ow much ?’ wh ich arise in th e mind of every reader of a
particular course. -Th is present edition h as h igh ligh ted many
im m unologica l a nd m ole c ula r asp e c ts c om p rising re c e nt
im m unodiagnostic tests, recom binant vaccination, m olecular
diagnosis, molecular vaccination, molecular th erapy ^ e ne th erapy)
wh ich will h elp th e UG and PG students to write th eir answer in a
more standard way . Th e m aterial h as b e e n distributed very
meticulously providing tables, ph otograph s, flow ch arts etc. ^ e
reader can test h imself by solvingth e ‘questionaire’ part. Th e students
will get benefit w h o are appearing for competitive examinations.
Many a times, th e PG students, h ave to prepare for job interview
w ith in a few days and even with in a day. Th ey can prepare
th emselves instantly. I h ope th is edition w ould be preferred by
everybody in th e field of Veterinary Parasitology and related fields.

vi
 Ackno wledgement
In a broad spiritual sense, it is very difficult to acknowledge
anybody’s even -a small contribution since it’s ph ilosoph y is for
more significant th an we customarily do by spending a' simple
word, ‘th ank’ from th e dictionary. Hence, I believe to acknowledge
anybody’s contribution spirimally th an expressing th e same wordly.
First of all, I would like to th ank to th e Almigh ty, th e Lord of
every deed, with out wh ose grace I would h ave not been able to do
th is work.
My sincere th anks 'are placed on record to th e th en Hon’ble
Vice-Ch ancellor (IGKW ), Dr. C.R. Hazra and Hon’ble Dean of
Veterinary College (IGW V), Dr. Sudh akarjogi w h ose impressionistic
lectures energized me during creating first edition of th is book. I
am extremely th ankful to th e present H on’ble Vice Ch ancellor
Dr. M.P. Pandey and Hon’ble Dean, Dr. K.C.P. Singh w h ose impressive
lectures encouraged me a lot during creating fois second edition.
My sincere th anks are also due to Dr. P.K. Sanyal, Head of th e
Department for h is positive attitude and h elp always received during
th e entire period of writing th e manual. I am also th ankful to my
Departmental collegue Dr. S. Pal, Asso. Professor for h is h elp.
Invariably I would like to th ank to all th e faculty members
w h ose.direct and indirect h elp made me enable to complete th is
project.
I would like to place my h oly regards from th e core of my
h eart to my late parents wh o always dreamt of my progress and
prosperity during th eir lifetime. Th ey are not with me now but
th eir sweet memories always encourage me.
I would like to acknowledge my h eartfelt th anks to my wtfe
wh o took a lot of pain and sacrificed personal comfort for creating
th is book. I am also th ankfol to my son wh o was deprived from
affectionate, embrace from me due to much h ectic routine of mine
during th e wh ole period of writing and providing final sh ape to th is
book.

V ll
 My sincere th anks are also due to my broth ers, sisters and all
relatives with out wh ose blessings and prayers it would h ave not
been possible for me to complete th is book.
I sh ould not forget to^ p re s s my sincere th anks to th e esteemed
publish er of th is book w h ose assurances after critical assessment of
its time-relevancy and quality-writing made me more enth usiastic
in preparing th e manual in time.
Th anks are also due to th e entire.faculty members for th eir
direct and indirect participation in creating th is book.
I would also like to express my love and affection and th anks
to m y beloved students w h o were th e main source of inspiration
for writing th is book, considering and imagining th eir real problem
in studying th e course.

Dr. S. C. M a n^d

Vlll
 C o n ten t
Introduction '
xvii

CHAPTER - . : General Veterinary Parasito lo gy 1

CHAPTER - : ; : Trem ato des 101
Ph ylum Platyh elminth es
Class Trematoda
Subclass Digenea
Family Fasciolidae
Genera
Fascio la
Fascio lo ides
Familiy Dicrocoeliidae
Genus Dicro co elium
Family Opisth orch iidae
Genus Opistho rchis
Family Paramph istomatidae
Genus Paramphisto mum
Co tylo pho ro n
Giganto co tyle
G astro thyl^
Gastro discus
Fischo ederius
Family Sch istosomatidae
Genus Schisto so ma
Family Prosth ogonimidae
Genus Pro stho go nimus
Family Paragonimidae
Genus Parago nimus

CHAPTER - i i : Cesto des 159

Ph ylum Platyh elminth es
Class Eucestoda
Order Davaineidea
Family Davaineidae

IX
Genera Raillietina
Davainea
Co tugnia
Order Dilepididea
Family Dipylidiidae
Genus Dipylidium
Cho ano taenia
Family Dilepididae
Genus Amo ebo taenia
Order Anoploceph alidea
Family Anoploceph alidae
Genus Ano plo cephala
Parano plo cephala
Pseudo ano plo cephala
Mo niezia
Citto taenia
Family Th ysanosomidae
Genus ttysano so m a
ttysaniezia
Avitellina
Stilesia
Order Hymenolepididea
Family Hymenolepididae
Genus Hymeno lepis
Order Taeniidea
Family Taeniidae
Genus Taenia
Echino co ccus
Order Mesocestoididea
Family Mesocestoididae
Genus Meso c&to ides
Class Cotyloda
Order Diph yllidea
Family Diph ylloboth riidae
Genus Diphyllo bo thHum

s , . ,
Ph ylum Nemath elminth es
Class Nematoda

X
Order Strongylida
Superfamily Strongyloidea
Family Strongylidae
Genus S tro ngylw
Family Trich onematidae
Genus Oeso phagmto mum
Family Syngamidae
Genus S yngamus
Family Steph anuridae
Genus S ttyhanu m s
Superfamily A ncy losto^toidea
Family Ancylostomatidae
Superfamily Trich ostrongyloidea
Family Dictyocaulidae
Genus D ic t^cau lu s
Family Trich ostrongylidae
Genus O st^ag ia
■Co o pena
Nemato dirus
Haemo ncbu s
Tncho stro ngylm
Superfamily M etastron^loidea
Family Metastrongylidae
Genus M etw tm ngylw
Family Protostrongylidae
Genus ^ m to stro n^ h tf
Order Ascaridida
Superfamily Ascaridoidea
Family Ascarididae
Genus Ascarts
To xo cara
P ar m c a^
T i ^ m c a^
Superfamily Oxyuroidea
Family Oxyuridae
Genus
Superfamily Subuluroidea
Family Heterakidae

xi
Genus Ascaridia
Heterakte
Order Rh abditida
Superfamily Rh abditoidea
Family Strongyloididae
Genus S tro n^lo ides
Order Spirurida
Superfamily Spb'uroidea
Family Th elaziidae
Genus Thelazia
Spiro cerca
Physo cephalus
Ascaro ps
G o n^lo nem a
Family Spiruridae
Genus Habro nema
Draschia
Family Acuariidae
Genus Cheilo spinira
Dispharynx
Superfamily Ph ysalopteroidea
Family Gnath ostomatidae
Genus Gantho sto ma
Family Ph ysalopteridae
Genus Physalo ptera
Superfamily Filaroidea
Family Filariidae
Genus DiwfUaria
Parafibrm
Family Setariidae
Genus S haria
S ttyhano fito ria
Dipetalo nema
Family Onch ocercidae
Genus Oncho cerca
Superfamily Dracunculoidea
Family Dracunculidae
Genus Dracu ncu lu s
Order Enoplida

Xll
Superfamily Dioctoph ymatoidea
Family Dioctoph ymatidae
Genus Dio cto phyma
Superfamily Trich uroidea
Family Trich uridae
Family Trich inellidae
Genus TnchineUa

CHAPTER 5 : Pro to zo a 331

Subkingdom Protozoa
Ph ylum Apicomplexa
Class Sporozoea
Subclass Goccidia
Order Eucoccidiida
Suborder Eimeriina
Family ■Eimeriidae
Genus Eimeria
Family Cryptosporidiidae
Genus Ctypto spo ridium
Family Sarcocystidae
Genus To xo plasma
Sarco cystK
Suborder Haemosporina
Family Plasmodiidae
Genus Plasmo dium
Haemo pro teus
Leuco cyto zo o n
Subclass Piroplasmia
Order Piroplasmida
Family Babesiidae
Genus Babesia
Family Th eileriidae
Genus ne ile na
Ph ylum Sarcomastigoph ora
Subph ylum Mastigoph ora
Class Zoomastigoph orea
Order K in e to p la stid a
Family Trypanosomatidae

Xlll
Genus Trypano so ma
Letehmanrn
Order Trich omonadida
Family- Trich omonadidae
Genus Tritricho mo nas
Family Monocercomonadidae
Genus Hteto mo nas
Order Diplomonadida
Family Hexamitidae
Genera Giardia
Subph ylum Sarcodina
Order Amoebida
Family Endamoebidae
Genus Entamo eba
Ph ylum Cilioph ora
Class Kinetofragminoph orea
Family Balantidiidae
Genus Balantidium

CHAPTER 6 : .Arthro po ds 411

Ph ylum Arth ropoda
Class Insecta
Subclass Apterygota
Pterygota
Division Endopterygota
Order Siph onaptera
Family Ceratoph yliidae
Ctenopth almidae
Vermipsyllidae
Pulicidae
Isch nopsyllidae
Pygiopsyllidae
Order Diptera
Suborder Brach ycera
Family Tabanidae
Genus Tabanus
Haemato po ta
Pango nia
Chtyso ps

x iv
Suborder Nematocera
Family- Ceratopogonidae
Genus Culico ides
Austro co no ps
Family Simuliidae
Genus S im u lipm
Family Psych odidae
Genus Phlebo to mus
Family Culicidae
Genus Ano pheles
Culex
Aedes
Family Muscidae
Genus M m ca
S to m o ^ s
Family Glossinidae
Genus Glo ssina
Family Hippoboscidae
Genus Hippo bo sca
Melo phagus
Pseudo lynchia
Family Oestridae
Genus Oestms
Hypo derma
Family Gasteroph iliidae
Genus Gastero philus
Division Exopterygota
Order Orth optera
Order Hemiptera
Order Malloph aga
Suborder Isch nocera
Family Ph ilopteridae
Genus Lipeunts.
Co lumbico la
Go nio des
Go nio co tes
Family Tncho dectidae
Genus Damalinia
Tricho dectes
Felico la
XV
Suborder Amblycera
Family- Menoponidae
Genus M eno po n
Menacantbtw
Trino to n
Family Gyropidae
Genus Gyro pus
Family Boroph iidae
Genus H etero faxu s
Suborder Rh ynch opth irina
Family Haematomyziidae
Genus H aemato myzu s
Order Siph unculata
Family Haematopinidae
Genus - Haemato pinu s
Family Lino^ath idae
Genus Lino gnatbiw
Family Pediculidae
Genus Pediculus
Phthims
Class Arach nida
Suborder Ixodoidea
Family Argasidae
Suborder Tro mbidifo rmes
Family Demodicidae
Suborder Sarcoptifom es
Family Sarcoptidae
Genus Sarco ptes
Family Psoroptidae
Genus Pso ro ptes

Plates 537
References Consulted 545
Subject Index 555

XV I
 Bitroduction

V
'ete^nM 'y P ^ ^ i t ol o^ , a h igh ly em ph asized branch of
Animal Sciences comprises th e -multidisciplinary aspect of
parasite’s ph ysiology, bioch emistry, morph ology, biology and
it farth er enforaces path ogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and control
of parasitic diseases. It is unequivoral th at th e subject h as h ad vast
area and day-to-day th e subject is gaining more and more fresh
inform ations and becom ing ornam ented w ith th ese exclusive
infornations. Furth ermore, amongth e infectious diseases, commonly
encountered in animals, parasitic infections are of major significance
since animals pick up more parasitic infections as compared to
oth er infectious agents and are easily exposed to th e different
parasitic stages because of th eir nomadic natare, socioeconomic
status of th e people and general unawareness of th e people in th e
unde rde velop e d and developing countries. H enceforth , th at
parasitology is an important subject is bey ond any controversy.
True, it is, th at w e are just standing on th e platfom of molecular
biology wh ereto we h ave arrived after crossing a long, uneven and
ragged path . But a scientffic dignitory or a worsh iper of Parasitology
can never forget th e basic stratum of toditional morph ology wh ich
was th e prmie source of inspiration to th e earlier workers. In th e
yesteryears a number of workers were attach ed to th e research on
parasite m o^h ology . Wh ile speakingabout morph ology, our present
day concept h as been updated to parasite m o^h ology based on
ultramicroscopy, bioch em ist^, ph ysiologiral ch emistry and in th e
recent past, th ere h ave many works on DNA structures of parasites.
All th ese specific and multifocal works done h ith erto, enable us to
classify th e parasite with a new insigh t wh ich is impregnated with
a 'refresh er knowledge coming from around th e world.
LooWng into biology, we are perh aps out of th e scope of
recent tech nology except identification of different parasitic stages.
H ow ever, culture of parasites is providing us splendiferous
infornations wh ich is furfaer strength ening our present-day concept
regarding biology.
W h ile considering path ology or p a th ogene sis' caused by
different parasites, w e are to borrow again ^ o more words i. e.

XV II
path obiology andimmunopath ology tomake it more precise. Today’s
path ology ism ore-concerned to unmunopath ology and molecular
path ology.
Diagnosis, th e prime task allotted tofoe doctors brfore treatment
of a parasitic cases, is redly a significant segment of th is subject.
We h ave crossed th e stages of general identification of parasites /
p arasitic stages lik e egg, larva etc, radiological diagnosis,
immunodiagnosis etc. Now, w e are' at th e door-step of molecular
diagnosis based on identification of- genomic structure of parasite.
Let us see about treatment, th ink of past - present focus, w e
may not depend much on th e traditional drugs since w e h ave already
found out th e key to th e alternative th erapy and we are switch ing
over to th e. geneth erapy comprising antisense th erapy based on
ribosome tech nology.
Wh at about control? Th e steps are ch emoth erapy of th e affected
animals, ch emical control of th e intermediate h osts, biological control
and in th e recent past, genetically engineered vaccine, recombinant
vaccine etc. Has it stopped h ere?, Is th ere no oth er vaccine ? Th is is,
naked DNA vaccine or gene vaccine. Wh at is th e next ?

X V lll
 General Veterinary P arasitolo^

11 th e organisms in th e, universe, as a wh ole, can broadly be

divided into dependent and independent ,organisms.' Th e
^dependent organisms do. not require oth er organisms for
th eir ph y siological activities like nutrition, m etab olism and
reproduction, etc., wh ereas dep endent. organisms require oth er
organisms. Dependent- relationsh ip eith er, may be h etero sp ecific
or h om os ^ ^ c . Heterospecific relationsh ip occurs betw een two
individuals of' d^ierent species.. On th e oth er h and h omospeeific
relationsh ip occurs between two individuals of th e same, species. -
Th e branch of science wh ich deals with th e multidisciplmary
aspects of'bioch emistry, ph ysiology, b iolo^ , i^ iu nolo^ " etc. of
parasite is called' as P ^ ^ i t ol o^ - . Th e'applied part' of fote discipline
explores a detailed profMe of parasite m orp h olo^, "path ogenesis
and control regimen as w ell'
ta porta nce - o f V e te rin ^ B w ^ ito lo ^
1. .Th is branch of science provides knowledge of morph ology,-
biology and path ogenesis caused by parasite.
2. ‘ Parasitic dise ^ e s are of great economic constraints in India
wh ich causes h uge losses in terms of-loss of production and
mortality.
3- Th ere sh ould h ave been taxonomic knowledge to. identify any
parasite. It is'th e subject wh erefrom w e can'get a great deal of
taxonorac knowledge. ‘
4". Th is subject also provides' concrete- knowledge of parasitic
im m unity w h ich is required for im m unop rotection 'a nd
- immunodiagnosis.
5. From th is subject w e can get th e knowledge of diagnosfe of
parasites. '
6. Fina lly, knowledge rega rding control of pa ra sitic disea ses ca n,
be ach ieved..
7. Animal experimentation is prerequisite for research "off any
parasitic disease.. Veterinary p a ra sitolo^ h as a . great role in
th is context.
2 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

8. T h e re a re so m any z oonotic p a ra site s w h ic h are

intercommunicable between m an and animal. Both Medical
and Veterinary parasitology h ave importance in th e field of
zoonotic diseases.
Anima l a ssocia tion
Th e term ‘p arasitism ’ is vqry difficult to define as th e
relationsh ip betw een two organisms always remain complex. Since
decades th ere h as been controversial discussions in th is regardwh ich
ultimately brough t a novel, well-acceptedand distinguish eddefinition
of parasitism. During th e search for a suitable definition of parasitism,
a num ber of oth er definitions h ave b een derived w h ich are
symbiosis, commensalism, ph oresis, mutualism indicating different
types of association. Th ese definitions are frequently used in th is
subject. Th ese usefol definitions are as following:
Symbiosis
Symbiosis is not a single type of association. Different types of
associations are under it. It can be defined as a close ecological
relationsh ip betw een two organisms of two or more different species
wh erein both species benefit; one species benefite at th e expense
of oth er or in some cases neith er species benefit each oth er. Note
Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism etc. are th e examples of
symbiosis.
Sym biont
Th e partner- organism of s ^ b ios is is called symbiont.
Mutua lism
It is th e association between two organisms wh ere each partner
gets benifit from th e oth er. One organism inevitably (ph ysiological
dependence) depends on th e oth er organism. One partner cannot
live w ith out th e oth er.
E xam p le :
. Beneficial bacteria present in th e gut of insect is ph ysiologically
necessary for th e insect.
M utua list
. ^ e partner- organism of mutualism is called mutualist.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ ^rneral V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 3

Pa ra sitism
Parasitism can be definedas obligatory and intimate association
betw een tw o different (h eterospecific) organisms, w h ereby one
organism is smaller th an (parasite) th e oth er (h ost) and th e parasite
takes th e benefit from th e h ost leading to th e cause of disease or
any h armful effect. However, th e extent of h arm may vary in
accordance to th e load of infection and virulence of th e'parasite.
Th erefore, th e disease entity produced by th e parasite, eith er may
be clinical or subclinical.
Exa m ple:
T aw ia so lium, - (Parasite)
Human being - (Host)
Continuous pa ra sitism
Th e parasite lives on th e h ost generation after generation.
Exa m ple:
Lice remain on h osts generation after generation.
Commensa lism
Th e literal meaning of th e term commensalism is ‘eating at th e
same table’. Food and sh elter is, sh ared by each partner. More
s p e c ia lly , it could be defined in a w ay th at one partner of th is
association gets benefits from oth er partner but th e oth er partner is
neith er h armed nor gets benefits.
Exa mple :
A typical example of commensalism is th e relationsh ip between
sea anem one and th e clown fish . Th e fish takes sh elter in th e
tentacular zone of sea anemone and protect th emselves from th e
attack of h ost’s nematocystsandtake h ost’s food. But th e sea anemone
is neith er h armed and not gets benefit from colownfish .
Endocommensa lism
Commensalism wh ich occurs with in th e h ost body is called as
endocomensalism..
Ectocom m ensa lism
Commensalism wh ich occurs over th e h ost body (not inside) is
called as ectocommensalism.
4 | V e t o a^ Parasito lo ^ at a G tace

Commensa l
m e parmer- organism of commensalism wh ich gets benefit is
called commensal.
Phoresis
In-tltis relationsh ip, two partners h ave no metabolic or nutritional
relationsh ip. One organism is simply earned-by th e oth er organism.
Th e smaller partner is earned by th e larger partner. Th e smaller
partner is called as ph oront.
Exa m ple:
Bacteria is transported by th e legs of flies.
P h oron t
Th e partner- organism (smaller one) of ph oresis is called
ph oront..
H ^ e ^ a r a s iti s m .
It is th e condition w h en one parasite parasitize anoth er parasite.
Th e parasite wh ich sh elters anoth er parasite is railed h ^erparasite.
m s kind of association is called as h yperparsitism..
Exa m ple:
No sema do llfu si is one h y perparasite of larval stage of a
flatworm (trematode), B u c ^ h alu s cuculus.

It is called parasitosis wh en parasitic infection produces any

disease entity comprising clinic^ signs. •
Exa mple : .
ne ile riaannu lata &uses disease entity in cross breed animals.
Note : At present,.any parasitic irfection wh ich may or may
not produce clinical sign is called parasitosis.
Pa ra sitia sis
It is called parasitiasis wh en parasitic infection does not produce
any disease entity comprising clinical signs th ough th e organisms
are path ogenic.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ Grneral V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 5

E x ^ p le :
tte ile r ia annu lata does not cause disease entity in th e
indigenous animals wh ich remains as earner.
Pa ra sitoidism
Th e parasites lay th eir eggs in oth er organisms. Th e larvae
feed and destroy th e organisms.
E x ^ p le :
Hymenopteran arth ropods live on oth er arth ropods.
Pa ra sitoid
Th e partner-organism of parasitoidism wh ich destroys oth er
organism is called as parasitoid.
Preda tion
In th is relationsh ip one partner lives by eating oth er partner.
Pre da tor
Th e partner-organism of predation wh ich eats oth er organism
is called as predator.
Delusiona l pa ra sitosis
Th e term is applicable in medical parasitology. Th is is obsessive
compulsive neurosis ch aracterized by delusion of infection or
infestation of parasite. Th ere is no parasitic infection but th e patients
feel so.
Polypa ra sitism
Mulitple parasitic infection is called polyparasitism.
E x ^ p le :
Th e h ost may be infected w ith multiple h aem oprotozoan
parasites or metazoan- parasites.
D ifferent t ^ e s o f pa ra sites
O b liga to^ p ^ a s ite
A parasite w ould be called as obligatory parasite if it is
completely dependent on th e h ost' during its wh ole life cycle or a
part of its lifecycle. Th is is c^led as obligato^ parasite because th e
6 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

parasite cannot live with out th e h ost during th eir parasitic ph ase.
Exa m lpes:
Taenia so lium — Found in th e intestine of man.
Ascans su u m — Found in th e intestine of th e pig.
To xo cara cante — Found in th e intestine of dog.
Fascio la hepatica — Found in th e liver arid bile duct of sh eep,
goat and cattle.
Fa culta tive pa ra site
Facultative parasite is not a regular parasite but adapt to be a.
parasite if unusual situation arises. Normally th ese organisms are
free living but develop to become a parasite w h en th ese are
accidentally eaten or enter a w ound or any body opening.
Exa mple :
1. Naegleria spp
2. Micro nema spp
Th ese two parasites are free living but cause extremely serious
condition w h en th ese infect h uman beings.
Accidenta l pa ra site
Th ese parasites affect unnataral h osts.
Exa mple :
Rodent flea bites dog and man wh ich are unnatural h osts.
Perma nent pa ra site
Th e parasites wh ich spend th eir wh ole life on or with in th eir
h oste are called as permanent parasite.
Exa mple :
Melo phagm o vinus
Tempora ry pa ra site
^ e s e parasites feed on th e h ost and th ey live, ^ e parasites
are not restricted to a single h ost and do not stay permanently. But
th ey take th eir meal from th e h ost and survive.
Example :
 1 ■t o a d P M M itolo^ | 7

Blood sucking flies

I nte r a itte nt p ^ a site
Same as temporary parasite
Periodic parasite
Same as temporary parasite
Sporadic p ^ a site
Same as te m p ora l parasite
N ote : Th e te m p ora l or internittent parasites are also called as
micropredator.
A bercant parasite
Th ese are parasites wh ich migrate aberrantly in an unusual-
location.
Example :
Lareae of S etana spp may migrate to th e ^ S of th e urinateral
h oste.
E ctoparasite
Th e parasite lives on th e body of th e h ost particularly on th e
skin.
Exam ple:
Tick, mite, lice etc.
E ndoparasite ,
TOe parasites live with in & e body of th e h ost.
E x ^ p le :
Tape worm, round w orn ^ d flukes.
M onoxenous p ^ a s ite
Th e parasite is monoxenous w h en it does not require any
intermediate- h osts or vectors for completion of th eir life cycle.

Exam ple:
8 | P a r a s M o^ a t a G t a c e

H eteroxenous •pa ra site

Th e parasite is h eteroexenous wh en it requires any intermediate
h osts for completion of th eir life cycle
Exa m ple:
Trypano so ma rho desiense
Stenoxenous pa ra site
Stenoxenous parasites are th ose parasites wh ich h ave narcow
h ost range.
Exa mple :
Giganto co tyle ^planatu m .
Autoheterora nous pa ra site
Same vertebrate animal acts as both definitive and intermediate
h ost of th is parasite.
Exa mple :
Trichinelto spiralis
Protelea n pa ra sites
^ e s e are organisms w h ose.^m ature stages are parasitic but
th e adulte are free living.
Exa mple :
tov a e of many rn^asis causing flies are parasitic but th e adults
are free living.
Pa &ogenic pa ra site
Th e parasites wfrich cause path ogenicity in th e h ost are called
path ogenic parasites.
Exa mple :
F ^ c io la sp.
N on pa &ogenic pa ra site
Th e parasites wh ich do not cause any path ogenicity are non­
path ogenic parasites.
Exa mple :
E ndo lim ^ nana (protozoa) is non path ogenic in man and
 ^tapter 1 ■ Gmeral P M ^ito lo ^ , | 9

monkey. '
^ o n o tic pa ra sites
Th e parasites are transmissible from man to animal or vice-
v ^ a.
E x ^ p le :
T am ia so lium
H ^ e rp a ra site
_ Th e parasite w h ich parasitise oth er p a ra site . is called as
h ^ e rp a ra site .
E x ^ p le :
A protozoan parasite 'No semado ttfusi parasitise anoth er parasite,
JBu ctyhalm cu cu lu s (trematode).
Pseudo-pa ra site
Th ey are not th e parasites a tall but th e appearances of some
structeres look like parasites wh ich create confasion' during routine
laboratory examination.
. O pporta nist pa ra site
Same as facultative parasite.
Unicellula r pa ra site
Single celled parasite is called as unicellular parasite.
E x ^ p le :
Trypano so ma spp
M ulticellula r pa ra site
Th e body of th e parasite is, composed of more th an one cell.
Exa m ple ':
Fascio la s£ p
H istozoic pa ra site
Th e parasites w h ich live in tissues are called ^ h istozoic
p arasite., •
Example :
10 | PM aato lo ^ at aGlrnce

S att^ r stte ,!^p

Coeloroic pa ra site
Th e parasites wh ich live in th e lum enof th e G.I. tract or oth er
h oUow part of th e organ are called as coelozoic parasite.
Exa mple :
T c ^ i a so lium, (adult)
Unisexua l prca site
^ e parasite wh ich h as eith er male or female reproductive
system called as unise ^ a l parasite, ^ e male and female parasites
are deferent.
Exa mple :
Asrarid woots, Hook worms
Bisexua l prca site
^ e parasites wh ich h ave boA male and female reproductive
systems are railed as bisexual parasites.
Exa mple :
Cestodes
M onodous pa ra site
^ e parasites wh ich h ave both male and female reproductive
system in th e same individual. Indeed th ey are bisexual parasites.
Exa mple :
Cestodes
D iodora p^ra ite
Th e parasites wh ich h ave eith er male or female reproductive
system are diocious parasite. Th e parasites are sexually dim o^h ic.
Example :
Round worms
H e m a phrodite prc& ite
Same as bisexual parasite
 ^apter 1 * V ete^ ^ » Paraato lo ^ | 11

P a ^ e n o ge n e tic pa ra site
parasites produce o^ p ring from unfertilized e ^ .
Exa mple :
S tm n^lo ides spp
M ig ra te ^ pa ra site
Th e parasites wh ich can migrate th rough th e tissues are called
as migratory parasites.
Exa mple :
Larval stages of some nematodes.
Occa siona l pa ra site
Same as accidental parasite
W ^ ^ rin g pa ra site
Same as aberrant parasite
Ha emopa ra sites
Th e parasites wh ich live in. blood are called as h aemoparasite.
Exa mple : .
Trfflano so ma spp
H a e m a to p h ^ ^ pa ra site
Haematoph agus parasites are th ose parasites wh ich tak /suck
blood as food.
Exa mple :
Haemo nchu s s$>
Mucopha gus pa ra sites
Th e parasites w h ich ingest mucus material for th eir nutrition:
Exa mple :
Gastrointestinal nematodes
Bilipha gus pa ra site
Th ese parasites utilize bile for nutrition.
12 | V et^m ^r P ^ asito lo ^ at a

Exa mple :
Fascio fagigantica
Protora a n pa ra site
members comingunder th e subkingdom Protozoa are called
as protozoan parasites, ^ e s e parasites are unicellular but h ave
distinct enclosed nucleus. '
Exa mple :
T r^ano so m a spp, Theilena spp and Babesia spp etc.
Meta zoa n pa ra site
^ e tape worms, round worms, th omey h eaded w or n are th e,
metazoan parasites.
H elm inAic pa ra site
Th e parasites com ing under th e ph y la Platy h elm inth es,
Nemath elminth es and Acanth oceph ala are called as' h elminth ic
parasites.'
W orm pa ra site
Same as h elm inth s parasites.
HOSTS
Hosts are th ose organisms w h ich h arbour oth er organisms;
providingsh elter, nutrition andoth er biological or bioch emiral factors,
^ e extent of requirement of h ost material for an organism is variable.
Some organisms are solely dependent on h ost and oth ers need th e
h ost partially. Wh atever th e amount of h ost material or duration of
parasitism is, parasite cannot perform ita foil span of life with out
th e h ost. A parasite or an dependent organism requires a -h ost for
sh elter, nutrition and oth er biological factors for metabolic reason.
Definitive host
A definitive h ost is th e h ost wh ere th e parasites attain: th eir
sexual maturity.
Exa m ple:
1. Cysticercus of Taenia so lium gete sexual maturity in h uman
beings. Th erefore h u n ^ ' beings are th e definitive h osts.
 ^tapter 1 ■ G^a-al Vetertaa^ Paraato lo ^ | 13

2. Cystiqercoid of M o niezia spp gets sexual maturity in sh eep

and .goat, ^ e re fore sh eep ^ d goat are th e definitive h osts.
Interm e& a te host
Th ose h osts are called internediate h osts in wh ich a part of
biological development of th e parasite occurs but sexual maturity'
does not occur. In most of th e parasites th e intermediate h osts are
required for completion of th eir life cycle.
Th e intermediate h osts are as significant as definitive h ost.
Multiplication of 'flukes occur in th e snail. A single miracidium starte
multiplication w h ich leads' to produce a num ber of cercariae
eventually. And foese events'occur'in'snail h ost'in case of Pmcio la
■and oth er trematode Election.
So, from th e se exam ples it is easy to unde rsta nd th at
interm ediate h ost h as equal importance for multiplication, nutrition,
reproduction etc. However, all parasites do not require intermediate
h ost for th eir development. On th e oth er h and some parasites require
even two intermediate h osts for th e completion of th eir life cycle.
Exa m ple:'
Pig - Taenia so lium
Cattle —T. saginata
Mite - M o niezia ^ pansa
Fish - Gnatho sto ma spinigentm
Beetle -_-Go n^>lo nemapu lcbrnm
Pa ra ta enic host or tea nsport host
Wh en a parasitic stage is simply sh eltered by a h ost and no
biological development occurs in it, th at type of h ost, is_ called as
parataenic h ost or transport h ost.
Exa m ple:
In th e life cycle of To xo cara cante, rats and- rodents act as
parataenic or transport h ost because no biological development
occurs in th at h ost. Th e 2ndstage of lareae remain in dom a h t status
in th e muscles of rats and.rodente with out any farth er biological
development.
Reservoir host
14 | P ^ asito lo ^ at a G taee

Reservoir h ost is th e h ost wh ich h arbour th e organisms with out

manifesting any disease. Occasionally th e organisms mantfest disease
in adverse condition of th e h ost. In feet th e resercoir h ost is th e
continuous source of toe organisms.
Exa mple :
Rodents act as reservoir h osts of L ^ b^ an to tm pica.
N a tura l host
^ e h ost is c a ll^ natural h ost in wh ich th e parasites commonly
occur and easily sum ve and reach to^ it‘s final stage. In th e natural
h ost, complete biological development occurs.
Exa m ple
Fm cio la gigantica occurs commonly in th e sh eep, goat and
cattle, ^ e s e h osts are called as natural h oste.
Unna tura l host
^ e h osts are called as unnatural h osts in wh ich th e parasites
do not occur commonly but in some unusual simations th e parasite
may infect and develop.
Exa m ple
Th e rabbits ,may be experimentally infected w ith Fascio la
gigantica. Here th e rabbits are considered as unnarnral h osts.
Fre que nt host
Th e h ost in wh ich th e parasites usually occur, are called as
frequent h osts.
- Exa mple :
Sh eep h arbouring H a^ o n c h t^ .
Experimenta l host
^ i e hosts which a re experimenta lly infected with na tura l or
unnatural parasites are railed as experimental h osts.
Fina l host
Definitive h osts are also called as final h ost.
 ^Otapter 1 ■ Amaral Parasito lo gy | 15

T ra nsitoy host
Intermedia te hosts a re a lso ca lled as tra nsitory host.
Incidenta l host
The host which a ccidenta lly ha rbour the pa ra site. Actually those
parasites do not usually occur in those hosts.
Vector
The a rthropods which ha rbour the parasitic pa thogen without
a ny recogniza ble disea se entity a nd a ct as a consta nt source of
infection to other animals are called as vectors. Sexual maturity of
pa ra site may ha ve occurred in the vector.
Exa m ple:
Mosquitoes
Blood-sucking fly
Mecha nica l Vector
Biologica l development does not occur in this vector. Exa mple-
T abanus fly tra nsmits Trypanosom a equinum . T abanus fly is
mecha nica l vector ofT. equinum beca use no biological development
of this pa ra site occurs in Tabanus.
Biologica l Vector
Biologica l development of organisms occur in this vector.
E xa m ple :
Biologica l developement of Trypanosom a bm cei occurs in
Glossina fly.
H osts a nd Sites o f Im porta nt Tremattodes

N a m e of p^arasite D e f initiv e h os ts I nt^ m e e dia te S ite

h os t
Fascio /agigantica Cattle, sh e ep , goat w fe s c ^ tt, Bile duc t a nd
a nd oth er IL. au r im lar la. e tc liver
rum inants
Fascio /a bepatica Cattle, sh e ep , goat L ^m ^a t ^ ^ m t o s a, Bile duc t and
a nd oth er IL. bu U m o ides, L. liver
rum inants tr u nc atu la
Fascio lo ides mamma Cattle , sh e ep Fo ssa^rla s t, . Liver
Fascio lo /Jsis buski M an a nd pig S egm etu tinaslJ Small intestine
16 | Veterina^ ParM ito lo ^ at a Glance

Dicrocoelium S h eep, goat, ^ t de 1st - Zeb rina Bile duct liver

dendriticum etc Cionellalub rica gall b ladder,
2 ^ — Ants (F om tea p anc reas'
fusca, F. cunicularia)
Optethorchti D og, cat a nd fox Ist-B it^ ^ to B ile duc t a nd
tenuicollte . etc 2nd -Fish tfin ca, liver
Cvp rinus,ldus etc)
Pammphtitomum C attle, sh e e p , goat J nfop tonorb is sp , R um en and
cmn etc Plattorb is sp reticulum
Cotylophoron, Cattle, sh e ep , goat Infop tanorb fe sp R um en a nd
cotylophmim etc reticulum
Gigantocotyle Buffalo tyrau lu s B ile duc t and
&p lanatum convex iusculus gall b la dde r
Gastrothylax S h eep , catde, ty rau lu s convex ius R um en a nd
cnimenifer buffialo cuius reticulum
GtetrodticiK E quines Cteop etra sp Sm all a nd large
aeg^tiacrn intestine
Gastodticoides M an a nd p ig Helteorb is sp C aecum of
homing m a n a nd c olon
of Pig
Fischoe^rirn Cattle Lymnaea luteota R um en
Schtitosoma s p p S h eep, goat, Indop lanorb is sp , N asal vein,
cattle, p ig etc Bulinus sp , Ptonorb te m esenteric
sp vein, por& l
vein
frosthogonimus Fowl 1st ^ ith y n ta O viduct and
pellucidia , tentacutata b ursa of
2 ^ —Dragon Bv fabricius
Paragonimm D og, cat, fox and 1“ A m p uton^ Lung ■
w sternanii pig etc Melania sp , Assiminfa
sp
2 ^ —Carab s and Cray
Bsh

H osts a nd Sites o f Im porta nt Cestodes

Na me o f Definitive Inte ^ne dia te hosts Site
p ^ a site h o sts'
Raillwtina Birds ^ ^ fie •Small intestine
cesticillus
Raittietina Birds .. AMs an d house J ly Small intestine
echinob othnda (Musca fom estica)
Raittietina Birds AMs and b ouse J ty Small intestine
tetragona (Musca dom estica)
Davainea Birds Sna fis Small intestine
pmglottina
Dipylidium- Do gs , cat’and Fle a - Small intestine
caninum fo x Ctenocep halides
felis a nd C, canis
 ^ ap te r 1 ■ General V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 17

Amoeb otaenia Birds B a r& w o m Sma ll intestine

sp henoids
Anoploctyhala H orse O riba tidm ite Sma ll intestine
spp
Paranoploctyhala Horse Oriba tid m ite Sma ll intestine
sp
Moniezia spp Sheep , goa t Oriba tid m ite Sma ll intestine
a nd ca ttle
ttysanosoma ■■ She e p goa t Psoclds Bile duct
actinioides a nd ca ttle
ttysantezia. Sheep, goa t
' ---- Sma ll intestine
giardi a nd; ca ttle
Avitellina spp She e p , goa t Psocids ' Sma ll intestine
a nd ca ttle
Stilesia spp She e p, goa t Mites Bile d u d
a nd ca ttle
Ma n a nd Flour beetles a nd Sma ll intestine
nana rode nts. flea s (Indire ct W e
cyclfe In rode nte )
Hymenolepte Fowl Flour b ^ tie a nd Sma ll intestine
canoed ■- dungb^^e

Hymenolepte Rodents Flour be e tle a nd Sma ll intestine

diminuta fle ^
Taenia solium - Ma n Sma ll intestine
Taeniasaginata Ma n Ca ttle Sma ll intestine
Taenia Dog a nd Sheep a nd o th e r Sma ll intestine
hydatigena different . wild rum lna nte
^ ra iv o re s
Taeniap isifornis Dog a nd R a bbits' Sma ll intestine:
different ^ d
ca ra v o re s
Taenia Ca ts Rodente Sma ll intestine
taeniaefomte
Taenia multic&s Dog Sheep w d goa t Sma ll intestine
Echinococcus spp- Dog S h ^ ^ , goa t , ca ttle Sma ll intestine
a nd o th e r' re la te d
a rim ^ s -
Mesocestoid^ spp Dog, ca t, fox 1st-m ite Sma ll intestine
a nd othe r 2"! —Bir<te
re la te d a nima te
Diphyllob othrium Dog, ca t, fo x, Cyclops Sma ll intestine
latum m a n e tc 2 ^ -F te h
18 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

H osts a nd Sites o f Im porta nt Nema todes

Na me of pa ra site D e fin itive I n t e ^ e d i a t e Site
h oste h oste
Stron^l^ spp H orse — Ca ecu'm a nd
Colon
O^ophagostomum spp She e p, goa t, — La rge intestine
ca ttle , pig e tc
Svngamus troche* Birds Tra che a
Stephanunts dentatus Pig — Kidney (perirena l
fa ^ pe lvis a nd
ure te r )
Ancylostoma caninum Dogs, fox — Sma ll intestine

Ancylostoma Dog, ca t — Sma ll inte stine

b raziliense
Ancylostoma Ma n 1----- Sma ll intestine
duodenale
Antylostoma Ca t
— Sma ll intestine
tub aefonne
Bunostoum Ca ttle — Sma ll intestine
phleb otomum
Bunostomum She e p a nd goa t — Sma ll intestine
tngpnoctyhalum
Necator americanus Ma n Sma ll intestine
Uncinaria Dog, ca t, fox — Sma ll intestine
stenocephalus
Glob oc^halus Pig — Sma ll inte stine
longemucronatus
Gaigeriapachyscelte She e p a nd goa t Sma ll intestine
Dictyocau-lm vivipams Ca ttle a nd — Bronchi a nd lung
buffa lo
Dict^caulusfilaria She e p a nd goa t Bronchi a nd lung
Dictyocaulus amfieldi Horse a nd — Bronchi a nd lung
donke y
Ostertagia spp She e p, goa t, — Aboma sum
ra tde
Coopeiia spp Rumina nte — Sma ll intestine
a nd a bom a sum
Haemoncb us spp She e p, goa t — ^ o m a su m
a nd ca ttle
Tricb ostron&flus She e p, goa t, — Aboma sum
a nd ca ttle
Cb ab ertiaovina She e p goa t a nd Colon
ca ttle
M e^tron^lus ap n Pig E ^ w o ra Bronchi a nd
bronchiole
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ Gmeral V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 19

Filaroides osleri Dog — Bronchi a nd

tra che a
Protostrongylus Goa t,’ she e p e tc Sna il Bronchiole
mfescens
MtMerirn cap illafe Sheep, goa t S^l Lungs
Ascaris suum Pig Sma ll intestine.
Tox ocaracanti .... - D o g ------------ Sma ll intestine
Tox ocaracati -. Ca t.;-------------- Sma ll intestine
Tox ocara viluilomm ~ Ca ttle------- - Sma ll intestine
Parrncam e qu om m .. H orse------ - - - Sma ll intestine
O ^ / r o equi — - H orse---------- La rge intestine
Heterafagallinarum Turkey, ■ fowl,
— Ca e ca
pe a fowl
Stomgyloides Sheep, goa t — Sma ll intestine
papillosm a nd ca ttle ..
Strongyloides cati- Ca t Sma ll, intestine
Strongyloides westeri Pigs a nd Sma ll intestine
horse s
Strongyloides ransomi Pigs- Sma ll intestine
Strongyloides Huma n beings — Sma ll intestine
stercoralis
ttelazia rhodesii Ca ttle sheep', M u scafly Eye
goa t
Thelazialactymalti Horse- Do Eye
ThelaziagUlosa Ca ttle - Do' Eye
Thelaziaalforteriste Ca ttle - Do Eye
Thelaziacallipaeda D og - Do Eye
Thelaziaskrajab ini Ca ttle Do Eye
Spirocercalupi Dog, fox a nd Beetle Stoma ch ,
othe r rela ted oe sopha gus a nd
a nima ls - - ... a orta
Ascarops strongylina Pig B e e tle .... Stoma ch .
Gongylonema Sheep, goa t Beetle Rumen
vetmcosum a nd ca ttle
Gongylonema Sheep, goa t Beetle Oe sopha gus
ptdchnim a nd ca ttle
Gongylonema Fowl Beetle Crop
ingluvicola
Hab ronema miftcae Horse House fly Stoma ch .
Hab ronema mains Horse Sta ble fly Stoma ch
Draschia megrntoma Horse House fly Stoma ch
Acuaria hamtilosa - Fowl G ra sshoooe r Gizza rd
Dtip haynx sp irals Fowl Isopod Prove ntriculus a nd
oe sopha gus
20 | Vetermary Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

Gnathostoma D og a nd ca t 1** ^ ty clo p s Stoma ch

spinigemm 2 nd - Fish
Physaloptera Ga t ^ c ^ r o a c h Stoma ch
praeputialte w d Beede
Dirofilariaimmitis Dog M osquitoes He a rt
Parafilaria Horse H aem atob ia Subcuta ne ous
multipapillosa tissue
Parafilaria b ovicola Ca ttle M usca Subcuta ne ous
tissue
Setariadigitata Ca ttle Mosquito P e ritone a ! ca vity
Setaria Ca ttle Mosquito Pe ritone a l ca ^ ty
lab iatopapillosa
Setariacerni De e r Mosquito Pe ritone a l ca vity
Setariaequina Equines Mosquito Pe ritone a l ca vity
Sttyhanofilaria Ca ttle M u sca sp. Skin of h u m p .
^ s ar n ^ ti
Stephanofilariakaeli Ca ttle M u sca sp. Skin of leg'
Sttyhanofitoriastilesi Ca ttle L yp erosia Skin o f a bdome n
sp .
Stephanofilaria Ca ttle M usca sp Skin
dedoesi
Stephanofilaria Ca ttle M usca s p SMn o f e a r
zaheeri
Onchocerca cewicalti Horse C u licoi& s Liga menntum
sp_ nucha e
Onchocercagutturosa Ca ttle ■ a nd Simulium sp Liga mentum
buffa lo nucha e
Dracunculns Ma n a nd dog ^ c io p s Subcuta ne ous
medinenste tissue
Trichttrti o m Sheep La rge intestine
Trichwti suti Pig La rge intestine
Trichinellasp irals Pig, Ma n PiR S m ^ intestine

Hoste a nd M a jor Sites o f Im porta nt Protozoa

N a m e of p a ^ ^ i t e D ^ r ni t t oe V T C tor/ S ite
h os te t ot l l os t .
E i m e ^ tenetta C ae^m
E .n e c attt Intestine
E. ac e n’uEria Intestine
E-, m ^ i m a ' Intestine
E. bagani Intestine
E. mitm. I nte s t ine ’
E .bnm etti P o'utay Rectum
E praeco x Intestine
E. m ivati Intestine
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ General Veterina^ Parasito lo gy 21

E. bo vti
E. z u e m ii
E. ellipso idal^
E. cylindrica Cattle Intestine
E. brapiltenste
E. canadenste
E. ninako hlyakim o viae
E. gilru thi
E. o vina
E. ashata
E. arkhari
E. arlo igi S h eep and Intestine
—
E p am a goat
E .pu nctata
E . o vino idalte
E. crandalte
E. debliecki
E. po rci
E. po lita
E. scabra
E. spino sa Pig — Intestine
E. s im
E. peim inu ta
E. leu karti
E. u niu ng u lati
E . so lipedu m H orse Intestine
E. stiedai Liver
E .intestinal w R abbit Sm all intestine
To xo plasma go ndii Cat M w or n Brain, skeletal
b loode d m uscle, h eart,
a ^ a b e x c e p t m esenteric ly m p h
cat node etc
S arco cystte c rnzi D og Cattle B rain, kidney ,
intestine etc
Sarco cystte bo vifelte Cat Cattle Do
S. o vicante D og Do
S .po rcih o m inti ^M an P ig Do
S . h o m ing M an Ox Do
Plasm o diu m vivax M an Ano pheles RBC and oth e r cells
m osq uitoes
P lasm o diu m gallinaceu m Birds Culex RBC a nd oth e r cells
m osq uitoes
Haemo pro teite co lu m bae D om estic H ippo bo s c id RBC, endoth elial cells
a nd w ild flie s etc
b irds (P se u do ly nc h i
a c anar ie ns is )
Leu co cyto zo o ns p p Ducks,- S im u liu m flie s Liver cells, RBC etc.
turk ey s etc
 V ete^ ^ ^ P M ^ to lo ^ at a G ^ c e

B afesia s p p Cattle, Sh eep, ^rnp b ilw RBC

goat etc sp P . ...
Rb ip icep b atos
SPP>. ..
Hamnapb ysali
s s p p e te
ne ile r ia s p p Cattle, sh eep, RBC a nd ly m p h ocy tes
goat etc s ob
Trypano so ma evansi C a ^ e , sh eep, Tab anus,. ■B lood
goat etc S tw w ^ is m d
Lvtoerosia
T t^ ano s o m a equ inu m Cattle, sh eep, Tab anus, B lood
goat etc S tw w ^ is and.
L-vb erosto
Trypano so ma co ngo lense Cattle, sh eep , Gtossina s p B lood
goat etc
T r^ ano so m a rho desiense H um an Gtossina s p N e ^ ou s sy stem
and T ..garnbiense. b eings
Tritricho m o nasfo etns C a rte —-
G enital organs

H isto m o nas meleagriidte T urk ey — Liver and intestine

Giardia lam blia H um an — Intestine

Entam o eba bteto lytica M an and — Intestine

dog
B alantidiu m co li Pig — Intestine

M ODE O F IN FEC T IO N O F P ^ ^ S IT E S
... Parasites are transmitted from one h ost to anoth er h ost in many
ways wh ich is influenced by port of entry.
A. Ingestion
i. Pa ra sitic eggs
Th e h osts get th e infection by ingestion of th e eggs of th e
parasite.
Exa mple :
Th e- typical example of th is feature is th e eggs of Ascarid
worms. Eggs containing th e second stage larvae are th e infective
stage and set up infection after ingestion.
u. Pa ra sitic cysts
Th e infective stages-of some parasites are cysts. Th e h osts get
th e infection after ingestion of th ese cysts.
 r 1 • ^Genereral V ete^ ^ ty Parasito lo gy | 23

Example :
The typica l exa mple of these pa ra sitic cysts a reEntam oeba
histoolytica a nd G iardia cants.
iii. Oo cysts:
The sporula ted oocysts are infective sta ge of some protozoa n
pa ra sites.
E x ^ p le :
Birds get the infection of Eim eria tenella by ingestion of
sporula ted oocysts.
iv . Parasitic larv ae (ro und wo rm)
In some parasites it is found tha t the eggs ha tch out in the
environment. After ha tching the larvae develop to become the
infective la rva e a nd these larvae a ct as the infective sta ge of the
pa ra site.
Example:
As for insta nce the third sta ge larvae of stronyle worms a ct as
infective sta ges of those para sites. In ca se of ta pe worms the bladder
worms /cysts / meta cestodes a ct as the ife ctive sta ge. There are
different type of bla dder worms like cysticercoid, cysticercus,
coenurus, strobilocercus, hydatid cyst etc.
v . Metacercaria
In ca se of some pa rasites, infection of the hosts occur after
ingestion of the meta cerca ria . These meta cerca ria e are formed in
the life cycle of almost all flukes.
Example:
Meta cerca ria ofP a ra g o n im is westermanii develops in the crabs
and cra y fishes. Infection occurs in the definitive host a fter ingestion
of the infected cra bs a nd cra y fishes.
v i. Fishes
Infection of hosts occurs by ingestion of fish harbouring some
infective sta ges of parasite
1. Larvae of DiphyUobothrium latum and meta cerca ria l form of
Chlono rchis sinensis develop in the fish.
24 | V e^ ^ ary Parasito lo ^ at a'Q m ce

2. Metecercariae of Hetero phyes hetero phyes occur in second

intermediate h ost, a fish , iM u gil cepbalus, M. capito ). Th e
cercaria encyst under th e scales or in th e. tissue of th e gills,
fins or tail. And finafly th e h ost gets th e infection by eating th e
raw fish .
vii. Flesh / M ea t
Infection of h osts occurs by ingestion of flesh containing th e
mfective stages of parasites.
E xa m p le :'
Human beings get th e infection of T am iasaginataby ingestion
of th e beef containing Cysticerais bo uts.
vin. Ingestion o f a qua tic or non-a qua tic a r&ropods
Ingestion of aquatic.or non- aquatic arth ropods is also a source
of infection.
Exa mple :
' Human beings get infected with medina.womi, w h en cyclops
infected with th e, larval forms of D rancim cu lu s m edinensis are
ingested along wife water.
lx. E a r& w o rm '
Hosts get infection by ingestion of earth w orm h arbouring
infective stage of parasite.
Exa mple
Th e birds get th e infection of A m o ebo tam ia spbeno ides by
ingestion of earth worm h arbouring th e ^sticercoid.
x. A q ^ tic vegeta tion
Cercariae becom e encysted on th e. aquatic vegetation and
develops to metacercarial stage. Final h ost gets th e infection by
ingestion of infected vegeta tion.
Exa m ple:
F. htyatica andF. gigantica.
B . SMn Penetta tion-
Hosts get th e i^ ection by contamination of skin or piucus
membrane.
 ^ ap ter V ■ Grneral V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | ^

Exa m ple
1. Hook w orn, lareae .atA ncylo sto m a du ^e nale ,, A . braziliense,
A. caninu m , Necato r am ericanu s and Stro ngylo ides sterco ralis
are found in moist soil and penetrate th rough th e skin of th e'
definitive, h ost. Th e gardeners, plumbering w orkers and field
workers are generally affected by th is infection wh ich , lead- tq
a condition called as cutaneous larva migrans. .
2. Cercariae of various Schisto so ma spp penetrate th rough th e
. skin of th eir.h osts. -
3. Deposition of egg and larva on th e skin by myiasfe causing.fly
(Calliph oridae)- Th e adult., bot. fly (Oestridae family) deposits'
■th efolarvae inth enasaT orifice of sh eep and goat.^
C. By Insect
Blood sucking arth ropods act as vector of many protozoan
parasites. T h ese flies are mainly T ahanu s spp, S to m o tiys spp,
Lypero siaspp, Qlo ssinaspp-.exc: Th ese- flies transmit Trypano so ma
spp. In addition to th ese flies Ano pheles spp h ansmits h uman malaria,
P ^ r n o diu m -v iv ^ and Cntex spp transmits bird malarial path ogen,
Pfasm o dium gallinaciu m .
D . 'D ire ct C onta ct
' Some kinds of organisms infect th e animals by direct-Contact-
Exa mple
Mites; like-rty^o dex: spp, Sarco pt& spp and Psmo ptes spp are
transmitted by direct-contact.
E . Inha la tion.
Exa mple :
Eggs of Entero bius verm icu lam may be inh aled.--'
E ^ a n su te rin e / Gongenitd.-
Th e individual gets infection in foetus stage from'h is moth er. .
Exa m ple !: 1 ■,
' Tach yzoites of T o xo p^m a gpno lii pass' th rough th e placenta
from’ moth er to foetus
% | PM asito lo ^ at a

G. T r ^ s r a m n ^ / Tr^scoloste a l/La ctoge nic

• individual gets infection' th rough clostrum and milk;
Exa mple :
Th e pups get •infection ( To xo cara cants') w h en th ey suck
moth er’s
H'. Venerea l/Se^ra l
Parasitic path ogens may be transmitted tr ou gh coitus.
E x ^ p le :
Tricbo m o nm vaginalte, Ttiiricho m tinm fo e tm are transmitted
th rough coitus.'
I. t r o u g h e r i s ^ g wound
E x ^ p le :
^ ^ a e of fas c i a and H abm n^rn. are deposited in th e existing
w ound and cause granular dermatitis, summer sore etc.
J. thera py
For dressing of w ounds, frog or snake flesh is used b y ' th e
rural people and plerocercoids or spargana.tif present in flesh
migrate iri h uman bemg and cause sparganosis.
K . Blood ^ ^ ^ i o n
Parasitic organisms ^ y be foism itt^ th rough blood trartsfosion.
E x ^ p le :
T r^anm o m a, Bafesea artd Plasmo dium may be transmitted
f or ou ^ blood transfosion:
L . Auto m fe ^o'n
Auto infection of Tawmi so lium occurs in h uman beings.
OF
It fe understood h ow th e bacterial diseases spread from one
animal to anoth er, animal and also from one place to anoth er place.
One th ing wh ich is to be kept in mind th at for development and or
 1 ■ G m » al Parasito lo ^ ,| 'S

multiplication of bacterial and viral organism* no intermediate h ost

is required but as far as.th e life' tycle of parasitic o^ n i s m s . ^
concerned th ere appears ^ o type of life cycles. One is direct and
anoth er is indirect t ^ e of life cycle. In indirect type of life cycle,
intermediate h ost is required. In th is ^ e some parts, of foebiological
development occur in th e environment and some parts occur m th e
h ost. ^foile describing th e spread of any parasitic disease th e th ing
wh ich is to be considered is th at th e organism is eith er transmitted
from th e h ost or from th e environment. Th ese are th e following
routes th rough wh ich spread of infecton of parasite occurs:
W a ter
W ater is one of th e m ajor source of dissem ination or
perpemation of th e disease. Cyclops are th e aquatic arth ropods
wh ich afe abundantly found in th e water and th ese ^ c lop s act,as
th e intermediate h ost of some parasites. As for instance i t . a ^ , ^
th e Intermediate h osts, of Diphyllo bo thHum laturn (an important
tape worm of do^ and -Gn&hmtpma spin^ m tm .
SoH
Soil contain many parasitic path ogens wh ich may spread due
to soil erosion or strong wind spread foe soil dust.
A qra tic pla nts
Aquatic plants or vegetations are alsoth e goodsource of parasitic
infection. Metacercame are forned on th e ^ a ss blades wh ich are
th e infective stages of F ^& io to ^p. Water nuts are th e s of.th e
Ft^cio lo pste buski.
By vectors
Many blood sucking flies and oth er v^ tors spread parasitic
diseases.
-By conta ct
Mange, lice infestation etc. spread by .direct contact.
By
Some parasitic larvae are distributed by fongal spores, forvae
of Trych ostrongylids are distributed by spores of th e fongus pilobolus.
28 | Parasito lo ^ at a G tace

By. tta nsport o f a nima ls .

Spread of parasites also occurs by transportation of infected
animals from one place to anoth er' place.
By e xport / im port of.m e a t / a nima ls / biomedicines / biologica l
products
fep ort / import of infectedmeat / meat product etc are important
sources of spread of parasitic disease from one place to anoth er. .
By na ^^a l ca la mity
Natural calamity like flood, earth quake etc. play great a role in'
th e spread of parasitic diseases, ^ e s e calamities destroy th e: nests/
dwelling places of th e transmitter organisms and alter th eir h abitat
wh ich result in spread of disease.
Exa mple :.
Rat’s h abitat is altered due to natural calamity and th e rat flea
randomly bite h uman beings and th us p e ^ e tuate th e plague.
' Ecologica l fa ctors
Industrialization, urbanization, deforestation and ch ange of
settlement may cause alternation of parasite’s h abitat and th ey may
spread.

Manure and' oth er biofertilizer may cause spread of parasitic

disease.
Huma n migra tion
Migration of h uman beings rause spread of parsitie diseases
including zoonotic diseases.
Exa mple :
D racu ncu lu s-, N ecato r am ericanu s re a ch e d to W estern
h emisph ere from Africa due to h uman migration.
S P E C IFIC IT Y O F P ^ ^ S I T E S
' ■ Before understanding h ost parasite specificity one sh ould h ave
a clear concept about evolutionary development of-parasite/ Th at
means h ow does an organism becom e a parasite. It could be
h ypoth etically considered th at due to environmental stress and
 1 ■ GenCTd P rn ^ to to ^ | 29

ecological selection pressure, an organism enters from a freeliving

stage to parasitic stage. During th e course of evolution' parasite
selects different specific h ost in terms of species, breed, sex and
organ. In th is way th e parasites become species specific, breed
specific, sex specific and organ specific, 'rte s e different specificities
h ave been developed in accordance wifo th e specific requirements’
of th e parasite. Th e following factors are responsible for developing
specificity.
■1. Preadaptation
2. Availability -of •fauna
3- Compatibility of th e h ost to accept th e parasite.
4. Internal h ost environment
5. . R eprodu^ve potential of th e parasite
6„- Host recognition mech anism
7. Immune .evasion by. foe parasite '
1. Prea da pta tion ~
Before complete adaptation, into th e h ost' th e, parasite enters, a
ph ase of preadaptation. It is understandable -th at a parasite cannot
survive if it enters into th e h ost with out foe .preadaptetion. Th e
parasite ch anges itself to' some extent as per th e h ost’s internal
environment". Th is, ch ange may' be "ph y siological, bioch em ical,
antigenic:etc. -Th e1h ost is selected by th e pfoasite for wh ich . i t h as.
performed preadaptation.
2 ., Ava Ua bttity.of fa una
For h ost.specificity, availability of fauna'is an important th ing.
. Th e parasites enter into th e stage of.preadaptation for th e "fauna-
wh ich are available sun-ounding it. If foe fauna is not .available to
th e parasite th e parasite cannot develop preadaptation. A parasite
sh ould "experience th e h ost several times and gradually develop
preadaptation as per th e status of foe h ost’s biological, environment.
Hence availabfoty of h ost is important "for. adaptation and specificity
of h ost develops as per th e specific h ost available to th e, parasite.
3. C o m p a tib ^ ty o f h o st
Compatibility means accessibility of th e parasite to th e h ost.
More specifically, h ow much th e parasite is comfortable to th e
h ost. Specificity of th e parasite to a-particular h ost develops "to
30 | V e te ^ ^ ^ Pwarasitol^- at a G toce

which the pa ra site is compatible.

4. Internal ho st env iro o nment
The pH, 0 2 tension of the orga ns a re important for survivality
of the pa ra site in the host. The parasites a da pt to those hosts where
internal host-environment is suitable for the pa ra site.
5. Reprro ductiv e po tential o f the parasite
The pa ra site ca n ma ke the fa una a va ila ble if it ha s high
reproductive potentia l. High reproductive potentia l mea ns high
capability of production of subsequent genera tions. High number
of parasite sprea ds over a la rge a rea which ca n cover a long distance
to ca tch the host. Thus reproductive potential is a n important fa ctor
for host selection.
6. Reco gnitio n mechanism
Recognition mecha nism is a n important fa ctor for host pa ra site
compatibility. Duffy blood group of red blood cell a ct as er^ythrocyte
receptor for the PP/asmodium vivvax infection. Here it is clea r tha t
components of immune system is used by the pa ra site to survive.
That host becomes specific for the pa ra site in which the pa ra site/
pa rt of the pa ra site/a ny component of the pa ra site is recognized.
7. Immune ev raio n
Immune eva sion is a nother exa mple. Against every pa ra site,
some kind of immunological rea ctions occur. So to survive in a
host, the pa ra site ha s to eva de host’s immunological rea ction. Those
hosts become specific for a particular parasite in which the parasites
ha ve eva ded the immunological rea ction. Immune eva sion occurs
by the following mechanisms:
i. By mimicry or a bsorption of host antigen
ii. Antigenic varia tion
iii. Shading of glycoca lyx
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ ^rneral Parasito lo ^ | 31

iv. Blocking^ of antibodies and tolerance

S p ^ ^ c ity - Na me o f dlse a se /pa ra site e te .
Type of host Gigantocotyle ^ lan afam only occurs in buffa lo.
B re ^ Trypa notole ra nt a nima ls (N- Da ma , La gune)' a re resista nt
sp ^ iflcity a ga inst Tr^anosoma tfp . ^ e indigenous bre e ds a re
re sista nt, a ga inst m a ny pa ra sites h ow e ve r cross ' bre e d
a nima ls a re susce ptible to ma ny pa ra sitic fosea ses. Red
ma sa i she e p is resista nt" a ga inst Haemonchus spp.
H ow e ve r m a ny othe r she e p a re susce ptible to
Haemonchus &t>.
The fema le ca ttle suffer more from Tritrichomonas foetus.
sp e ^ ficity The ma le s suffer less a nd a ct a s the ca rrie rs.Trichomona
vaginalte inva ria bly occurs in foe fe ma le .
S ^ te m Trypanosoma gamb iense a nd T. tb ofestense a ffect the
spe cificity ne rvous system.
O ^a n Some pa ra sites a ffect only foe orga n/orga ns of the syste m,
spe cificity ^ e w hole system is not a ffe cte d. Fasciola tfrp a ffect liver
a n d bile duct.
Theihria schizonts occur in the lymphocyte s.
spe cfflcltv
^ c a tio n Eiemria b omb ayanste o ccu rs in Bomba y.
sprcfflcity
Specificity Pa ra site s a re specific to pH in w hich the y a re, to survive.
The pa ra site s occu m n g in the stoma ch ca n survive in tha t
pH. Tha t’s why the y a re spe cific to tha t pH.
Sprcfflcity The pa ra sites a re spe cific to the host’s food a nd the
to h o st food re quire d com pone nts should be pre se nt in foe host’s diet.
Ma ny works w e re ra rrie d out in this a spe ct - a nd it wa s
found tha t e sta blishment of pa ra site in the host de pe nds
o n host’s food.
Spe cificity Specific bioche mica l co m p o n e n t ne ce ssa ry for foe
to pa ra site s a s food or o th e m ise should be p re se n t in foe
bioche m ica l loca tion w h e re the pa ra sites re side . Pa ra sites occurring in
com pone nte the bile require spe cfoc bile com pone nt. _• __________
S p ^ ^ c ity Th e pa ra site s a re spe cfoc to spe cific body te mpe ra ture .The
to h o st’s a via n pa ra sites ca n e sta blish in the spe cific body
body te m pe ra ture of birds,
te m p ^ a tw e '
C olor Som e te m p o ^ ty pa ra sites a re specifica lly a ttra cte d to
spe cfflcity pa rticula r skin-colour of a nima ls.Host color specificity is
found in Tab anus flies.
32 | Vetranaty Paraato lo ^ at a Glance

SmeU So me tempo rary parasites are sensitiv e to specific smell o f

spe cfficity the ho sts and get attracted to tho se ho sts. The mo squito es
identify the human ho sts by their smell .The smelling
agents are C02, bo dy o do ur etc,
Sea son Parasites hav e seaso n specificity. Magnitude o f parasitic
spe cificity irfectio n v aries in different seaso ns. Sample : Summer
so re o ccurs in summer seaso n.
Ecologica l One -wo rk was earned o ut to test fo e abifity o f
spe cfficity Vampiraltyis nana to ' infect a v ariety •o f mammals
including so me ho sts which are no t kno wn to harbo ur this
parasite and interestingly it was fo und that so me o f the
latter ho sts were susceptible to this parasite. It means that
so me parasites do no t o ccur in so me ho sts because o f lack
o f o ppo rtunity. But if they get o ppo rtunity fo ey ran
establish.

Specificity o f pa ra sites in ta b^a te d form

H ost pa ra site rela tionship
Th is term broadly means compatibility betw een h ost and
parasite. A parasite can be h eld as a successful organism as it fairly
sets up th e infection and survives in th e h ost. Many factors determine
th e h ost parasite relationsh ip. Th e follow ing points are th e
considering factors :
1. . Genetic correlation between h ost and parasite -
2. Ch ances for contact between h ost and parasite
3. . Foreignness of th e parasite
4. Size of th e parasite
5- pH of th e h ost environm ent'
6. 0 2 tension of h ost environment
7. Immune effector system of th e h ost
8. Site or location of parasite .
B iologica l de ve lopm e nt o f pa ra site
Different ^ e s of biological development occurs. In case of
Ascarid worms th e larvae develop with in th e egg sh ell. Th e larvae
h atch after being ingested by th e h osts and th en develop furth er in
th e h ost to become adult. In strongyles, th e eggs h atch in th e
environment and th e larvae moult in different stages. L3 stage is th e
infection stage for th e h ost. Furth er development occurs in foe h ost
after ingestion. In spiruroidea, th e eggs expell out of th e h ost and
ingested by intermediate h ost wh erein th ey h atch and th e larvae
develop to become infective stage. Final h ost gets infection by
ingestion of intermediate h ost. In- Metastrongyloidea, th e eggs expell
 & apter 1 ■ G m o al V e^m ary Paraato lo gy ] 33

out of-th e h ost. Th en th e eggs h atch and th e larvae come out.. Th e

larvae are ingested by th e intermediate h ost wh ere t h ^ reach to
infective stage. Final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of infected
intem ediate h ost In Filarid worms, th e life cycle is different. Th e
viviparous female lay th e larvae wh ich mta in th e blood. Th e larvae
reach to intemiediate h ost (blood sucking fly, mosquitoes etc) w h en
th ey suck b lood. T h e larvae reach to infective stage in th e
intermediate h osts. Healfey h osfc get infection during blood meal

In cestode, developmental stages are quite different. In almost

all'cestodes, life cycle is, of , indirect type w h ere th ere occurs
requirement of an intermediate h ost,- In Hymenolepids, th ere are
both direct and indirect types of life cycle, ^ ^ a t u r e stages'or.th e
larval stages occur m fee intemiediate h ost. Th ese are called also- as
bladder w o ^ , cysts or metacestodes. ^ e larval stages are different
type of cysts or th e bladder worm s. Th e b ladder w orm s are
cysticercoid, cysticercus, h ydatid cyst, coenurus, strobilocercus,
. procercoid, plerocercoid, tetrath yridium etc. Th e final-h ost gets-th e
infection by ingestion of th e intermediate h osts or th e-meat / flesh
of th e intermediate h ost h arbouring th e larval stage.
In digenetie trematodes of veterinary importance, indirect, type
of life cycle, is found. Th at means an intermediate h ost is required
for com pletion of th e life cycle. -In th e interm ediate' h ost, th e
intermediate or .th e larval stages are fomied. Th e developmental
stages are egg, miracidium, sporocyst, daugh ter sp oro^sts, redia,
daugh ter redia, cercaria, metacercaria etc. ^ e metacerrariae stages
are th e infective stages wh ich occur in th e intemiediate h osts or on
th e plants.
In th e arth ropods, always direct type of life cycle is found
wh ere intermediate h ost is not required for completion of th eir life
cy cle. In th e arth ropods com plete and incom plete ty pes of
metamorph osis- occur. In complete ty pe of metamorph osis egg,
lmva, pupa m d adult stages occur wh ereas in incomplete t ^ e of
metamorph osis, egg, nymph and adult stages occur.
In th e protozoa, direct and indirect, both ^ e s of life cycle
occur. Th e multiplication of th e organisms occur by th e following
ph enomenas
a. Binary fission
b. Sch izogony
c. Endodyogeny
M P ar^ ito lo ^ at a Glance

d. Endopolygeny
e. Syngamy
f. Sporogony
g- Conjugation etc.
^ ap ter 1 ■ General Parasito lo ^ | ^
36 PW Mito lo ^ at a Glmce

General life cycle of Nematod e

Eg g s p ass out throug h
the faeces

E ggs dm l op E ggs h atch ' ^8 h a^ Eggs m e T h e w orm s

In th e In th e In th e Ingested b y th e a re
environm ent em rlronrnent environm ent Interm ediate viviparous
and w ith in th e h ra t and th e
e gg sh ell th e ■" i ! 1 la rv a e m ix
Infective
larretederelop ta r v a e U^aeare up In blood
develop to Ingested by E ggs h a tc h In
' In^^Ive Interm ediate th e AL
s ta ge a fte r h os t and e nte r
Ingestion of
d^ m lop to h os t and Into blM d
infacttvo egg
lnfectlve> la r r a e develop suck ing
by th o h ost
s ta ge to Infective InsMt

n
Ingestion of s ta ge ' during
Infective Inse c t’s
H atch ing of la re a e by ^^lop - blood m e a l
e ggs oc c ur In h os t m e ntof
th e h os t a nd a dult Ingestion of
th e n la w a e IT p a ra s lte ln Interm ediate
de ra lop to th e h os t by th e
adult s ta ge s definitive definitive
a fte r se v e ra l ------h os t___ h os t and
m oultlngs adult
d^elop
Final h o^ s
ge t l ^ ^ ^ on
during
Insect’s
blood m eal
and t h e
a dults
- develop In
th e h ost

Life cycle of arth ropod

Holometab olous life cycle Hemimetab oius life cycle
Eg g s
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ General Veterinary Parasito lo gy | 37

Different im porta nt systems o f pa ra sites

Digestive system
Digestive systems are varied in different parasites. In some
parasites folly formed digestive system is absent. In tape worms
digestive system is completely absent. Th ough th e digestive system
is absent but-th ese tape worms take up th e preformed food material
th rough th eir wh ole body surface as th e wh ole body surface is
metabolically active. It is' to be kept in mind th at th e body surface
of tape worms cannot absorb th e complex food material, rath er it
absorbs th e simplifiedfood lfce amino acidandglucose etc. Alth ough
tape worms h ave suckers but th ese suckers are not used as mouth
for accumulation of food but th e same is used as organs of attach ment
to th eir particular location or seat of predilection. In th e trematode,
digestive system is present but not complete as th at of h igh er animals.
Th e digestive system is incomplete or blunt in fluke. It includes
oral sucker, ph arynx, oesoph agus andtwo blindcaecae. In nematode,
digestive system- is present wh ich comprises mouth , buccal, capsule,
oesoph agus, intestine and anus etc. In th e arth ropod th e digestive
system-is developed to some extent. It includes mouth , oesoph agus,
proventriculus, stomach and anus. In th e protozoa, th ere is no
complete digestive system. In th e am oeb a'th e food material is
taken into th e food vacule and th e excreta is excreted th rough One
opening wh ich is called as cytopyge.
Respira tory system
Respiratory System is absent in cestodes, trematodes, nematodes
and protozoa. In th e arth ropods, different body appertures perform
th e fonction of respiration. Th ese respiratory appertures are lung
book, gill book, trach ea and spiracles' etc.
Excre tory system ^
Excretion is performed by flame cells in cestodes, trematodes
and by pored osmoregulatory system in nematodes. Th e excreta is
collected from th e flame cells by th e collecting tubes and excreted
th rough .th e excretory duct. Excretory bladder is an im portant
component of excretory system in trematode and it h as got taxonomic
importance.
38 | Veterinaty Paraato lo ^' at a Glance

N ervous system
Very simple type of nervous system is present in cestodes,
trematodes and nematodes. In cestodes th ere is presence of rostellar
nerve ring w h ich is a major com ponent of nervous sy stem of
cestodes. A number of nerve gan^ia are present. From th e nerve
ganglia th ere arise th e nerve cords w h ich run anteriorly or
posteriorly. Th is system is simdar to th e trematodes. In th e round
worms th ere is presence of circumsoesoph ageal nerve commissure,
ne ^ e ganglia and nerve cords etc. Study of-nervous system is very
difficult in h elminth as delimiting membrane is absent. In round
worms th ere are some sensory organs like ph asmids and amph ids.
R eproductive system
Unique type of reproductive system is present in different
t ^ e s of parasites. If th e cestodes are t ^ e ninto account, it is found
th at th ese are h ermaph rodite in nature. Th at means both male and
female reproductive systems are present. A noth er peculiarity is
th at complete reproductive system is present in a single mature
segment. Furth ermore, reproductive systems are present eifoer in
single or in double set. In D i^ lidiu m and M o niezia two sets of
reproductive systems are present wh ereas in Taenia or D avainea
single set of reproductive system is present. Th e reproductive system
of trematode includes testes, vasa efferrentia, vas deferens, laurer’s
canal, ovary, oviduct, vagina, uterus and melh is gland etc. Th e_
trematodes are also h erniaph rodite in nature. Only one exception
is Schteto so ma spp wh ich are unisexual. Female parasite is carried
by th e male parasite during th e time of copulation. Testes of th e
parasites are important in th eir location As per th e position of th e
testes th ese are called tandemfone testes is beh ind anoth er), oblique
(one testes is situated oblique to anoth er testes), dorsal (one testes
is situated dorsal to anoth er testes). Th e reproductive system of th e
round worm is different. Th ese worms are bisexual. Th e male
reproductive system conta ins testes, va s deferens, gubema culum,
bursa, telamon etc. ^ e female reproductive system contains valva,
vagina, uterus, ovary, vitelline glands etc.
 & apter 1 ■ General Veterinary Parasito lo gy | 39

D IFFE R E N T T ^ E S O F L IF E CYCLE
W ha t is life cycle ?
Th is is a ch ain of gradual development of one individual to
reach to it’s matured stage / sexually matured stage.
Types o f life cycle
1. D ire ct type o f life cycle
Th is is a type of life cycle wh ereby intermediate h ost or any
vector is not required for completion of th e life cycle of th e parasite.
Exa m ple .: -
E im ^ a sp. '
2. Indire ct type o f life cycle
Th is is a type of life cycle wh ereby one or two intermediate
h osts are required for completion of th e life cycle. _
Involvement o f one intermedia te host
Th is is a type of life cycle wh ereby one intermediate h ost is
required for completion of th e life cycle.
Exa mple :
Taenia so lium , requires one interm ediate h ost (pig) for
completion of it‘s life cycle.
Involvement o f ^ o intermedia te hoste:
Th is is a type of life cycle wh ereby two intermediate h osts are
required for completion of th e life cycle, of th e parasite.
Exa mple :
D iphyllo bo thrium spp requires two intermediate h osts ( l a is
cyclops and second is fish )
3. Homogonic life cycle
It is called h omogonic life cycle wh en aU generations of th e
organism are eith er parasitic or free living.
S a m p l e : S tro n^lo ides spp
4 . H eterogonic life cycle
It is alternation of free living and parasitic life cycle.
S a m p l e : Stron^loides sp.
5. Zoonotic life cycle
In th is life cycle, parasites transmit from animals to man or
from man to animals.
-M | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

^ ^ m p l e s Taenia so lium
6. Simple ltfe cycle
• Th e parasites mcrease th eir number by simple propagation or
multiplication.
^ ^ m p l e : Trypano so ma spp.
7. Complex life cycle
In th is life cycle, bofo sexual and asexual cycles occur.
S a m p l e : Eimeria spp.
8 . Holometa blous life cycle
Th is type of life cycle is described for arth ropod. Complete
m etam o^h osis (egg, larva, pupa and adult) occurs.
^ ^ n p l e : Mosquitoes.
9 . Hemimeta bolous life ^ cle
Incomplete m etam o^h osis occurs in th is type of developement.
Th e developmental stages are egg, nymph and adult.
^ ^ n p l e : Cockroach
Description o f d ^ e re n t intermedia te s t^ e s ofp ^ a site s
Ti’ema tode
Egg
Eggs of trem atode are m ostly oval. Th e colour m ay be
yellowish (Fcttcio la spfi), transparent' or colourless(amph istornes),
grayish or bro ^^hC D icro co eliu m spfi).Th e eggs of some frematodes
are operculated. Th ose are eggs of F ^cio la and amph istomes. Th e
eggs may be elongated (Sch istosome)
^ r a c idi^ m
Th e embryo remaining with in egg develop to become anoth er
stage wh ich is called as miracidium. One important th ing is th at
miracidium eith er may h atch out in th e environment or h atch ing
occurs after th e egg h as been ingested by intermediate h ost (aquatic
snail). % e miracidium is actively motile. It h as one prominent ^ te rior
spine and foe body is ciliated. According to th e reports of. different
workers th e miracidium h as eye spots, th ough th ese eye spots are
not used as organs of vision.
Sporocysts
Sporocyste are formed from th e miracidium. ^ i s is th e th ird
stage of biological developm ent of trem atode. A num ber of
sporocysts develop in a single miracidium.
 Chapter 1 ■ General V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 41

Re& a
Th e redia develops in th e sporocyst In many numbers. Th e
redia.h as several birth pores th rough wh ich many cercariae are
released.
Cerca ria
Most of th ese are tailed. Th e\sh ape of cercaria and length of
tail are variable: Tail, may be sh ort,'long or bfaxcaX.ed{Schisto so ma
spp). In some cercariae, pigment is present wh ich are called as
Cercariapigmentata. TCiere may be presence of eye spots in cercaria.
Th e colour of cercaria also varies from individual to' individual.
Cercaria of Fascio laspp is wh ite wh ereas it is black in amph istomes.
Cercaria is motile and it can move from one place to anoth er place.
Th e cercaria can swim also in th e water by using th eir tail appendage.
M eta cerca ria
Metacercaria is th e encysted form of cercaria. Cercaria looses
its tail and encyst eith er on grass blades, aquatic vegetation or in
th e intermediate h ost; As for instance Dicro co elium dendriticu m
metacercariae are formed in ants {Fo rmicafu sed).
Cestodes
Eggs
Eggs of cestodes are v e ^ ch aracteristic. Eggs remain in different
egg envelopes. Th ese are egg capsu le{D ipylidiu m caninu m )
paruterine organ {Avitellina spp, Stilesia spp. etc) or th e uterus itself
acts as a protective envelope {Taenia spp). Eggs h ave got several
coverings like outer envelope, inner envelope and oncosph eral
membrane. In some species {Taenia spp) th ere is anoth er one
protective covering wh ich is called as em b^oph ore. Em b^oph ore
_is striated in Taenia spp. In th e oncosph ere th ere are presence of
six h ooklets remaining in th ree pairs. Th at’s wh y e m b ^ o of cestode
is called as h exacanth embtyo. Th ere are variable sh apes of cestode
eggs. Most of th e eggs are round. Oth ers are like th e. eggs of
tr.ematode {D iphyllo bo thriu m latu m ). It is oval in outline, and
operculated, Eggs of M o niezia e ^ an s a and M . benedeni are
triangular and square respectively. After h atch ing th e oncosph ere
co m e s o u t. H a tc h in g , m a y o ccu r in th e e n v iro n m e n t
{D iphyllo bo thriu m latu m ) or it may occur in th e gufoof th e
-- intermediate h ost {M o niezia sp). Th e oncosph ere, w h en fomied in
’ vertebrate intermediate h ost, can penetrate tissues and migrate into
^ | Parasito lo ^ at a Gl^Ke

deferent organs like lung, liver, h eart and diaph ragms wh ere th ese
lead to form different cysts. Th ese ^ s ts are also called as bladder
w orns or metacestodes. Different types of cysts are described below.
Th e oncosph ere develops to become a bladder worm. Th e
bladder worms, wh ich are forned in invertebrate intermediate h osts,
are called as cy sticercoid. Th ose "w h ich occur in verteb rate
intermediate h osts are h ydatid cyst, strobillocercus, cysticercus,
coenurus etc. Different bladder worms /cy sts /m etacestode are
described below
Cysticercoid
1. It is a solid bodied cyst.
2. Anteriorly is broader and narrower in th e posterior.-
3. Th ere is a single scolex wh ich is invaginated.
C ^ tice rcu s
1. Outer covering is forned by connective tissue.
2. Body is rounded and filled up with fluid.
3. Th ere is a single scolex wh ich is invaginated.
H yda tid cyst
1. Outer covering is formed by a connective tissue under wh ich
th ere is germinal layer.
2. Th e cyst is filled up with fluid.
3. ^ e daugh ter cysts are formed from th e germ ing lay er called
as brood capsules. Th ese cysts may get detach ed and railed
as th e h adatid sands.
4. Germinal layera are present both in large cysts and daugh ter
' cysts, wh erefrom th e scolices arise.
Coenurus
1. Outer wall is partially transparent forough wh ich th e fluid can
be visible. -
2. A num ber (300-400) of invaginated scolices are found.
SteobiUocercus
1. Presence of single evaginated scolex wh ich is associated with
a small ch ain of segments. ■
2. Posteriorly th ere is presence of a bladder wh ich is filled with
fluid.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ G ^eral P araato lo ^ | H

* Proce rcoid
Solid bodied metacestode.
2. Posteriorly attach ed to a bladder bearing embryonic h ooks.
Ple roce rcoid
1. Solid bodied metacestode.
2. Anteriorly scolex is found.
3. Embryonic h ooks are absent.
Nematode
^ e eggs of nematodes are of different size and colour. ■
Th ere are different stages of larca. Each stage of th ese larvae
h as its individual m o^h obiological ch aracter. In general th e larva
h as oral opening, buccal capsule, oesoph agus and intestine.
Oesoph agus may h ave clubbed posterior end, rh abditiform (two
parts of oesoph agus, one of wh ich is pear-sh aped and attach ed to
th e posterior rounded part), ventriculous and filarifom type.
Protozoa
Th ere are m any developm ental stages found during th e
biological developm ent of protozoa. Some important stages are
described h ere.
Oocyste /Cysts
In some protozoa sporulated oocysts (coccidian parasites) and
cysts (Amoeba) are th e infective stages. TOie oocysts contain ^ o or
four sporocysts. Each sporocyst contains two or four sporozoites. In
som e'species th e sporozoites are not retained in sporocysts but
th ey are free in th e oocysts. In an ideal oocyst, polar cap, micropyle,
oocystic residual material and sporocystic residual material are
present, '^faen th e'sporulated oocysts are ingested ,by th e h ost,
th ese are affected by enzyme (trypsin), bile, C02 and some oth er
bioch emical factors and th e sporozoites come out. Cysts are formed
in case of Amoeba, Giardia etc. Cysts are generally double-walled
and th e embty o remains w i^ m it. Th e cyst contains one or more
nuclei in accordance wifo th e species.
Sporozoites.
Sporozoites are released from th e oocysts after being affected
by different bioch emical factors. Th ese are elongated organisms
wh ich are motile and can penetrate th rough th e cell membrane and
enter with in it. It is th ough t th at th e sporozoites release some
proteolytic enzymes and enters into th e cells. Sporozoites of E im ^ a
spp easily enter into th e cells like th e epith elial cells.
M | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

^ op h oz oite s
Th e sporoizoites after entry into th e cell become rounded up
wh ich are called as troph ozoites.
Sch izonte
Th e nucleus of th e troph ozoite split up into several particles.
Each particle takes a part of cytoplasm and ultimately becomes
individual organism, ^ u s a number of organisms are produced in
th e cell from a single troph ozoites. Th is is called sch izont.
M erozoites
^ e organisms present' in th e sch izont are called merozoites.
Sch izont bursts and merozoites come out. Th ese are elongated and
fosifomi. Th e orga nis e are motile and can attack anofoer cell and
round up again.
Gamete
•After fomiation of second generation sch izonte th e merozoites
are transformed into macrogametes winch are large rounded bodies.
Some are transformed into microgametes.
Tkch yzoites /B rady zoites
Th ese are developmental stages wh ich are found in To xo pl^m a-
and Sarco cystK spp. In acute stage of th e disease th e tach yzoites are
formed, ^ e s e are elongated banana-sh aped organisms wh ereas
foe bradyzoites are formed in ch ronic stage of th e disease.
Th ere are no locomotory organs of cestodes, trematodes,
nematodes. In th ese cases th e wh ole body is involvedin locomotion
w h ereas special' locom otory organ is present in- protozoa. In
Entam o eba spp, tem porary locom otory organ is p roduced at
troph ozoites. Th ese are called pseudopodia wh ich are finger-like
structure of cytoplasmic elevation. From' any part of cytoplasm th e
pseudopodia may arise. In T^pano so m aipp locomotion is performed
mainly by th e -flageUa. In some species of Tr^ano so m a, th e flagella
remains upto th e body end wh ereas-in oth ers th ere are presence of
free flagella. Th e membrane connecting th e flagella with th e body
is an undulating membrane. Th is undulating m em brane also
pa rticipa tes for locomotion. T ^ p a n o so m a v i v ^orga nisms' show
very jerky movements. Th e movement is easily decemible only by
taking a drop of fresh blood on th e slide. Th ough th e organisms
will not be visible yet th eir movement can be perceived easily. In
th e Tritncho m o nas typ,.th ere is a nailing flagella- and th ree anterior
flagellae. ^ e flagella trails beh ind th e body and th e anterior flagella
guides th e organism towards -th e anterior part. In B afantidiu m co li,
locomotion is perforned by cilia, ^ e organism’s outer surface is
provided with numerous cilia.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ G ^eral V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 45

^ p o ^ ^ t p ^ a site s-^ d their common

N^ne o f pa ra site Common na me

Taxo cam canis
To xascaris lebnina
Entero bius vem icu laris
S ttyh anu m s fantatu s
S yhgam u s trachea
S tw n ^ h ^
Ancylo sto ma caninu m .
A ntylo sto m a tu baefo im e
Ancylo sto ma bm ziliense
A ntylo sto m a du o de nal
Agrio sto mum v ty bu ^ i
Necato r am rncanu s
Buno sto mum, trigo no ctyhalum H w k w or n of'sh eep M d goat
Buno sto mum phlebo to mum H rnk w or n of cattle
GaigeriapachysceHs
■Glo bo c^balus
lo ngemucro natm
Bathmo sto mum sangen
Haemo nchus co nto Hus
Ostertagia *p
D ictyo caulusfilana
D. vivipams
D. am fieldi
Metastro n^/lus elo ngaius
Filaro idm o slen
A elu m strnn^lm abs t^ u s
Tbeto zia rho desii,T.gulo sa,
T. lac^m alis
T. callipaefa
Otyxpimra manso ni
Tnchuris *p
Tncho stmngylix *p
Spirncerca htyi
t o o w h e ^ ^ w o rn
t o w hea ded w orn.
Pin w o rn o r Seat w o rn
. Kidney w o rn
Ga pe w o rn o r Y -s^ p e d w o rn
P d i s ^ w o rn , Red w o rn
H rnk w o rn o f dog
■_H ook w om o f the ca t
Hook w o rn of dog
Hook w o rn of ma n'
Hook worm, o f K b n
H rnk w o rn o f m a n
■•H ook w or n of sh eep w dgoa t
H m k w or n of pig
H ook w orm of e l e p ^ t
Stomach w or n, w ire w orn,
barber’s pole w or n
B row n stom ach w or n
Lungw or n of sh eep a nd goat
Lungw or n of catde
Lungw or n of h orae and ^ n k e y
Lungw or n of pig
Lungw or n of dog
Lungw or n of cat
Eye w or n of c a tfe
Eye w or n ofh ora e
Eye w orm of dog'
Eye w o^ n of fowl
^ fa ip w or n
Btack scour w orm
P ^ k w o^ rn
46 | V eterm ^ P ar^ ito lo ^ at a Glrnce

of p ^ ^ ite C o^ ^ non nam e

D iro fito na irnrnitte Hea rt w o rn
Dio cto phyma wmale Gia nt ^^ne y w o rn
Dracuncul.rn medinenste Guinea w o rn , dra gon w o rn ,
M e ^na w o rn , S e ^ e n t w o rn
A cantho ctyhala sp hea ded w o rn
Taenia saginata Beef tope w o rn
Echino co ccus granulo sus H ybrid w o rn o r hype r w o rn
ttysano so m a actinio idw F ^ g e d tope worm
H ym eno ltyte nana tope w o^n
Pro teo ctyhalus amblo plictus B^s. tope w o rn
Giganto co tyle etylanatnm a mpMstome
Parago nim us w estem anii Lung ^ ^ e
Dicro co elium dendriticu m ^ n c e t fluke
Pro stho go nimus pellu cidu s Oviduct fluke
Chlo no rchte sinenste Chinese Hver fluke
Fascio lagigantica and F. Common liver flx^e
htyatica
F ^cio lajacteo ni ^ v e r fluke of elepha nt
SchUto so ma %>p Blood fluke
M eno po n gallinae S h ^ louse of p o u l^ -
M enacanthu s stram ineu s Body louse of p o u l^ -
Cuclo gaster hetero graphus Hea d louse of poultoy
Lipeu nis capo nti Wing louse of poultry
Go nio co tes gallinae Fl^fl louse of p o u l^ -
Haemato pinus e u ^stem u s Short nosed ca tfe louse
Lino gnathia vitu li ^ n g nosed ca tfle louse
C im exsp Bedbugs
Tnato m a sp Cone nosed b ^ s , K ssing bugs
o r Ass^sin bugs
Echidno phagagallinacea S t i c ^ ^ t flea of p o u l^
Tungapenetram
Xeno psyUo , cheo pte Orienta l ra t f l ^
S im u late Btock B ^ sd o ^ a t
Cerato po go ntfae B i^ g ra dge s, punkies, no see
urns
Psycho didae Sa nd flies o r owl ra dge s
 ^ apta* 1 ■ Gmeral Parasito lo ^ | 47

N^rne o f ^ ^ t e fom m on na me
Tabaneidae H one f y o r B re ^ e f y
M usca do m& tica House f y
Musca au tu m nalis Fa ce ^
Sto mo tyK calcitram Sta ble f y
Haemato bia im to ns H o m fy
Haemato bia ^ ig u a Buffa lo f y
G l^ inidae Tse tee ^
Callipbo rifae B lo w ^
CaUipho ra i p . Blue bottie ^
Lucilia sp Green bottie ^
Callitraga h o m in im r ^ S a e w worm ^
CalHtro ga macellaria
Co rdyhbrn antbro po pbaga
Co rdylo bia ro dhainai Lund’s ^
Sarco phaga ipp F le s h y
Oestrns avis Sheep na sa l f y
Gmtero philus H one bot
H ^o de nna lineatu m t o wa rble ^
H fflo derm a C a tfe ^ra b, G a d fy , Heel^
Hippo brnca%)p Fore st ked
Melo phagus o m nus Sheep ked or tick f y
D ennanyssus gallinae Red m k of p o u l^
Oto bius m ^ n in i Spinose e&r tick
A ^ ^ p e n ic u s Fowl tick
Ixo des ricinu s C ^ o r b e ^ . tick
Ixo des sc ^ u laris Shoulder tick o r bla ck le ^ e d
tick
Bo o philus deco lo ratus B ^ : tick
Rhipictybalu s Brown e a r tick
appendicu latns
R. w ertsi Red l^ g e d tick
Haemapbysalis leachi leachi Yeflow dog tick
D ennacento rnitens T ropic^ h ^ e tick
Am blyo m m a hebram m Bont tick
A. am ericanu m ^ n e sta r tick
A. m ri^ atu m V a rie ^te d tick or Tropica l bont
tick
Tro m bicu lifae H^west m te o r ra te
P edicu loid^ vw tricosu s G ^ n itch ^ t e
Cyto dites nu dw .^r-sa c ra te
Lingu atu fa semata Tongue w o rn
48 | pM M ito lo ^ at a G l^ ce

P A ra O L O G Y CAUSED B Y P A ^ S IT C
Different- tissue reactions- are caused by different parasites.
Basic path ology caused by th e parasite is similar to oth er organism,
^ e path ology is initiated by inflammation. Th ere occurs aggregation
of different ty pes of inflammatory cells. Th ese cells also h ave
immunological role, ^ e reaction caused by different immune' cells
is also called immunopath ology. As a consequence different cellular
ch anges occur. Th e ch anges are as following :
H ype rtrophy
It is smiply an increase in size of cells wh ich occurs due to
presence of th e parasite with in th e cell.
Exa mple
R. B. C. infected with Bab& ia spp are commonly enlarged.
Anoth er example is R. B. C. infected with Plm m o diu m v iv ^ .
Hyperpla sia
Hyperplasia is an increasedlevel of cell division. Th is condition
occurs in several parasitic infections. Wh en any organ is remarkably
damaged by parasite, th ere occurs excessive level of tissue repair.
For repairment rapid cell division occurs.
Exa mple :
^ e r e are many examples of h yperplasia. Hyperplasia of th e
wall of th e bile duct occurs i-n infection of Fascio la spp and
D icm co eliu m sp.
Meta pla sia
It is transfomiation of tissue with out alternation of th e embryonic
tissue.
Exa mple :
Th e typical example is .appearance of epith elial and elongate
fobroblast cells in lungs infectedwith 'th e Parago nim us westermanii.
Usually th ese cells do not occur in th e lung but in Parago nim us
infection formation of th ese cells-occurs. In many oth er parasitic
infectio ns, like O st^ag ia spp,' o ne t ^ e of cells are differentiated
into anoth er type of cells.
Neopla sia
Neoplasia is th e formation of new structure. Tumours are th e
neoplastic tissues. Th ere are tw o ty pe of tumours, benign and
malignant.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ ^rneral V e^ ^ ^ ty P araato lo ^ | 49

B e d g n tu m o w - Th e cells cannot metastasize.

Ma Ugna nt ta m o w - Cells can metastasize
Many parasites-are h a rn^ l toth e h oste as th ese cause detrimental
effect to th e ,h ost leadmg to ill h ealth . Th ere are many ways by
wh ich a parasite can cause damage to th e h osts. Hereby , th e
following aspects' are described:
H A ^M CAUSED BY P A ^ S IT C
1. „ Utiliza tion o f nu'teition .
Utilization of h ost’s nutrient is a common feature, ^e-p arasites '
get'-nutrition from ^ o sources.
a . o f pre fo^ne d fo o d: Th e parasite can' take,up th e
' prefomied food of th e h ost (glucose, amino acids).
b, U t^ te a tion o f e rode food : Th e parasite can take -up th e :
unprocessed foodconsum ed by th e h ost (carboh ydrate, protein
etc).
Exa mple :
A citable example of utilization of h ost’s nutrient by th e parasite
is competition for VitB 12 by Diphyllo bo thrium faturn wh ich results
in pernicious anaerna in man.
2 . - ^ m o v a l o f blood
■Som e ne m atodes are b lood-suc k e rs ( H dem o nchu s spp,-
Ancylo sto maspp). ^ e w orns suck blood from th e h ost continuously '
and th e h osts become, anaemic and even death of animals m a y '
occur due to excessive loss of blood.
3. Mecha nica l interference
" Damage is caused to th e h ost due to mech anical interference
. by parasites. It becomes very dangerous w h en th ese parasites occur
in th e vital organs viz. lung, liver and eye etc.
a. Eleph antiasis is a good example of mech anical interference.
Th e adult w orm s of Wucb'ereria bancro fti are lodged in
lymph atic duct leading to blockage of th e duct due to extra
accumulation of lymph .
b. The larv ae o f the cesto des / bladder wo rms / cysts /
metacestodes, cause mech anical- obstruction at th e vicinity of
th e parasites. Hydatid cysts cause mech anical obstruction of
th e oesoph agus and diaph ragm of th e' h ost. Coenurus cyst
(larval stages of Taenia -multictfpi )'causes extreme pressure in
th e brain of th e h ost.
50 j V et^ ^ ^ ^ P araato lo ^ ata Glarare

c. Th e large tape worms and round womis in large numbers

m ech anically obstruct th e lumen of th e intestine causing
fenctional distarbances. Th e worms cause formation of bundle
or ball wh ich obstruct th e passage of th e G. I. tract. Long tape
worm (D iphyllo bo thnu m latum ) causes formation of bundle
or ball wh ich ob s ^ c ts th e foodpassage of th e intestine resulting
in fonctional disturbance.
4. H a rm c a u s ^ by toxins/sa liva e tc:
Toxins/saliva of th e parasites cause marked path ological ch anges
in th e h ost. Most of th e toxins are proteinous in nature wh ich cause
allergic reaction. Allergic reaction due to tick, flea, lice and oth er
ectoparasitic infection is common feature. A well known parasite
toxin (allergin) h as been found in th e body fluid of some, worms,
^ i s allergin causes irritation of th e cornia and mucous membrane
of foe nasoph ary ngeal cavity, a commonly encountered clinical
feature occum ng in th e Parasitologists w h o w ork regularly with
ascarid w orn for a long period.
5. M eta bolic byproduct
^ e tape w om s release th e metabolic byproduO: wh ich rauses
damage to th e nervous system of th e h osts resulting in several
nervous disorders.
6. Tissue feeding
^ e immature amph istomes are called plug feeders because
th ese parasites ingest plug of intestinal mucosal materials wh ich
alter th e selective pemreability, of intestinal wall and result in- h uge
loss of p la sm a p rote in le a ding to h y p op roteinim -ia. Th e
h ypoproteinimia is associatedwith th e clinical s i ^ s of submandibular
oedema called bottle jaw. Fwcio to and ofoer parasites utilize,th e
tissue of th e h ost.
7. Indire ct ha rm
(a) TCie h ost foils to get optimum nutrient due to less ab so^tion
of food th rough affected gut wall.
fo) ^ e affected animals refose to take food and drinking water,
h e^fo of animals go down.
(c) Alternation of selective permeability of gut wall results in
different digestive anomalies.
(d) Depression of h aemopoitic system
8. Im m unopa thology
Different cytokines and immune cells are responsible for causing
inmiunopath ology.
 1 ■ GOTMal Veteraa^ P a^ ito lo ^ | 51

9. By hyperpa ra sitism
H eteraxis g allinaru m transm it a p a th oge nic p rotoz oa ,
H teto m o nm meleagndte, causative agent of black h ead of turkey.
10. C o n cu re n t infection
Fasciolosis is aggravated by Clo stridium, o ^ r m atie n s n o ^ i.
Secondaty bacterial infection occurs at foe parasitized area.
1 1 . ^ fo e r ^ e s o f h a m
Sometimes'th e parasites or th e larvae of th e parasites die in
th e vicinity. Th e body of th e parasite becomes decomposed and is
absofoed th ough th e h ost’s tissue, f f is condition l^ ds to anaph ylactic
condition.
■M S I S T i^ C E O F TO P M S m
Suceptibility of different animals varies. Some animals are
resistant to some parasites wh ereas some are susceptible to some
parasites. T r^ano so m a c n tz i occurs in man but th ey never occur

Na me o f pa foolo^ca l conditions / symptoms e tc

Na me o f p a fo o lo g i^
conditions / symptoms
Cla y pipe ste m liver
Ha ze l- nut- size d cyst
condition
Bla ck disea se
Brief d^cription
It is a condition of bile duct occurring in
the chronic fa sciolosis. Th e highly ca lcified
bile duct protrude out from the surfa ce of
the live r a n d a re ^fficult to cut by the
knife, "foe bile duct looks a s if, like a ha rd
pipe . This condition is ca lle d a s cla y p i p ^
stem liver.
^Ws condition occurs due to, a be na nt
migra tion o f foe imma ture fluke o fFtttcioto
htyatica in the lungs. Here the y f o r n the
ha ze l-nut-size d cysta filled up with a
brownish purule nt ge la tinous ma teria l
wifoin w hich living or de a d pa ra sites
rema ins.
In no^M l he a lthy she e p, Clostridium
oedematims no^/i occurs. But the se
orga nisms produce foe dise a se w he n the
liver is da m a ge d by foe a cute fa sciolosis
a nd the orga nisms ta ke the a dva nta ge of
the a nima ls unde r stress condition. The
condition of fa sdolosis . is fa rthe r
a ggra va te d.
52 | Veterina^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce
Na me o f p a th o lo ^ ca l
conditions / sym ptom s
Sa lmon poisoning or
Elokomin fluke fever.
Snoring dise a se
Cla m digge r’s itch /
Hunter’s itch / ga le de s
na ge urus / ba dedemia titis / pene tra tion by -the ce rca ria e of non-huma n
rice pa ddy itch / la ke side
disea se .
Bottle ja w
Gid or sta gge rs
Pe rnicious a na e mia
B rie f de scription
It is ca use d by the rickettsia l a ge nt na m e d
Neoricketteia helminthosa tra nsmitted by
Nanophytes salmincola.
Gra nuloma tous growth in the na sa l ca vity
a nd prolifera tion of na sa l epithelium lea ds
to ca uliflower-like a ppe a ra nce which
occurs due to deposition of gra nula ma tous
tissues a nd the de position of the tissue is
initia ted by the e ggs which relea se some
kind of soluble a ntige n w hich a re the
e nzyme s pre se nt in the mira Cidium.
This is a condition which is occurre d due
to a llergic re a ction ca use d . by the
schistosomes' into the huma n skin. The re is
se ve re demia titis a ssocia te d with pruritus.
This situa tion doe s not o ccu r w he n the
individua l gets first e xposure of ce rca ria e
but in the subsequent e ve nts different
a noma lie s comprising demia titis occur.
Bottle ja w condition is the occurre nce of
oe de m a in the interma ndibula r re gion a s .a
result of hypoproteinimia due to some
pa ra sitic infection i.e . Fasciola,
Haemonchus.
A condition which occurs due to
de ve lopme nt of coe nurus cyst in the bra in
of sheep a nd' goa t. There is pressure
a trophy of skull a nd the skull be com e s
thine r a nd thinner with the a dva nce me nt
of the condition which ma y e ve n le a d to
perfora tion of the skull. The re is
hype ra e sthe tic condition of the a nima ls.
The a nima ls m ove in a circle a nd a nd
show jerky or sta ggering ga it.
It is ca use d due to deficiency o f Vit B - 12
in h um a n b e i ngs r e s u lting from
- competition, be tw e e n the pa ra site a nd
hosts. In othe r words it could be told tha t
the pa ra sites a ssimila te the host’s Vit B -12
a nd ca use the hoste deficient from this
vita min.

Na me o f p a th o lo ^ ca l
conditions / sym ptom s
Cerebra l cystice rcosis or
ne urocystice rcosis
Hump sore
Milk - spot
Husk or h o o se disea se
Pimply gut
Cuta ne ous la rva m i ^ n s
(CLM)
Viscera l la rva migra ns
(VLM)
^a pte r 1 ■ Graera l Veterinary Pa ra sitolo^ | 53
' B rie f de scription
■Huma n be ing is the definitive host o f '
Tamia solium. But some time s, ma n ma y
^ t a s a n inte nne dia te host a nd forma tion
of cystice rcus occurs in the bra in, ^ e
infection occurs -by ingestion of e ggs •of
Taenia solium a long with- foe food or by
a utoinfection.
" I t is a chronic ve rminous derma titis in
hump re gion o f ca ttle ca use d by
Sttyhanofilaria rnsamenste in the India n
Subcontinent.
Due to injection of Ascarte suum, white
spots a ppe a r in the liver a nd the se spots
a re f o ^ e d by va rying d e ^ e e s o f fibrosis
which is stimula ted by foe migra ting la ra a e .
This is ma inly ca use d by Dictyocauhts
irivipams infection in ca ttle, ^ te n s iv e
da ma ge occurs in lung a nd the a nima ls
exhibit the clinica l' signs of coughing,
dyspnoe a . Ha rsh respira tory sound, is he a rd
due to e mphyse ma tous cra ckling in lungs.
Nodules a re forme d on the wa ll of the
la rge intestine of the a ffe cte d a nima l due to
infetion by Oesophagostomum sp.
La rva o f some ne m a tode s ca use this
condition in huma n ■beings pa rticula rly
children a nd som e othe r • hosts. The
infection of la rce ca use fomia tion of
pa pule , oe de m a a nd pmritic le sion due to
m ira tio n pe rforme d by foe la rva e . The
la rva e of ne ma tode s, Ancylostoma
b razilien.se, Ancylostoma caninum, A.
duo^male, Bunostomum phleb otomum,
Gnathostoma sp ca use CLM.
La ra a e- of som e ne m a tode migra te into
different interna l orga ns, and_ a ffect, those.
La iva e o f Tox ocara canB a re . the ma in
ca use of VLM which is. usua lly fou nd , in
children. Howe ve r, othe r spe cie s i.e.
Tox ocara cati, Tox asca^ leonina,
Lagochilmcarte minor ca n a lso ca use VLM.
54 | P ^ asito lo ^ at a Glance
Na me o f p a & o lo ^ ca l
conditions / sym ptom s
M orocco le a the r
Cuta ne ous ha brone mia sis /
Gra nula r derma titis /
Summe r sore / Bursa ti
Sore he a d
Hump sore
Enzootic ce re brospina l
ne ma todosis
Ocula r onchoce rcosis or
river blindness
Milia ry d e ^ a titis
Sweet itch, Swea t itch or
Summe r derma titis,
Q ue e nsla nd itch
B r i^ de scription
This is a condition of the wa ll of the
sto m a ch . due to Ost^togia infection. The
wa ll o f the stoma ch a ppe a r a s m orocco
lea ther
This condition is ca use d by de position of
la rva e of Hahmnemasp a nd Drmchm sp in
e xisting wound by the infe cte d flies. Eye
re gion is ma inly a ffe cte d. W ort-like lesions
a re found ma inly in the nicta ting
me mbra ne or surrounding tissue;
It is a fila ria l d e ra a titis occurring in she e p
by ^eo pho ra schneideri.
It is a chronic ve rminous denna titis in
ca tde ca use d by Sttyhano fifaria
in the India n Subcontinent.
This pa ra sitic condition is highly pre va le nt
in W e st Be nga l, Assa m a nd othe r north­
ea stern sta tes of India .
•
It is ca use d due to ra gra tion o f la rva e of
Setana digitata a nd othe r Setaria sp. in the
bra in resulting in
e nce pha lomye loma la cia
a ssocia te d pa thognom oic condition like
meningitis, e nce pha litis a nd
me ningoe nce pha litis.
It is the pa thologica l condition o f e ye of
ma n cha ra cte rize d by kera titis,
conjunctm tis a nd pe riodic optha lmia e tc
ca use d by Oncho &rca vo lvulus.
This- condition occurs in ca ts due to
hypersensitive re a ction ca use d by flea . The
clinica l conditions a re a ssocia te d w th
fomia tion of sma ll pa pule s. The condition
is forme r a g p a v a te d by sa a tch in g to
a lle v ia te p w r i tu s .
In wa rm summe r clima te horse s a nd
ponies suffe r from a condition o f se a sona l •
demia titis. It is c a u s e d ' by the bite of
Culico id^ flies le a ding to a n a lle r^ c
re a ction.
 ^ a p te 11 ■ Par^itoloffir | ®

N ^ne o f p a & o lo ^ ra l B rie f ^ ^ crip tio n

contoU ons / sym ptom s
Miliary dermatitis Th is condition occurs in cats wh ich is
ch aracterized by formation of small
papules associatedwith pruritus as a rrault
of h ^ereensitive reation due to flea-bite.
Broken h ead are sh eep h ead
targe number of flies swarm around th e
animal and cause initoion and annoyance
wh ich make th e animals to knock th eir
h eads on h ardobjects.
Foot mange or itch yleg Cho rio pt& lx>^cause lesions in th e legs of
h orses ch aract^zed by itch ing and scab
fctoation on fedocks.
Scaly leg Cnemio lo co pt^ mutans cause th is.
condition in fowl wh ich is ch aractered by
-^mdations and i^ammation from th e toes
upward.
. Depluming itch CnemMo co pte gallinae rause tois
condition in fowls, ^ e inflammatory
condition occurs by burrowing into th e
skin alongside th e sh aft of feath ers
Stoke Stoke is a myiasis condition wh ich occurs
on toe skin of sh eep due to deposition of
lawae. In th e sh eep, in some areas of th e
body surface, skin- fol^ are found. In tois
fold, water is topped wh ich acts as a good
medium for grotto of bacteria. Due to th is
bacterial ^owth a typiral smell is
producedwh ich attocts th e blow flies. Th e
blow flies deposit larvae and ag^avate th e
condition fortoer wh ich is railed as strike.
Tail strike Stoke wh ich oraurs on th e tail.
Breech strike Th e stoke wh ich occurs on toe breech
re$on.
56 | Parasito lo ^ at a Gl^rce

Na me o f p a & o lo ^ c ^ B r ie f d ^ c r i p t i o n '
c o n d itio n l ^ m p to m s
•Pizzle strike TOis is a srike condition w hich occurs in
the ra ms a nd w e the rs of she e p. The shea th
of the ra m is a ffe cte d a nd the a re a is soiled
by urine.
Poll strike This situa tion occurs in & e re gion o f h om
close to the he a d.
Body strike The strike which occurs in & e body of the
a nima l is ca lle d body strike.
Cute ne ous myia sis This myia sis o ccu rs in & e skin o f the ba ck
re gion o f the a nima l due to o x w a rble fly,
Uneatum a nd H. b o^ .
Optha lmomyia sis This myia sis occurs in the e y e re gion
, ra use d by Rhino&trusputyurenste..
Na sa l myia sis A myia sis occurring in na sa l orifice ca use d
by O ^ ^ ^ o m l a r c a e .
Fa lse gid ^ i s condition is ca use d b y la rva l sta ge of
O e st^ o« fc in na sa l ca vity, ^ e clinica l
signs a re a ssocia te d w i& restlessness, in
coordina tion, high ste pping ga it a nd
circling m ove m e nt or i n t e ^ p t e d stra ight
move me nt.
Delhi boil This is cuta ne ous leishma niosis ca use d by
^fehmania tropica. Huma n beings a re
usua lly a ffe cte d with skin lesions. D og ma y
a lso suffer from &is. -
Espundia A cuta ne ous form of dise a se ca use d by
■Letehmanrn b raziliense is ca lle d a s
e spundia
N a ^na This is ra use d by Tt^anwoma congolense
in ca tfle. Ma ssive de struction of a nd
de pre ssion o f ha e m opoitic syste m re sult in
se ve re a na e mia w hich m a y ra use de a th of
a nima l. The me a ning o f Na ga na is ‘to be in
low o r de pre sse d spm t’.
Ma l-de C a d e r^ ^ is dise a se is ra use d by Ttfflanosoma
equinum tra nsmitted by Tab anus fly. ^ e
disea se is. cha ra cte rize d by e ye le sions,
p y r^ ia , pla ques on n e ck a nd fla nk region
etc.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ Grneral V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 57

N a m e o f 'p a t h o l o ^ c a l -' . B rie f d e s c rip tio n

c o n d itio n s / s y m p to m s
Sleeping sickness ' This disea se occurs in m a n a nd ca u se d 'b y
Tt^anosoma rhodesiense a nd T.
gamb iense which a re tra nsmitted’ by
Glossina■ sp. ^ e orga nisms a ffe ct the
n e rcous ' system. The a ffe cte d individua l’
looks sleepy.
Dourine This a ve ne re a l disea se ca use d by T.
■equiperdum occuring in equines^ ■" ^ e
dise a se is cha ra cte rize d by oe de m a in
va gina , pre puce a nd forma tion .of sha rply
circumscribe d _urtica ria l pla ques. These
pla ques a ppe a r a s dolla r spots-unde r 'skin.
The me a ning of- ’dounne ’ is uncle a n. '
Surra This dise a se is ca use d by Tt^anosoma
w ansi w hich is tra nsmitted by Tab anus,
Stoma^s a nd Lfyerosia. The dise a se occurs
-in different a nima ls. The -nra jor
pa thologica l fea tures in hore e a re a na e mia ,
ema cia tion, urtica ria l pla que s - a nd
ulcera tive lesions- in m ucocuta ne ous
junctions.'
Punche d out ulser This is a- type of ulcer (punche d- out.
a ppe a ra nce ) - found in the a bom a sum - a nd
intestine due to tteiteria- annulata
infection
Fla sk-sha pe d ulser This is a typica l ulcer found- in the intestine
of a ffected individua l due to the infection
by Entamoeb a sp.
Post Ka la -a za r Derma l Som e pa tients a fter -cure- of viscera l
-Leishma noid leishma niosis show - a kind o f derma l
leishma noid conta ining nume rous
pa ra site s.. In this ca se , no . ge ne ra lize d
.infe ction is found. This is ca lle d a s post
“ka la a za r de rma l leishma noid (PKADL)
Bla ck he a d This is a p ro to zo a n . dise a se ca use d by
. Htetomonas , meleagridte occurring in
turkeys. The he a d a nd wa ttle be com e
discoloure d a nd ^ a n o tic. M a iriy the liver
■a nd intestine ’a re a ffected.- Tha t’s w hy this
; is a lso - ca lle d - a s 1 ente rohe pa titis. Ye llow
: : sulphur - coloure d _ droppmg - is the
‘ ' Cha ra cteristic clinica l sign." _
58 | Parasito lo ^’ at a G l^ ce

Name of p a & ol^ ^ ^ . Brief dra cription

conditions / ^ra ptom s
^a gom a Reduvid bugs (Kissing b u ^ ) fe e d ne a r the
lips a nd ne a r e ye s a nd ~ tra nsmit
Trtfjanwoma c m si in ^ e orga nisms
a t first multiply in h istio ^ te . The re occura
infla mma tion a nd swelling on different
^ a s o f fa ce , ^ e s e a re ca lle d a s cha gom a
lesions, ^ e $s e a s e is ra ile d a s Cha ga s
dise a se .

in rattle. E im e m tenelto occurs in birds but th ey donot occur in

man. N Dama is resistant to Tr^ano so m a spp. Th is species influence
is undoubtedly due to genetic determination. Sex and age are also
factora of h ost resistance. T ncho m o ^K vaginalis occurs in female
but donot occur in male. Some p ^ s ite s occur in young a n ^ ^ s
and th ey donot occur in older ^ ^ ^ s . E im e w tenelto cause disease
in young birds (3-4wks). Th ey donot rause disease in th e older
birds. Young animals are resistant to Babesta big ^ in a and th e
older animals are susceptible to th is parasite. Th e difference of
occurrence in relation to sex and age are largely influenced by
h orm one and immunity. In m any cases th e animals generate
immunity after natural infection of different parasites. Th e birds
wh ich survive after coccidiosis develop a solid immunity. Self cure
ph enom ena is anoth er one example of acquired resistance. Th e
animals wh ich are already sensitized w ith H aem o nchu s infection,
e ^ ^ m t e th e parasites wh ich infect later on.
■i M - M r a m '
Genera l infora a tion
Immunoparasitology h as taken a major part in th e field of
Veterinary Parasitology mostly in respect of th e diagnosis and
immunoprotection. In th e yesteryrars most of &e research works
were conc^ned to th e smdy of basic m o^h ology , biology, treataent
and general control measures. In th e present derades .th ere h ave
been an ^ p los ion,in th e parasitic immunology and it h as entered
in th e field of molecular parasitic immunology. In th is respect it is
a remarkable development in th e field of Parasitolo^. Th e most
remarkable constraint in. developing suitable diagnostic tech nique
and vaccination lies to th e nature of th e parasitic antigen wh ich
vety complex one. Antigenic variation is anoth er constraint of th e
 1■ P araito lo ^ | 59

same. Still workers are engazed in-search , of more and more new
antigens wh ich may be worth of diagnosis as well as control. In
1940s parasitic immunity was first recognized by viewing self cure
ph enom ena. Since th en work on parasitic immunity h as been a
continuous process.
Some m p o ^ ^ t definitions
A djw a nt s A substance wh ich is used along with th e antigen
to potentiate th e vaccine'.
^ ^ u ^ t i o a - Th e reaction between th e particulate antigen.
and th e-antibody
- Th is is immediate type of h yperaensitivity (ty pe -1),
- de pe nde nt ceU medfoted - ^ i s is
lysis of target cell by th e action of th e antibody and th e cells
possessing Fc receptor.
A ^ ^ m t i on - ^ e reduction of th e virulence of an infectious,
agent by ch emical, radiation, h eat etc.
C a ^ e r - Th is is immunogenic substance and is bound to th e
h apten for eliciting immune response .
C luste r o f ^ ffie re n tia tio n - Th ese are specific receptor
molecules wh ich recogntee s p e c ie protein molecules .
Com plem ent - ^ e s e ^ e c om p ly linked proteins wh ich ^ e
activated as a result of antibody - antigen reaction.
^ ^ o^ f oe - ^ e s e are regulatory proteins released by a specific
t ^ e of cells
D e n ^ t i c c e ta - Th ese are macroph age like cells perforning
foe'function of antigen presentation
D e se roi^ m tion - Multiple injections of th e antigens results
in prevention of type -1 h ypersensitivity reation
E ffe rtor c e ta - Th ese are th e cells responsible for immune
response.
Fc re c e p tor (FcR) —Th is is a receptor present in th e cell
surface wh ich bind with th e Fc region of th e immunoglobulin.
G ra nulocyte s - Th ese are th e leucocy tes containing •th e
cytoplasmic granules.
60; | P ^ ^ to lo ^ at a Glrnce ■

E pitopes —Th ese are th e sites of a large antigenic molecules

against, wh ich th e immune response is triggered . It is not th at
wh ole surface can mount an immune -response Th e sites wh ich
can stimulate, im m une response, called, epitopes or antigenic
determinant.
H a p ten —Th ese are substances of low molecular w eigh t ( less
th an 1000 Da) wh ich foil to trigger an immune response because
th ese are not appropriately processed and presented to th e immune
system. If th ese small molecules are ch emically linked w ith large'
protein molecules-th ey can stimulate- an immune response . ^ e s e
small molecules are called as h apten and th e large molecules with
w h ich th ey are linked are called as carriers. Penicillin is small
molecule w h ich get degraded to penicilloyl w h ich bind w ith serum
protein (albumin) and forn pernc-illoyl - albumm conjugates- and
th is conjugate can elicit an immune response.
Genera l cha ra cter o f a ntigen
S ^ u c t^ ^ sta bility :
.T h e antigen wh ich is not stable and h aving h igh ly flexible
sh ape is not a good antigen. Th at's w h y gelatin is a poor antigen
because it lacks structural stability.
'M olec^tar sfee : Th e size of th e antigenic molecules is vety
im portant . Large m olecules'are good antigen th an th e small
molecules.' However th e small molecules may elicit Immune- response
if th ey bind with oth er large molecules and th e resulting complex
act. as a good antigen.
Foreignness :
- Th e antigen sh ould be non-self; Immunogenicity of an' ^ tige n
depends on th e de ^ e e of foreignness. Some antigens are partially
s i ^ a r to th e h ost antigen and th is type of antigen. cannot confer
complete immune response. Actually in th e foetus stage some
specialized cells recognize th eir ow n antigen . However th ese
specialized cells sometimes’fail to recognize th eir ow n antigen and
develop autoinMnunity .
Degra da bility :
Th e substance wh ich is not degraded easily can not elicit an
immune response. Stainless steel is not degraded.Th at’s w h y th ese
 O apter 1 ■ General P araato lo ^ | 61

are used for implantation . On th e oth er.h and,. if th e substance is

unstable or destroyed very rapidly-cannot be.a good antigen
^ p o r ta n t immune cells a nd & e ir roles
N enttophil
Th ese are major cells of myloid system. In' th e nutroph ils are
two types of enzyme rich granules are present . ^ e prima'ty granules
contain'; th e major enzyme myeloperoxydase; and lysozymes. Oth er
enzymes in th ese granules are'elastase, acid h ydrolases etc; Th e
secondaty granules contain collagenase and' lysozyme. Th e surface-
of th e nutroph il is negatively ch arged and th e foreign pafocles are
also, negatively ch arged and repel each oth er (zeta: potential).But-
th e- negativity of th e.-particles is neutralized wh en'- antibody or
complement- (C3) binds with it.Th en th e nutroph ils become able to
bind with th e particle. Th is process is called as opsonisation. Th e
organisms are killed -by; th e process called as respiratory bursts
perforned by neutroph il and subsequently ' digested by different
enzymes.
EosinophU •-
Th ese are secondmajor polymorph onuclear granulocytes,- ^ .e s e -
cells come -from th e bone manow and get matured in th e spleen.
Th ey perform, many-role- in destruction of th e large organisms i.e.
parasites. Th e eosinoph ils desrtoy th e sm ^ l particles by.engulfing
but extarcellular destruction occurs in rase of large parasite. Unlike
th e -nutroph il it contains acid ph osph atase and peroxidase. Th e
enzymes of th e eosinph ils .are for more strong th an-th e'nutroph ils.-
^ e eosinph ils also perform'respiratory burst.■However th ey use-
th e, bromides instead of ch loride. Oth er p ro^ rtie s are more or less
same as -th at of th e nutroph ils. Th e eosinoph ils also contain- some
proteins like eosinoph ilic basic protein. T^e eosinoph ils, reach to
th e affected place as a result of a ch emotactic action and start th em
fonction. Th ey get attach ed to th e particles by opsonisation. '
Ba sophil
. Basoph ils are th e granulocites. Th e cytoplasrnc granules take
th e basic dyes ftiaem ato^lm ). Th e basoph ils come to th e tissues
by.th e M uenc e of th e ly m p h oc ^ s .^ le ^ a nule s contain vasoactive
amines i.e. h istamines, serotonin etc.
M a cropha ge
 | P w asito lo ^ at a Glwce

Th ese are mononuclear ph agocytic cells, ^ e y h ave ^ e a t role

in immunity, ^ e prinra^ role is ph ago^tosis. ^ e ph agocytosis
pattern is similar to th at of th e nutroph il. ^ e macroph ages h ave
different names, ^ e y are called as kupffer cells wh en th ey are
present in th e liver sinusoids. Th e are called as th e alveolar
macroph ages w h en th ey are present in toe lung and are called as
th e h istiocytes w h en toay are found in th e connective tissues, ^ e y
are railed as-th e glial, cells w h en th ey are present in th e brain, ^ e
precureor of th e macroph ages are th e monocytes, ^ e stem cells
diffentiate to form promonocytes. Th ese prom onocy tes furth er
differentiate to form th e monocytes under toe influence of th e
colony stimulatingfactors. If w e want tounderstandth e ph agocytosis
by th e maraoph ages, it is better to discuss about th e ph agocytosis
nature of th e neutroph ils. At first th e nutroph il come to th e tissues
w h en any foreign body enter in th e body. Th e nutroph il perform
its role. Th e dying nutroph is release elastase and collagenase wh ich
act as th e monocyte ch emotactic- factore. Th e macroph age contain
catalase. Th ey perfomi re sp ira tor buret but th is is not so prominent
as th at of th e neutroph ils, ^ e y can produce nitric oxide wh ich are
utilized for killing th e organisms. It is th e feet th at activation of th e
macroph ages is v e r important. Wh en th e monocytes enter th e
area of th e inflam ^ tion, th e lysosomal enzymes are inraeased, th e
expression of th e receptor for th e antibody, complement etc occur.
T h e se a re c a lle d as th e inflam m atory m a c rop h a ge s. T h e
inflammatory macroph ages get activated by th e action of th e product
of th e foreign body bacteria etc). Th en th e macroph ages are called
as th e activated macroph ages. In a long standing inflammatory
conditions, a large number of macroph ages gath er around th e foreign
body giving th e appearace of th e epith ium th us called as th e
epith eloid cells, ^ e epith eloid cells fose to fomi th e giant cells.
to ^ ^ r e n t pa ra sites
P ro^ a oa l
1. Th ere are m any records of non im m unological defence .
mech anisms. As for example N - dama cattle are resistant to
T r^ano so m a organisms. Th is h as occurred due to continuous
genetic selection of th e h osts against th e organisms. Anoth er
one good example is sickle cell anaemia. Th e patients donot
suffer from malaria ^ ^ t i on .
2. Protozoa can initiate both h umoral and cell mediated immunity.
 ttap ter 1 ■ General Parasito lo ^ | ©

3» Th ere are many records th at protozoa elicit' good antibody

■response. Prozoa are also killed by antibody dependent' cell
mediated cytotoxicity, ^ e r e is anoth er one important example
of protozoa elimination. Due to Tritncho m o nas infection th ere
occurs formation of local mucosal antibody (IgE). ^ i s initiate _
a type 1 h ypersensitivity. Due to th is h ypersensitivity reaction,
th e released h istamin and oth er bioch emicals increase th e
permeability of blood vessel. Th en IgG can easily pass th rough
th e-blood-vessel wh ich kill th e organisms.
4. In Babesm infection th e^ infected eryth rocyte incorporate th e
antigen into th eir membrane and th e antibody molecules get
adh ere to th e surface of th e RBC (opsonisation). Th ese
opsonized cells are cleared up by mononuclear ph agocytic
system.
5. ■ In tte ile r ia infection Cytotoxic T cells kill th e infected

6. - Both cell mediated and h uinoral immune response h ave been

found in To xo plasma infection. Th e sensitized T lymph otes
release, a .kind of cytokine wh ich activate th e macroph ages for
fosion of lysosome -ph agosom e and after fesion lytic enzymes,
are released wh ich kill th e organisms. T cytotoxic cells release
toxic substance wh ich kill th e organisms.
H e lm in ^ c immunity
T. ■ Th ere are m any records of non im m unological defence
mech anism in case of h elminth ic infection. Breed, sex, species-
etc are th e factors wh ich create th e differences of infection.
All-types of immunoglobuilins are produced in h elminth ic
infection i.e IgG, IgD, 1 ^ , IgM, IgE etc. However IgE h as a
great role in h elminth ic immunity.- Th is antibody create a
ch aracteristic H y persensitivity 1 reaction w h ich kill th e
organisms, A good example of role of, IgE antibody is self
. cure ph enomena. Th e reaction of antigen and mastcell -b ound
■IgE cause release of vasactive amines (i.e.- h istamine). Th is .
cause h igh contraction of intestinal musculature -and, at th e
sam e- time it increase th e permeability of blood vessels wh ich
result into efflux o f bo dy fluid. This co njo int effect cause
expulsion of th e worms. Macrph ages bind with IgE th rough Fc
receptor wh ich th en get activated and release interlepkin 1,
le uk otrie ne s, prostaglandins ’etc w h ich conjointly cause
M | V eterin ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

destruction of parasite.
2. Th ere are many evidences of cell mediated immune response
in h elminth ic infection. Th e eosinoph il h as also a great role in
destruction of th e parasites. Eosinoph ils release eosinoph ilic
basic protein wh ich kill th e organisms. Cytotoxic T cells release
toxic substances wh ich kill th e parasites.
^ ^ r o p o d immunity
1. Th ere are some good examples of arth ropod immunity. In
case of flea bite a kind of immunological reaction occur. Th e
flea realease saliva wh ich contain proteins of low molecular
weigh t. Th is protein act as h apten and bind with skin collagen.
Th is in turn cause a local type IV h ypersensitivity reaction.
Th is reaction invite infiltration of mononuclear cells. In some
arth ropod infection Type 1 h ypersensitivity occur as a" result
of reaction betw een antigen and mastcell- bound IgE. Th is
activate th e mast cells wh ich subsequently degranulate and
release vasoactive amines. In tick infection both cell mediated
as well as h umoral immunity occur. Many works h ave been
carried out on vaccination against tick by using tick gut antigen.
Im m m e eva sion by pa ra sites
^ fa a t is immune eva sion ?
It srnply th e ph enomena of parasite to escape th e h ost’s
immune attact. Host immunity tries to kill th e parasite. But th e
■parasite tries to resist fois attack by different means as following
1. By molecular mimicry or adsorption of h ost antigen : Th e
parasites disguise th emselves by musking th eir surface with
h ost antigen molecules. In th is situation th e h ost’s immune
system cannot recognize th e parasite. Many h elminth ic parasites
do th is.
2. ^ tige nic variation : Once th e h ost h as been able to develop
immunity against any particular parasite, th en th e parasite
change immediately change their surface antigen so prev io usly
developed h ost’s immunity foils to destroy th e parasite with
new antigen. T ^ ano so m a parasites frequently ch ange foeir
antigen.
3. Blocking antibodies : Some parasites are able to destroy th e
antibody molecule, ^ e antibody molecule get separated into
Fab and Fc region by th e enzymes and oth er bio components
 ^tapter 1 ■ G raa'd Paraato lOj^ | &

of th e parasite.
F re q ue nt a nd long term e x p osure of -p a ra site c auses
developm ent of tolerance against th e antigen and th ey become
desensitized. No immunological reaction occur farth er.
Pa ra sitic immunity
It is th e defence of th e body against any parasitic infection.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance wh ich can elicit an ^ ^ u n e response.
Antibody
It is th e immunoglobulin produced against an antigen.
Pa ra sitic a ntigen
It is a substance of th e parasite wh ich can elicit an immune
response in th e h ost.
^ ^m unogenicity
Th e ability of a molecule of an immunogen to produce an
immune response.
Antigenicity
^ e ability of a molecule of an antigen to be recognized by
immune response.
Cha ra cters o f pa ra site a ntigen
1 Th e parasitic antigen is a complex' mosaic protein. In a crude
mass of a parasitic protein, a num ber of individual proteins
are present.
2. Foreignness of parasitic antigen is less. In most of th e cases
h ost protein and parasitic proteins h ave common antigenic
determinant. Due to less foreignness it is difficult to produce
potent vaccine.
3. Crude parasitic antigen elicit poly-specific sera.
4. Th e parasites can frequently ch ange th eir antigen as p er
requirement.
Different types o f pa ra sitic a ntigen
A. C rude antigen
66 | V ete^ ^ ^ Pm asito lo ^ at a Glrnce

a . Som a tic a ntigen

Somatic antigen is prepared by h omogenization of th e wh ole
parasite.
b. Excre tory a nd secretory a ntigen
Th e excretory-secretory or th e metabolic by product of th e
parasite is called as excretory-secretory antigen.
B. Purified a ntigen (defined a ntigen)
1. Purified native antigen - A particular protein from a crude
mass of th e parasitic protein is called as purified antigen. Th e.
protein is isolated from th e crude protein derived from th e
wh ole parasite by different protein-purification protocol like'
gel e x c lus ion c h rom a togra togra p h y , -ion e x c h a nge
ch romatograph y, affinity ch romatograph y etc.
ii. R ecom binant antigen A particular parasitic p rotein is;
e x p re ss e d in e x p re ssion-v e c tor b y re c om b ina nt DNA
tech nology.
N. B.
: Some isoenzymes like Glutath ione S -Transferases, Cath epsin-
L and FABP etc. h ave already been expressed by recombinant DNA ■
tech nology.
Different pa rte / sta g ^ o f pa ra sites used a s a ntigen
1/ Cuticle or tegument — Outer covering of parasite is used as
antigen.
2. Subcellular fraction - Flagellar antigen of Trypano so ma spp is
a good example.
3. E xcreto^ - secretyoty antigen - Metabolic by product and oth er
excretory - secretory material is used as antigen.
4. Eggs - Eggs of parasites are used as antigen.
5. Larva - Th e antigen can be prepared from th e larva of th e
p a ra s ite .
6. Th e moulting fluid can be used as antigen.
Definitions o f Afferent immunities
Inve rte b ra te ^ ^ n^ r nt y Th e immunity or defence wh ich
 ^tapter 1 ■ Grneral Paraato lo ^ | 67

occurs in th e invertebrate h ost is called as invertebrate immunity.

V e rte b ra te im m u nity Th e immunity w h ich occurs in
vertebrate h ost is called as vertebrate immunity.
O rnate ^ ^ m u m t y - ^ e inununity or defence wh ich is naturally
present in th e body is called as ijmate immunity.
Exa m ple:
Saliva contains some kind of enzymes wh ich kills th e organisms.
A c q ^ e d im m unity ^ e immunity wh ich is acquired by
natural or art^cial means.
Exa m ple:
■Immunity against coccidian parasites occurs after irfection of
coccidian parasites..
Active '^^ra um ty - Immunity wh ich occurs as a response of
administration ofa n antigen.
S a m p l e : Immumty after occurrence of any parasitic infection
is an example of active immunity.
P ^ s iv e ^ ^ nu m t y It is passive transfer o’f immunity from
inunune individual to unimmune individual.
s S a m p l e : Antibody is transferred from th e in^tune individual'
to unimmune individual
im m um ty - It is antibody mediated inrniunity. B
ly m ph oc^es play predominant role in th is’ ^ m unity .
^ ^ r np l e : Humoral immunity occurs in many h aemoprotozoan
infections.
CeU m e dia te d ^^rnum ty - It is th e immunity w h ich is
m ediated by lymph ocytes, macroph ages, N. K. cells and oth er
inunune cells and not by antibody.
. S a m p le : Tc cells cytotoxic cells kill many ,organisms).
A uto^ ^ num ty - It is a type of immunity wh ich occu rs against
self-antigen.
^ m np l e : In many autoimmune diseases (rh eumatoid arth ritis)
i^ iunitry occure against self-antigen.
68 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

P a ^ ^ itic - Immunity wh ich occurs against th e

parasites is called as parasitic immunity.
B a c te ria l t a u r n t y -Im m unity wh ich occurs against th e
bacteria is called as bacterial immunity.
im m u n ity - Immunity wh ich occurs against th e -vifus is
called as th e viral immunity.
S te^B sm g m im unity - Th e immunity wh ich remains still in
absence of organisms after any infection h as taken place is called
as sterile immunity.
S a m p l e : After th e infection of coccidiosis, th e immunity
remains in absense of th e organisms.
^■ em unity - Th is is a type of imunity wh ich occurs w h en th e
parasites are present in th e h ost. In oth er way, it is called as
premunity, wh ich is elicited only in presence of parasite. Immunity
wanes in absence of th e parasites.
S a m p l e : Preimmunity is found in Babesia and ne ile ria
infection.
^ t e n t m im unity - Same as premmunity.
P ^ ^ ^ . im m u n ity - It is a type of rnmunity w h en complete
immunity does not occur.
C onc o^ ^ & t ^ ^ u u n i t y - Th e immunity wh ich occurs against
invading larva but not against existing infection.
^ ^ e d t a u r n t y -Th e immunity wh ich occurs due to infection
of mixed parasitic or any oth er organism-infection.
C ross ^ ^ u u m t y - Th e immunity elicited by one organism
can also protect ofoer organism is called as cross immunity.
Exa m ple:
Immunity against Fmcio la parasite can alsoprotect amph istomes.
Ba sic events which occur in the hum ora l a nd cell m edia ted
immunity
 ^tapter 1 ■ Generd Parasito lo ^ | 69

A C ellular im m unity
1. Antigen enters into th e body and is processed endogenously.
2. A ntigen is recognized by th e antigen p re se nting cells
. (APC)h aving MHC-I molecules.
3. ^ t i ge n bound to MHC-1 molecules triggers cytotoxic T cells.
4. Cytotoxic T cells kill th e antigen.
H um oral im m unity
1. Antigen enters into th e body.
2. Antigen is recognized by, th e antigen presenting cells (.^ C )
h aving MHC-II molecules.
3. Antigen is processed and presented to h elper T cells.
4. B cells get activated after priming with antigen getting ph ysical
contact with h elper T cells.
5- Activated B cells transform into th e plasmoblast cells.
6. Plasmoblast cells ' transform into plasma cells wh ich secrete
antibody.
G e n e ^ N ote : Th e activated T cells produce four t ^ e s of effector
T-cells as following:
a. T - h elper cells (Th I and Th 2) •
b. T - cytotoxic cells (T c)
c. T -DTO- cells
d. T- suppressor cells (T s)
Tc cells play major role in cell mediated immunity. Tc cells
release some kind of ch emical wh ich kills th e organisms. T-h elper
cells M ve role in h umoral immunity.
G E N E ^ L C O N T R O L O F E ^ A S H T C D ISEA SE
A C onteol target tow ards th e h osta
a. Affected animals sh ould be treated properly.
b. Unaffected animals sh ould be provided with th e proph ylactic
treatment.
c. Th e affected animals sh ould be kept isolated.
d. N e w s to c k s h o u ld b e d e te c te d p ro p e rly for p r e s e n c e o f a n y
p a ra sitic in fe ctio n .
e. General managemental practices:
i. Th e animals sh ould be maintained in a h ygienic, way.
70 | V ete^ ^ ty P ^ M ito lo ^ at a Glance

ii. Th e animals ■sh ould not be allowed to ^ a z e on th e low

land area. Th e animals sh ould be allowed to graze on th e
h igh land area.
iii. As far as possible animals sh ould.b e allowed to drink
underground water.
iv. Pond, lake or any water resercoir sh ould be fenced off.
v. Th e animals sh ould be allowed to graze rotationally in
different areas as following :
1. R o ta tio n a l g ra zin g w ith th e sa m e a n im a ls.
2. Rotational grazing with different animals.
vi. Th e faeces of th e animals sh ould be disposed off properly.
In a particular pit, th e faeces sh ould be disposed off. Th is
h as an added advantage th at th e fermentation of th e faecaes
produces some amount of h eat wh ich can kill th e eggs or
larvae.
vii. Pasture management sh ould be done as following :
Pasture resting
2. Pasture burning
Vaccination of animals sh ould be done as following :
1. Vaccination by crude antigen
i. Live parasite
ii. Attenuated parasite
iii. Somatic antigen
in. Excretory and secretory product of parasite
2. Vaccination by th e purified antigen
i. By native purified protein of parasite
ii. By recombmant protein.
3. Vaccination by naked DNA^ene immunization)
Th e animals are immunized by respective naked DNA of a
parasite protein.
g. Breeding policy •
T o le ra n t a n im a ls w h ic h a re ge ne tica U y re sista n t to s o m e p a ra site s
a re u s e d fo r b re e d in g .

B. C onttol ta rgete towa rds interm e^a te hoste /ve ctors :

1. Ch emical control - Different ch emicals are used to kill th e
intermediate h oste l vectors. CuSO 4 is used to &11 th e mollusca.
Insecticides are used to kill th e blood sucking flies w h ich are
th e vectors of different h aemoprotozoan parasites.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ ^rneral Parasito lo ^ | 71

2. Biological control - One organism is used to- control oth er

organism. Gambusia fish es are used to kill th e mosquito larvae.
Birds are reared to control foe snails. Nematoph agus / nematode
- trapping fungus" are used to control th e nematodes.
3. Genetic control - Breeding of insects is done in such a manner
foat sterile insects are produced.
4. O th er indirect control - Th e game animals are, killed. Th e
blood sucking flies'die being deprived of th e blood meal wh ich
is taken from game animals because of less population of .th e
game animals.
C H EM O T H E^^Y
Use o f a ntiipa ra sitic
Th e antiparasitic drugs are used eith er th erapeutically by
tteating th e existing infection or proph ylactically .by using, th ^ drug
in an attempt so th at th e disease does not ocrnr wh ich is based on
th e epidemiological knowledge. Some drugs are administered-in a
particular interval th rough out th e y ear or in some particular season
in a routine manner wh ich prevent th e occurrence of disease. Th e
uses are as following :
^ e r a p e u t i c u s ^ e —Th ere are s e v e ^ points wh ich - sh ould
be taken into account. Drug sh ould be ch osen as per foe stage of
parasitic infection, ^ e drug sh ould remove foe parasite satisfactorily
so th at th e exh ibited clinical signs would stop. Th e drug sh ould not
cause any side effect. .
P ro p h y la ctic usa ge — Proph y lactic treatm ent is far more
important th an th erapeutic treatment. A person sh ould-concern to
many important aspects wh ile performing proph ylactic , treatment.
Th ere sh ould not be any misuse of drug, ftop e r selection of season
or time is essential for proph ylactic use of drug.. Use of drug sh ould
be cost effective. Continuous use of drug sh ould h ot develop any
drug resistance. It sh ould not affect no^ral im m unity .'
Some important drugs and th eir mech anism of actioh
B e ^ ^ r nd^ ol e /p rob enzim ufazole —Prevent glucose uptake
of the pa ra site.
In rid a z o le s/te tra h y d ro p y ^ ^ d in e s — Th e drugs act as
depolarizing nuromuscular blocking agents. _
72 | V ete^^^r Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

P ip e ^ ^ foe s - Th e drugs h ave antich olinergic action and

cause paralysis to th e parasites.
A v e ^ ne c ^ s - Th e drugs potentiate th e release and binding
of GABA (Gama-aminobutyric acid). Th is resulte in paralysis of th e
parasites due to disturbances of signal transm ission w h ich is
performed by GABA.
Sa ticy^ffide s /su b stita te d p h e n o ls — T h e drugs cause
uncoupling of oxidative ph osph orilation resulting in interference of
ATP production.
O ^a nop hospha te s - Th ese drugs are ch olinesterase inh ibitor
th us causing muscular paralysis of th e parasites.
C a rb on a te s — ^ e s e drugs are ch olinesterase inh ibitor and
cause muscular paralysis of th e parasites.
— Th is acts as neurotoxin and affect motor as
well as central nervous system.
Administration of antiparasitic drugs
Ora l a ^m nis&a tion
a. By drench ing (liquid or suspension)
b. Th rough drinking water
c. Th rough th e feed
d. Th rough th e tablets in small ruminant.
e. Paste for licking
f._ Self-medication by licking urea block.
By injection
a. Intraruminal •injection
b. Intravenous injection
c. Intramuscular injection
d. Subcutaneous injection
Topica l a pplica tion
a. Pour-on
b. Spraying
c. Dipping
d. Dusting pow der
e. Ear tag
f. Tail bands, Leg bands
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ G ^eral Parasito lo ^ | ^

g,- Collars
Some considera tions o f d r ^ use. •
1. proper dose of th e dmg sh ould be maintained.
2. Th e drug sh ould be properly ch osen.
3- Proper timing for th e drug administration is ne c e s s a ^ ..
4. . Proper interval of drug administration sh ould be maintained.
5. ^ e drug sh ould h ave proper combination.
^ e following points sh ould be consideredwh ile administering
any dm g :
1. Th e drug sh ould be non-toac.
2. Th e drug sh ould be easily administrable.
3- Th e drug sh ould be easily metabolized.
4. ^ e drug sh ould b e effective against all stages of th e parasites.
D iffe re nt d ru g s a dm iniste re d a g ^ s t dffie re nt p ^ a site s
D r^ s a dministered ^ d n s t nema todes
1. Benzimidazole/Probenzimidazole-Albendazole, Fenbendazole,
Oxfenbendazole, Oxifenbendazole, Fiubendazole, Netobimin,
T h iop h a na te , F enb antel, M ebendazole, C am b endazole,
Parbendazole.
2. Salicylanilides / substituted ph enols -Closantel, Nitaoscanate
3. Imidazoth iazole / Tetrah ydropyrrnidine -Levamisol, Tetramisol,
Morantel, •Pyrantel.
4. O rga nop h osp h orus com pounds- H aloxon, D ich lorovos,
Trich lorph on (Metriph onate)
5. Piperazine salts :
Piperazine citrate
Piperazine adipate
Piperazine dih ydroch loride
Dieth yl rarbamazine
6. Avermectin - Ivermectin
D ^ ^ s a dministered g a in st cestodes
1. S a li^ la n ilid e s / S u b stitu te d
2. Benzimidazole - Mebendazole
3. Oth ers- Praziquantel, Arecoline (Arecoline h ydroch loride and
Arecoline acetarsol), Bunamide
74 | V ete^ ^ ^ P a^ ito lo ^ at a Glarae

Drugs a dministerd a ga inst teema todes

1. Salicylanilides / substituted ph enols ^ Nitroxynil, O ^closanide,
Rafoxanide, Brotiamide, Closantel, Diamph enetide
2. Benzimidazole- Albendazole, Triclabendazole, Oxfenbendazole.
Drugs u s^ . a ga inst ectopa ra sites
1. Organoph osph ates - Coumaph os, C roto^ph os, Dich lorovos,
Crufomate, Ch lorfenvinph os, Diazinon, Fenth ion, Malath ion,
T ric h lorp h on, R onnel, T e tra c h lorov inp h os , P h osm e t,
Propetamph os
2. C h lorinated h y drocarbons (organ'och lorines) - B enzene
h exach loride (BHC), Hexach lorocycloh exane (HCH), Aldrin,
Dieldrin, Lindane, Ch lordane Toxaph ene.
3. Synth etic pyri&roid (S P compound)- Cypermeth rin, Permeth rin,
Cyh aloth rin, fenvalerate
4. Avermectin - Ivermectin
Drugs used a ga inst & e protoroa ns
1. P y rim e th am ine (da ra p rim ), S ulp h a dia z ine (us e d in
toxoplasmosis)
2. Ionoph orus com pounds (antibiotics) -Lasalocid, Monensin,
Salinomycin
H y dro^quinolines (Decoquinate, Buquinolate)
Sulph ur drugs (Sulph aquinoxaline, Sulph adimidine)
Th iamine analogues -Amprolium
Nitrobenzamides (Zoaline)
Nicarbazin
N itrof a ^ s (Nitrofarazone, Furazolidone)
(Above dmgs are used in coccidiosis)
3 . " Diloxanide, D i-iodoh y dro^quin, Metronidazole
(used in amoebiosis)
4. C M o ro q u in e , d io d o q u in e
(u s e d in m a la ria )
5. Try pan blue-, Im idocarb, D im inazene (B erenil), Py rivan,
Ph enamidin
(used in babesiosis)
6. Menoctone, Halofuginone, Buparvaquone (Butalex)
 ^ ta p te r 1 ■ V e t e m ^ P M ^ itolo^ , | 75

(used in th eileriosis)
7. Q uinapy ram ine, Isom etam edium ch loride, S ulp h onated
naph foylamine (Suramin), Ph enanth ridine from idium ch loride,
h omidium bromide)
(used in tr^anosom osis)
Cha ra cteristics o f Afferent phylum
Pla tyhelminthes
1. Th e members commg under th is ph y lum are dorsoventrally
flattened usually.
2 . ' Excretory organs are flame cells. -
3. Circulatory system is absent.
4. Respiratory system is also absent.
5. In, most of th e parasites, a n intermediate h ost is required for
completion of th e life cycle.
Nema thelminthes
1. . G enerally th e m em bers are cy lindrical -and th e members.
corning under th is ph ylum are called as round worms. However,
th ere is an exception. Th e female Tetrameres ;pp is globular.
2. Metamerical segmentation is absent.
3. Both ends are somewh at pointed.
4. Th ere are many cuticular- structures wh ich h ave-taxonom ic
importance.
5. Below th e cuticle foere is h ^ode^M S followed' by a layer of
muscle cells. ■
6. Alimentaty canal is present wh ich h ave several parte
a. Moufo
b. Muscular oesoph agus ■
c. Intestine
d. -Anus-
7. • Excretory organs are one lateral canal and ^ands. .
8 Flame cells and cilia are absent.
9. Th e members coming under th is ph ylum are unisexual.
Protozoa
1. Th ese are eukaryotic (nucleus is enclosed in a membrane):
Usually only one nucleus, is present.
2. ^ e s e organisms are polymorph ic.
76 | PM asito lo ^ at a Glrnce

3. Th e organisms h ave an outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm.

4. Pseudopodia, flagella and cilia are th e locomotory organs of
protozoa;
5. - Holoph ytic, h olozoic, saprozoic type of nutrition are found in
protozoa.
6. R eproduction is perform ed b y binary fission, sch izogony ,
endody ogeny endopoligeny, syngamy, sporogony.
A rforopods
1. Th e name arth ropods h as been derived from th e Greek word
arth ros (a joint) and podos, (leg) and as a wh ole th e meaning
is jointed legs.
2. ^ e arth ropods h ave a ch itin, an outer covering.
3. ^ e alimentary canal is divided into th ree parts, anterior part
(s tom odium ), th e m iddle p a rt (m e s e nte ron) a nd th e
p roc toda ^ m foind ^ t ) .
4. Arth ropods are metamerically s e ^ e nte d.
5. A circulatory system is present.
6. Gills, trach ea, lung book- and gill book are th e respiratory
organs.
Binomia l nom encla ta re
N om encla ture
Nomenclature is th e specific naming of any individual. In foe
universe, th ere are innumerable organisms wh ich are not completely
different from each oth er. In many of th e organisms th ere are fair
similarity. But stfll th ere h ave some distinguish ing features. Basing
on th ese distinguish ing features names are given to th e organisms
to provide separate identity to differentiate th em from each oth er.
Day to day new er and new er species are being discovered and a
need is being increased to give th em proper scientific names. For
th is, a branch of science fos been developed wh ich is called as
Binominal Nomenclamre. Linaeus was a pioneer man and is really
a h istorical person in th e field of binominal nomenclature wh o
wrote th e famous book “Systema naturae”.
^ foa t is nomencla ture J
Each organism is designated by two names or connotations;
th e first name is for genus and th e second name is for species.
Ba sic a specte o f nomencla ture
A. Ba sing on foe na me o f scientist / discoverer
 ^ ap ta-1 ■ ^o ieral Paraato lo ^ | ^

^ e name of a particular species of parasite M y be given as

-per th e name of th e scientist, or, discoverer.
S a m p l e : Letehmanfo do no vani do no vani
B. Ba sing on d e na me o f the pa rticfoa r pla ce
Th e name of th e species of th e organism may be given as per
th e name of th e place wh ere th e parasite is more prevalent, first
isolated or oth eroise else.
. ^ ^ ra p le : Eimeria bo mbayansvs, E. brrnilienste
C. Ba sing on d e shape o f die orga nism
Th e name of a particular parasite r a y be given considering
th e specific sh ape of th e parasite.
^ ^ n p l e : Eimeria ellipso ifalte
D. Ba sing on d e sea t o f predilection o f the pa ra site
Th e name of a parasite M y be given in accordance with seat
of predilection of th e parasite.
^ ^ n p l e : Schteto so ama nasalti
E. Ba sing on d e type of host
Th e name of th e parasite may be given in accordance with th e
h ost of th e parasite.
S a m p l e : To xo cara cante
R a le for binomia l nomencla ture
1. Several tem ^ are used to indicate two-part species nam e wh ich
are binomen ( p lu ^ binomina), binomial name, binominal name,
binominal and species name.
2. Above th e specific name all taxa h ave ‘uninom inal nam e’
example : Ancylo sto ma, Ancylostomatoidea
3. Trinomial nomenclature is used to m ention subspecies.
4. If common name of a species is also used in .a sentence, th e
scientific name usually follows in parenth eses.
Example: House fly (M rnca do mestica) spread many diseases.
5. Th e scientific name sh ould always be written in full. However,
if several species of th e same genus are to be mentioned, th e
first species sh ould be written in foil and th e genus could be
abbreviated to an initial from th e next. Ex. T r^ano so m a w ansi,
78 | V e te ^ ^ ^ r P M asitolo^ at a

T. c m zi, T. v iv ^ .
6. -“SSPP” or “subspp” indicates number of subspecies. -
Deriva tion of na mes
1. Genus name of specific descriptor may come from any- source.
Usually th ey are Ancient Greek or New Latin.
2. Systematic names are given from a list of Latin and Greek
words.
3. Family names are derived from th e generic name. '
4. As per Latin Grammar generic name sh ould be a noun and it
sh ould be unique.
Simplifica tion o f som e r^ e s
1. Scientific names of animal species are written- in Latin. Th e
generic name, specific name and subspecific name, sh ould
eith er be underlined or italicized. Generic name alway s^tort
with a capital letter and 'th e rem aining parts {species or
subspecies) begin with small letter.

Na me of pa ra site Generic na me Specffic na me Subspecific

na m e
L ^ h m an ia donovani L ^ h m an ia donovani donovani
donovani
Exa mple :
2. Th e connotation of specific name could.be avoided.
IM shm anto spp.
Several suffixes are used as following. It is to be kept in mind
th at th e suffixes are not used invariably except few.lower positions
of classffication like ‘idae’, ‘inae’ etc. .
Ite m a s p e r cla ssifica tion Suffixes tra m p le
Cla ss -e a Sporozoe a
Subcla ss -ia Coccidia
Orde r -i^ E u co e cid ii^
Suborde r -ina Eimeriina
Superfa mily -oide a Ancylostoma toide a
Fa mily -Ida e Eime riida e
Subfa mily -ina e AncylOstomina e
 ^tapter 1 ■ Gm erd P w asito lo ^ | 79

3- Law of priority- If two or more names are suggested by

different workers for th e same species, th en th at worker gets
priority over oth ers w h ose publication first appears w ith
recognizable description.
4. ^ e auth or’s name is written w ith date (year) after th e scientific
' name.
^ ^ n p l e : Tiffl>anmo ^a, Gruby, 1843.
N om encla^e of p^asific diseases
S N Q M ^ ) is an abbrewation of standardisednom enclat^ of
parasitic disease wh ich is a formulated guidelines for uniform-
terminolgies of Miimal par^itic disease.
Specific nom encla^e of p^asific diseases
Several suffixes are used after deletion of one letter or ^ o
letters from foe generic name or oth erwise.
Item Suffixes D ele­ W ord after A ddition W ord after
tion deletion a ddition
Inflam m ation itis - es M ening + itis M eningitis
of a ny orga n or th ou gh th e disease
p a rt is not parasitic but
E x : M eninges to h ave' general
concept it h as been
$v e n h ere.
S chtito so m a osis - a S ch istosom + osis S ch istosom osis
(singular)
S chtetw o m a ose s -a S foistosom + oses S ch istosom oses
p lu r a l )
E p e y th ^ o o n nil E p ety th rozoon nil ‘ E p e ry ^ roz oonosis
H epato zo o n H ep a tozoon H ep atozoonisis
Q rta^& o o n C y tauxzoon C y tauxzoonosis
•Some genera are
th ere wh ere no
addition or deletion
is done and ’osis' is
added to th e entire
gen« ic name
S chtetw o m a iasis - a S ch istosom iasis S dii^ s om ia s is
•At present th e use
of ’iasis’ is obsolete.
In all cases of
parasitic infection
’osis’ is used.
80 j V e t e ^ ^ ^ Parasitolo^- a t a G l^ c e

Non specific nomencla ture o f pa ra sitic disesa ses

Ba sis N a m e of N a m e o f (^se a se
scie n tist country/ota e rs
Na me of scie ntist Ca rlos Cha ga s Cha ga s disea se
Na me o f counUy Africa Africa n sle e ping
sickne ss
Clinica l sign Cya notic discoloura tion Bla ck he a d disea se of
of he a d re gion of turke y
turke y
Pa ra sitic sta ge Cysdcercus Cysticercosis
Se a son Summer Summe r derma titis
Winter W inte r coccidiosis
Body pa rt Hump Hump sore
Profe ssion Dhobi Dhobi itch (ce rca ria l
derma titis)
Compa rison Simila rity w ita Elepha ntia sis
e le pha nt’s le g
Activity o f the M i^ to r y a ctivity of Cuta ne ous la rva - '
orga nism the orga nism ^^ans

Inte rna tiona l code of zoologicd nomencla ture

international code of zoological nomenclature was framed
after long and exh austive struggle by many devoted persons. It
takes very long period to bring out an amicable solution. Th e
h istorical events are as below.
1889- F ^ t Z oolo^ c^ Congress was h eld in Paris. R. Blanch ard
presented different codes but did not get universal response
or sanction.
1901- F i^ h Z oolo^ c^ Congress was h eld and codes and plans
were developed.
1904- A pe ^na ne nt co^^tission was establish ed w h o would
' take care and serce as quasijurisdical body on Zoological
names.
1958- C om p le te In te rn a tio n a l "Code fo r Z oologica l
N om e n c k ^ e was adopted.
1961- P u b lica tion of Inte rna tiona l C ode for Z oological
Nomenclature in English and French was done in London.
 <^apter 1 ■ General Parasito lo ^ | 81

La w o f priority in deta il
1. For any organism, th e first publish ed name takes priority but
th e latter name of th at organism is junior synonym.
2. Th e first publish ed names take priority. But th e later uses of
th e same name for th e different organism junior h omonyms)
is discouraged. A suitable replacement name is ch osen.
3. Th e first publish ed species' epith et is fe e d. If th e species
enter into anoth er genus,- th e specific name w ould not be
ch anged until a h omonym is created.
4. If a junior name h as been used for a long period, th e rule of
priority can be reversed.
P H Y L O G E N E 'n C T M E m
Kingdom
Subkingdom
Ph ylum
Subph ylum
Class
- Subclass
■Order
Suborder
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Subgenus
Species
Subspecies
PH YLO G EN ETIC T M E m .D E T m .
Domain or Superkingdom
Kingdom
Subkingdom
Branch
Superph ylum or Superdivision
Ph ylum or Division
82 | V eterin ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

Subph ylum
Infraph ylum
Microph ylum
Superclass
Class
Subclass
Infraclass
Parvclass
Magnorder
Superorder
Order
Suborder
Infraorder
Parcorder
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Subtribe
Allianae
Genus
Subgenus
Superspecies
Species
Subspecies
Infraspecies
H ISTO R Y O F E ^ ^ S IT O L O G Y
W h o is fa th e r o f P a ra sitology?

Francesco Redi of Italy is considered as fath er of Parasitology.

He discovered T aw ia taw iafo rm te in th e y ear 1684.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ Gmeral V eteri^ ^ Parasito lo ^ | 83

CHRONOLOGICAL PRESENTA'nON OF HISTORICAL EVENTS

OF B^ASITOLOGY
1600 B.C. Ancylo sto ma du o fenale, an important h ookworm of
h um an being was probably referred to in Ebers
papyrus of ancient Egypt.
1200 B.C. Calcified eggs of Schisto so ma spp w ere detected in
th e mummies in Egypt.
384-375 B.C. Hippocrates and Aristotle were familiar w ith h ydatid
cysts and oth er tape w orm s (arm ed tape w orm ,
Taenia'). A ristotle and A ristop h a ne de sc rib e d
Cysticercus cellulo sae in th e tongue of pig.
1379 Liver fluke, Fascio to htyatica was first recorded by
Jeh an De Brie in France.
1592 Diphyllo bo thrium latu m was first described by Dunas.
1632 Avicenna gave th e name of guinea worm as medina
w orn.
1665 F. Balder first discovered th e parasitic crustaceans.
1674 Leeuwenh oek first recognized th e coccidian (Eimeria)
oocyst from th e rabbit. Th is was named as Eimeria
stie fae in th e year 1922 by Dobell.
1675 Wepfer first stated th at gid condition of sh eep was
caused by presence of a bladder, larval stage of
M u ltictys m u ltictys in th e brain.
1681 Th e cysts of Giardia lam blia was first detected by
th e renowned person, Leeuwen Hoek from h is own
stool.
1683 Anatomic structure of Ascaris lumbrico ides was given
by E. Tyson.
1684 Francesco Redi first discovered Taenia taeniafo rm is
(th e larva is Cysticercm fw cio lans) from a h are.
i6 ra Redi first described Fascio la htyatica-w ith illustration.
1694 P .J . H a rtm a n n first d is c o v e re d E c b in oc c u s
granulo su-stro m a dog.
 M | Veterinary Parasito lo ^ at a Glanre

-169 9 -1700 N. Hartsoeker of Neth erlands, N. Andty of France

and G. Baglivi of Italy first describedth a th e h elminth ic
infections are occuned due to ingestion of th e eggs
of th em.
1700 Taenia of man and its s c ol^ w ere first described by
Andty.
1717 G. M. Lancisio of Italy was a renowned person wh o
first postulated th at malaria is caused by th e animalic
elem ents transmitted by th e m osquitoes and th e
periodicity is due to th e copulation and multiplication
of th ese agente.
1737 Swammedam was a renow ned p erson w h o first
isolated A s w m nigro veno sa in a frog.
1758 Detailed description of Fwcio to htyaticaw as provided
by Linnaeus. .
1770 M. Mongrin first described Loa loa infection th us started
th e era of filarial disease.
1771 Linnaeus was th e fost man wh o detected Trichuris
trichiura.
1773 O. F. Muller first detected Tricho m o na te n ^ .
1782 J.A.E. Goeze was a renowned person wh o first initiated'
th e study of t^ onom y of different h elminth es.
179 0 P. C. Abildgaard was th e first man w h o infected th e
ducks with Diphyllo bo thrium by feeding th em with
toe larvae from th e fish .
179 9 -18 01 S. haem ato biu m was detected in th e Nepoleon’s a ^ y
in Egypt.
18 17 C.L. Nitzsch was th e first man w h o drew correlation
b e ^ e e n th e ceraria with th e adult digenean trenratode;
18 18 L.H. B ojanus w as' a G erm an Z oologist w h o
rediscovered rediae in th e snail and found similarity
between rediae and cercariae.
' 18 28 Peacock first described Trichinella spiralis in th e
muscle of patient in London.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ ^rneral Parasito lo ^ | 85

1835 J. Paget of England was th e first man w h o described

Trichinelte, spirals in muscles ,in h uman beign.
1835 Von Siebold was th e first man w h o observed th at
Taenm eggs contained embtyo containingsmall h ooks.
18 37 F.H.C. Creplin of Germany was th e first man w h o
described th e coracidium released from th e e ^ s of
Diphyllo bo thHum latum.
18 38 Angelo Dubini first detected Ancylo sto ma du o ^nale .
1841 G.G, Valentinn Gf Switzerland was th e first man wh o
discovered trypanosome from th e blood of Salmofario.
18 43 A. Dubini was a ph ysician in Italy. He described th e
h ook w om i Ancylo sto ma duo denate.
1845 F, Dujardin first made th e conelation between Cysticerci
and th e adult Taenia specie.
1847 Black pigment granules of Malaria organisms were
first detected in th e blood by Muckel.
18 48 - Josiah Nott of New Orleans p ostualted th at' th e
mosquitoes-transmitted th e malaria disease as well as
th e virus of yellow fever.
18 49 G. Gros was th e first man w h o discovered Entamo eba
gingivalis in h uman beings.
1849 Black pigment granules of Malaria organisms were
detected in fee blood by Virch ow.
1851 M. Bilh arz discovered th ree parasites, Hetero phyes
hetero phys, H ym eno lepis nana, S ch isto so m a
haem ato biu m . .
1851 Kuch enmeister was th e first m an w h o establish ed th e
cycloph ylidiean life ^ c le pattern.
18 53 C.T.E. Von Siebold recovered adult Echino co ccu s
granu lo su s from th e dog fed.with th e metaeestode
(h ydatid cysts).
18 57 P.H. .M almstem first describ ed parasitic ciliate,
B alantidiu m cOli in h uman.
18 57-18 59 F.R. Leuckart and R. Virch ow described th e life cycle
of Trichinellaspiralis.
86 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a G l^ce

1869 N.M. M elnikov discovered th a t th e dog louse

Trico dectes canis w as th e interm ediate h ost of
D itylidiu m caninu m .
I8 60 Sarco cystte ho m inis or Sarco cystis su iho m inisw eie
described by Virch ow.
1875 In Calcutta Chlo no rchU sinenstewas first recorded in
th e bile duct of a Ch inese carpenter by McConnell.
1875 F. A. Losch first evidently describ ed E ntam o eba
hteto lytica.
18 76 Bavay discovered S Tro n^lo ides spp.
1878 Kerbert first detected Parago nimus w&termani.
1880 P lasm o diu m m al ar i al h um an b eing w as first
discovered by C.L.A. Laveran.,
18 8 1-8 3 Life cy cle of Fascio la h epatica w as sep arately
establish ed by two renowned scientists, Leukart and
Th omas.
1883 G. B unge, a Swiss ch em ist was a first m an in
pioneering parasitic ph ysiology. H e described th e acid
production by th e parasite.
1885 Cunningh am discovered Letehmania tro pica.
188 9 Babesia protozoa was first described by Th ebold
Smith .
18 90 Bruce discovered T. britcei, a causative agent of
Nagana.
189 3 T h e ob old Smith and K ilb ourne de sc rib e d th e
transm ission of B abesia by th e tick, B o o philu s
annu to tu s.
1895 D. Bruce first stated th at th e tsetse fly served as. th e
vector of Trypano so ma bmc&.
1897 Ronald Ross first described th e life cycle of malaria
parasite in th e mosquitoes.
1898 ne ile riapam a was first described by Koch .
1898 L eish m ania tro pica w as first de m onstra te d by
Borovsky.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ G ^ o al Parasito lo ^ | 8 7

1899 B raun de tec te d P arago nim u s w esterm anii after

Kerbert.
1 9 0 2. F orde and D utton first de te c te d Trypano so m a
gam biense in Gambia.
1903 teish m ann and Donovan first isolated Letehm ania
do no vani in tondon and Madras respectively.
19 07 C ^pto po ridiu m (a asporocystic tetrazoite coccidian
parasite) was first described by Tyzzer.
19 08 Nicolle and Manceaux discovered To xo pto smago ndii,
an important zoonotic protozoan parasite from a rodent
{Q eno factylm gu ndfy.
19 09 Steph ens and Fanth am detected T. rho desiense in
Rh odesia.
1909 Carlos Ch agas discovered T r ^ an^ o m a c m zi in th e
intestine of P am tro n^ lm ^ g te tm (a ^ atom id b u^ ,
19 20 Sign^cant work on H tito m o ^ ^ m eteagridtew ^ done
by Tyzzer.
19 56 B. Von Bondorff described th at pernicious anaemia
may be due to infection by fflpbyllo bo thriu m to tu m
resulted due to competition between th e h ost and th e
parasite.
19 59 -63 Jarret and co-workers first commercialized TOpcine
against sh eep, goat and cattle using th e irradiated
infective larvae.
19 65 Th e adult Echino co ccus granido sm was discovered
by Hartman.
19 65-72 Significant works on To xo plamsago ndii with special
reference to establish ment of life cycle were done
by Dubey, Frenkel and oth er workers.
1978 G.A.M. Cross and K. V ieke^^n described th e antigenic
variation of surface antigen of Trypano so ma.
198 8 Th e species Neo spo ra caninu m was discovered by
Dubey and Coworkers.
19 8 9 -9 0 Many workers (Mitch el, Broph y, O’Leary, Sexton,
Spith ill, Wijffels and oth ers) started th eir works on
88 | V ete^ ^ ^ Paraato lo ^ at a G l^ e

vaccinatiOT a ga ^ t -Fmcio to and oth er parasites ufilmng

th e isoenzyme glutath ione s - transferase). Th e work
is in. furth er progress using cy steine proteinases
(Cath epsin -L), FABP (Fatty Acid .Binding Protein),
Haemoglobin in addition to Glutath ione S transferase.
19 89 -9 4 Rand, Rodriquez and oth er workers commercialized
recombinant tick vaccine. TickG ^d and Gavac against
Bo o philus micro plususing th e defined antigen, Bm -
8 6.
2001 Recent developments in th e biology of Sarco cystis
neu ro na and equine protozoal m y eloenceph alitis
were reported by Dubey.
19 9 0 - m date
Th e field of Veterinary Parasitology is progressing more and
more towards th e minute aspects of molecular morph ology, molecular
path ology, molecular diagnosis, molecular th erapy ^ e ne th erapy),
molecular vaccination ^ e ne immunization) etc..
 ^ ap te r l ■ G ^a-al V e^ ^ ^ ty P araato lo ^ | 89

Q U ES^O N ^E : G EN E^^ V ETO ^N ^^

PARASITOLOGY
‘T R U E ’ O R ‘E ^ E ’
1. Th e partner- organism of symbiosis is railed s ^ b iont.
2. Parasitism is an intimate association b e ^ e e n ^ o different
(h eterospecffic) organisms wh ereby metabolic dependence does
not occur.
3. ' Th e relationsh ip between sea anemone and tire clown fish is
an example of commensalism.
4. In ph oresis th e larger partner wh ich carry th e oth er partner is'
called as ph oront.
5 . ' No sem a do llfu si is one h y perparasite of larval stage of a
flatworm (trernatode), B u ctyhalu s cuculus.
6. "Weileria annu lata does not'c a use disease entity in th e
indigenous animals wh ich remain as carrier.
7. N igeria sp is an accidental parasite.
8. Th e p a ritie s always spend th eir wh ole;: life on or with in th eir
h osts.
9 . Intermittent parasites are also called'as temporary p a rtite .
10. Th e tem porary or interm ittent parasites are also called as
micropredator.
11. Tape worm, round worm, and flukes are always endoparasites.
12. A parasite is h eteroexenous w h en it does not requires any
intermediate h osts for completion of th eir life cycle.
13. S e ^ a l maturity never occurs in th e intermediate h ost.
14. Mite is th e intermediate h ost of M o ni^ ia ^ pansa. .
16. W h en a parasitic stage is simply carried by. a .h ost and no
biological development occurs in it, th at type of h ost is called
as parateenic h ost or transport h ost.
17. Rodents act as reservoir h osts of Leishm ania . tro pica.
18. ^ e h osts are called as unnatural h osts inw h ich th e parasites,
do not oc ^ r commonly but in some unusual situations, th e
parasite ^ y infect and develop.
19. Hoste get th e infection only by ingestion of th e eggs of th e
parasite.
^ | P arasitolo^ at a Glanre

20. ^ i r d stage larcae of Sttongyle worms act as infective stages

of th ose parasites.
21. Coenurus is an inefetive stage of tape worm.
22. Metacercaria of P afago nim u s w esterm anni develops in th e
crabs and cray fish es.
23. Some h osts get infection by ingestion of fish h arbouring some
infective stages of parasite.
2 4. Human beings get th e infection of Taeniasaginata by ingestion
th e beef containing Cysticercm bo vis.
25. Birds get infection of Am o ebo taenia spheno ides by ingestion
of earth worm h arbouring th e cysticercoid.
26. ^ e gardenera, plumbering workera, field workers fequently
face cutaneous larva migrans.
-27. Th e adult bot fly (O e stri^ e family) deposits th eir larvae in
th e nasal orifice of sh eep and goat.
28. Ano phehs sp transmits bird malarial path ogen, Plasmo dium,
gaUinacium.
29. Some parasitic larvae are distributed by fengal spores.
30. Export/import of infected meat / meat product etc is source of
spread of parasitic disease from one place to anoth ta- place.
31. Blocking of antibodies and tolerance are examples of immune
evasion.
32. In Metastrongylids,some stages of development of larva occurs
in toe internediate h ost.
33. Immature stages or toe larval stages of flukes are sometimes
railed as bladdm1worms, cysts or metacestodes,
34. In some arth ropods complete metamorph osis occur called
h olometabolous type of life cycle.
35. Some protozoa multiply by sch izogony.
36. Hypertroph y is simply an increase of number of cells wh ich
occurs due to presence of th e parasite with in th e cell.
37. H y pe^lasia is increase of cell size wh ich may occur due to
some parasitic infection.
38. Appearance of epith elial and elongate fobroblast cells in lungs
infected with , th e Parago nim u s w ste rm anii is exam ple of
metaplasia.
 ^tapter 1 ■ Gmeral P w ^ ito lo ^ | 91

39 . Some worms suck blood from th e h ost continuously.

40. T h e larvae of th e cestodes / b ladder w orm s A cy sts l
metacestodes cause mech anical obstruction in th e vicinity of
■ th e parasites.
41. D avainea pm glo ttina form, a bundle wh ich obstruct th e food
. passage of th e intestine resulting in fonctional disturbance..
42. Allergic reaction never occur due to tick, flea, lice and oth er
ectoparasitic infection h owever some h elminth es cause th is
type of reaction due to allergin.
43- tape w om s release th e metabolic by product wh ich causes
damage to th e nercous system of th e h oste resulting in several
■nervous disorders.
44. Th e ability of a molecule of an immunogen to produce an
immune response is called as immunogenicity.
45. In a crude mass of a parasitic protein, a num ber of individual
proteins are present.
46. Due to less foreignness of protein, it is difficult to produce
potent vaccine.
47. Outer covering of parasite can be used as antigen.
48. T h e immunity wh ich remains still in absence of organisms
after any infection h as taken place, is railed as sterile immunity.
49-. Concomitant immunity is. th e immunity wh ich occur due to
infection of more th an one ^ e of parasite:
50. Activated B cells transform into th e plasmoblast cells wh ich
forth er transform to plasma cells.
51. Pasture resting is a pasture management done for control of
parasitic infection.'
52. CuS04 is used to kill th e mollusca.
53. Gambusia fish es are used to kill th e mosquito larvae.
54. Birds are natural enemies of some parasites.
55. Proper intercal of administration of antiparasitic dmgs is not a
matter; only matter is th e proper dose of th ose drugs.
56. Closantel, Nitroscanate are under th e group of sali^lanilides /
substituted ph enols.
57. M orantel is unde r th e group of im ida z oth ia z ole /
tetrah y drop^im idine.
92 V e te ^ ^ ^ P-Masitolo^ at a Glmce -

58. Haloxon is an organoch lorine compound.

59. Dieth yl carbamazine is a piperazine salt.
.60. Praziquantel is strictly used only for treatm ent of cestode
infection.
61. -= Nitroxinil is under salicylanilides / substituted ph enols group.
62. Triclabendazole is used for treatment of fasciolosis.
63. Crufomate is a ch lorinated h ydrocarbon compound.
64. Benzine is'an organoph osph orus compound.
65. Cypermeth rin is a synth etic pyrith roid.
66. Ionoph orus compounds (antibiotics) are lasalocid,-monensin,
salinomycin and pyrimeth amine.
67. Nitrofurans (nitroforazone, forazolidone) are anticoccidial drug.
68. Quinapyramine is an. antitrypanosomal drug.
69. Metamerical segmentation is absent in nematodes.
70. Th e nematodes are unisexual but some nematodes may be
bisexual.
71. Holoph ytic, h olozoic, saprozoic type of nutrition are found in
protozoa.
72. Th e alimentary canal of arth ropod is divided into th ree parts
stomodium, mesenteron and proctodaeum.
73. Gills, trach ea, lung book, neph ridia are th e respiratory organs
of arth ropod.
74. Linaeus -wrote th e famous book “Systema naturae”.
F ttL OT TO E
1. is th e association between two organisms wh ere
each partner gets benifit from each oth er.
2. Th e literal meaning of th e te rn is ‘eating at th e
same table’; food and sh elter is sh ared by each partner.
3. Th e p a rtne r-' organism of com m ensalism s is called as

4. Holoth urians (starfish ) sh elters th e fish (fierasfier); it is an

exam ple. o f _____________
5. M icro nem a spp is a n ___________parasite
6. M elo phagus o vinu s is a -parasite.
 1■ P w ^ to lo ^ | %

7. Periodic parasite are also called as parasite.

8. parasite are ■parasites'wh ich migrate aberrantly in
an unusual location,.
9. Th e parasite is w h en it does not require any
intermediate h osts.
10. Trypano so m a rho desiense is an example o f __________
parasite.
11. Taenia so liu m require ___ intermediate h osts for completion
of life cycle.
12. ______ •_ is- th e ine term ediate h ost of G natho sto m a
spinigem m .
13. Inth e life cycle of Tm:o cara canis, rats and rodents act as
________ h ost.
14. T h e h ost is called h ost in wh ich th e parasites •
commonly occur, and easily survive- and reach to it‘s final
stage.
15. Arth ropods'wh ich h arbour th e parasitic path ogen with out any
recognizable disease entity and act as d constant source of
infection to oth er animals are called- as ■ __________
16. Cysticercoid is an inefctive stage of tape' worm.
17. Strobilocercus is an inefctive stage of worm.
18. Larvae of Dipbyllo bo thrium fatu m develop in , and

19. H um an b eings get infected w ith m edina w orm , w h e n

___________ infected with th e larval forns o t D rancu ncu lu s
medinensm are ingested along with water.
20. Cercariae of some trematode become encysted on th e aquatic
vegetations and develop to • stage.
21. of S chisto so maspp penetrate, th ough th e skin of
th eir h osts.
22. infect th e animals by direct contact _.
23. ^forvae of T^ch ostrongylids can spread by sp oresof th e fongus

24. Natural calamity like' a nd_ _________ may play

great role in spread- of parasitic diseases.
25. Th e_ th ird stage larva with th e retained sh eath of 2nd stage
l a ^ i are infective stage of worms.
94 | Fwasito lo ©? at a

26. In almost all cestode, life cycle is ^ e wh ere th ere

occurs requirem ent of an intermediate h ost.
27. Th e bladder worms occurring th e in vertebrate h osts are
^ __________ and _________
28. In some arth ropods incomplete m etam o^h osis occur called
as ty pe of life cycle.
29. Some multiply by endodyogony.
30. R.B.C. infected with are commonly enlarged wh ich
is an example of h ypertroph y.
31. H y pe^lasia of th e wall of th e bile duct occurs in infection of
_________ and sp.
32. is th e formation of new structure.
33. Eleph antiasis is a good example ________ ,
34. In most of th e cases h ost-protein and p a r^ idc proteins h ave
antigens.
35. Th e moulting fluid can be used a s ____________
36. Premmunity is also called a s ____________immunity.
37. A ntigen is p rocessed by and p re se nte d to
lymph ocytes (T -cells)
38. I n __________ control, one organism is used to control oth er
organism."
•39. Benzimidazole/Probenzimidazole are used against __________
infection.
40. Tetramisole is under group of drug.
41. Dich lorovos is an • compound,
42. Piperazine citrate is a salt.
43- Mebendazole is used as drug.
44. Bunamide is an drug.
45. Rafoxanide is an drug.
46. DicMorovos fe an compound.
47. Trich loroph on is an compound.
48. Lindane is a h ydrocarbon.
•49- Fenvelarate is a synth etic
50. Nicarbazin is an drug.
51. and are antith eilerial drngs.
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ ^m eral Farasito lo ^ | 95

52. Quinapyramine is an drug.

53. Flame cells are" organs in Platyh elminth es.
54. Circulatory system is absent i n ______
55. Metamerical segmentation is absent in
56. Flame cells and cilia are absent in ___
57. _____________ are unisexual parasites.
58. Protozoa are __________ organisms.
5 9 . _________ flagella and ________are th e locomotory
organs of protozoa.
6 0 . ____________, _________ saprozoic ty pe of nutrition
are found in protozoa.
61. R ep roduction of p roozoa is p erform ed by
sch izogony, , endopoligeny, etc.
62. Th e outer covering of arth ropod is formed by
63. ^ e alimentary canal of arth ropod is divided into th ree parts,
anterior part £________ X th e middle part £___________ £
th e proctodaeum (h ind gut).
64. Arth ropods a r e ___________ segm ented.'
65. Gills , trach ea , ________ _______ are th e respiratory
organs of arth ropod.
.
66 Linaeus w rote th e famous book
67. is th e fath er of parasitology.
T O R J^ R K T ffl T O G O T ^ S T O R
1. Th e partner- organism of mutualism is called
a. ph oront b. mutualist
c . both ' d. none
2. In commensalism
a. one partner of th is^ association benefits from oth er partner
but th e oth er partoer neith er h arms nor benefits.
b. one partner of th is association benefits from oth erpartner
but th e oth er partner get benefit and is also h armed
c. both th e partners equally get benefit
d. Both th e partners do not get benefit
3. In Ph oresis two partners h ave
96 | Vet^rna^ Pararito lo ^r at a Glanre

a. no metabolic relationsh ip
b. no nutritional relationsh ip
c. both metabolic and nutritional relationsh ip .
4. W h en one parasite parasitize anoth er parasite is called
a. h y p e^arasite
b. autoexenous parasite
c. autoh eteroexenous parasite
d. pseudo parasite
5- It is called parasitiasis w h en parasitic infections
a. do not produce any clinical signs th ough th e organisms are
path ogenic
b. produce clinical signs
c. produce clinical s i ^ but some^rnes do not
6. Some parasites are no^ a lly free living but develop to become
a parasite w h en th ese are accidentally eaten or enter a w ound
or any body opening , th ese are
a. accidental parasite b. facultative parasite
c. both d. all
Blood sucking flies are th e
a. temporary parasites b. sporadic parasite
c. bofo d. none
Eimeria spp are
a. autoh eteroexanus parasites b.autoexenous parasite
c. monoexenous parasite d. none
A definitive h ost is th e h ost wh ere
a. th e parasites attain th eir sexual maturity
b. never attam sexual maturity
10. Two intermediate h osts-are required for completion of life
cycle in case of
a. D iphyllo ho thrium latu m
b. D ipylidiu m cainu in
c. Eimeria tenella
d. Taenia so liu m
 ^ tap to rl ^ ^ t o lo ^ | 97

11. Sh eep, goat and cattle are natural h oste of

a. Fascio lagigantica
b. D ipbyllo bo thnu m to tum
c. D ipylidiu m caninu m
d. To xo cara cante
e. To xo plasma go ndii
12. Birds get th e infection of Eimeria tenella by
a. ingestion of sporulated oocysts'
b. inoculation of sporulated oocyst
c. direct transm issio n ■
13- Cysticercus is an inefctive stage of
a. tape worm ' b. round w orn
c. flukes d. • protozoa
14. Hydatid cyst is an inefctive stage of
a. D iphyllo bo thrium latum
b. D i^ lidiu m caninu m
c. E ch ino co ccigranu lo su s
15. Th e h oste get th e infection of Schteto so ma sp
a. th rough skin penetration
b . . inoculation by blood sucking fly
c. ingestion
d. direct contact
16. Hook w orn infection occurs in th e h ost by
a. skin penetration
b. inoculation
c. ingestion
d. dh ect contact
-17. Ano phelw sp transmit
a. h uman malaria b. avian malaria
c, amph ibian malaria d. ' ’a ll'
.18. Mites like D em o dex sp, S o rco ptes sp and Pso ro ptes sp are
transmitted by
a. skin penetration
b. inoculation by blood sucking fly '
98 | V ete^ ^ ty Parasito lo ^- at a Glanre

c. ingestion
d. direct contact
19. Spread of parasites may occur by
a. transportation of infected animals
b. blood sucking fly
c. w ater
d. all
20. Immune evasion by th e parasite occurs by
a. molecular mimicry b. antigenic variation
c. sh ading of glycocalyx d. all of th ese
21. Th e egg containing 2nd stage of larva is infective stage, of
a. Ascarid worms b .. strongyle worms
c.- Spirurid womis ■ d/ all of th ese
22. Both direct and indirect type of life cycle occurs in
a. Hymenolepids b. Strongylids
c. both ' d . none
23. In trematodes infective stages is
a. miracidium b. sporocyst
c. redia d. metacercaria
24. Protozoa multiply by
a. binary fission b. sch izogony
c. endopoly gony d. all
25. R.B.C.infected w ith Plasm o diu m vivax is increased in size
wh ich is an example of
a. h y pertroph y b. h yperplasia
c. both d, all
26. Th e parasitic antigen is a
a. complex mosaic protein b. cross reactive protein
c. both d. none
27. Vaccine can be prepared from
a. moulting fluid of parasite
b. wh ole somatic antigen
c. larva
d. excretoty —secretory protein
 ^ ap ter 1 ■ Gmraal P ar^ to lo ^ | 99

28. Antiparasitic drugs are administered by

a. intraruminal mjection b. intravenous injection
c.- oral administration d. all
29. Benzimidazole compounds are used against
a. nematodes b. cestodes
c. bo& ■ d. none
30. Dich lorovos is an
. a. organoph osph orus compound
b. organoch lorine compounds
c. synth etic pyreth roid
d. all
31. Piperazine citrate is a
a. salt b. h ydroxide
c. ester d. none
Mebendazole is also used as
a. anticestodal drug b. antinematodal drug
c. both d. none
Bunamide is an
a. anticestodal drug b. antinematodal drug
c. both d. none
Rafoxanide is an
a. anticestodal drug b. antinematodal drug
c. antitrematodal drug d. all
35. Dich lorovos is an
a. organoph osph orus compound
b. organoch lorine compounds
c. synth etic pyreth roid
d. all
36. Trich loroph on is an
a. organoph osph orus compound
b. organoch lorine compounds
c. synth etic pyreth roid
d. all
 MO | V ete^ ^ ty P araato lo ^ at a Glarce

37. Nicarbazin is
a. anticoccidial drug b. anticestodal drug
b. antinematodal drug c. antinematodal drug
38. Menoctone, h alofaginone, buparvaquone (Butalex) are
a. antith eilerial drug b. antibabesial drug
c. antinematodal drug c. all
: 39- Circulatory system is absent in
a. Platyh elmin&es b. nemath elminth es
c. boto d. all
40. Flame cells and cilia are absent in
a. Nemath elminth es b. Platyh elminth es
c. both d. none
41. Pseudopodia, flagella, cilia are th e
a. locomotory organs b. circulatory organs
c. respiratory organs d. none
 Trematodes
Phylum- Platyh elminth es
C l^ s - Trematoda
Th ere are th ree' subclasses
1. Digenea - Parasites of man and animals (indirect life- cycle)
2. M onogenea - Parasites on cold blooded animals like fish ,
amph ibia and reptiles etc.
3- A spidogastrea- Occurs in mollusca, fish , turtle etc.
O f th ese subclasses, Digenea h as veterinary importance.
S ub c l^ s : Digenea
1 . - Th e- flukes are normally flat and leaf like; few are cylindrical.
2. Tegument may be spiny or smooth .
3- Usually two suckers are present, h owever monostome flukes
h ave only one sucker (family - Notocotylidae).
Th e distome flukes h ave ventral sucker situated ventrally near
th e intestinal bifurcation. In some flukes, th e ventral sucker is situated
almost terminally (amph istomes).
4. In some flukes muscular collars are present (Ech inostomatidae).
Digestive system:
1. Mouth opening is surrounded by oral sucker wh ich is followed
by p h a r^ x , oesoph agus and intestine.
2. Wh ole digestive system may be a single tube like s ^ c ture or
it may be divided into two intestinal caeca.
Excre te oy system
1. Basic structures consist of a number of excretory ducts wh ich
end in flame cells actingas th e collectingunits of waste products
from their surroundings.
2. Excretory bladder is anoth er structure wh ich ends in excreto^
pores.
102 | Vete^^^r Paraato lo ^ at aG tace

N ereous system:
A pair of ganglia is connected by a commissure surrounding
th e oesoph agus. From th is nerve ganglia different pairs of ne ^ e s
run fow ard and backward.
Reproductive system
Th e male genital organ consist of
1. Testes
2. Vasa efferestia unite to f or a vas deferens
3. Vas deferens may be associated wife a sac like structure for
storage of speras called vesiculum seminalis or seminal vesicle.
It may be enclosed in cirrus sac. In some cases, th e part of
ejaculatory duct is surrounded by prostrate gland cells called
pars prostatica. In general both male and female genetal pores
open into a common sinus called genital atrium. In some cases
' tw o terminal parts of two ducte form a cormnon duct called
ductas h ermaph roditicus wh ich opens outside.
Th e female genital organ consists of
a. An ovary
b. Oviduct arising from ovary
c. O oty pe
d. Utreus etc.
'. TCie fonction oflaurer’s canal is obscure. A sac like recepticulum
seminis join th e oviduct. Vitelline glrads are connected with vitelline
ducts wh ich also join th e oviduct at a special wide portion called
ootype. Ootype is surrounded by number of glands called as Meh lis’s
glands.
S u b c ^ s - Digenea
Monogenea (No significant veterinary importance)
Digenea
Fa ^ ^ e s o f ra p o ^ ^ ce
Fasciolidae
Dicrocoeliidae
Opisth orch iidae
Paramph istomatidae
Sch isto'somatidae
Prosth ogonimidae
Paragonimidae
 ^ ap ter 2 ■ T re^ to d es | 103

Fa mily
Fa sciolida e
^ p o r te n t genera
Fascio la
Fascio lo pste
F ^cio lo ides
Parafmcio lo pste
G EN U S- M Q Q M
B rie f inttoduction
^ e r e h ave h ardly been requirement of any w ord to describe
tKe importance of Fe^cio laparasite and it h as already been recorded
as one of th e most important parasites available h ith erto. Th ese
parasites are recognized since long back as one of th e most h a r^ M
parasites to th e h ost. Th ese parasites are really of great economic
constraint in '^ e livestock industry causing great economic loss as a
result of significant loss of production and mortality. Efforts h ave
been made to control th e parasites but unfo^ na te ly th e problem is
same as was earlier. However, recent trend h as been pinpointed or
targeted towards th e production of vaccine by using th e defined
antigen, ^ e r e h adbeen varitable explosion in th e fieldof vaccination
against th is parasite.
Species
F. htyatica
F.gigantica
H istory/discove ry
^ e s e parasites w ere recorded long ago. Fascio lahtyaticaw as
first recorded by Jeh an de Brie in th e year 1379. Life cycle was
first establish ed by A. P. W. Th omas and K. G. F. R. Leuckart during
1881-1883.
H m ts - Cattle, sh eep, goat and oth er ruminants. Eleph ant, h orse,
pig, dog and cat are also affected by th e parasite.
Site -Bile duct and liver
1W [ V ete^ ^ ty Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

D fc e ^ e /p a toologira l conditions caused - Fasciolosis, Liver

fluke disease, U v e r rot
ftre v ^ e nc e —Th e parasite is very commonly available. Th ese
are cosmopolitan in distribution. In India, prevalence of Fascio la
gigantica is very common.
Fasciolidae is one major family occurnng in sh eep,, goat, cattle
and oth er ruminants. Th is parasite is of great economic constraint in
th e Hvestock industty causing significant economic loss.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Th ese flukes are flattened. Th e sh ape may be eith er broad or
elongated leaf-like.
2. Th e tegument is spiny
3. Th e size is widely variable.
4. Th e colour is grey, dark grey or greyish brown.
5. Th ere is presence of anterior cone wh ich is simply one anterior
prominence.
6. Immediately below th e anterior cone th ere is presence of a
broad area called sh oulde r. Th e sh oulder h as taxonom ic
importance.
7. Two'suckers are present, oral and ventral.
9. Th e ventral sucker is present at th e level of th e sh oulder.
10. Ovary is situated at th e anterior part of th e fluke.
11. ^ e intestine is branch ed.
11. Th e testes ,are branch ed occupying th e median field.
12. ^ e vitelline glands are situated in th e lateral field.
13. Th e eggs are typical. Th ese are oval and yellowish in colour.
At one side th ere is presence of an op e ^ ^ u m .
 ^ ap ter 2 ■ Tremato des | IK

Difference b e ^ e e n E gigantica, a nd E hep atim

F asm ola gigan tic a ________________ F ascioto h e p atic a __________________
1. ^ e parasite is larger in size. 1. This parasite is smaller in size.
2. The anterio r co ne is smaller. 2. ^ e a nte rior co n e is la rge r.
3. The sho ulder is no t bro ad. ' 3. The sho ulder is bro ader than
F. gigantica.
4. Duratio n o f life cycle is lo ng A. The duratio n o f life cycle is sho rt
in definitiv e ho st. in definitiv e ho st.
5. ^ e intermediate ho sts are 5. The intermediate ho ste are
Lymnaea nifescens and L, L ^ n aea tomrntosa in Australia
aurfcufaria. and L. b ulimotfes in No rfe
America and in Asia Lymnaea,
truncatufa.
6. The dura tion of de ve lopme nt 6. The duratio n o f dev elo pment in
in the sna il is long. the snail is sho rt co mpared to
fee F. gigantica.
7. The flukes are abundant in 7. ^ e flukes are abundant in
tro pical co untties. temperate co untries.
8 . Th e a m ount o f isoenzyme, 8 . The amo unt o f' Glutathio ne S
Gluta thione S-tra nsfe ra se transferase present in these fluke
p re se nt in the se fluke is is less.
much.
1(X> | P a^ ito lo ^ at a Gl^tte

Ltfe ^ cle
D e^m tive host' - sh eep, goat, cattle and oth er ruminants.
Intermedia te host
Lym naea tnm catu to , L. au ricu to na, L. bu lim o ifes, L. nifesceno s,
L. luteo la etc.
D e v e lop m e n t sta ges
• Egg
• Miracidium
• S p oro^ st
• Redia
• Cercaria
• Metacercaria (infective stage)
• Adult
D escription
1. Th e eggs are e ^ e lle d out of th e h ost.
2. In th e presence of th e environmental factors like temperature,
h umidity etc. th e miracidium develops in th e egg.
3. Miracidium h atch es out with in few .days. Th e miracidium is
rough ly triangular and h as ciliated covering w h ich is actively
motile and can move from one. place to. anoth er place
4. O ne ch emical is secreted by th e snail (intermediate h ost). Th e
' miracidium follows th is ch emical and reach es th e snail and
penetrates th e soft tissues of th e snail.
5. Several stages occur in th e body of th e snail like sporocyst,
redia, cercaria. Th ese stages occur in th e lymph space of th e
snails.
6. Th e cercaria comes out of foe snail.. It h as tail appendage and
it can move from one place to anoth er place and also can
swim. Th e cercaria does not h ave any eyfr-spots.'
7. Th e cercaria can crawl on th e grass blades and aquatic
vegetation. Soon th e cercaria looses th eir tail appendage and
transfo rm into metacercariawhich is the encysted stage fo rmed
by th e secretion of ^ sto g e n o u s Sta nds present in cercaria.
8. Th e metaceracria is somewh at resistant to environment.
9. Final h ost gets infection by ingestion of th e metacercaria along
with th eir food material and dr y i n g water.
10. After ingestion excystation of metacercariae occurs.
 2 ■ T r^ ato d ^ | 107

11. Th e immature flukes pass th rough th e abdominal cavity and'

s ub se q ue ntly p e netrate th e liver cap sule rea ch ing th e
parench ymatous tissue wh erein th e flukes m i^ a te for a long
duration.
12. Th en th ese flukes reach th e bile duct and get sexually iratured.
E pidem eology
Development from eggs to miracidium occurs at onset of rainy
season. Th e interm ediate h osts (snails) get infection by active
penetration by th e miracidium. Complete development of cercariae
occur by th e end of rainy season. Duringwinter season th e disch arge
of cercariae occur. Most of th e snails are completely aquatic. Water
reservoir,- ditch es, river, ponds are essential requirem ent for
maintenance of th e snails. Rain fell and temperature are important
factors for developm ent of th e parasite since th e snails are th e
interm ediate h osts. Th e same factors are also-responsible for
breeding and survival of fee snails. Water pH is also an important
factor. Sligh tly acidic pH is required for survival of th e snails. A.
minimum 10oC is required for development of Fascio to htyatica.
Below th at temperature th e parasite cannot develop. High moisture
% is required for development of th is parasite. Sex difference of
th e h osts h ave no value as far as occurrence of th e parasites is
concerned. Older animals are infected generally more as compared
to th e young animals. Different worker reported th e occurrence of
Frncio lagigantica in different seasons. It h as been found th at h igh est:
infection occurs in th e aurim n followed by spring and winter.
Lowest infection occurs in th e season of summer.
Pafeogenesis
P a fe ologi^ . featares /lesions
Peritonitis, h epatitis, h ^erp lastic ch olangitis, pipestem liver
condition, h azel nut cyst fom ation
108 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glarce

metacercaria
1
egg

arcana

miracidium

l&Q l

redia sp oro ^st

Fig. 2. Life cycle of Fasciolaspp.

D escription
The pa thogenesis ca used byF a scio la pa ra sites a re of two types:
A cute
1. Acute ^ p e of path ogenesis is not common, h owever, in th e
stage of acute path ogenesis th e animal may die suddenly due
to ingestion of a large number of metacercariae at a time. In
th is stage th e path ogenesis is causedby th e juvenile or immature
 ^ ap ta- 2 ■ Tremato des [ 109

parasite. Th e sh eep' generally suffer from acute •fasciolosis.

2. Th e immature parasites get entry into th e liver from th e
peritonium. Th e immarnre flukes penetrate th e liver capsule
and proceed to th e liver parench ymatous tissues forming many
tunnels, ^ e tunnels are filledby large amount of clotted blood,
fibrinous material and oth er cellular debris.
3. Th ere occurs massive destruction of h epatic arch itecture.
Inflammatory reactions start with cellular infiltration. Perforation
of th e liver capsule leads to drainage of th e blood into th e
peritoneal cavity wh ich is easily discernible at th e time of
autopsy of infected animals. And th is drainage of blood in th e
petonial cavity causes peritonitis.
4-. Immature flukes cause desttuction of th e h epatic cells. In many
of th e rases it h as been found th at th e immature flukes are
dead and th is situation results in th e condition getting more,
aggravated.
Chrom e
1. ^ e ch ronic path ogenesis is common in cattle. Th e animals
suffer for a long period. Due to constant irritation by th e
tegumental spine and th e presence of th e parasite for a long
period in th e vicinity of th e infection, ch ronic path ogenesis
starts. It is because of deposition of large amount of fibrous
tissues resuting in h epatic fibrosis. In feet th e fibrosis inevitably
occurs as a process of h ealing and regeneration' of lesions in
parench ymatous tissue caused by coagulative necrosis.
2. Th e bile duct is th ickened due to fibrosis of lamina propria of
bile duct wh ich is called as h y p e ^ ^ tic chofengitis. Two
types of h yperplasia occur, ^ e s e are glandular and papillary
types. A ch aracteristic- type of gobule cells (similar to mast
' cells) occur in th e h yperplastic area. Due to massive h yperplasia
in th e epith elium of th e bile duct, th ere occurs alternation of
selective permeability and th e plasma protein is drained out
from th e bile duct wall. It ultimately leads to th e h ^oproteinim ic
condition due to alternation of colloidal osmotic pressure.
Because of th is, th e fluid comes out from th e tissues and
results in fomiation of w de m . Th e fluid comes out wh ere
loose skin is available, ^ e submandibular oedema is common.
Th is is an important ch aracteristic feature found in fasciolosis
and it seems to be an important diagnostic feature.
110 | P ^ arito lo ^ at a Glrnce

3- Th e bile duct becomes much th ickened due to massive fibrotic

proliferation. Th e bile duct becomes h ard enough so much so
th at it cannot be cut by sh arp knife. TOIs condition is called as
cfay p ip estem tiv er. Th is is caused because th e bile duct
becomes calcifiedfor a longstandinginfection. Fascio la parasite
is spiny. Th ese spines cause great irritation in th e bile duct.
4. Not only th e liver and bile duct but also th e gall bladder is
affected. Here also h yperplasia occurs.
5- In long standing cases, anaemia is anoth er sequilae wh ich is
initially normocytic normoch romic but later on it becomes
macrocytic h ypoch romic. •
N O TE
• Th e path ological feature caused by Fascio la parasite becomes
more aggravated due to c on^ ^ r e nt infection of Clo stridium
o efam atiens no ^ i.
• Th e parasite sometimes accidentally enters into th e lung of
cattle and oth er h osts and it causes great problems due to
formation of h azel nut-sized cysts.
• Dianh oea of fasciolosis is not principally by Fascio tobut because
of co m p licatio n w ito so m e gastro m tes^ ^ ti nem ato de like
Oesteriagia and oth er species.
C fo ic^ signs
1. In a cute pha se
Clinical signs in acute stage occurs due to migrating fluke in
th e liver. Th e sh eep dies suddenly due to migrating fluke in th e
liver exibiting th e ^ ^ tic ^ sign s l& e an^ ^ ra. Blood mixed with
froth comes out from nostril and rectom and oth er natural orifices..
Th is t ^ e of clinical sign occurs in th e sh eep.
2. In chronic pha se
a. Loss of vigour - sligh t th rust on th e back region causes falling
of th e animal.
b. Anaeniia and paleness of mucus membrane occur.
c. . ^ e animal refuses to take foodand drinkingwater and becomes
cach e^c.
d. Constipation and diarrh oea occur. Th e constipation is th e
ch aracteristic clinical feature.
 & apter 2 ■ T r^ ato d te | 111

Dia gnosis
Tra &tiona l dia gnostic step : ,
1. Traditional diagnostic step is still being ,taken in th e field'by-
examination of faeral sample. Examination of faecal sample
reveals th e •presence' of eggs of Fascio la spp. Th e eggs of
Fwcio to . are very much ch aracteristic.- Th e e ^ s are oval in
ou^ ne and operculated. Colour of th e eggs is y ^ or n s h . If
th e infection load is h igh th en simple direct smear tech nique
is sufficient. Oth erwise in rase of ligh t infection concentration
tech nique sh ould be done,. Differential diagnosis sh ould be
done during identification of th e eggs of Fm cio la spp. Th e
eggs of amph istomes are transparent in colour wh ereas th e
eggs of F ^c io la spp are yellowish in colour.
2. E nzy m e e stim ation - E nz y m e e s ti m a ti on (G lutam ate
■deh ydrogenase and Glutamyl transpeptidase) is th e indirative
step for diagnosis of th e disease. Elevation of level of th ese
enzymes is th e indication of fasciolosis.
. 3. A pannel of immunodiagnostic tests h ave been triedwith certain
level of success. Th ese tests are:
a. Counter Immunoelectroph oresis (CIEP).
b. Immunoelectroph oresis (IEP).
c. Latex Agglutfoation Test (LA^O.
d. Bentonite Floculation Test (B^O-
e. Complement Fixation Test (C^O.
Recent teend
Recent trend of diagnosis is based on specffic immunological
tests, ^ e most important test is ELISA. D ^ e re nt types of ELISA
and oth er tests are performed as following:
1. ELISA genera!)
2. Sa ndwitch E ^SA for detection of Fascio la antigen
3. Dot - blot ELISA
4. Dip-stick ELISA
5. Western - blo t
T h e defined antigens w h ich are found to be th e m ost
immunodominant proteins are C a th e p sta - L, a vital enzyme of
■Fcticio to . spp,-F ^ P , h a e m o^ ob in wh ich are used to perform th ese
tests. Of th ese antigens Cath epsin L h as been found to be more
112 | V e te ^ ^ ^ - P w asitolo^ a t a Glmce

sensitive. Sandwitch ELISA is performed for early detection of

infection. Even week- old infection can be detected by sandwitch
ELISA. Work h as been done for early detection of ovine fasciolosis
using ]^M3 m o n o clo ^ ^ a ntibody by capmre ELISA.
Trea tm ent
Th e following drugs are used to treat th e cases of Fascio la
parasite:' '
Bithionol
Dose - 30mg / Kg body in cattle
Hexa chlorophene
Dose - 20 mg / Kg body in cattle
H e xa chlore toa ne
Dose- 220mg / Kg body given in 3-4 doses in cattle
N itroxyn il- Effective both against mature and immature
parasites.
D ose- A subcutaneous dose of 10 mg/kg h as been found to be
efficacious in cattle and sh eep.
R a fo xa rid e - High ly effective against both immature and
mature flukes.
Dose -7. 5 mg / Kg. in Cattle and sh eep
^ ^ c l oz a r i de -Effective both against mature and immature
flukes.
Dose - 15 mg / Kg. in cattle and sh eep
TMcla bend^ole
Triclabendazole sulfoxide (TCBZ- SO)'
Dose-12 mg / Kg
Triclabendazole sulfone (TOTZ S02)
Dose- 20 mg / Kg
C onttol
^ a & tiona l
Th e following control measures may be taken:
 ^tapter 2 a T re^to dra | 113

1. Treatment of th e animal by use of th e antiparasitic- drng.' '

2. Th e animals sh ould not-be allowed to.-graze in th e field of low
land areas w h ere water res.e^oir like river, pond,; lake are
present.
3- Water reservoir sh ould be fenced-off.
4. . Faeces sh ould be disposed off properly.
5. Th e grasses in th e forai of h ay or silage, sh ould b e provided.
' 6. Underground w ater sh ould be provided for drinking. ;
7. Se tf-m e^ca tion tech nique h as been tried as proph ylactic tool.
TCBZ UMB (Triclabendazole incorporated in urea mollases
block) is used for self-medication by th e animals.
8. Conti*ol o f m te^nedia te host (mollusca) is done by use of
molluscicidal agent like Copper sulph ate solution and N-
T rity lm orp h oline a nd - sodium p e nta c h lorop h e na te ,
pentach loroph enol in spring and midsummer. Mollusca can be
eliminated by biological control using th e ducks wh ich ingest
th e snails.'
9 M e te orologica l fo re c^ tin g about th e geoclim atological
condition of possibility of snail infection sh ould be done.
10. In case of integrated fe rn management th e faecal smaples
sh ould be examined in c e ^ i n interval routinely and measures
sh ould be taken- accordingly.
^ rce n t tte nd
Recent trend of control h as been pinpointed or targeted towards
vaccination of th e animals against F&cio laparasites. For th is purpose
different purified proteins or defined antigens ( G l u t o^ one S -
tra nsfe ^^e , Ca thepsm L a nd Ha emoglobm, FABP)are under
research for vaccination. GST is isolated by glutath ione - agarose
affinity ch romatograph y and immunoprotective potential of th is
isoen^ m e h as been proved;along w ith suitable adjuvant (Quil A).
• Genus F as c ioloid e s
Species Fascioloides m agna
Site / loca tion - Liver
Host Cattle, sh eep
114 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

I de n^ c a r i on.
Th is- fluke is th ick and oval with out any distinct anterior cone -
found in' F. gigan tica and F. h tyatica.
Inte^nedia te host - F ossan asp p
tom - F w c io lo ps k
Species - Fasciolop ste b usfa
Site /loca tion - Small intestine
Host - Man and pig
I de n^ c a r ion
1. Th e ventral sucker is extremely large in comparison to th e
oral sucker.
2. Intestinal caeca is not branch ed as- is found in F. h ty atic a and
F. gigan tica
Inte^ra e^fote host - Segm entina sp p .
Immunity to Fascwla pa ra site
1. Th ere is evidence of inmiunity in th e h ost after th e infection
' of Fasciola spp.
2. Efforts h ave been made to immunize animals by irradiated
metacercariae. Scientists also tried and found significant level
'of protection by using purified antigen.
3. Cross inununity between T. h ydatigen a and F. h ty atic a h as
been, recorded earlier.
4. Both cell mediated and h umoral immunity occurs in Fasciola
parasite infection.

- D IC R O C O E L m ^
- Dicrocoeliidae
Genus
D icrocoeliu m
Species
D icrocoelium den driticu m
D. hosp es
Brie f inteoduction
Th ese are small lancet-sh aped distomes occurring in th e bile
 ^tepter 2 ■ Tre^to des | 115

duct of mammals, birds etc. Lancet-flukes are not as toportant as

th at of Fascio to parasites. However, large number of parasites in
conjunction with oth er parasitic infection causes loss of production
wh ich h as economic significance. D icro co eliu m dendriticu m is
commonly found in sh eep, goat cattle etc. ^ e parasites do not
migrate in th e liver as is done by th e immature fluke of Fascio la sp.
Th is migh t be reason for less magnitude of path ogenicity.
C o ^ o n na me ' - Lancet fluke
P r e v ^ e nc e - Worldwide in distribution
Sea t o f p r e ^ e ^ o n - Bile duct, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
Of th ese, th e most common site is bile
duct and liver.
S ^ e nt m orp h olo^
1. ^ e parasite i s small (around 1 cm) and foncet- sha ped. Th at’s
w h y th is is called th e lancet-fluke. Th e length is more or less
1 cm.
2. Th e flukes are soft and p a ^ ^ ^ y tra ns p a r e nt ^ c e p t A e
u te re s a nd o&e-r ge nita l pa rtsw h ich look dense. T h e
transparent and th e dense areas are clearly visible by naked
ey e’s examination.
. 2. Two suckers are. present, th e oral being th e s e l l e r th an th e
ventral.
3. Posterior to th e ventral sucker, th ere is presence of a pair of
testes. Testes are at tandem in foeir position.
4. Posterior to th e testes ovary is present
5. Uterine coils are present posterior to ovary occup ^ng mostly
th e central field.
6. Vitelline glands are present in th e lateral field of th e parasite
' 7. Th e eggs are o p e r^ ^ te d ^ d brown in colour.
Life ^ c le
De^mrive host - Sh eep, goat and cattle •
Interme&a te host
1. 1* intermediate h ost is land snail i. e . Zebrina detrita and
C io nella lu brica. In India th e im portant snail - h osts are
M acro chto mys cassida and Luastenia spp.
2. 2ndintermediate h ost is ant ( Fo rmicafm c a)
Developmenta l sta ges
• Egg
• Miracidium
• Sporocyst (2 generations)
116 Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

• Cercaria
• Metacercaria(infective stage)
• Adult
Note 5 Redia stage is absent.
D escription
1. Eggs are voided out of th e h ost
2. Eggs h atch after being ingested by th e land snail.-
3. In th e 1st intem ediate h ost, miracidium transforms intosporocyst
in th e h epatopancreas,
4. Sporocyst gives rise t o second generation of sporocyst. Th e
second generation of sporocyst produce cercaria directly with out
. Vfomiation of redia. Th e cercaria is named as C ercarfo vitrin a
h aving a stylet and tail.
5. Cercaria remains in th e gelatin -like material wh ich is called as
s lim e - b ^ . In a slime-ball th ere remains 200 - 400 cercariae;.
 ^ ap ter 2 ■ Tremato des | 117

6. Th e slime balls are attractive to th e ants (Fo rmicafu sed) and

are ingested by th e ants.
7. In th e ants metacercariae are formed. Metacercariae are found
in th e body cavity. But sometimes th e metacercariae are found
in th e brain. Th e interesting th ing is th at th e infection by th e
metacercariae makes th e ants climb onto th e tip of th e grass
blades.
8. Final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected ants
afong with feed (grass and oth er vegetation).
Ep id e m e olo^
Land snails are th e intermediate h osts of Dicro co eliiim spp.
Th ese snails can survive in th e dty season for a long time. In th e
damp weath er after a spell of d^ climate is th e ideal period for
disch arge of cercariae. Incidence of dicorcoeliosis is dependent on
^ o intermediate h osts, ^ t s are available on th e h erbage in th e
morning. Th erefore grazing of animals in th e m orning is one
predisposing factor for occurrence of th e disease. It h as been
recorded th at infection rate of th is parasite is h igh er in th e female
as compared to male.
118 j Paraato lo ^ at a Gl^Ke

Pa thogenesis
Pa Aologica l fea tures / cona tions
Ch olangitis, ch olangiectesis, portal cimh osis,jaundice, glandular
proliferation
Description
1. seat of predilection of th e parasite is bile duct. Th erefore,
most of th e path ological features occur in th e bile duct. Th e
parasite constantly irritates' th e wall of th e bile duct and causes
th e bile duct-epith elium to be slough ed out. In addition to
slough ing of th e bile duct-epith elium, th ere occurs cellular
infiltration, th ereby, making th e condition more complicated.
2. In th e ch ronic ph ase, deposition of fibrous tissue occurs wh ich
leads to th e h y p e r p te s ti c c ondition of th e b ile duct.
Superficial erosions occur in th e bile duct.
3. s t ^ t o wh ich is path ognomoically called ch olangiectasis
occurs due to ag^egation of large number of parasites in th e
lum en of th e bile duct. Biliary stasis leads to functional
disturbance.; .
4. P o^ ^ ^ t a ’osis is .th e common pafoognomoic feature found
in th e ch ronic ph ase of th e disease. Th e cirrosis spreads very
ch aracteristically wh ich ; starts from th e portal triad and spreads
interlobularly and perilobularly later on. And eventually th is
affects th e wh ole part of th e liver and th is extensive cirrh osis
cause marked induration of th e liver.
N. B.
• It to to be p a th ognom onic featore h not
severe ^ c om p a r e d to F asciola pa^& ite.
• ^ ^ a t i on of & e Im m a nire fluke doe s not to & e
tiver ^ to f om d in F asrtola p ^ ^ i t e s .
D iagno sis
Tra ditiona l
1. Examination of faecal sample is th e only resort for diagnosis
of th e parasite. Th e eggs are different from oth er trematode
eggs wh ich are rough ly oval and much smaller' th an Fascio la
spp and brow n in colour. Th ese eggs appear v e ^ prominently
in th e field wh ile examining th e faecal sample of infected
animals due to it’s brow n colour.
2. Identification of th e fluke during post- mortem examination.
3. Biopsy of liver can b e done for detection of th e fluke in th e
parench ymatous tissue, th ough it is very tedious to perfomi.
 ^ tep te’2 ■ T r e ^ ^ e s | 119

Re ce nt toend
1. Recent trend is based on th e different types of ELISA by using
defined antigenCeith fec na tiv e p u ^ f ie d or re c om b ina nt)
wh ich are im m unodom nant and used for immunodmgnosis.
C onte ol
1. Treatment of foe affected animal.
2. Land snail sh ould be controlled by use of molluscicidal agent.
3. Control of foe ants b y use of insecticidal agent.
4. Biological control can be done by rearing ducks wh ich ingest
th e land-snails.
D ’e a ta e nt
P ra z iq ua nte l - 50 m g/k g, A lb e nda z ole - 15 m g/k g,
Th iabendazole - 200-300mg/kg, F enben^zole 150m ^kg
E ^ m ,Y - o p i s r a o R C H r n ^
B rie f inte od^^ on
Th ese ,are small to medium-sized distomes occurring in th e
bile duct and gall bladder of th e mammals and birds etc. Optetbo rchte
iffl) will rank th ird position if comparison is made among Fascio la,
Dicro co elium and Optetho rchte in terms of path ology. In most of
th e rases, tyistho rchte spp remains asymptomatic in th e affected
animals. But it can be postulated th at some amount of path ogenicity
must oc ^ r in th is parasitic infection.
H istory / Discovery
In Calcutta Chlo no rchte sinensis was first recorded in th e bile
duct of a Ch inese carpenter by McConnellin in th e year 1875.
Prevrience
Opistho rchis sffl) are mostly prevalent in Asia, Europe and
Canada, ^ ou gh th e name of Chlo no rchis sffl)is Ch inese liver fluke,
but th e species are disttibuted in oth er countries of Asia in addition,
to Ch ina.
G enrn
tytetbo rcbte
Chlo no rchis'
Species o f opisthorchis
O, tenuico llis
O. v i^ w n i
120 | V ete^ ^ ty P ^ ^ to lo ^ at a Glmice

O. caninu s
O .felineu s
O. no v&ca
Species o f C h ^ ^ c h i s
C. sinenste
Site-Bfle duct and liver
Note — Chbno rchte sinenste is called as Ch inese liver fluke.
M o ^ h o lo ^ o f ^ tf& h arch is s$>
1. ^ e parasites are soft and smooth in appearance.
2. Oral and ventral suckers are small.
3. Location of th e testes is not like th at of th e D icm co eliu m typ.
^ e testes are situated at th e posterior part of th e parasite.
Th e ra o e to ^ - b te ^ e r m s in between A e testes.
4. Th e vitelline glands- are- situated in th e1middle th ffd of th e
lateral field.
5. a bsent wh ich is a ch aracteristic feature
6. Ovary is situated almost a t th e middle part-of th e parasite.
7. Th e uterine coil is situated in th e anterior part, of th e parasite
wh ich -starts from th e ovary and reach es to th e ventral sucker.
8. T h e eggs are operculated and contains miracidium w h en laid.
O p isth orch is s p ____________ C bto rnrch is s p ____________
1. ^ e seat of predilection of 1. Th e seat of predilection of-
th e parasite is th e bile duct th e parasite is bUe duct but
but occasionally th e parasite occasionally th e parasite
may occur in th e p^creatic . may occur in th e pancreatic
duct and intestine. duct and intestine.
2. ^ e parasites ^ e c t mostly 2. ^ e parasites mostly affect
dogs and cats. man
3. Cuticle is smoofe 3. Cuticle is spiny in young-
fluke but smooth in adult. •
4. Posterior part of th e body is ■4. Posterior part of th e body is
not much wider as feat of much wider.
th e Chlo no rchte sp.
5-. testes are simated 5. testes are branch ed and
posteriorly wh ich are lobed situated more posteriorly. "
and th e ^ c re toty bladder
passes between th em.
 ^tapter 2 ■ T ie ^ t o t o | IS

O p istb ^ w b is s p C hlonarchis s p
5. Th e eggs are ligh t brown, 5. ^ e eggs are ligh t b ro^ n,
operculated and contains operculated and contains
miracidium w h en laid. miracidium w h en laid.

oral sucker oral sucker

ventral sucker
ventral
sucker

uterus
vitellaria

vitellaria

ovary

intestinal caeca
testes
testes

excretory bladder

Fig. 5. Opisthorchisspp F/g. 6. Chlonorchis sinensis

Life ^ c le
D ^ n itiv e ho st
Dog, cat and fox etc.
I n te ^ e d iate ho st
1st internediate h ost - Snail (B ifo^ ia leach i and oth er species
of genus. Bifoynia) .
■2ndintemiediate h ost is fish of Cyprinidae family.
Dev elo pmental, s^^es
• Eggy
• -:Miracidium-
• Sporocyst .
• Redia -
 1^ | P w aato lo ^ at a G ^ c e

• Cercaria
• Metacercaria (infective stage)
• Adult
Description
1.
2. Th e e ^ s are h atch ed after being ingestedb y th e snail {Bithynia

3. In th e snail, th e eggs h atch and th e miracidium comes out.

^ e miracidiumfurfoertxansfoms intosporocyst. ^ e sporocyst
gives birth to one redial generation.
4. Cercaria is formed from th e redia wh ich are toiled and posseses
pigmented eye-spots.
5. Th e cercaria penetrates th e fish (Cy prinidae family). Th e
cercaria h as Affinity to transform into th e metacercaria on th e

6. ^ e final h ost gets th e infection b y ingestion of th e infected

raw, uncooked or undercooked fish .
Pafoogenesis
Pafoological featores /lesions
C h olangitis, ch olangiocarcinom a, biliary stasis, catarrh al
ch olecystitis, periductal fibrosis, jaundice ch olangioh epatitis.
Description
It is to be remembered th at th is parasitic infection is not as
significant- as th e Dicro co elium spp. Mostly th is parasitic infection is
a s^ p tom a tic . ^ e path ogenesis is restricted to th e bile duct. Th e
parasite causes ch olangitis. Th ickening of th e bile duct occurs. Th ere
may be b ilia^ stasis due to occlusion of th e bile duct. In th e h uman
being th ere may be ch olan^ T C arcta o^ K caused by C hlo no rdk
spp. Deposition of fibrous tissue is a common incidence in fois
- parasitic infection.
Massive imitation due to presence of foe flukes cause necrosis
of bile duct epith elium leading to desquamation of biliary mucosal
cells. T h e liver is also a ffe cted a nd b oth th e se re s ult in
c h ola n^ oh e p a titis . M th e path ological features are as a result of
th e parasite itoelf and secondary bacterial infertion.
Clinical s i^ s
Th e symptoms are inapparent. However, h eavy infection results
in disease entity with some cliniral signs of h epatic damage wh ich
are as following
 ^tapter 2 ■ T r e ^ t^ te | ^

Fig. 7 Life c^ le ofOpisthomhis sp p .

a. animals do not feed and drink well.

b. Weakness is caused due to less food intake.
■c. Icteras
d. Diarrh oea
e. • Ascites
D i^ nos is
Tra ditiona l
la m ina tion of faeces for detection of eggs is done. History of
th e case is important for diagnosis of th is parasitic infection.
124 | Paraato lo ^ at a Glance

Recent teend
1. ELISA by using immunodominant protein (defined native or
recombinant antigen).
2. Dot - ELISA (by using defmed antigen)
3. Work on m e of m onoclona l a n ^ o d y for diagnosis of O.
vivem ni h as been done.
4. Ch aracterization of one vital enzyme, e yste ta e prote ia se of
• 0. v ive m ni and possibility of i^m unodiagnosis using th at
enzyme h as been recorded.
5- Im unoblotting using a sp a ra g in y l e n d op e p tid a se of 0 .
vivem ni h as been done and immunodiagnositic potential h as
been recorded.
T re a toe nt
Niridazole, disoph enol, clioxamide, h exach loroph ene can be
tried.
Conttol
1. Treatment of foe affected a ni^ ls ,
2. ^ e faeces sh ould b e properly disposed
3. . Uncooked or undercooked fish sh ould not be allowed to dogs.
4. C ontrol of th e interm ediate h osts (snails) b y using th e
• molluscicidal agents.'
5. Public education regarding Chlo no rchU sinensis wh ich h as
zoonotic importance.
E ^ m ,Y - E ^ ^ P H I S T O ^ ^ T O ^
Brief inteoduction
Th ese are foick flesh y amph istomes occumng- in th e rumen
and reticulum of th e ruminants. It is needless to m ention th at
amph istomes are important in th e livestock industry and th e parasites
h ave been globally recorded as one of th e most important parasites
so for. Th ough th e adult amph istomes h ave got less path ogenic
significance but th e immature amph istomes really cause marked
path ogenicity. Moreover, th e amph istomes are abundantly available
in India and innumerable eases h ave been recorded since decades.
Great economic loss is caused by th e immatore amph istomes due
to incessant loss of production.
 2 ■ Tre^to des | 125

Prevalence
^ e a m p h istom e s are distributed all over th e world.
Important genera
Param phisto m u m
Co tylo pho ro n
Giganto co tyle
G m tro th y l^
G astro disco id^
Gastro dtecus
Fischo ederius
Pseudo discus
Genus
Param phteto m u m
Species
Param phisto m um c e ^
P. tyiclitu m
P. m icro bo thrium
Hosts
- Cattle, shety, go ats and o ther relatedanim ah.
Seat of predilection
Rumen, reticulum, small intestine.
Salient m o^ h olo^
1. Th e fluke is th ick and flesh y and are called as th e conical
flukes.
2. Th e sh ape of th e fluke is indirative of. identifiration. Th is is.
called as conical fluke. Th e dorsal surface is' convex and- th e
ventral surface is concave.
3. Two suckers are present at ends.
4. Testes are tandem and situated anterior to ova^ .
5. Vetelline glands are situated in th e lateral field of almost-th e
wh ole body.
6. flukes are ve^- c om lon. A number of cases are routinely
experienced duringpostmortem and during visit to th e slaugh ter
h ouse. Innumerable paramph istomes are found attach ed to th e
wall of rumen. Even after slaugh ter of th e animals th e movement
of th e flukes is detected.
 1^ | V eterm ^ Paraato lo ^ at a Glance

7. Th e flukes are pink to red in colour and th e sh ape is comparable .

to th e food prepared from rice (Murra / Palmal called in Hindi).
8. Cross-sections of th e flukes are almost circular.

oral sucker

vite llaria
Intestinal caera

testes

intestinal caerai
ventral sucker

Hg, 8. P a ra m p h lsto m u m c e rv i

Inte ^ne ^& te h ost - Indo plano rbti ^w stu s and Plano rbte spp

Co tylo pbo ro n
I m p o^ M t s e c ie s
Co tylo pbo ro n co tylo pbo m m
'H osts
Cattle,, S h e ^ and go at
Site/location
■Ru m en and reticulum
ch aracter
1. Th e morph ological features are similar to Param phisto m u m
cervi b ut th e s e tre m a tode s are sm a lle r th a n th e '
P aram phteto m u m
2. Presence of genital sucker sunounding th e genital pore is an
important' m o^h ological feature of th is parasite.
- ta te ^ n e ^ a te h o st- Indo plano rbte s$>

Giganto co tyle
 & apter 2 ■ Tremato des | 127

Important, species
G. &planatu m (Th e synonym is Param phisto m um e ^lanatu m )
Hosts
Buffalo and occasionally in cattle
Site /location , , 7 f.
Bile duct, gall bladder
Salient m orp h olo^ ■
1. Th e main identifying ch aracteristic is large posterior sucker.
2. Testes are anterior to ovary and located diagonally.
3. In many cases, innumerable flukes are found attach ed to th e
liver parench ymatous tissues and bile ducts of buffaloes.
4. Th e body is anteriorly almost pointed and posteriorly wider.
5. Th e ventral'sucker is so large as to b e felt,by placing th e little
finger over it.
Intermediate h ost
Gyraalus co nvexiu scu lix
Disease caused.
Biliary amp histomosis.
Genm
Gastro thylax
1W | Veterina^ pM asito lo ^ at a Glance

Im portant species
G. cm m enifer
Hosts
Sh eep, cattle and buffalo,
Site/location
Rumen and reticulum
Identifying ch aracter
1. Th e fluke' is th ick and flesh y.
2. Th e main*identifying feature is th e presence of t oge v e nfra l
p o u c h .;'
3. Th e g e ^ ^ p o r e o p e n s o n v e n ^ p ow h . Th e position
. of th e genital pore is between' th e p h a ^ r a and intestinal
-bifyrcation, wh ich . opens into th e ventral pouch .
4. Testes are situated side by side appearing as h orizontal in
position.
5. Th e uterus h as a t^ ic a l direction wh ich crosses from left to
righ t.
In te rm e d ia te h o s t - ^p -auhtt c am ^ u s c u h tt,
G as tr od is w s
Im portant species
G. aeg ^tiactis
 ^ ap ter 2 ■ Tremato des | 129

Host
Equines
Site /loca tion
Intestine
Sdient m o ^ h o lo ^ i
1. Th ese h ave clear demarcation of th e body into tw o parts.
Anterior part is cylindrical and th e posterior part .is sauc e r­
s h a p e d or discoidal.
2. Oral sucker h as, two posterolateral pocket-like pouch es/ '
3- A large number of v e nt r ^ papfflae are present w h ich are
arranged in'a'definite manner.
4. Th e lobed testes are situated diagnally.
5. Ovary is posterior to testes,
ta te ^ ne & a te h os t -Cleo petra spp
G e nra
Fischoedenus
Species
Fischoederius elongatiis
F. cob b oldi
H ost
Cattle
Site
Rumen
130 | V e te ^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

posteriorlater pouch
or oral sucker

testes

Fig. Gastmdiscusae&p tiacus

Salient m o^ h ol o^ '
1. It is an elongated parasite for wh ich th e name of th e parasite
is F. elo ngatus. Th e appearance of th e parasite is rough ly like
a ch opper.
2. Dorsal position of th e testes is th e salient ch aracteristic of th is
parasite: It means one testes is present dorsal to anoth er testes.
3. ^ e ventral pouch is present but it is smaller in size compared
to Gwitro thylax spp.
4. Th e uterus runs in th e midline and th e extension of th e uterus
is variable as per th e different species,
ta te ^ ne dfe te h os t -L ym naea luteo to
G enus
Pseudo discus
Site
Large intestine
H os t
Equines
Salient m o^ h ol o^
1. Red coloured
2. O ra l s u c k e r w ith tw o p o ste ro la te ra l p o u c h e s
3- Testes markedly lobed and h orizontal.
4. Ovary is situated posterior to testes
I n t e ^ e ^ t e h os t : Fo &aria, Pto no rbte, B u linu s etc.
 ^tapter 2 ■ Trerato des | 131

fy ^ o dfc c o fas
. Im porta nt Species
G. ho minte
H ost - Man and Pig
Sa illient m orp holo^
1. Th e anterior part is rounded. Oral sucker h as two posterolateral
pouch es.
2. Ventral papillae .are present.
3. One ventral cleft is present.
.4. Almost pe^r sh aped
ta te ^ e ^ & te h o st -Helico rbte sp
Genera l pa rte m o f life ^ cle o f a mphistome
Developmenta l sta ges
• Egg
• Miracidium
• Sporocyst

oral sucker

intestinal caeca

uterus

dorsal testes

ventral sucker

Fig. 13. Fischoederius cob b oldi

• Redia
• Cercaria
• M e ta ce rca ria (in fe ctiv e sta g e )
• Adult
D escription
1. Th e life cycle of amph istome is similar to th e life cycle of
132 | Paraato lo ^ at a G tare

Fascio la spp. However, th e intermediate h ost is ■different ■in

different species of th e parasites.
2. Eggs are expelled out of th e h ost.
3. In th e presence of optimum environmental factors th e eggs
h atch and th e miracidium comes out.
4. Th e miracidium is actively motile and it can m ove front one
place to anoth er following th e ch emical released by th e snail.
5- Th e miracidium enters th e snail th rough th e exposed soft tissue
of th e snail.
6. With in th e snail th e miracidium transforms into sporocyst. Th e
sporocyst forth er transforms into th e redia and th en to th e
cercaria. Th e mature cercaria are dark brown to dark in colour
wh ich possesses two distinct eye-spots. Cercariae are released
during dayligh t wh ich h as been proved by th e workers wh ile
h arvesting metacercariae in th e laboratory. In th e clean water
th e cercariae are distinctly visible by th e naked eye and th e
release of cercariae can be enh anced by applying strong ligh t
from th e table lamp.
7. Cercariae are released from th e snail wfoch are provided with
th e tail appendage. By th e use of th e tail appendage th e
cercaria can move and swim in th e water as well.
8. T h e cercaria crawls onto th e grass b lade or th e aquatic
vegetation. During crawling th e cercaria casts off th eir tail
appendages and transfomis into metacercaria.
9 • Final h ost gets infection by ingestion of th e infected vegetation.
10. After ingestion, excystation of metacercariae occurs. It is to be
remembered th at th ough foe seat of predilection of amph istomes
is mainly rumen and reticulum, th e excystation occurs in small
intestine wh ich is for from rumen .and reticulum. Th e juvenile
flukes ingest intestinal mucosa. -'
11. Th e flukes return to reticulum th en to th e .rumen and sexually
matured.
Pa Aogenesis
P a A o lo g ie a l fe a ^ u e s / 'l^ io n s
Enteritis, h y poproteintaia, h ydroth orax, h ydropericardium
D escription
As such th e flukes are not significantly p ath ogenic but
superinfection leads to rause disease entity, ^ e disease is caused
by two stages of th e flukes ;
 tta p te r 2 a Trema todes | 133

By toe ma ture a mphistomes

1. It is to be kept in mind th at th e mature amph istomes cause
least amount of path ogenicity as compared to th e immature
amph istomes.
2. Th e animals look quite h ealth y, inspite'of h aving large number
of flukes in th e h ost. It may be due to th e h ost parasite
com patibility . Or it may be due to th e similar antigenic
determinant present both in th e h ost as well as in th e parasite.
Wh atever th e ’reason may be, it is evident th at th e magnitude
of path ogenicity always remains low.
By imma ture a mphistomes
However, in th e case of immature amph istomosis th e picture
is quite different. T h ese stages c a use .se ve re p ath ogenesis.

Fig. 14 . Life) cycle ofamphistome

 [ V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

Amph istomosis is very common and local name of th e disease is

‘B iss i r o g o r Th ough th e seat of predilection of th e
parasite is rumen and reticulum but in all cases th e i ^ ^ t u r e parasites
are found in th e duodenum wh ere th ese juvenile parasites take
plug of mucosa. Th at’s wh y th e parasites are called as th e plug
feeders. Th e loss of large am ount of protein leads to cause
h ^oproteinim ea wh ich is found in th e acute stage of th e infection
unlike th at of Fascio ki parasite wh ich occurs in ch ronic infection.
Th e protein is lost th rough th e ruptured intestine because of th e
alteration of th e selective permeability of th e wall of th e intestine.
Due to h ypoprotaenimia th ere occurs oedema. Th is oedema oc ^ rs
in th e subm andibular region mainly. But oth er ch aracteristic
oedematous conditions are h y d ro A o r^ , p ^ o n a ^ oedem a
a n d h y & -o p e ri.c^ ^ .^ m etc. Th is oedema sh ould be dffferentiated
from th e Fascio to and in th is way th e Fascio la parasites cause oedema
formation in th e ch ronic ph ase but th e inmature amph istomes cause
oedema in foe acute ph ase.
Clinica l s i^ s
1. Th e animals exh ibit th e disease symptoms at th e onset of
monsoon.
2. Severe abdominal pain due to plug feeding is caused b y th e
immature amph istomes. Th e goats bleat with painfol sounds
and become restless. Th e animals frequently stand and sit.
3. Profese fluidy diarrh oea occurs. Th e diarrh oea is foetid by
nature. Th e typical smell of th e diarrh oeaic faeces is due to
presence of th e decomposed plasma protein in th e G. I. tract.
As th e animals are h erbivorous, th e large amount of protein is
not digested rath er get decomposed. Later on, th e diarrh oea
becom es w atery w h ich is a ty pical signs of im m ature
amph istomosis. Immature flukes may be found in th e diarrh oic
faeces.
4. Th e affected animals sh ow ta c r^ re e d wh ich is due to
loss of large amount of body fluid on account of severe diarrh ea.
As a result of body -h om oeostatic mech anism, th e animals
frequently drink w ater to compensate loss of fluid.
5. Th e affected animals may even die.
Diagno sis
Tra ditiona l
D ia ^ osis is based on th e examination of th e faecal sample.
O ne th ing is to be kept in mind th at negative finding of e ^ s in th e
 ^tapter 2 ■ T r^ M t^es | l&i

faeces does not indicate absence of amph istomosis. Because wh en

clinical signs occur in th e animals due to amph istomosis it means
th e immatare amph istomes are causing damage at th at time. So it is
obvious th at at tWs stage eggs would not be found, ^ a t 's wh y, it is
instmcted for gross examination of faecal sample wh ich is important
for diagnosis of immature amph istomosis. For th is, th e faeces is
sieved properly and detected for th e presence of immature or
juvenile flukes. In positive rases, th e pink coloured immature flukes
are found in th e foetid diarrh ea.
R e ce nt teend
Immunodiagnosis is done:
1. By using th e wh ole worm salme extract.
2. ' By using th e tegumental antigen.
3. By using th e excreto^-secretory antigen.
4. By using th e immunodominant protein or defined antigen.
Different types of ELISA is performed by using th e above
mentioned antigens, ^ e s e are as followmg
1. Direct ELISA and Indirect ELISA
3. Dot -ELISA
4. Dip- stick ELISA
5. Western- blot
^ e a t oe n t
A series of drugs are commercially available wh ich may be
used to treat th e cases of amph istomosis. Th e drugs are simflar to
th e drugs used in Fm cio ki cases.
Th e following drugs are used in th e treatment of amph istomosis
N itr o^ nU - Effective both against m ature and im m ature
parasites.
D ose- A subcutaneous dose of 10 mg/kg h as been found to be
efficacious.
R afoxam de - High ly effective against both immature and
mature flukes.
Dose -7. 5 mg / Kg.
^ ^ dm a n i de ^Effective both a g^ s t mature and, immature
flukes.
Dose - 15 mg / Kg
136 | V eterm ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

O toe r ^ ^ s a re a s follow ng :
Hexaeh loroph ane
Hexach loreth ane ■
Hetoi
Bith ionol-
Conteol
Control is sam e as Fascio to spp.
E ^ m Y -S C m S T O S O ^ m ^
B rie f in&oduction
Th ese are roundwom-like dimorph ic unisexual distomes. Infect,
no w ord is required to expess th e importance of sch istosomes since
th ese distomes cause variably severe path ogenicity both in man
and animal. Th at Schisto so ma spp is an important, fluke could.be
told unequivocally . Th ere are m any species under th e genus
S chisto so ma. However all' th e species are not. im portant in th e
veterinary field. O f th ese species, 'S chfato so ma nasalis is very
important wh ich causes toe disease nasal granuloma (N. G.).
H istory /Discovery
In a b out-1200 BC calcified eggs of S chisto so m a spp w ere
detected in th e mummies of Egypt. S. haem ato biu m was detected
in th e N epole'on’s army in Egy pt (179 9 -1801), S chisto so m a
haem ato biu m was also discovered by M. Bilh arz in th e year 1851.
Preva lence
Th ese flukes are distributed all over th e world.
Genus
Schisto so ma
C ^ m o n na m e -Blood fluke or B ilh a^ia worms
H osts
Cattle, sh eep, goat, pig and dog e tc '
Site /loca tion
Mesenteric vein, portal veins, nasal vein iS . n^ ale )
Sa lient m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Th ese parasites are typically different from th e oth er trematodes
. in respect of th eir sexual differentiation. Th e male and female
 t t ap t e 2 ■ Tremato des | 137

parasites are different and th at’s wh y th ese are called as

parasites and th ese parasites are not h ermaph rodite
as oth er trematodes.
2. Th ese parasites arelike th e round womis.
3. Th e male parasites h ave ^ ^ a e c op h oe r ic c ^ a l s by wh ich
th e fenrale parasites are carried during th e time of copulation.
4. Th e p arasite h as tw o suckers. Ventral suckers are very
ch aracteristic wh ich appear as an elevation from th e'b ody .
Opposite to th e ventral sucker th ere are presence of testes
wh ich are lobed.
5. Th e female parasite is cylindrical h aving ooty p e,ovaty and
vitelline glands. _
Th e eggs are variable wh ich are always w ith out op e r^ dum .
Th e sh ape of eggs of S. nasalis is boom erang-sh aped or
Nepoleon’s h at-sh aped. Th e eggs of some species h ave terninal
or anterior spines.
Th e cercariae are•
furcocercous.
- - '
Tfretails
' •
of th e cercariae
i
are
b& rcated.
Metocercaria stage is absent. Insteadof th at'stage sch istosofoula
stage is found.

oral. ovary
su^er

testes

%naecophortc
ranal

intestine

Fig. 15. Schistosoma spp. a - male; b - female'

138 | P M ^itolo^ at a Glrnc*

Impo rtant species.

S chKtwo ma nw alte
Schtetmo ma
S, indicu m
S. s p in dle
S. haemato bium,
S .japo nicu m
S. m anso ni .
5, inco gnitu m
S. intercato tu m
S. m adheei ■.
L ifis^ d e
Definitiv e hrat
Sh eep, goat, cattle and pig
Interm ediate ho st
Indo pfano rhte sp, BttUnus sp, Plano rhte sp etc.
Dev elo pmental stages
• Egg
• Miracidium
• Sporocyst (tw o generations)
• Cercaria
• Adult
N ote ! M e ^ e K ^ a stage is a b s e nt S c ^ t os om ^ f a s ta ge b
p ^ ^ e d , -Re^ta s ^ ^ e is ^ s e nh
Descriptio n
1. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e nasal cavity along ^ t h th e
nasal disch arge ($. nasalfe) or th rough th e faeces or urine (oth er
species).
2. Th e eggs are boom erang or N e ^ l e on ’s fot-s h a p e d. Th e
eggs immediately h atch w h en th ese come in contact wifo th e
water,
3. ^ ; e r h atch ing th e miracidium comes out. Th ey enter into th e
snail intermediate h ost.
4. In th e snail-h ost e oth er stages occur like sp oro^st, daugh ter
sporocyst and cerraria, No redia stages occur.
5. cercaria is railed as c e r c ^ a because th e
cercaria h aa bifarcated tail appendage, ^ e cercaria is actively
motile and can move from one place to anoth er.
 Chapter 2 ■ Trerato des | 139

6. Th e final h ost gets th e infection th rough skin penetration

performed by th e cercaria.
7. Th e cercaria penetrates th rough th e skin and enters into th e
blood circulation and gets transformed into
8. Th e sch istosomula are transported to th e specific location
th rough blood circulation via lung, liver, and portal vessel etc.
9. In case of S. nm alis, th e cercariae penetrate th rough th e nasal
cavity and transform into sch istosomula and- subsequently
develop into adult parasite.
E p ide m e olo^
T h e ep idem iology is sim ilar to Fascio la g ig antic a and
Paramph istomes. Water te required for h atch ing of th e eggs. Eggs
can h atch in sligh tly acidic pH. Sh ading of cercariae is temperarure
dependent, tong time is required for development of Schisto so ma
in th e snail. High rainfall is good predisposing factor for occurence
of th ese parasites.
Pafo o genesis
Pafo o lo gical featares / lesio ns
Deposition' of granulomatous tissues, miliary abcess formation,
, cercarial dermatitis.
Descriptio n
* Path ogenesis or h arm caused to th e h ost is mainly due to th ree
stages of th e parasite
a. ' By adult parasite
b By eggs of foe parasite (more severe pafoogenesis is caused
due to th e eggs)
c. By th e cercaria during penetration th rough th e skin.,
* Different types, of disease entity occur in accordance w ith th e
location, Species and course of im m unop ath ognom oic
features;'
a. Nasal sch istosomosis
b. Urinary sch istosomosis
c. Intestinal sch istosomosis
d. Hepatic sch istosomosis
^ e following points are taken into account for description of
path ogenesis Caused by sch istosomes:
1'40 ■| PM asito lo ^ at a

Fig. 16. Ufec^le o fSchisto so manasaiis

1. ' Th e adult sch istosome consumes b lood.'^ e s e cause iMtation
to th e area resulting in formation of ph lebitis. T h e th rombosis
is anoth er sequilae. Sometimes th e adult flukes-are dead and
a re ca rrie d to a nothe r-pa rt of the va scula r* system ca using
severe vascular damage. ; ’■
2. ^ e most important path ogenesis caused by S chtito so ^a spp,
-wh ich is to be-dealt with , is n ^ ^ . ^ a nu l o^ ^ r a or .N . G. Th e
m atter w h ich is to be taken , into account is th at, major-
path ogenicity is caused b y th e eggs of parasite. Th e eggs
release som e kind of s olub le a ntige n w h ich h as h igh
 2 ■ T^mato des ' | 141'

immunogenic potential and lay severe immunological reaction.;

Actually th is soluble antigen is, noth ing but, th e enzy mes
secreted by th e miracidium p resent w ith in th e eggs. Th is
enzyme is extruded out th rough th e pores of th e eggs. Th e
eggs precipitate i^ ^ k ed inf la ^ ^ tor y reaction with infiltration'
of inflammatory cells comprismg eosinoph il, neutroph ils wh ich
gath er around th e eggs and result in form ation of th e
^ c ^ r nb s c e s s . If th e lesion persists for a long time, granuloma
comprising foreign body giant cells,are form ed. Th ese are,
called as pseudotobercles. Later op it stimulates th e, form ation.
of granulomatous lesion. Eventually fibrosis occur sunounding
th e granuloma-. Th ese eggs* cause different types of' vascular
' path ology like ph lebitis,, endarteritis, periarteritis etc.
3. - syndrom e is common in .Sch istosome infection.
T h e inte s tina l sy ndrom e is" a ssoc iate d, w ith inte s tina l
h aem orrh age on th e intestinal wall. In addition to th is,
oedem atous th ickening of th e intestinal w all 'is anoth er
path ological feature.
4. Anoth er feature is hepatic syndro m e wh ich is strictly because
of immunological reaction occurred in th e liver mainly found
in Schisto so ma m anso ni infection. Soluble ,antigen ,is released
from th e eggs wh ich set up a reaction resulting in infiltration
of inflammatoty cells like lymph ocytes, macroph ages, plasma
cells and eosinoph ils around th e eggs. Wh en th ese, cells foil,'
second line of cellular aggregation occur. Th e cells include,,
giant cells, epith eloid cells and fibroblast Th e wh ole area is
encapsulated- by deposition- of collagen and fibrous tissue.
Clinicd signs
1. Th e clinical, signs of nasal sch istosomosis are associated with
respiratory problem. C a ^ M ow e r - ^ e growth is visible in th e
nasal cavity.' Nasal disch arge comes ■out. Th e, nasal cavity is
foled up with th e purulent exudate. A snoringsound is produced.
, ^ a t ’s w h y th e common- name of th e dsease is N. G. or snoring
disease.
2. Profuse diarrh oea is th e common clinical sign in acute stage of
infection. _
3. '' A na e ^ a is subsequent clmical'sign accompanied w ith dullness,
depression and e ^ c ia tion. ' ‘
1^ | . V e te ^ ^ ^ Paraato lo ^ at a Glrnce

Dia gnosis
1. Examination of faecal sample and nasal disch arge for th e
detection of th e eggs of Schteto so maparasite.
2. Histological examination of th e biopsy material of mucosa,
liver or oth er affected organs for detection of eggs.
3. Cercarial Hoolen Reaction (C ^R )
5. Miraddium Inh ibition Test ( ^ ^ 0
6. Cercumoval Precipitation Test (C ^O
7. Ring Precipitation Test ( ^ ^ 0
8. A simple but very useful test is done to diagnose th e case of
nasal sch istosomosis. 1ml of nasal mucus is kept in a test tube.
9 ml of KOH is mixed and kept for 10 -20 minutes. Th en th e
material is centrifuged and th e material at th e bottom of th e
test tube' is examined.
9. A pannel of immunodiagnostic tests can b e done
a. CIEP(Counter immunoelectroph oresis)
b. IEP(Immunoelectroph oresis)
c. BOT(Bentonite Flocculation Test)
d. IHAT(Indirect Haemagglutination Test)
e. ^.T(Latex Agglutination Test)
T re a to e n t
Na sa l schistosomosis
Trich loroph on - 30-40 mg/kg body wt. (3 doses)
Tartar emetic - 2 mg/kg body wt.
O ther schistosomosis
Niridazole - 25 mg/kg in pig against S. inco gnitu m
Trich loroph on - 100 - 120 m g/kg (4 doses at 4 days intercal)
in sh eep against S. m attbeei and 50-70 mg/kg (6. doses at 3 days
inte^al in cattle against S. bo ms).
Gene Aera py ;
Scientists suggested th e possibility of utilizing th e anti - mini­
exon oligonucleotides wh ich can intefere with th e development of
th is parasite. Th is can be expoited to produce alternative dmg.
 ^ ap ter 2 ■ Tremato des | 143

C o ntto l o f ScM sto so mo sis

Tra& tional
1. Proper treatment of th e affected animals.
2. Th e animals sh ould not b e allowed to graze on th e low land
area w h ere w ater is stagnant.
3. animals sh ould be provided with underground water.
4. Control of th e snail sh ould be done by using th e molluscicidal
agents.
Re ce nt to n d
Recent trend h as been pinpointed or targeted towards th e
production of potent vaccine. Earlier attempts were m ade to produce
vaccine by using th e crude protein. But now work on production of
vaccine usmg specific candidate antigen comprising isoenzymes is
in progress, ^ i s immunodominant proteins h ave been expressed
by recombinant DNA tech nology. Apart from th is, DNA vaccine
^ e ne vaccine) h as also been tried and certain level of success h as
already been ach ieved. Few examples h ave been given as following:
1. Experimentally cross-reactive idiotype on using S. m anso ni
soluble egg antigen in rabbits (M onoclonal anti-idioty pe
antibodies, AB2) th at bound to a 38 kDa glycoprotein target
h as been tried.
2. (Sm 28 GST). DNA, vaccination of 5. m anso ni h as been tried
with success.
3. Sm 26 GST cDNA or pCD Sj 26 and PBK Sj '26 genes* are used
to express th e candidate protein.
4. Mucosal vaccination against sch istosomosis using liposome -
associated Sm 28 kDa GST.
5. Vaccination by keyh ole limpet h a e m oc ^ m h as been tried.
C E R C ^ ^ ^ D ERM ATITIS
It is an occupasional h azard wh ich occurs in th e h um an being
w h o come into contact with w ater h arbouring th e n on - h ^ ^ n
sc lm tosom e cerca'riae. Simple redness of skin (eryth ema) 'is th e
feature during 1* contact of ^ t e r . But repeated contact produce
papule or pustule wh ich may remain upto several weeks. Th is
condition is coranonly called as cercarial dermatitis.
a. Sch istosome dermatitis
b. Gale des nageurs
c. Plumber’s itch
d. Lake side disease
 1M | Vetermaty Paraato to ^ at a G to ce

e. Fish erman's itch

f. Collector’s itch
g. Swamp itch -
'.h . Swimmer’s itch
i. Clam, digger’s itch
' j.' Dh obi itch
k. . Hunter’s itch
l. Rice paddy itch
S c b^ s ^ a ^ n dale
_ Th is parasite occurs in mesenteric veins of different ruminants
and dogs: Th e eggs of th is parasite are ch aracteristicaUy spindle­
sh aped-h aving a tem inal spine.
Scb ifas^ m indicum
Th is parasite is found in mesenteric and portal veins of different
types of ruminants and equines. Th is is prevalent in India.
Scb i^som a incognitum
Th is parasite occurs in mesenteric veins of pig and dog. Th is is
prevalent in India and Pakistan. Th e yellowish brow n eggs are
ch aracteristically flattened at one side. One spine is present at th at
side.
Other species o f Schistoma tida e
' O rnitho bilha^ia bo mfo rdi- Occurs in th e mesenteric vein of
Zebu in India.
O. tu rkesianicu m - Occurs in mesenteric veins of sh eep, goat
' and oth er animals.
B ivitetto bilha^w nairi - Occurs in portal veins of eleph ant.
Giganto bUhartia spp - Occurs in birds
• ■E ^ I - P R O S T H O G O N ^^^
Brie f inttoduction
. ^ e s e are small distomes inh abiting th e bursa of fabricious,
oviduct of fowl and duck etc. Th is parasite h as -been considered to
be one of th e most path ogenic tteamtode parasite of p oult^ in
Europe ^ d America.
Preva lence
^ e flukes are distributed mainly in Asia, Africa and Europe.
 CTapter 2 ■ Tremato des | 1 ^

Host - Mostly th e birds like-fowlj pea.fow l,.gum ea fowl etc.,

are affected.
Site / lre a tion - oviduct, bursa of fabricious
Im porta nt species
Pro stbo go nimus pellu cidu s
P. o vatus
P. macro rcbte
.Com m on n ^ n e -O vidua fluke
Sa lient m orp holo^
1. T h e. colour of-th e paraisite-is pink after- stai^ng,'- Th u-fresh -
specimen is reddish in colour.
2. Cirrus reach es upto th e ventral sucker.
3. Th e t e s ^ h o ^ o n ^ in position.
4. Vitelline ^ a nds are situated in th e lateral side of th e parasite.
5. - ^ e genital pore opens almost at th e anterior extremity next
to th e oral sucker.
6. Th e eggs are typically dark brown and operculated.

^ h e cycle
D e^M tive host —Fowl
Intermedia te host
1“ intem ediate h ost' of th e. parasite is aquatic snail. B ithynia
tentacu lata acts as th e '1st intermediate h os t -
14 6 | V e ^ m a ^ .^ a s it o lo ^ a ta

2nd intem ediate h ost is dragon fly. In India th e dragon fly

wh ich a ^ as th e 2nd intermediate h ost is S ^ tpatm m deco lo ratum
Developmenta l sta ges
• Egg
• Miracidium
• Sporocyst
• Cerraria
• Metacercaria (infective stage)
• Adult
Description
1. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost.
2. After being ingested into th e intermediate h ost, th e eggs h atch
and th e miracidium comes out. ^ e miracidium transforms into
th e sporocyst and th e sporocyst $ves birth to cercaria. In th e
lifecyde of th is parasite redial stage is not developed.
3. cercaria comes out of th e snaU. ^ e y swim in- th e w a te r.
and enter into th e naiad stage of th e dragonfly . Th e b r e a ^ ^ g
m ove m e nt of th e fly enh ances th e entrance of th e cercaria
th rough th e anus.
4. In th e naiad th e cercaria transforms into anoth er stage wh ich is
called m etacercaria.''
5. Final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected naiad
or th e adult fly.
P a^o genesis/C lrncd signs
Pa &ologica l fea ta res / lesion
Peritonitis
D escription
1‘. Th e parasites constantly irritate th e oviduct wh ich leads to
passage of eggs with out formation of th e egg sh ell.
2. Sometimes th e parasite may get entrance into th e peritoneum
wh ich causes peritonitis due to reverse peristaltic movement,
resulted due to irritated oviduct.
4. Due to increased movement of th e oviduct th e eggs pass fast
and are expelled out w ifro u t A e fo ^ M tion o f A.e sh eU
 O apter 2 ■ Tremato des 1 147

F/g. 18 . Life cycle ofPmsthogonimus pellucidus

w h ereas th e lime secreting glands secrete lime. Th at’s wh y-
wh ite disch arge is a common symptom of th is parasitic infection.
5. , Oth er t^ ic a l clinical signs exibitedby th e birds are depression,
sitting tendency in th e nest, restlessness, ruffle feath ered
condition, pendulous abdomen, drop in egg production and
' sotted cloaca etc.
D i^ nos is
Examination of th e disch arge for presence of any egg of th e
parasite.
^ e a t oe n t
No recommended tre a ^ e nt is available.
148 i V etem a^ P w aato lo ^ at a Gl^Ke;

B rie f inttoduction
Th ese are plump distomes inh abiting th e lung of man and dog.:
Th e worms are significant in respect of h aving zoonotic importance.
H istoty / D is c ov e r
Kerbert (1878) and Braun (1899)' first, detected Parago nimus:
w ^term anii in two dead tigers in th e zoo of Europe.
Preva lence
Th e' flukes are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Genus
Parago nim m
Species
Parago nim us ^ ste r m anii
P. kellico tti
P.
C ^ m on na m e - Lung fluke, oriental lung fluke
SiteA ocation - Lung
H ost - Dog, cat, fox and pig
S ^ e n t m orpholo^ •
1. Th e. worms are rough ly ovoid.
2. Th e wh ole body is .h igh ly spiny. Th e spines are ch aracteristically
bifid. '
3. \ Th e ventral1 sucker is situated almost in th e middle of th e
body.
4. Th e ovary is alied to th e ventral sucker.
5. Postovarian testes are- situated side by side wh ich are. neith er
lobed nor h igh ly branch ed.
6. Vitelline glands are situated laterally th rough out th e entire
length .
U fe ^ d e
D e ^ ^ tive h o st -D og, ra t, fox and pig
h o st
.' l a interme&ate h ost -Water snail, Am pu lfarfa spp , M elania spp
and Assim inea spp
 ^ ap ter 2 ■ Tremato des . 149

oral sucker

intestinal caera

ventral s u ^ e r

testes

Fig. 19. Pamgonimus westermanU

2nd intermediate h ost - Crabs and cray fish

Developmenta l s ^ e s
• ' Eggs
• Miracidium'
• Sporocyst
• Redia
• - Cercaria
• Metacercaria (infective stage)
• Adult
Description
1. Adult parasites reside in th e lungs forming th e cysts.
2. Th e eggs are expectorated and swallowed. Th us th e eggs are
finally disch arged along with th e sputuih or faeces.
3; In th e presence of perfect environmental condition th e eggs
develop and h atch out.
4. Th e miracidium is actively motile and can penetrate th e snail.
5. In th e snail th ree more stages are formed like sporocyst, redia
and cercaria. Second genera tion of re & a is also produced.
6. ■ Th e cercaria escapes out of th e snail.
150 | V e t e a^ Parasito lo ^ at a

7. Th e cercaria penetrates into th e cra bs c m y f e h in w h ich

th ey develop to become metacercariae.
8. Th e final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of W ected raw,
unsm ok e d, unde rc ook e d crabs or cray fish es (G enus
C am bay ).
9. After ingestion, excystment of m etacercariae occurs. Th e
juvenile flukes penetrate th e wall of th e intestine and reach
th e peritoneal cavity wh erefrom th e flukes enter th e lung via
th e diaph ragm and form ^ s t with in wh ich th ey remain.
^aA ogenesis
Pa A olo^ca l fe a to e s /lesions
Eosinop hilic gra nulom a tous le sion, cyst (h a ze l nut)
fom a tion in lung
 ^ to p te ’2 ■ T re^to dra | 151

Description
1. Immature flukes migrate into th e lung,parench yma and cause
great damage to th e alveoli of th e lung, ^ e immature flukes
penetrate th rough th e intestinal wall and th en reach th e
diaph ragm and lung w h ere th ey cause som e am ount of
path ology.
2. ^ e mature fluke settles down in th e lung and start ch ronic
form of th e disea se re sulting in c h ronic e osinop h ilic
granulomatous lesion wh ich is th e common path ognom oic
feature.
3. ■ Th e adult flukes form, ^ s t to A e lung wh ich is. gradually
filled with purulent material with in wh ich th e parasites remain
in a specific way. centre of granulomatous lesion becomes
soft and outer covering is fom e d by th e granuloma itself.
4. Sometimes th e ova of foe flukes escape out of th e cyst and
reach different o^ n s like spleen, liver, bladder,' urinary tract
etc by circulation and th ereby cause path ological feature
comprising formation of epith eloid granulomatous tissue.
Clinica l sign
1. Respiratory distress
2. ' Sneezing and cough ing (disch arge of blood stained cough )
3. Dyspnoea
4. Bronch opneumonia ,
Dia gnosis
1. Examination of faeces or nasal disch arge for detection of eggs.
2. Immunodiagnostic tests
a. ffiP (Immunoelectroph oresis)'
b. r o (Intradermal test)
c. (Complement fixation test)
4. In h um an beings ch est skiagram is done wh ich reveals th e
unusual sfades of cysts, nodules etc. Th is ch est skia^am can
be tried in case of dog also.
T re a toe nt
1. Niclofolan - 1 mg / Kg body wt. daily for th ree consecutive
days.
152 | V etem a^ P ^ aato lo ^ at a G tace

2. Bith ionol - 100 mg / Kg body wt. daily for a week:-

3- Praziquantel - 20 mg/kg for two consecutive day s'h as been
found to be effective,
4. Fenbendazole - 100 mg/kg in two divideddoses for 2 weeks
5. Niclosamide - 100 mg/kg.
C onte ol.
Tra ditiona l:
1. Proper treatment of affected aniriial and h uman being.
2. Control of snail sh ould b e done by using molluscicidal agent,
3- -Ifow Crustacea sh ould not be eaten.
4. Raw cyprinid fish sh ould-not b e eaten.
^ r e n t teend:
Recent trend h as been focussed on vaccination using different
antigens. Most of .th e works h ave been earned out in experimental
anim als i.e. m ice, ra t etc. T h e w ork ers h a ve got variab le
immunoprotective potential of th ose antigens, ^ e antigens wh ich
h ave been used for immunoprotection are as following:
Work h as been carried out using whole of
P arago nim m w est& m anii as vaccine candidate.
antigen of P. betero tre'mus. .
Experiment was donei on immunoprotection using
p r ot e ge of newly exeysted m etacer^riae,
Immunoprotection sfodies w ere earned out after encoding th e
gene for expressing p a ^ m y os ^
Immunoprotection studies taking a vital enzyme, ^ u t e ^ on e
was done.
 ^tapter 2 m Tre^to des | 153

QUESTIONAIRE -T R E ^ T O D E S - ■
D E F m E TH E FO LLO ^W G S
Laurer’s canal, pipe stem liver, slime ball, h azel nut sized cyst,
sch istosomula, snoring disease, biliaty amph istomosis, gynaecoph oric
canal, liver rot, blood fluke, D h obi'itch :'
Write ‘Ikue’ or £Fdse’
1. ‘Bissi rog or Pittu gillar’ is caused by immature amph istomes.
2. 2nd interm ediate h ost of D icro co eliu m dendriticu m is ant
CFo rmicafu s c a )
3. A large number of ventral papillae are present in G w tm discm
ae& ptiacu s
4. A m pu llaria sp. is th e lst intermediate h os t of Parago nim u s
w estw m anii.
5 ' . ' Anterior cone is m uch broaderin Fascio fagigantica^^m Fascio fa
htyatica.
6. ’ Anterior part of Fischo ederius elo ngatm is cylindrical and th e
posterior part is saucer-sh aped or discoidal.
7. A quatic snails act as 'th e intermediate h osts- of Dicro co elium
dendriticu m
8. - Biliary amph istomosis is caused by Paramp histomum cewi.
9 . Chlo no rchis . sinenste is called as Ch inese liver fluke .
10. Cauliflow er like grow th is visible -in. th e nasal- cavity in
Schisto so ma nasalis infection .
11. • Cercaria- of D icm co elium dw driticu m remain in ^ e gelatin -
■like material wh ich is called as .slime-ball.
12. Cercarial dermatitis is caused by Schistosoma nasalis in cattle .
.. ,
1 3 . ' C rabs are se c ond
dendriticiim .
14. Cyprinid fish a c ta s th e 2nd intermediate h ost of Opfetho rchti
tenuico llis
15. . Dicrocoelium dendriticum is also called as lancet- fluke
16. D icro co eliu m dendriticu m never occurs in gall' b ladder.
17. Eggs with out th e formation of th e sh e-U of pouitiy is ch aracteristic
clinical signs of fro stho go nim u sinfection .
1 8/ Gastro dticdides ho mirtis causes liver-rot .
1M | Parasito lo ^ at a

19. Fascio fa parasites sometimes accidentally enters into toe lung

of rattle and oth er h osts and it causes great problems due to
fom ation of h azel nut sized c ^ ts.
20. Fcwcio to gigantica flukes are abundant in temperate countries.
21.. Fascio fa h ^ atic d flukes are abundant in subtropical county . -
22. Fascio la parasites never occur in eleph ant.
23- Frncio la parasites only occur in th e bile duct and not in liver.
24. Giganto co tyle ^pfanatu m occurs in rumen of cattle.
25. G astm disc o i^ ho m ing never occurs in pig.
26. Granulamatous tissues are deposited only by S chisto so ma
nasalis infection.
27. G ym u lu s co n‘^ & u scu lu sis intermediate h ost of Giganto co tyte
etyfanatu m .
28. Hydroth orax, p u lm o^ ^ -oedem a and h y droperirardium occur
in immafere amph istomosis .
29. In Co tylo pho mn co tylo pho mm,genital sucker sunounds th e
genital pore.
30. Indo pto no rbis J u s tu s is an important intermediate h ost of
amph istomes.
31. Metacercaria stage is found in th e life cycle of Schisto so ma
spp.
32. Nitroxynil is effective both against m ature and immature
amph istomes parasites.
33- Oral sucker of Gastro dtecm a^ ffitiac u s h as tw o posterolateral
pocket-like pouch es.
34. Redia stage is found' in toe life cycle of S chisto so maspp.
35. Redia stage is absentin life cycle of D icm co elium dendriticu m .
36. Schisto so ma nasalis causes nasal granulomma or N. G.
37- Sch istosomes are also railed as blood flukes.
38. Sch istosomes are h ernaph rodite parasites .
39. Sch istosomula stage is forned after cercaria stage in life cycle
of Schteto so ma sp.
40. T a rta r e m e tic is a n effe ctive drug for tre a tm e nt of
Sch istosomosis.
41. ^ e cerrariae of S chtitm o m a are fercocercous.
 ^ a p te r 2 * T re m a ^ ra | 155

42. Th e e ^ s • of Dicro co elium k m dntic u m are operculated and

b ro^ n in colour
43- eggs- of Frncio la are transparent and th ese are yellowish
in amph istomes .
44. Th e ■intermediate h osts of Fascio la gigantica are Lym naea
.m f& cens and L. au ricu farta.
45. Th e intermediate h osts of Fascio la h ty atic a are Lym naea
to mento sa, L, bu lim o id^ in Austolia and Lym naea tm ncatu to
in Asia. . . -
46. Th e intestine is branch ed in Fascio la hepatica b ut not in
F, gigantica.
47. female sch istosomes h ave ^naecop h oric canals by wh ich
th e male parasites are carried during th e time of copulation.
48. Th e path ologiral feamre raused by F& cio la parasite becomes
more aggravated due to concun-ent infection of O rnM diu m
o edem atiens n o ^ i
49- Th e seat of predilection of Parago nim us is crop.
50. Th e sh ape of eggs of Schtetrno manasalte is boomerang sh aped
or Nepolean’s h at sM ped.
51. Th e tails of cercariae of Schteto so maare.triforcated .
52. Th e testes of Fm cio la is never branch ed.
53. T riclaben^^ole is used for treatoent of Fasciolosis .
54. Ventral pouch is absent in G astro thyfa: c m m e nifw .
F ^ OT TO E B ^ ^ K S
1. stage is absent in th e life cycle of S chtetmo ma sp.
2. is called as oviduct fluke.
3. ‘Bissi rog or Pittu gillar’ is caused by _______________
4. 2 nd inte rm e dia te h ost of D icro co eliu m de ndritic u m is

5. is th elst intermediate h ost of Parago nim u s sp.

6. - Th e cercaria of D icro co eliu m dendriticu m is nam ed as

7. _______________ act as th e intermediate h oste o tW c m c w liu m

dendriticu m .
8. Th e second intermediate h ost of Parago nim u s w ste rm anii is
156 | V eterm ^ Parasito to ^ at a

9 - B ilia^ amph istomosis is caused by _ __________

10. Schteto So ma nasalte causes nasal granulomma or N. G,
11.. T h e c om m on nam e of D icro co eliu m de ndritic u m is

12. Th e de finitiv e h osts 'of- G astro disco ides h o m inis are

13- % e cerrariae'of SchMo so maare called a s ______________

'cercariae.-
14. - ^ e intermediate h osts of Fascio to gigantica a re ___________ .

-15. ^ e male sch istosomes possess

w h ich th e female parasites a r e ' carried' during th e time of
copulation;
16. Triclabendazole is used for tre a ^ e nt of ______________
17. - Genital' sucker is found i h ______ „______
18. Ventral pouch is present i n _____ ____________
19. In India th e dragon fly wh ich acts as th e 2nd internediate h ost
of Pro stho go nimus pellu ddu s i s ________________
20. Chlo no rchis sinensis is called a s ________________
21. Cercarial dermatitis is. caused by non h uman
22. Paramph istomes are railed a s ______________-flukes.
23. Sch istosomes are also called as - _________ w orns.
EN C IR C LE ^ H E ^ P R O P ^ M T E .^ S W E R ^
1. 2nd intermediate h ost of Dicro co elium. dendnticu m is
a. Ant ‘ b. ’ Beettle .
c. House fly ' d.'. All
2. • A large num ber of ventol -papUlae are present in-
a. F w cio ldsp b. Ojttstho rchte s p .
c. G (^tro discm sp ’ d. Pm$tho gcniimus sp
3-; ’Biliaty amplustomosis is caused by
a. Param phisto m u m tyiclitu m
b. ^ stro dnc o ide s bo m inti
c. -<^^tro dfccus a^ ^ tiac u s
d. - Giganto co tyle ^pto ndtu m
 ^tapter 2 ■ | 157.

4. Slime ball is found in th e life cycle of

a. Dicro co elium dendriticu m
b. ' Pfo stho go nim u s pellu cidi«
c. Parago nim u s w e s te r ^ n ii
d. None
5. I h e second intemiediate h ost of Parago nim us u m te ^ an ii is
.. a. Crabs b. Cray fish
c. Both d. None
6. Cyprinid fish act as th e 2nd intermediate h ost of '
a. Opistho rchis teniiico llis
b. ■Parago nim u s westerm anii
c. Pro stbo go nimus pellu cidm
. d. None
7. Dicro co elium dendriticu m is also called as
a. lancet fluke b. ' . oviduct fluke
c. lung fluke d, none
8. Oiganto co tyle ^ fito natu m occurs in
a. rumen b. small intestine
c. gall bladder d. bile duct
9 . . Th e intermediate: h ost of. Giganto cOtyle_ ^ pto natu m is
a. . Gyraulus c o nv ^ u sc u lu s .
b. Zebrina detrita
c. Cio nella lubrica
d. ■None ^
10. Redia stage is absept in
a. Schisto so masp bi Dicro co elium &p
■c: Both d. N one .
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 Cestodes
General cha ra cter of cestodes
1. Th ese are called th e tape wonns.
2. ^ e tape womis are ribbon-like and dorsoventrally flattened.
3. Most of th e tape worms sh ow indirect t ^ e s of life cycle. Th e
exceptional ty pe of life cycle is found in H ym eno lepis spp
wh ere direct and indirect types of life cycles are found.
4. Th e tape worms h ave unique types of reproduction. Th ese
are called as h e ^ ^ p h r odi t e parasites meaning th e same
individual contains male and female types of reproductive
sy stem s. In e ac h segm ent c om p lete m ale a nd fem ale
reproductive systems are present.
5. Cysts or bladder-worms are th e intermediate or larval stage of
th e parasite. Th e interm ediate stages are form ed in th e
intermediate h ost wh ich may be vertebrate or invertebrate.
6. Th e final h ost gets infection by ingqstion of th e intermediate
h ost or flesh of intermediate h ost containing th e bladder worms.
7. Th e w h ole body of th e tape worm is divided into several
segments. Th ese segments are caUed as stoob ^ .
8. Th e body can b e divided into th ree broad parts as following :
Hea d
a. Th e h ead of th e tape worm is very minute as compared to
oth er parts. Th e h ead is also called as scolex.
b. Th e sh ape of th e h ead varies wh ich may be rough ly triangular,
ball-sh aped or round.
c. Th ere is presence of suckers in th e scolex. Th ese suckers are
not used for taking th e food but are used more as apertures
for attach ment. Th e suckers may be armed or unarmed..
d. Anteriorly th ere may be anoth er stocture wh ich is called as
th e rosteU ^m . Th e rostellum w h en present may be armed or
unarmed. But usually th ese are armed.
Neck'
a. Immediately beh ind th e h ead is th e neck wh ich is with out any
segment.
b. Here segmentation starts.
1M | V et^ ^ ^ r Parasito lo ^ at a G ^ e

Body proper
a. ^ i s area is completely segmented.
b. ^ r e e types of segments are present in th e body,
to m a to e segment - Th e reproductive system and th e eggs
are absent.
Ma fore segment - Th e completely developed reproductive
system is present in th e ^ t u r e segments.
to-avid se gm e nt - In th ese segments th e reproductive system
is replacedby th e eggs. Th e gravidsegments m-e eith er detach ed
from th e parasite or it is disintegrated and th e eggs are expelled
out.
9- Cestodes are h ermeph rodite. Single individual possess- b oth .
male and female reproductive organs. Both types of fertilization
(self and cross) occur. Th e ripe or gravid segm ents ^ e t
disintegrated and come out from th e h ost and th e eggs are
released, ^ e eggs h ave basic structure comprising oncosph ere
or he xa ca nth e^toryo, a striated sh ell or embryoph ore and a
delicate membrane. Th ese are th e following events wh ich
occur during biological development
t a Eucestoda :
a. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e ^ a v id segment.
b. Th e eggs are ingested by th e interm ediate h osts and
h atch ing occurs in intermediate h ost.
c. Metacestodes / bladder - worms / cysts /larval stages are
formed in th e intermediate h osts.
d. Final h ost gets th e infection b y inge stion of th e
intermediate h ost or th e muscles and flesh containing th e
cysts br bladderwomis.
In some tape w orm s both direct and indirect ty pes of life
cycles are found.
Ex H ym eno ltyis spp. .

Fig, 21, a. Different bladder worms: c^ticercus; b, c^ticercoid; c. Hydatid

c ^ t; d. Strobilocemus; e. coenurus
 ^tapter 3 ■ Crato dra | 161

In Cotyloda :
a. Eggs pass in th e faecs
b. Eggs h atch and 6 h ooked ciliated coracidium comes out.
c. Igestion of coracidium b y cyclops
d. Development .of procercoid in cyclops
e. Ingestion of infected cyclops by fish -
f. Development of plerocercoid in fish
g. Definitive h ost gets th e infection b y ingestion of infected fish
B R IEF C ^ S S IFIC A 'H O N
P h y lum - Platyh elminth es
C ^ s - Eucestoda (Eggs h atch after being ingested by' intem ediate
h osts)
O ^ e r - Davaineidea
F ^ ^ H y —Davaineidae
G e nre - Raillietina
D avainea
Co tugnrn
O ^ e r - Dilepididea
F a ^ ^ y - Dipylidiidae ( ^ e scolex h as an a rne d rostellum)
Genus - Dipylidiurn
Cho ano taenia
F a^^ty - -Dilepididae
Genus - Am o ebo tarnia
Order - ^ op loc e p h alidea
F ^ ^ f y —Anoploceph alidae
Genus - Ano pto caphato
Parano plo ctyhala
Pseudo ano plo cephala
M o niezia
CiUo taenia
F a ^ ^ y - Th ysanosomidae
Genus - ttysano so m a
ttysaniezrn
Avitellina
S tifaia
Order - H ^ e nole p ididea
F ^ ^ y - Hymenolepididae (Hymen = membrane, Lepis = Sh ell)
162 | P M ^ itolo^ a t a Glrnce

^ n~ us - H ym eno ltyte
Q rd« " - Taeniidea
F a ^ rty - Taeniidae (Gravid segments are longer th an broad)
- Taenia
Echino co ccus
Order - Mesocestoididea (h aving less vete^M ty significance)
F a ^ ^ y - Mesocestoididae
Genus - M&;o c&;to id&;
C ^ s - Cotyloda (Eggs h atch in th e environment)
Order -Diph yllidea
F a ^ ^ y - Diph ylloboth riidae (Suckers absent, instead of suckers
deep grooves are present)
Genus - Diphyllo bo thrium
O ^D ER- D A V ^N Em EA
F a ^ ^ y - Davaineidae
G e nm - Raillietina
D avainea
Cotugnia
GENUS -R A m m r m A
Brie f inteoduction
Th ese are small to medium-sized cestodes of poultry inh abiting
th e small intestine wh ich are available worldwide'. Th e tape worms
are of less path ogenic significance. However, large num ber of
cestodes cause certain amount of path ogenicity. In feet th e tape
worms cause incessant .loss to th e poultty industry.
P r e s e nc e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species
R. cesticillus*
R. echino bo thrida *
R. tetrago na*
R. v iatic a
R. celebensti
R. retractitilte
 ^ ap ter 3 * | 1®

R. demerarienste
* Marked species are important for poultry.
Species
R. cesticillus
H o sts - Birds
Site /loca tion - Small intestine
Salient m o^ h ol o^
1. Th ese worms are smaller (4-15 cm) th an R. tetrago na, R.
echino bo thnfa.
2. It h as a broad rostellum wh ich is armed with large number
(400-500) of h ooks. Th e number of h ooks is more th an oth er
two species. '
3. Th e su ck e re are u n a ^ n e d .
4. Testes are less in comparison to oth er tw o species.
5. Th e egg capsule contains single egg.

R. echino bo thnda
H oste - Birds
Site /loca tion - Small intestine
Sa lient m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Th e size (8.5-22'em) of th e parasite is almost same as R.
tetrago na.
2. Th e sucke rs ar e a nd s^n-ounded ^ s e v e ^ row s
(8 -1 0 ) of hooks.
1M | ^ ^ w ito lo ^ at a Gl^Ke

3 . - Rostellum is very small. Rostellum is a ra e d with a number of

minute h ooks.
4. More num ber of testes are present in th is tape w orm in
comparison to oth er ^ o species.
5. Egg capsule contains multiple e ^ s .

oval armed
sucker

Fig. 23. Swiex ofRaiilietinatetrngona

Species
R. tetrngo na
1. Th e worms are 25 cm long wh ich are largest tapew orm in
poultry.
2. Rostellum is small.
■3. Rostellum posseses one or two rows of h ooks (100 in number).
4. Egg capsule contains multiple eggs.
5. Suckers are oval and surrounded by several rows of h ooks (8­
10 rows)
L tfe ^ c l e
D e ^ m tiv e h o s t B ^ is
In te rm e d ia te h o st - Ants and fly (M usca- do m estica) act /as
intermedmte h osts of R.fetrago na and R. echino bo thnda. beetle
acte as toe intermediate h ost of R. c&sticttlw,
-Developmenta l- s ^ e s
• E^'
• ' O ncosph ere
 ^ ap ter 3 ■ ^ sto d es | 1^

• Cysticercoid in th e mtermediate h ost (infective, stage)

• ' Adult
Description-
1. ' Th e eggs are expelled out of th e h osts.
- 2. Eggs only h atch out w h en th ese are ingestedby th e internediate
h osts.
3. In th e internediate h ost, th e larva develops to become th e
bladder w orn called as th e cysticercoid. At fh st th e sh ape of
th e onc osp h e re is ch anged. G radually th e, h ook lets of
oncosph ere are lost and a small scolex is developed wh ich
reamin invaginated. Development of suckers and rostellum
also start. 3-4 weeks are required for development of complete
cysticercoid. TOe duration for development of cysticercoidvary
on environmental temperature and oth er factors.
4. Final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected
intermediate' h ost.Th e body of intermediate- h ost is digested
and foe cysticercoid get released. Th e seolex evaginate and
attach on th e wall of intestine and gradually develop tobecom e
. adult. Prepatent period in birds is 2-3 weeks.
P a^ogenesis
Pa foologica l f e a ^ e s / lesions
Nodule formation in th e intestine by R. echino bo thnda infection
and enteritis by ofoer two., species.
D escription
1? ^ e parasites are. not much path ogenic. But w h en infection-of
a largenum ber of parasites occurs, th ese cause greafirri&tion
by using th eir rosteh um and h ooks-resulting m ifo^fition'fof
th ickening of th e wall of th e intestmal m ucosa.,
- 2. . Th e- tape, w or ^ m ay p ^ ora te -th e -fote stina l-m uc osa "and
166 | Pm -aato lo ^ at a G to ce

migrate abeirantly in th e peritoneum and result in peritonitis,

^ i s sitoation occurs w h en large num ber of tape worms are
lodged in th e intestinal mucosa.
3- Anoth er common'path ogenicity is th e affection of th e nercous
system due to ab so^tion of th e metabolic by-products of th e
tape w om s.
4. Most path ogenicity occurs by th e infection of R. echino bo thrtfa,.
^ e s e tape w om s cause formation of th e sm all nod^ e s on
th e wall of th e intestine. Th is results in h aemorrh agic enteritis.
5. Large num ber of tape worms cause depletion of nutrition.
C ilnicd s i ^ s
1. Hyperapetitis
 ^ ap ter 3 ■ Cesto des | 167

2. Weakness, frequent diarrh oea, occasional constipation

3. Ruffle feath ered condition
4. Disinclination of movement
5. Emaciation
5. Loss of egg production
6. Anaemia due to prolong infection (Reduction of num ber of
eryth rocyte and lowering of Hb%)
D i^ nos is
1. Examination of th e' faecal sample for detection of eggs.
2. Gross exarnnation of th e faeces for detection of th e segments
of th e tape worm. To observe rnnutely , it is advised to sieve
th e faeces and th en th e sieved material is to be th orough ly
wash ed and examined for detection of any segment or any
- part of th e s e ^ e n t . Intact segment may not'be found because
of decomposition and disintegration of th e segments.
3. Post-mortem examination can be done for detection of th e
w orns in th e small intestine.
T r e a ^ e n t : See end of th is ch apter
Conte ol
1.. Proper treatment of th e affected birds.
■2. Control of th e intermediate h ost b y usingth e insecticidal agente.
GENUS
B rie f in&oduction
^ e s e are extremely small cestode of poultry inh abiting th e
small intestine wh ich are a v^ab le worldwide. Th e tape worms are
of great path ogenic si^fficance. Since th eir size is very small, th ey
can easily penetrate th e wall, of th e small intestine resulting in
h aemon’h agic enteritis.
Preva lence
Th e parasites' are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species
D. prvglo ttina
D. meleagridte
D . p w & fo& na
Hoste - ^ e birds are affected by th e parasite.
168 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

S ite /lo ca tio n - Small intestine ■

S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo g y
1. ^ i s tape worm is very small extending to only several mm.
Sometimes th e adults may be as small as to be only 0. 5 mm
wh ich is required microscopilcal observation. Th at’s w h y it is
advised to take mucosal scraping for th e detection of th ese
tape worms.
2. Th ere is presence of prominent rostellum. Th e rostellum is
armed with h ^ tm e r -s h a p e d h o o k s.
3. S m ^ th o r n -s h a p e d h o o k s are present surrounding th e
sucker.
4. ^ e r e is presence of a single set of reproductive organ wh ich
alternates regularly.
5. Few number (4-9) of segments are present.
6. Egg capasule contains single egg. It is a very important feature
wh ile examining faecal sample.

Lhie cycle
D e ^ r t ^ e h o s t - Birds
ta te ^ n e d te te h o s t- ^ e snails act as th e intermediate h ost of th e
parasite.
 ^ ap ter 3 ■ C est^ es | 169

Developmenta l st^ e s
• Egg
• Oncosph ere
• Cysticercoid in th e inetem ediate h ost (infective stage in slugs
or snails)
• Adult
D escription
1. Th e gravid segments crawl out-of th e h ost.
2. , ^ e . gravid segments are actively motile and crawl onto th e
^ a s s blade due to its p h otota c tic nature.
3. eggs are released during th e act of th e crawling.
4. Th e eggs only h atch after being ingested by th e intem ediate
h ost. Th e slugs or snails act as th e intermediate h ost.
5. In th e snail th e-^sticercoid is formed -mth in a month , ^ e
cysticercoid te th e infective, stage of th e parasite.
6. Th e final h ost gets th e infection w h en th e infected snails are
ingested by th e birds. Adult tape worms develop in th e small
mtestine with in 2 weeks.
170 | V ete^ ^ ty F arasito ^^ at a G to ce

Pa &ogenesis
Pa thologica l fe a to e s / Lesions
Haemorrh agic enteritis
D escription
1. Th ere is- much controversy wh eth er th ese worms rause any
path ogenecity or not. According to some workers th e worms •
can cause m oderate path ogenicity w h en large num ber of
parasites are present in foe h ost.
2. However, it can be assumed th at th e parasite-constantly causes
irritation in th e wall of th e intestine. Th fe causes th ickening of
th e wall of th e intestine.
3- . In general th e worms occur in large number. As th e worms
are very small in size, th ese can easily penetrate into th e
de ep e r p a rt of intestinal villi a nd. result in form ation of
h a e m on ^ ^ c e nteritis.
4. In a long standing case mucosal cells are denuded or slough ed
out of th e wall wh ich results in fonctional disturbances of th e
wall of th e small intestine. All th ese-th ings may even cause
death of th e birds.
Clinica l signs
1. General diarrh ea or h a e m or ih ^ ^ c ^ n h e a .
2. Th e birds become w eak'and leth argic.
3. Ruffle feath ered condition
Dia gnosis
1. Th e clinical" signs h elp to guess th e parasitic infection.
2. la m ina tion of th e faecal sample reveals presence of one egg
in one capsule.
3. Post- mortem examination of representative birds from th e
flock for detection of- th e presence of any tape worm. Th e
rape w o m s are small and are no t v isible apparently. That’s
w h y mucosal scrapping is taken and sieved forough th e mesh
of minute pores so th at th e small tape worms do not escape.
Th e sieved material is exam ined under th e dissecting or

I
stereoscopic microscope.
T r e a tm e nt: See end of fois ch apter.
 Chapter 3 ■ Cesto des | m

C on trol
1. Proper'treatment of th e affected birds.
2. Th e birds sh ould not b e allowed to eat th e slugs.
Cotugnia
Species - Cotugnia dignop ora
Site /loca tion - S ^ l l intestine
Hoste —Fowl
C. cuneata occurs in pigeon and C. fastigata occurs in duck.
O ^er - Dilepididea
Fa^^y - Dipylidiidae
-D ip ^ roim ^
^ n u s -D i^ lid iu m
B rie f inttoduction
Th ese are very common cestodes of dogs inh abiting toe small
intestine wh ich are available worldwide. Th e tape w op s are of
path ogenic significance to th e dogs. Th ey cause direct damage to
th e h osts by taking nutrition, releasing toxic metabolic by product.
H i s t o^ ^ i s c ov e ^
Th at Trichodectes can is acts as th e interm ediate h ost of
D ip ylidium caninu m w as firct recorded by M. N. Melnikov,' a Russian
zoologist in th e year 1869.
Preva lence
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Sprcie s - D. caninum
Com m on na m e : Double pored tape w orm 'of dog
H ost - dog, cat, fox and h uman beings particularly th e ch ildren
Site /lo ca tio n - S ^ l l intestine
Sa lient m o ^ h o lo ^
1. ^ i s parasite is one of th e most important parasites of th e •
dogs. Th is is about 50 cm long.
2. head o r sco lex is ro ughly ^^^^o ^m -shaped. ^ i s Epical
sh ape of th e h ead is because of presence of p rotruded
rostellum wh ich is somewh at pointed anteriorly and broad at
th e base.
3. Anteriorly th ere is presence of elongated rostellum wh ich is
 172 | PM M ito lo ^ at'a G tace

armed with irregularly am nged h ooks (3-4 rows). TCie h ooks

are ch aracteristicdally rose & om -sh a p e d.
4. Th ere is presence of ^ o sets of reproductive organs like,
M o niezia spp.
5- mature and gravid s e ^ e nt s are c ucu^ foer seed-sh aped.
6. ^ e typical structures ( ^ e b unc h of grap es) are found on
eith er side of th e mature segment- wh ich are formed by th e
ovary and th e vitelline glands on eith er side of th e segment.
7. uterus is very typical wh ich remains s t p l y as a network -
and later on develops to uterine balls packed up with 8-15
eggs.

Fig, 28. a -Scotex o f Dlpylldium caninum, b - Maturesegm ent of Dipylidium

canlnum
Life ^ c l e
h os t - Dog
tate ^ ra e^ & te h os t —Th e f le ^ like tte n w ^ balid^ felis and C.
- canis act as th e intemiediate h osts of foe parasite.
D ev elo pm ent s ^ e s
• Egg
• O ncosph ere
• Cysticercoid in th e ineternediate h ost ^ 1 ^ , Q eno ctyhalides
felte and C. canti).
• Adult
D escription
1. gravid-segments get detach ed from th e adult tape worm
and th ese gravid segments can _craw l; and leave th e h ost
spontaneously.
2. During th e act of crawling th e eggs are released-from th e
gravid segment.
3. Th e fleas get th e infection by ingestion of foe eggs, ^ e lice,
Tncho dectes cante and Pu lex spp also act as th e intem ediate
h osts of th is tape worm.
4. Th e-eggs are h atch ed in th e gut of th e intermediate h osts and
th e oncosph eres are released and th ese migrate into th e body
cavity of th e fleas. Both somatic-and ge m cells are present- in
th e oncosph ere as found in oncosph eres •of oth er species.
Both h ooklets and secretion of penetration gland assist th e
oncosph ere to penetrate th e body cavityj of intermediate h ost.
5 . A cysticercoid w ith a tail appendage is formed with in f ^ -
w eeks.
6. Final h ost gets th e mfection by ingestion of th e infected fleas.
Cesticercoids develops to th e adult tape w om s w ith in about
one month .
N. B.
• It is to be reme^foered th a t the cysticercoids m a y develop
into pupa a nd a d ^ t sta ge s-of to e flea . Growth of
th e ^ s tic e rc o id s is le ss in th e la ^ a e of th e fle a a s
com pa red to the adult.-
• The cU ld gete to e S e c tio n ofG ip y lid iu m c an in u m by
ingestion of toe in f^ te d flea or if the fle a licks the m outh
of the cU ld.
Pa toogenicity
Ba toologica l fea ta res / Lesions
Enteritis, nervous disorders and anal pruritus etc
D escription
1. Th ese tape w om s do not produce much path ogenicity. But
considerable path ology may occur w h en th e h ost te affected
with large number of th is tape worms.
2. Th e worms actively penetrate th e mucosal w ^ . of th e small,
intestine causing-denudation and slough ing of th e.m ucosal-
. 174 | V ete^ ^ ty P a^ ito lo ^ at a G tace

cells. Th e wall of th e small intestine becomes th ickened as a

result of a h ealing process. Th e tape worms may even perforate
th e wall of th e small intestine.
3. But most, anomalies occur w h en th e ^ a v i d se^m enta c ^ w l
out th rough th e anal opening, ^ e s e markedly affect th e anal
glands. Th e segments cause constant.irritation resulting in anal
pmrims.
4. Intoxication occurs due to absorption of th e metabolites released
by foe .parasite wh ich affects-th e nervous .system.
C linicd s i ^ s
1. Diarrh oea with in 2-3 days after infection.
2. "Weatoess
3. Abdominal pain
 ^ta pter 3 ■ C e s s e s |

4. dogs dragth e anus over th e ^ ound because of anal pruritus.

5. N ervous disorders b ecause of ab sorp tion of m etab olic
byproducts of th e tape worms.
D i^nosis
1. . Examination of th e faeral sample for detection
of th e egg capsule packed up with th e eggs,
of th e eggs separated out of th e egg capsule,
of th e cucumber seed-sh aped gravid s e ^ e nt .
2. Typical clinical signs like dragging anus over th e groun or
any h ard object, abdominal pain etc.
T re a to e n t s See end of th is ch apter.
C ontrol
1. Proper tteatment of th e affected animals.
2. Control of th e flea and lice by- using th e ectopamsitocidal
agente.
Genus
Cbo ano taenia
Species
C. infu ndibu lu m ,
H oste - Ch icken, turkey and pigeons
Site / lw a tion - Small intestine
Ide n^^rng ch ^ a cte r
1.. - ^ e w om s are 20 cm long. Th e segmente of th e tape worms
are p osteriorly b roa de r and anteriorly narrow giving a
ch aracteristic ‘^ .w ’ appearance.
2. Rostellum is present wh ich is armed w ith a row of 16- 20
h ooks.
3. Suckers are oval in ,appearance and wi&out any h ooks.
4. Genital pore is regularly alte^&ting as th at of D avainea spp.
5. 30-50 testes are present in each segment.
6. ^ e uterus is like a sac.
7. A long filamentous structure is present in th e egg.
L ife ^ c le
Developmenta l st^ e s
• Egg
• Oncosph ere
176 | V eteO T ^ P M ^ to lo ^ at a Glmce

• Cysticercoid in th e i'ntemiediate h ost (beetle)

• Adult
D escription
1. - Th e beetles act ^ th e intermediate h ost of th e tape w orn.
2. Cysticercoid is formed in foe beetle...
3. Th e birds get infection by ingestion of th e infected beetle. _
Pa thogenesis
Pa thologica l fea tures / Lesions
Enteritis
D escription
Mild path ogenesis is caused. But significant damage may be
caused due to infection of 'krge number of-th ese tape w or ^ .
D ^ ^ o s is - Same as oth er poultry tape w orns
C ontrol - Same as oth er p oult^ tape worms.
- D m E P r or oA E
Genus -A m o ebo taenia
ta p o rta n t spe cie s - Am o ebo taenia spbeno ides
Site /lo ca tio n - small intestine
Hoste - Birds
Sa lient morphology
!. • Th e tape worms are very small reach ing only to few mm
; (-4mm).
2. Th e sh ape of th e tape worfo is almost
3:- Th ere is presence of a rostellum wh ich is a rne d with a row of
h ooks.
4. TCie testes' are 1-2-15 in number arid■are typically arranged i n a.
•v fow: m th e posterior ,part of th e segment.
5- Th e genital pores alternate foegularly.
L tfe ^ e le
Developmenta l sta ges
• Egg
• O ncosph ere
-• Cysticercoid in th e intermediate h ost (infective stage in foe.
earth worm)
 OaptCT 3 ■ Cesto des | VH

• Adult
D escription
1. Th e earth worm acts as. th e intermediate h ost. C ^ticercoids'
develops in th e earth worm ( P h w etina sp. E isenia sp).
2. ^ e final h ost get th e infection by ingestion of th e e a ^ tw o^ .
h arbouring th e cysticercoid.
Pa Aogenesis
Pa &ologica l f e a ^ e s '/Le sions
Enteritis
D escription
1. Apparently non-path ogenic.
2. Heavy load of infection may cause sligh t enteritis. '
C h nic ^ s ^ ns
1. Diarrh oea
2. Weakness
178 | P a ^ a t ol o^ a t a G ta c e

D ^ ^ os t a ^ Same as oth er poultry tape womis.

O rde r - Anoploceph alidea .
E ^ fflY - ^ O P L O C E P ^ L m A E
B rie f in&oduction
Th ese are very common cestodes of equines. As such th e tape
worms do not produce marked path ogenesis. However, A. pw fo liata
causes ulcer formation in th e ileocaecal orifice.
Preva lence
^ e tape w om s are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Sa lient m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Rostellum and h ooks are absent.
2. Th e segments are noticeably broad.
3- P resence of egg cap sule or p a m te r in e o rg a n s is th e
ch aracteristic features.
 ^ ap t o 3 ■ C^sto des | 179

4. Th e eggs h ave th ree coverings. Th e outermost covering is

formed by vitelline membrane, middle albuminous and inner
ch itinous.
5. In m any m em b ers th e inne r m e m b ra ne of eggs is
ch aracteristically pear sh aped bearing a h ooked projection
(pyriform apparatas) at one side.
Genera
Ano plo cepbala
Parano plo cfyhala
Pseudo ano plo cepbala
M o niezia
Citto taenia
Im porta nt s^^ie s
Ano plo ctybafa m agna - Occurs in equines
Ano plo ctybafa perfo liate Occurs in equines
Parano plo ctybafa m am illana Occurs in equines
Pseudo ano plo cfyhala cro wfo rdi - Occurs in th e pig and boar.
Common na me
P. m am illana is called lapetted womi.

A. magna ___________________ A. ^ foltota _______ P, mammilana _________

1. ^ i s is the la te s t cestode 1. This ta pe worm is 1. The n o ^ a l site of the
found in the horses, ^ i s ta pe found in the small pa ra site is small intestine
wonn is mainly found in the intestine. but fois ma y a lso be
small intestine but ma y be found in stoma ch
found in the stoma ch also. occa siona lly.
2. 8 0 cm long 2 . long. 2. 0, 6-5 o t long.
3. Scolex is la rge 3. Scolexis small 3. Scolex is narnow
4. ta ppets a re a bsent. 4. ta ppete 4. ta ppets a re absent in
p^sent ta &e the sucker, ^ e opening
suckff. of Acke rs is slit like.
5. Testes a re a rra nged in row, 5. ^ e number of 5. Tlte/humber of the
^ e n u m ^ r of testes a re 400­ testes is 200. te ste sis 100.
500,
6. Uterus is ton^e ra e 6. Uterus is 6. Uterusis is sa c like
tonsversely situated. ha ving a projecting edge
is sa c like a nd
lobed,
7 . P ^ f o ^ a ppa ra rns is not 7. a ppa ra tus 7 . P^tform a ppa ra tes is
stiong a nd la rge a s foat of is la rge a nd strong. la rge a nd strong.
Parano plo c& ihala m am illana.
180 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a G l^ e

F/g. 32. Anterior end ofAnoplocephala Fig. 33. Anterior end of

magna Anoplocephala perfoiiata

cycle
Developmental s ^ e s
• Egg
• O ncosp h ere'
• Cysticercoid in toe inetem ediate h ost (infective stage in mites).
• Adult
Description
1. Eggs are liberated by th e parasite and th ese are expelled
th rough th e faeces or segments, may pass out,.
2. Th e oribatidm ites act as-th e intermediate h osts of th e parasite.
’ Th e family Oribatidae and Ceratozetidae act as th e internediate
h osts of toe parasite.
3. In th e mites th ere occurs formation of cysticercoid with in 2-4
montfo.
4. Th e final h ost gets th e infection b y ingestion of th e infected'
intermediate h ost.
5. ^ e body of mite, is digested and cysticercoid is released.
6. ' Th e cysticercoid get attach ed on th e intestinal wall and develop
to becom e adult w i^ m 4-6 weeks.
 3 ■ Cesto des | 181

Fig. 34. Life cycle of Anoplocepllala spp.

P a & oge n^ te
PaAological featares./ ^ sions
Haemorrh agic enteritis, dark ulcers etc
Description
1. If th e, infection load is less th en th ere is limited ch ance of
path ogenesis.
2'. Ano plo cephala perfo liata particularly affects th e U e oc a e c ^
orifices and th ereby produces dep^^sed ulce rs wh ich is dark-
in colour. Oedema and deposition of excessive-granulomatous
- tissue -may occur; Granuloma is formed due to long-term
inflammatoty reactioh . Sometimes th e ileocaecal- orifice may
be occluded partially. Th ey cause perforation of small intestine.
182 | P M aato lo ^ at a Glrnce

3. A . m agna causes h aemorrh agic enteritis. Th is is th e i^rgest

tape worm in th e equines wh ich causes obstruction of th e
intestinal.lumen, ^ e r e may be invagination of th e intestine
leading to complete obstruction of th e same. Sometimes th is
tape w orn may rause perforation of th e wall of th e intestine
and th e area of perforation may be aggravatedby th e secondary
bacterial infection.
4. Of th ese th ree speciesP. m am ilfana is less s i^ ^ c a nt m causing
path ogenicity.
Ctinical signs
1. . Weakness
2. D ianh oea
3. Loss of body weigfa;
4. Abdominal pain
Diagnosis
1. E ^ rnna tion of faecal sample for detection of eggs and s e ^ e nto
2. Clinical signs
T ^ ^ ^ e n t : Bith ionol - 7 mg/kg, Niclosamide - 88 mg/kg.
G E O T S -M O ^ ^
B rief inttoducrion
^ e s e are cosmopolitanly distributed median to large-sized tape
w orns inh abiting th e small intestine of. th e sh eep, goat and cattle.
Th e tape worms are of less path ogenic significance. However,
large num b e r of th e cestodes m ay cause som e a m ount, of
pafoogenicity.
Prevalence
Th e tape w orns are cosmopolitan in distribution.
top ora ta t species
M. ^ pans a
M. benedeni -
M on ie ziae x p an s a __________ ■M on ie^ a b en efen i ___________
1. ^Ws tope worm is found in 1. ^ i s tape w orn is found in
sh eep, goat and rattle. sh eep, goat and cattle.
 3■ ' | 183

M on tezia e x p an sa ___________ M onte^fa b e w ^ & ii _________

'
2. Interproglottidal glands are 2. Th e inte^roglottidal glands
ring- like wh ich ’ are present in are band-like, present in th e
foe posterior part of th e posterior part of th e s e ^ e nt .
segment.

Fig. 35. Maturesegment of M. Fig 36. Mature segment of M.

wp ansa b enedenl

3._____________________________Th e eggs are triangular. _3. ^ e eggs are

sh aped.;______________________

C om m on - Double-pored tape w orn

H o ste - Sh eep, goat and cattle
S it e /l^ ^ tion - Small intestine
Satient m o ^ h o lo ^
1. . Th is tape worm is about 6 metre long, ^ e h ead is almost
round.
2. Th ere are four suckers, ^ e suckers are stout and unarned.
3. rostellum is absent.
4. Th e segments are broad.
5. Two sete of reproductive organs are present.
6. ^ e salient identifying ch aracteristic of th is tape worm is
presence of interproglottidal glands, ^ e s e interproglottidal
glands are b a nd- in M. ^ e s e are in
M. e tyam a. Th e interoroglottidal glands are present in th e
posterior th ird of th e segment.
7. ^ e vitelline glands and th e ovary conjointly form ^ ng-
structures on eith er side of foe s e ^ e nt . 300-400 testes are
distributed in the central field,
8. Th e sh ape of eggs o t M . e ^ an s a is triangular and of M.
^ m e dw i is square. Prominant py riforn apparatus is visible in
th e eggs.
 | V ete^^^;P arasito lo ^ at a Glance

L tfe ^ c l e
Developmental st^ e s
• Egg
• Oncosph ere
• Cysticercoid in th e inetemiediate h ost (developmental-stage
in oribatid mites)
• Adult
Description
1. Th e eggs / segments are expelled out from th e h ost.
2. ^ e intennediate h ost is th e oribatid mite.. Th e moist-or wet
, eggs are not ingested by th e mite. However, w h en th e egg is
dried, th e mite makes a pore on th e sur nd ingests th e
content. '
3. In th e ra te , cysticercoid is formed a month or more (5­
6 w e e k s ) .^ e oneosph ere enter into th e body cavity of mite
by th e h elp of th e h ooklets and secretion of penetration gland
cause lysis of protein during penetration. Cysticercoid is fully
fora e d after passing several developmental stages.
4. Finally th e h ost gets th e infection w h en th e infected mite
h arbouring cysticercoid is ingested along with vegetation.
5. In th e digestive tract of'definitive h ost, th e ra te is digested
■but th e cysticercoid get released from th e mite. Th e invaginated
scolex come outaide wh ich gradually develop to become adult
parasite with in 35-40 days.
 Chapter 3 ■ Cesto des . | 185

PaAo genesis
Pa&o lo gical featares / Lesio ns
Enteritis
Descriptio n
1. Th e parasites are not pafoogenic. However, large num ber of
parasites cause certain level of path ogenesis.
2. Th e tape worms in large number cause mild enteritis;
3 animals suffer from deprivation of nutrition, - ^ e animals
suffer from nutritional deficiency.
4. Th e worms mech anically obstruct th e. lum en-of-th e, small
intestine th us causing fonCtional distarbance of th e mtestine.
Th e tape worms are very long (6m) and foey roll up to form
' ball like structure and actively obstruct th e lumen th us-causing
-intestinal embolism resulting in stasis- of food material.
5- Like th ose of oth er cestodes general intoxication caused by
th e absorption of th e metabolic by product. A h igh incidence
of e rite rotoxa e m ia lias also been recorded, metabolites
■ released-by th e-tape worms affect’different organs comprising
intestine; lymph glands, kidney and'oth er vital organs.
C ^ ic d .'
1. Low level of infectionfails to produce any significant fiamagd
to th e h osts.
2. H i ^ level of infection causes diarrh oea in h eifers and lambs.
3. General weakness.
4. Nervous disorders i. e. incordination of movefoeint and circling
movement. ■-
5- Gravid segments pass th rough /th e faeces w h ic h c a use th e
animals He dow n frequently on th e.ground. Th isis. berause.of
irritation of anal, mucosa caused by th e gravid segments. Th e
animals 'th ereafter fail- to get rip'normally. ' -
Diagno sis
1. Examination of th e faecal sample for de 'te c tionofth e eggs /
segments etc.
2. Clinical signs
Tre a tm e nt s See th e end of ch apter.
1^ | P ^ ^ ito lo ^ at a G l^ e

C o ntto l:
1. Proph ylactic treatment in late spring and early summer.
2. Treatment of th e affected animals.
3. Plough ing of pastare bury th e mites in th e soil.

- Citto tarnia
Species - C. ctm o i& s
S ite /l^ ra tion -sm all intestine
H ost - rabbit

Brief intto ductio n

^ e worms are medium-sized tape worms wh ich inh abit th e
small intestine of sh eep, goat and cattle. T h ough th e seat of
predilection of th e ta p e worms is th e bile duct b ut significant
path ogenicity te not produced. However, large num ber of tape
w o ^ may cause s i ^ ^ c a nt damage to th e h osts, "^ e se tape w om s
do not produce any acute form of th e disease b ut long-term
persistence in th e h osts cause significant loss of morbidity.
Prev dence
Th e tape worms are mostly prevalent in North , $puth and
Western America.
- tty w nw o m a
- T. ac tin io ^ s
H ra t - Sh eep, goat and cattle
- ^ e seat of predilection of th e tape w om i is bile
duct, pancreatic duct and small intestine.
- Fringed tape womi and double-pored tape worm.
N .B .
• All th e tape w orns ^ c e p t tty s an m o ^ actinio id a? and Stil&to ,
h tyatica are found in th e small intestine invariably.
 ^ ap ter 3 ■ Cesto des | 187

S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. tope w om s are 15-30 cm long, Suckers of th is tape worms
are very large in size h a ^ ng large openings.
2 . Head or scolex is well developed.
3. Th e w om s are called fringed tope worms a s .th e
^ f ^ ge d
4. Four large, stout and prominent suckers are present.
5. Two sets of reproductive systems are present.
6. Th e testes are situated in toe median field.
7. Eggs are devoid of py rifom apparams and are found in th e
paruterine organs.
8 . % e uterus is m be like.

fig 38 . Matum segment of W ^anosoma actintoldes

ttysan oson m artinioides ____ Thysante&agm rd i

1. Host^ Sh eep, goat and
catoe
2. Sit^— Bile duct and
pancreatic duct
3. Common name - Fringed
tape worm
4. 15-30 cm long
5- Scolex is large
6. Testes are situated in toe
median field
7. T h e . eggs do not
py rifom apparatus
8. Eggs are found in paruterine
organs
1. Host- Sh eep, goat and
cattle.
2. Site - Small intestine
3. No such common name
4. 200 cm long
5- S dol^ is small
6. Testes are found on eith er
side of lateral excretory-
^mal.
h ave 7. Th e e ^ ^ ^ also devoid of
pyriform apparatos.
8. E ^ s are found in paruterine
organ
188 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

tty s an os om a actin toides "^fysantezia giar d i

9 . Th ere are ^ o setsof genital 9 - Each se^nent' contains •
organs in each segment sin^e set ■or . very rarely
double set of genital
organs.
10. Th e ' posterior part of th e 10. Th e side of segment is
segm ent are fringed. irregular due tofoulgedout
cirrus sac.

Life cycle
Complete events of life cycle of th is tape worm are not known.
Psocids are evidently found to be th e intermediate h osts of th ese
tape w om s.
Pa^o genesis
Pa foolo^ca l fea mres / Lesions
Th ickening of th e wall of th e bile duct, ch olangiectasis
D escription
As th e seat of predilection .of th is tape wornt-is bile duct, so
foe path ogenecity occurs- in th e bile duct. However, th e w om s fail
to produce marked path ogenesis.^ Th ere may be occlusion of th e
lumen of th e bile duct causing fonctional distarbances. Th e bile
duct may be th ickened.due to presence of th e parasite for long
period.
D i^nosis^
Examination of th e faecal sample for detection of th e segment
or th e eggs.
T r e a t oe nt : See th e end of th is ch apter.
^ n u s - A vitelliM
B rie f inttodw tion
T h ^ e are medium-sized tape worms wh ich inh abit th e small
intestine of sh eep, goat and cattle. Apparently, th ese worms fail to
produce si^fficant path ogenesis in th e h osts. However, large number
of tope worms may cause significant damage to foe h osts. Long­
term.persistence of foe w om s in th e h oste cause, significant incessant
loss of morbidity. ■
 3 ■ | 189

Prevalence
Th e tape worms are mostly prevalent in Africa, Asia and Europe.
Species
A. centnpu nctata
A. chalm eni
A. tatia
A. wo o dlandi
A. go u ghi
Of th ese species A. centnpu nctata is an establish ed species,
and of considerable importance.
A. centnpu nctata
H osta - Sh eep/ goat and' cattle
S ite /lo ca tio n - Small intestine
Salient m o^ h ol o^
1. Th e h ead is round and strong.
2. Th ere is presence 'of four suckers.
3. Th e neck is th in and noticeably long.
4. C le a r se g m e n ta tio n is a b se n t.
5. Th e uterus is transverse.
6. Th e par uterine organs are present.
7’.. ^ e r e is a b se n ce o f TOte^ta e
8. Pyriform, apparatus is absent in th e eggs.
9 . Genital pore alternate m e^larly .'.

ovary' uterus testes.

Fig. 39. anterior end of Fig. 40. Avitellina centripuncteta (mature

Avitellina spp. segment)
1OT | . PM asito lo ^ at a Gl^tte

Life ^e le
Psocids act as th e intemie&ate h osts.
^ . t a ^ e n e s l s - Common path ological features occur as th ose
of oth er small intestinal tape w orns.
D i^ ^ os f c - Examination of faecal sample for detection of th e
eggs and segments. Clear segmentation is absent wh ich is very
ch aracteristic of tWs worm.
T r r a toe nt s See th e end of th is ch apter.
G enus -
Preva lence
^ e tape worms are mostly prevalent in Asia and Africa.
Species
S ,h < ^ tlc a
S. glotop uncfofo
S. m m ta
H oste - Sh eep, goat and cattle
S ite ^ ^ ^ tion - Bile duct
Sa lient m orpholo^
1. ^ i s tape worm is 20-$0 cm long. Four suckers are present in
th e scolex.
2. ^ e worms are soft, th in and almost look transparent. Since
th e' worms are th in and delicate, it is very difficult to collect
complete specimen.
3. Clear segmentation is present.
4. ^ e testes are ch ateristically present medran to th e excretory
canals.
5. sh ape of th e uterus is ch aracteristic wh ich h as -
s h a p e d appearance. It h as two rounded portions connected.
' by a th in transverse duct giving th e dumbell appearance.
6. ^ e eggs h ave no p ^ if or n apparatus.
7. Genital pores alternate inegularly.
8. Eggs pass into th e paruterine organ.
 ^ ap ter 3 ■ ^Kto des | 191

Fig. 41. Stilesia hepatica (Mature segment)

Life ^ cle
Exact life cycle is known. Mites are supposed to be. th e
intermediate h ost.
PaAo genesis
Pa frolo^ca l fea ta resj Lesions
S ic k e ning of th e wall of th e bde duct and ch olangiectasis'
D escription
^ e tapeworms are not h am iM to th e h osts. But large number
of worms may cause path ology of th e bile duct. Th e waU of th e
bile duct becomes th ickened. Sometimes th ere may be occlusion of
th e bile duct as th e tape worms lodge in th e lumen of th e bile duct'
Th e liver sh ows certain amount of path ogenecity like cirrh osis.
tode r -Hymenolepididea
E ^ m Y - ^ ^ f f i N O L E P r or oA E
B rie f inttoduction
• Th ese are th e tope worms found in th e small intestine of man,
rat, rodents and birds. Th e worms h ave less path ogenic significance
and h ave no marked importance in th e livestock industry. However,
in th e medical field it is one of th e important tape worms. Th e
peculiarity of th e tape womB is th at th e same tape worm '.sh ows
direct and indirect types of life cycle. Th e metacestodes are formed
in th e intestinal villi. ,
H istoty / D isrovety .
nana was first detected by M. Bilh arz in th e year
18 51. "
 | V ete^ ^ ^ Pa-asito lo ^ at a G tace

Prevalence
Th e tape worms are mainly prevalent in tropic and subtropic
regions. Th ese tape w orns are commonly available in India.
G e nm - H ym eno ltyte
Species - H ym eno ltyis nana
Hymeno lepis cario ca
H. dim inu ta
H. exigu u s
H. co llam
H. co ntaniana
C om m on na m e - H ym eno ltyte nana is called as dwarf tape w orn.
Salient m o^ h ol o^
Worms are small.
2. Numerous segments are present.
3. Rostellum is present wh ich may be armed with h ooks or may
be unarmed.
4. Four large suckers are present..
Number of testes is' very less. 1-4 ovoid testes are present.
6. Single set of reproductive organs are present. Few h ave double
set.
7. Genital pores are unilateral.
8. Usually th e uterus is sac like.
9. Th e posses th ree membranes.
Seat of p r e df t ^ ^ on- Small intestine

H . ca^& ca .H . dim u nu ta H . nana

1. Hoste : Fowl 1. Host : Rodent and
1. Rodent, simuan
man primate and man
2. Site : Small 2. Site: Small 2. Site: Small
intestine m t^tine intestine
3. 3-8cm long 3. 2-6 cm long 3. 7-80 mm long
4. 500 segments 4. 500 segments 4. Few segments
 ^ ap ter 3 ■ Cesto des | 193

H. c arioc a H. dim unuta H. nana

5 Rostellum is 5. Th e h ead bears 4 5. It bears a well
unarmed but th e deep acetabules, an developed rostellum
suckers are armed by unarmed pyriform armed with a crown
th e h ooks. rostellum. of h ooks.
6. Testes lie across 6. 3 ovoid testes are 6. 3 testes lie in line
th e segment. present. and are separated by
th e ovary. .
7. Indirect life cycle 7. Indirect life cycle 7. Dfrect-and indirect
occurs occurs life cycle occurs.
8. Beetles are 8. Beetles and flea 8. Flour beetles and
intermediate h ost are intermediate fleas act as
h osts intermediate h osts,
w h en ' indirect life
cycle occurs in
rodents.

L ife cycle
Developmenta l st^ e s
• Egg
• Oncosph ere
• Cysticercoid
• Adult
D escription
■ Life cycle of H ^ e n o lty is nana is complex wh ich is direct and
indirect type. In man direct type of life cycle occurs and get infection
by tw o ways:
a. Ingestion of eggs
b. Autoinfection
Th e eggs, h atch and h exacanth em b ^ o (oncosph ere) comes
out. Th ese liberated. oncosph eres enter th e intestinal villi and
transform into cycticercoid. Th ese cysticercoids break out of th e
intestinal villi and develop to sexually matured adult tape w orm in
th e intestinal lumen. Both direct and indirect type_ of life -cycle
o c c u r in m ic e . D ire c t ty p e o f life c y c le is sim ila r a s in- m a n . In
indirect life cycle, th e following events occur :
a. Eggs come out from infected mice
b. ■Ingestion of eggs by beetle
c. Hatch ing of eggs in beetle
194 | V e t e ^ ^ ^ P arasitolo^ at a Glmce

d. Formation of cysticercoid in beetle

e5. Ingestion of infected beetle by mice
f. ■; Liberation of cycticercoid after digestion of beetle
g; - Cysticeroid develop to adult tape w orm in mice.
Pa& o lo gical features / Lesio ns
Enteritis
D i^ nos is
1. ■Examination of th e faecal sample for th e presence of eggs or
th e segments
2. Tegumental fraction (cestode larva is used for im m unodia^osis.
O rde r - Taeneidea
-T M N IID ^
B rief in& o ductio n
Th e tape w orns are found in th e small intestine of man, dog
etc. Th e tape worms are recognized since ancient times. In medical
science th e worms are consideredvery important. Neurocysticercosis
is a great constraint in th e h uman being. Th e tape worms cause
h arm to th e definitive h osts as well as to th e intermediate h osts.
Characters
1. Th ese are large tape worms.
2. Proglottids are rectangular.'
3- Rostellum may or.m ay not be present. W h en present, th e
rostellum is arm ed w ith two rows of h ooks w h ich are of
different types in different species.
4. Th e h ooks are very much ch aracteristic and h ave taxonomic
importance.
5. Th e segments are longe r th an broader.
6. Th e uterus h as medium' stem wh ich h as lateral branch es. Th e
number of branch es varies in accordance with th e species.
7. Th e eggs of Taenia spp are very much ch aracteristic. Th e
capsule of th e eggs are easily lost and th e embry oph ore is
stria te d in appearance.
Genera o f impo rtance
Taenia
Echino co ccus
 ^ ap ter 3 ■ Cesto des | 195

-Taenm
Species
T. so lium
T. s ^ in ata
T. hyfatigena
T. pteifo rm is
T. taeniaefo rm k
T; m u ltictys
C o ^ o f l n^ n e - Taenia so lium is called as pork tape w orn and
T. saginata is called ^ beef tape worm..
Intermedia te sta ges a nd & e hoste a ffected'
T .sofam r. T. hydati-T. T. T. muUice.ps
saginata -gena p isifonnis taentoe-
fiy ^ r is
Inter- C y s^ ^ K m C y s t i c C ^ t i c m m O y stic ^ u s Cystic&rcus C o r n u a
m ediate c e lM o ^ bo ^ tenu ico llis ^ ifo r m is fascio laris Cerebmlis, C
s a ge gaigert
Inter- Pig Cattle S h eep and Rabbits Rodents Sh eep and Boat
m ediate oth er
h ost rem na nts

Few ^ p o r ^ t cha ra cters o fT. solium T. sagin ata

Taenia Taenfo solium
1. Hosts - ma n 1. Hosts - ma n
2. Site : S ^ II intestine 2. Site ; Small intestine
3. Intemedia te host : Cattle 3- Intermedia te h ost: Pig
4. ^ s ta pe worm is 4-8 metre long. 4. This ta pe worm is 3-5 mette long'
Rarely it ma y be upto 25 m e te
5. Protruded pa rt of- the scolex 5. Rostellum is present a nda m e d with
(rostellum) is a bsent. cha ra cteristic hooks (22-32).
6. Number of segments is more (1000- 6. N u ^ e r of segments is less (8 00 -
2000 ) ' 1000).
7. Ova ry is bilobed. 7. O va ^ is t^obed.
8 . Eggs a re oval. 8. Eggs a re spherical.
9 . Uterus ha s 14 -32 bra nches. 9 . Uteres has 7-16 bra nches,
10. T h ^ e a re called as beef ta pe worm. 10. These a re called a s pork ta pe
worm.
11. Gravid segments lea ve &e host 11. Gravid se ^ e n ts do not lea ve the
sponta neously host sponta neously
12. Gravid s e ^ e n t conta ins a bout 12. Gravid segment contains a bout
8 0,000 eggs. 40,000 eggs.
196 | P ^^ito lo ^r at a G ^ c e

T. solium
Preva lence
Th e tope worms are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Hoste - man
S ite^ oc a tion - Small intestine
Sa lient m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Th is tape w orn is 3-5 metres long.
2. Rostellum is present wh ich bears two. rows of h ooks.
3. Th e gravid segments do not leave th e h ost, spontaneously as
th at of 7’. saginata.
4. Th e ovary is ttilobed;
5. Th e uterus h as a median stem wh ich h as lateral branch es (16
branch es).

Fig. 42 a. S col& o f Taenia ng, 42b. Gmvid segment o f T. solium

so lium
L ife cycle
Developmenta l s ^ e s
• Egg
• Oncosph ere
 ^tapter 3 ■ Cesto des | 197

• Cysticercus (infective stage in toe pork)

• Adult
D escription
1. Th e e ^ s are excpelled out.
2. Th e eggs h atch after being ingested by th e intermediate h ost.
Pig is th e intermediate h ost. In th e intestine of toe pigs, th e
eggs h atch and th e oncosph eres come out.
3. Th e oncosph eres migrate to different organs and tissues. By
h epatoportal circulation toe oncosph eres reach th e liver. Th e
oncosph eres lead to formation of th e cysticercoid elsewh ere.
Not only in th e liver but also th e oncosp h ere m ay be
disseminated by general circulation in different organs and -
muscles like lung, diaph ragm, h eart etc wh ere th e oncosph ere
develops to bladder worm or m etacestode (C y s tic e rc u s
c e llu lo sae ).
4. Human beings get toe infection by ingestion of th e h am or
pork containing th e cysticercoid.
N . B.
^ e h um an beings get infection by th e following ways :
• By ingestion of to e pork conta ining to e cystice rcus.
• By ingestion' of the e ^ s torough the food a nd cystice ^^s
develops in m a n. In ^ s c ^ e toe m a n Mmself a cts a s the
inte^nedia te host of toe p ^ ^ ite . It ha s been erfdenced
tha t toge stion o f ra w c o ^ n d e r lea ves a nd sa la d m a y
result in m fe ction in h^rna n bdng. The hum a n sod
is use d fo r b e tte r grow th o f ve ge ta ble s w h ich a lso
pre cipita te s to e co n ta ^ n a tio n .
• By a utom fection due to reteosperista ltic movement. The
e ^ s re tom to toe stom a ch ^ d ^ ^ ch .
Th e predisposing,factors for toe infection of Taenia so liu m in
man are as following' :
a. ' Eating h abits of th e people - eating of raw, uncooked,
undercooked, unsmoked pork is th e reason of infection.
b. Large-scale im plem entation of insecticides is anoth er
reason. Insecticides kill th e insects and th us th e population
of th e eggs increase.
198 | P araato lo ^ at a Glrnce

Fig. 43. Life cycle of Taeniasolium

 ^tapter 3 ■ Crato ^s | 1^

P a A oge ne sis
Pafoolo^cd fe a ^ e s / lesions
e nte ritis , ne uroc y stic e rc osis, m easly p ork c ondition,
conjun^vitis, rh initis (aberrant migration of oncosph ere),
Description
:
1. ^ e tapeworms u t ^ e th e nutrition of th e h ost th us causing
great loss of nutrient in th e h osts.
2. Presence of large number of T am ia so liu m and T. saginato
cause enteritis.
3. Th e serious effect wh ich s exibitted by th e h um an being is
due to n e w ^ ^ ^ t i c e ^ ^ i s . Migration of th e oncosph eres in
th e brain and formation of cysticercus causes severe damage
in th e brain. Apart from th is, th ere may be occular cysticercosis
due to formation of cysticercus in th e eye. Th is results in
conjunctivitis, rh initis etc.
fc p te 5
In pig, th e path ogenesis is caused by th e m igration of
oncosph ere and fom ation of th e cyaticercus in foe vital organs.
Th e- cysticerci present in dffierent organs are called p ork ’.
If th e oncosph ere migrates to. th e brain, foe condition becomes
very severe. Different neurological problems occur.
s i^ s
mOT :
1. Diarrh oea followed by deh ydration.
2. Abdominal pain due to foitation raused by foe tape worm.
3. Debility.
4. Vomiting tendenty
5. Flatulence
^ h e clinical signs of neur^^ticercosis in man are : •
a. Enceph alitis and meningitis as per th e location of th e cysts or
migratory patten of th e oncosph ere.
b. Epileptic fit and excitment etc.
 ^ | P ^ asito lo ^ at a G l^ e

In pig j
1. Muscular weakness and pain.
2. Different nervous s i ^ s lfoe salivation and paralysis.
D i^ nos is
1. Examination of faecal sample for detection of eggs of Taenia
spp.
2. Recent trend
D e fe re nt ELISA a re ^ n e
a. Using purified native antigen,
b". Using recombinant antigen.
sagino tu
Site / l^ ra tion ^ m a ll intestine
- H oste - Man
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^ - -Described earlier in th e table
Life ^ c le
D e M tiv e h o ste -M an
h o s t - Cattle
D e v e lom e n^ s ^ ge s - Same, as T. so lium except foe intermediate
h ost is catfie.'
D e s ^ p t i on ^Basic pattern is same as T. so lium.
^ tooge ne s f c - More or less same as T. so lium.
D ^ ^ os f c - Same as T. so lium.
Taenia m u ltic ^
H istoty /D is c ov e r
Wepfer was th e first man wh o stated in foe year 1675 th at ‘gid*
condition occurs in sh eep due to presence of a bladder, or larva of
M u ltictys m u ltictys (Th e tape worm is called now as Taenia
m u ltic ^s).
Preva lence
^ e tape w orns are rosmopolitan in distribution.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. .Mmost invariably 1 metre in length .
2. Prominent armed rostellum is present.
3. Th e intem ediate stage is th e C o e n u ^ cerebrals wh ich is
a ppa re ntly a tra nspa re nt cyst conta ining a bout 200 - 400
scolices. *^ e cysts are fom e d m th e brain and otoer parts of
th e nervous system like spinal cord, medulla etc.
202 | V ete^^^r PMasitolo^ at a Glmce

N .B . ■
C oe n u w s gaige r t w c u k in the m u scle o f the a bdomen a nd
othe r muscula tures o f goa t. The cysts (C.c e r e b r atfe an d C.
gaige r t .) look ^ k e e xce pt for some m inor m orphologica l
fea tures.
L tfe ^ c l e
Development^ sta ges
• Egg
• Oncosph ere
• Co'enurus (infective stages are formed in th e brain of sh eep
and goat)
• Adult
D escription
1, Eggs pass along w ith th e faeces.
2. ^ e sh eep ingest th e developed eggs along with th eir food.
3- eggs h atch , in th e intestine.
4. After h atch ing th e oncosph eres get released and penetrate
th rough th e wall of th e intestine.
5. ^ e n th e oncosph eres enter th e blood circulation and reach
th e brain.
6. In th e brain th e onc osp h e re . develops tow ards th e cysts
(C oe n u w s c e r e b r atts ) with in few month s.
7. Final h ost ( do^ gets th e infection by ingestion of th e brain of
th e sh eep containing th e cysts.
Pafro genesis
Pa &ologica l f e a ^ e s / lesions
Enteritis in dog and nervous disorder like atropy of th e skeletal
bones in th e intermediate h osts (sh eep and goat etc).
D escription
1. T h e m i g r a t o r o n c o s p h e re s a re d a n g e ro u s in th e s h e e p , ^ i s
causes meningitis, enceph alitis or meningoenceph alitis.
2. Gradually th e cyst creates pressure on th e brain as per th e
advancement of development of cysts. Th e brain-muscles get
atroph ied.
3- Th e skull (cranial bones) also gets atroph ied and ultimately
may be soft and easily felt on touch ing. Sometimes perforation
 ^tapter 3 ■ Cesto des | 203

of th e skull occurs.
4. Oth er th an th e affection of th e brain, several nerves like ocular
ne ^ e , auditory ne ^ e etc. may be affected.
Clinica l signs
1. ^ e animal looses th e condition and foils to respond to th e
environment.
2. Th e animals do not feed and take drinking water properly.
3. Circling movement ^ d ) is an important clinical sign wh ich is
so typical th at no oth er diagnosis is required by a trained and
experienced clinician.
4. Sometimes th e animals move straigh t and keep it’s h ead on
th e h ard object.
D i^ nos is
1. Clinical sign.
2, Softness of th e skull is felt if th e finger is placed in'betw een
th e h orns of th e animal.
Genus
Echino co ccus
H isto ^ /D isc o v e r
Th e first evidence of Echino co ccus from a dog was recorded
by P. J. Hartmann in th e year 1694.
Preva lence
Th e tape worms are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species
Echino co ccus granu lo su s
E. vo geli
E. m u ltilo cu lar a
E. o ligarthus
H o st
D e ^ d v e h o s t — T h e m a in de finitive h o s t is d o g b u t o th e r re la te d
animals may be affected.
Inte^ne^fote host'- Sh eep, goat, cattle and oth er related animals.
Site / lw a tion - Small intestine
2M | P a|arito lo ^ at a

Sd ie nt m orp h olo^
1. Th e w orns are very small (2-7 mm).
2. Th e scolex bears rostellum wh ich is armed w ith two rows of
h ooks.
3 .' num ber of segments is less, usually
3-4.
4. Th e m ature segm ent contains 40-60
testes.
5. Th e term inal segm ent is th e gravid
segm ent w h ich is large enough , th e
length reach ing about: h alf of th e body
length .
6. ^ e ovary is M dn^ - s f a p e d.
7. Genital pores are inegularly alternating
and open in th e anterior h alf of mamre
as well as gravid segment.-
8. It sh ould b e remembered th at gravid
p roglotled is not separated off th e
worm. Th e gravid segments disintegrate
and onfy th e e ^ s a re found m th e Fig. 45. Echinococcus
faeces, not die proglottid. gmnulosus
Life cycle
Developmenta l st^ e s
• Egg
• O ncosph ere
• Hydatid cyst in th e intermediate h ost (cattie, sh eep and goat)
• Adult
D escription
1. ^ e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost, ^ e internediate h ost
gets th e ^ i e ^ on by ingestion of th e eggs.
2. ^ e oncosph ere h atch es, out and penetrate th e wall of th e
intestine and distribute in different organs.
3. Th en th e oncosph ere develops to become th e cyst ( H y ^ ^ d
^ s t ) in different organs like lung, liver etc. Hydatid. cysts
may be large in size. Initially tiny cysts develop wh ich later
develop to a pea size and th en it may b e upto 10 cm in
 ^tapter 3 ■ Cesto des | ^

diameter. Growth of cyst is a slow^ process wh ich may take

even one year or more. Th e cysts contain an outer membrane.
Th ere is a germinal layer (beneath oute r membrane) from
w h ich smallbrood ca psules develop. Th e brood' capsule
contains scolices. Sometimes da u^ te r cysts may be forned
■rnth inth e h ydatid cyst. E te rna l daugh ter cyst may also be
forned if a cyst get ruptered and protoscolices, brood capsules
or piece of germinal layer get attach ed on th e wall of h ydatid
cyst. Th e brood capsules may be detach ed from th e ge^mnal
layer and float in th e fluid and th en th ese are called as h y ^ rtid
sa nd. Brood capsules may not be produced in all h ydatid
' cysts and th e c ^ te with out brood rapsules are'called ^ sterf.e
^ s t.
4. Th e final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e meat

hydatid.
' cys^ in
mu^le

Fig. 46. Life cycle of Echinococcus giBnulosus

206 | V ete^ ^ ty P aiaato lo ^ at a G ^rce

containing th e- cyst.
Pa^o genesis
Pa &ologica l fea ta res / lesions
Enteritis in dog and pressure atroph y in th e vital organs due to
presence of large-sized cysts and functional disturbances.
D escription
1. In th e definitive h ost th e worms cause com m on form of
path ogenesis as described earlier.
2. In th e intemiediate h ost immature worms (cysts), if located in
th e vital organs like lung, liver or th e diaph ragm, foese cause
great damage to th e h ost.
Dia gnosis
^ a ditiona l
1. Examination of th e faeces.
2. Detection of cysticercus in th e t on^ e or oth er exposable area
by th e naked eye.
3- R adiograp h ic dia gnosis c an be done (sc a nnogra p h y ,
angiograph y etc as per th e location of th e suspected area).
4. Ultrasound examination can b e done.
5. Computerized tomograph y (C. ^
6. M a^etic resonance imaging ( ^ 1 )
7. Ca soni’s Test-Scientist Casoni D971) performed th e test wh ich
is popularly called as Casoni’s test. H y datid cyst fluid is
inoculated in th e suspected individual and th ere w ould be
h ypersensitive reaction with in 15 minutes or less in positive
cases.
O A e r teends
A. Immunodiagnosis is done. For th is th e source of antigen is:
a. Protoscolices
b. Cyst fluid
c. Cyst’s membrane
Note
For th e purpose of procurement of. antigen, th e fertile' cyste
 ■^ ap ter 3 ■ Cesto des | 207

sh ould be taken as th ese cysts contain much amount of antigen,

^ e panel of immunodiagnostic tests are:
i. Complement Fixation Test
ii. Indirect Flurescent Antibody Test
iii. Indirect Haemagglutination Test
iv: Immunoelectroph oresis
v. Latex Agglutination Test
vi. Arc 5 ‘ Double Diffosion Test
vii. Radioimmune Assay
viii. LMIT (Leucocyte Migration Inh ibition Test)
Recent ttend
1. ' Peroxidase micro ELISA
2. Avidin - biotin - ELISA (Ab - ELISA)is used in h eparin binding-
lipoprotein (HBLP) for bovine fertile h ydatid cyst.
T ^ ^ to e n t s See th e end of th is ch apter.
O ^ te r -Mesocestoididea
E^m Y-M ESO CESTO roroA E
Brief infroduction
Th ese are medium- sized cestodes of canids wh ich inh abit th e
small intestines. For biological development, th e tape worms require
two intemiediate h osts, mite and bird or th e reptiles.
■Presence
Th e parasites are distributed in North America, Europe, Asia,
Africa, Denmark and Japan etc.
- f o u r n - Mesocestoides
Species
M. UneatiM
M. vartab ilte
M. ten tm
M ljonesi
M. corti
M. charadrii
M. lin eatm
208 | Parasito to ^ at a G ^rce

Sa lient m orp holo^

1. Head or scolex of th e tape worm is devoid of rostellum and
h ooks.
2. Th ere are four suckers wh ich are ch aracteristicallyelonga ted
ov^
3- ^ e r e is presence of a single set of reproductive system.
4. Th e genital pore is doreally situated.
5. Th e salient ch aracteristic feature of th e parasite is th e presence
of bttobed o v ^ y as well as th e bilobed vitelline glands.
6. Th e, testes are situated on eith er side of th e excretory canal.
7. Th e eggs are oval and found in th e par uterine organ.
Life y c le
D e^m tive host- Dog, cat, fox and oth er related' animals,
te ife ^n ^a te ' host -
1st intermediate h ost -mites
2nd intermediate h ost -birds, rodents, reptiles, etc.
Development^ st^ e s
• Egg
• O ncosph ere
• Cysticercoid in mite
• Tetoth y ridium in bkds'
• Adult
D escription
1. Th e eggs or th e segments are expelled out of th e h ost.
2. Th e eggs do not h atch until th ese are ingested by th e
intermediate h osts. Th e mites, particularly th e oribatid mites,
act as th e 1* intermediate h ost.
3. In th e oribatid mites, th e eggs h atch and th e oncosph eres
come out. Th e oncosph eres lead to form th e badder w orn or
th e cysticercoid. Th e cysticercoid possess four distinct suckers.
Around 16 weeks are required for development of complete
cysticereoid,
4. Th e infected mite is forth er ingested by th e 2nd intermediate
h ost, ^ e bird and oth er animals like lizards, snakes etc. act as
th e second intermediate h ost.
 ^ ap te r 3 ■ Cesto des | 209

5. Th e next stage of larval development occurs in th e bird wh ere1

th e la rv a e furth e r de v e lop to th e form a tion of th e
tetra thyridium stage. Tetrath yridium is minute elongated body
of about 1 cm length .Th ey are found in liver, lung, peritonium
. and oth er organs of second intermediate h osts. One interesting
th ing is th at tetrath ^idium can multiply asexually by longitudinal
fission.
6. • Th e final h ost, gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected
..birds h arbouring th e tetrath yridium.
N .B .
• M e s oc e s t oi d e s c o r t i ca n a se xua U y m u ltiply in th e
inte^nedia te a nd de^mtive hosts.
Pa thogenesis/Clinica l signs
Pa &ologica l fea ta res /lesions

Fig. 47. Life cycle of Mesocetoides spp.

210 | P a ra a tolo^ a t a G ta c e

D escription
1. T h e p a th oge ne s is is q uite sim ilar to th a t of th e
D iphyllo bo thH u m latu m . Th e constant irritation ultimately
results in enteritis, ^ ta s path ogenesis e ^ ib its th e clinical s i ^
of diarrh oea. Th e affected area of intestinal wall may farth er
be associatedwith secondaty bacterial infection wh ich a ^ ra vate
th e path ological features.
2. Th e parasites may form a bundle or large num ber of th e
parasites causingblockade of th e lumen of th e intestine resulting
in severe fanctional disturbance.
3. Nervous disorders are produced due to a b s o^ tion of th e
metabolites released by th e tape worm wh ich are ^ h ib ite d as
epfieptic f i t .or p s e ^ - ra bies.
4. ^ e cestod& utilize th e h ost’s nutrient th us deprive th e h ost-
from nutrition. Th e h ost become weak and debilitated.
5. Th e gravid segments lodge in th e anus of th e animal and
rau'se imtetion. To get relief from irritation th e animals drag
th eir anus over th e ground.
6. Irritation, caused b y th e tape w orn and absorption of th e
metabolites result in vomition wh ich is a common ch aracteristic
symptom of any tape w orn infection in dog.
D i^nosis
1. Observation of th e clinical signs.
2. Gross exarnnation of th e faecal sample for detection' of any
segment of th e tape worm.
3. eggs can be e ^ rude d out of th e segment and identified.
T r e a ^ e n t s See th e end of th is ch apter.
Class - Cotyloda
O rder - Diph yllidea
Family - Diph ylloboth riidae
GENUS
B rie f in te g ra tio n
Th ese are medium to large- sized cestodes occuning in th e
small intestine of fish - eating mammals. Th is tape worm is important
in th e h um an beings since th ey cause depletion of vit - B 12
resulting in pernicious anaemia. '
 ^ a p ta - 3 ■ | 211

H istoty ^ i s c ov e ^
' Dunas was th e first w h o discovered th e tape worm,
D iphyllo to thnu m fatu m in th e year 1592.
^ v d e n ce
^ e parasites are distributed in Norfo. America, USSR, North
Europe, ^ i c a and Japan.
Spetfes - D. fatu m
D. drntriticu s
D. stnctu m
D. pacificu rn
Common na me
Broad tape w orn or fish tape worm
Host - ^ e usual h oste are dog, cat, fox and man etc. But oth er
antoals may also be affected by th e parasites like pigs and oth er
related antaals,
S ite /lw a tion - Small intestine
Sa lient m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Th e w om s are very long and may be reach ing upto several
metres.
2. ^ ous a nds of segments are present.
3. • Th e ch aracteristic sh ape of th e h ead is h aving taxonomic
importance wh ich is s p a ^ f a - s ta p e d with a deep groove in
th e middle, ^ i s is called as Th us th e name of th e
tape worm is D iphyllo ho thnu m latu m , 't t e completely fom e d '
suckers are absent. Hooks are solely absent.
4. No elevated or protruded part (rostellum) of th e scolex is
. present. .
5- ^ e segments are broad. Th e n ^ e of th e tape w orn is th us ■
broad tape worm.
6. Th e genital organs are situated rnd-ventrally.
7. A large number, of testes situated laterally.
8. ^ e ovary is bilobed and uterus ^ rose tte -sto p e d
9. Th e eggs are very ch aracteristic as th ese are quite; different
from th e eggs of oth er tape womra. Th e eggs are oval and
op e rcu la te d and h ave fair resem blance to th e eggs of
•tre ^ tode . An e m b ^ o containing 6 h ooklets are present in
th e egg. ^ i s e m b ^ o called, as ‘coracidium’.
212 | P w M itolo^ at a G l^ ce

Life cycle
P u n i t i v e host - Dog, rat, fox are th e usual h osts but th ese parasites
may be found in oth er animals like pigs and oth er related animals.
In te rm e ^ te hoste
1* intermediate h ost - cyclops
2ndinternediate h ost -Fish
Developmenta l s ^ e
• Egg
• Ciliated coracidium
• Procercoid (Found in cyclops)
• Plerocercoid (Found in fish )
• Adult;
D escription
1. Th e eggs are expelled out along with th e faeces.
2. Wifoin few days (about 2 weeks) th e eggs h atch and th e larvae
come out. Th e larvae are'th e ciliated coracidium.
3. Th e coracidium can swim in th e water, ^ e movement of th e
coracidium attra^s th e cyclops and th e coracidiums are ingested
by th e cyclops as foese are food of th e cyclops. In th e cyclops
th is larval Stage develop to anoth er stage of development and
th e p rr e e rc oid develops. Th e procercoids are elongated'solid
bodied larvae.
 ^tapter 3 ■ Cesto des |- 213

Th e fish get th e infection w h en th e infected cyclops are

ingested, by th e fish . Th e fish art as th e second intermediate
h ost of th e parasite. Th e cyclop is digested and th e procercoid
gets released and enter into musculatures and viscera etc of
fish . In th e fish th e anoth er stage of. development occurs wh ich
is called as th e ple irce rcoid. Plerocercoids are more mamred
larvae, compared to procercoid wh ich are provided with a
scolex.
5. Th e final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected
fish h arbouring th e plerocercoid.
6. Th e ,adult parasites develop in th e intestine.
Pa &ogenesis
Pa toologica l fea ta res
Enteritis, anaemia, anal prnrims, epileptic fit and oth er nervous
disorders.
214 | P a^ ^ to lo ^ at a G^rae

D escriptio n
1. Th ese cestodes are path ogenic to th e h ost in several ways.
Th ese worms are very long in size, ^ e h ost nutrient is utilized
by th e parasite. In th e case of Diphyttob othrium infection th e
deficiency of Vit B-12 is com m on.feature in m an w h ich -
ultimately results in p e ^ ^ J ou s
2. W h en th e gravid segmente break off from adult worm and
disintegrated parts of gravid segments lodge in th e anal region,
th ese disintegrated segments cause irritation in th at region.
3. cestodes may lodge and obstruct th e lumen of th e passage
of th e intestine. Th ese form th e bundle in toe passage of th e
■intestine wh ich ulti^ te ly leads to severe functional disturbanre.
4. O ne more path ologiral condition wh ich infrequently found in
th e infection of th e cestodes is th e absorption of th e metabolites
secreted by th e cestodes. Th ese metabolites appear to be very
patoogenic in th e h ost wh ich result in several nervous disorders.
C linicd signs
1. Th e parasites mech anically damage th e wall of th e intestine
leading to catanh al enteritis and due towh ich diantooea occurs.
'2. ^ e dogs feel a b ^ rn in ti due to M o tio n caused by
th e tape worms. Th at’s wh y toe animals k eep th eir abdomen
on th e cool floor to get some relief. Sometimes th e animals
bite th eir ow n abdomen because of toe irritation.
3. Th e most important patoogenesis raused by th e tape w orn is
nervous damage due to absorption of th e metabolites released
by th e rape worm wh ich is toxic to toe h ost. Th is path ogenesis
cause nercous disorders like e pfieptic fit ^ d fit.
4. In h um an beings, p e ^ i ^ r a a na e r na occurs as th e tape,
w orm s deprive th e h ost from nutrition and it h as b een
evidenced th at m an becomes deficient from th e Vit B 12.
D i^ nos is
1. ty pical c l i ni c signs are su^estive of tape w orn infection.
2. E xa^nation of th e faecal sample for presence of egg capsule.
~ ^ e eggs can be extruded out from th e egg capsule and
identified. It is very easy to identify th e eggs as th e eggs are
very ty pical and different from oth er ta p e w orm eggs.
Examination of anal swab may reveal th e presence of toe
s e ^ e nt s of tape worm.
 ^ ap t « 3 ■ | 215

: See last page of th is ch apter.

G on ^ I
1.. - Proper treatment of th e affected sh ould be done.
2. Undercooked, uncooked, unsmoked fish sh ould not be allowed
to be given to dogs.
3. Freezing of fish for afleast 10 days can kill th e scolices.
4. Since D. fatu m h as zonotic importance, sewage, material.sh ould
not be disposed in lake or ponds etc.
Genm
S piro m etra
I m ^ r t ^ t species
5. m inso ni - oc ^ r m cat and dog
S. m a m o n a i - occur in cat and dog
S. - oc ^ r in cat and dog
H oste - More th ree species oc ^ r in small intestine of cat.
^ ^ c le !
1. ^ e eggs pass out
2. E ^ s h atch and coracidiums com e out
3. Coracidium is ingested by cyclop and procercoid is formed
with in it.
-4. Second intem ediate h osts are amph ibia, tadpole, bird and even
■ ^ n . Plerocercoid is formed. It is wh ite and ribbon like and
can branch -
5. Definitive h ost get infected by ingestion of intermediate h ost.
Sp^groosis
It is a disease caused by plerocercoid of S pim m etra in h u^ a n
beings' Man gets th e infection by accidental ing&tion of th e cyclops
h arbouring procercoid, ^ i s procercoid transforas into plero^rcoid
in subcutaneus tissues of man. Human beings may get infection by
ingestion of second interaediate h ost h arbouring th e plerocercoid.
In th e rural areas snake or frog flesh is used for treatment of w ound
th rough wh ich plerocercoid enter into h uman being. Th e spargana
(plerocercoids) migrate in th e subcutaneous tissue w h ere th ey ^ u s e
oedema, inflam m ato^ swelling, u r ti ^ ia etc.
216 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

G E N E ^ ^ TREA TM EN T O F CESTO D ES

D ogs She e p, g o a t a n d c a tfe

1'. Arecolie'h ydrobromide 1. Praziquantel
Dose -2 mg / Kg Dose - 15 mg / kg
2. Arecoline acetarsol 2. Albendazole
Dose-5 m g / kg Dose - 10 mg / kg
3. Dich loroph en' 3. Gxfenbendazole
Dose - 0. _3 mg / Kg Dose -5 mg / kg
4. Hexach loroph ene . 4. Fenbendazole
Dose - 15 mg / Kg ' Dose - 5mg I Kg
5. Bunamide h ydroch loride 5. Bith ionol
Dose -25 - 50 mg / Kg Dose - 200 mg / kg
6. Bith ionol ' 6. Niclosamide ■
Dose- 200 mg / Kg ■Dose - 75 - 150 mg / Kg
7. Nitroscanate
Dose -50 mg / Kg
8. Niclosamide
Dose - 100-150 mg / Kg
9. Praziquintel
Dose -5 mg /.Kg

Butynorate 75-150 m ^ k g
Praziquantel 10 mg/kg
 3■ | 217

■ Q U ESTIO N A IR E : CESTO D ES
D EF^E FO ^O ^m G S
Measly pork, py rifom appararns, em b^oph ore, autoinfection,
neurocy sticercosis, both rium , lappet, cy sticercoid, procercoid,
plerocercoid, tetrath ^idium , sparganosis
W R m ‘T R U E ’ O F ‘E ^ S E 5'
1. Th e suckers of R ailietina echino bo thridia are circular and
surrounded by several rows of h ooks.
2. Beetle act as th e intermediate h ost of R. cwticillu s .
3. ^ e suckers of D avainea pro glo ttina is armed w ith h ^ ^ e r
sh aped h ooks.
4. Snails act as th e intermediate h ost of D avaineapro glo ttina .
5. ^ e scolex of D itylidiu m is p ^ for m in sh ape .
6. ^ e fleas like Cteno ctyhalides felfe and C. canti act as th e
inte ^ e dia te h ost of. D itylidiu m caninu m
7. Cho ano taenia infu ndibu lu m , occurs in birds .
8. Presence of egg capsule or paruterine organs is th e ch aracteristic
features in Anoploceph alid worms .
8. A no plo ctyhala perfo liata particularly affect th e ileocaecal
orifices and th ereby produce depressed ulsers w h ich is dark
in colour.
9- T h e 'inte ^ ro^ ottida l gknds of M o niezia nsa are b ^ d-
like , present in th e posterior part of th e segment .
10. M o niezia spp are called as double pored tape worm.
11. Tbysano so ma actinio ides occurs in bile duct of sh eep , goat
and cattle .
12. Th e posterior part of segments of Tbysano so ma is fringed .
13. Th e uterus of Avitellina is transverse.
14. D iphyllo bo thrium latu m is called as dwarf tape worm .
15. In man, H y m e n o l n an a perforns dirert ty pe of life cyle .
16. Th e segments of Taenia are broader toan longer.
17. Cysticercus cellulo sae is the larcal stage o f Taenia pisifo rm is .
18. Cysticwcus pteifo rm is is th e larval stage of Taenia so lium.
19- Ovary of 'Taenia saginata is bilobed.
20. Taenia saginata are also called as beef tape w om i .
 2 1 8 | V e t ^ ^ ^ P a r ^ i t ol o^ a t a G l O T c e

21. Neurocysticercosis occurs'in- case of TaenM. saginata infection

in man.
22. ^ e ovary of Echino co ccm granu lo su s is kidney -sh aped.
23- Casoni’s test is done for dia ^ osis of ech inococcosis.
24. Head or scolex of M eso ceM o i^ Uneatm beara rostellum and
h ooks.
2 5. genitol pore opens dorsally in case d'"M&W&to M& li
26. Th e definitive h osts of M eso c^o i& s lin e atw de dog, cat, fox
and birds.
27. Th e second intermediate h osts of Meso c&to i&s lineatu s are
birds but not th e amph ibions.
28. M eso cesto idw co rti can asexually multiply in th e intermediate
•and definitive h osts.
29. Diphyllo bo thrium sp is also called as fish tope w orn
30. Th e eggs of Diphyllo bo thrium are oval, operculated and h ave
fair resemblance to th e eggs of ttematode.
31. Th e uterus of Diphyllo bo thrium is rosette-sh aped.
-32. 1st intermediate h ost of Diphyllo bo thrium is fish .
33- Th e 1st lareal stage of Diphyllo bo thrium is ciliated coracidium.
• 34. Plerocercoid fe th e larval &age of Diphyllo bo thrium occumng
in fish .
35. ^ e gravid segments of all cestodes get detach ed from th e
adult tape worm.
36. To get relief from constant irritation of tape worms, dogs drag
th eir anus on th e ^ ound or rough objects.
37. Sparganosis is a disease caused by plerocercoids of S pirnm ettn
in h uman beings.
38. Praziquintal is a drug of cestodes infection.
39- Niclosamide is a drug of ch oice for cestodes infection.
4 0 . ' Cestodes ^ e b is e ^ a l p ^ s ite s .
41. ^ e segmente of cestodes are railed as strobila.
42. ^ e c ir^ la r suckers of faittietina cesUcillus ate arm ed
Ftt<L O T B ^^K S
1. Th e suckers of R ailietina tetrago na a r e ________ in sh ape
and surrounded by several rows of h ooks.
 ^ a p te * 3 ■ C ^ tod^ | ^9

2. Th e act as th e, intermediate h ost of R. cesticittm .

3. N odule form a tion-oc c urs . in th e inte stine of b irds by
___________ tape worm
4. Th e rostellum of is armed with
h ammer sh aped h ooks.
5. Small th orn sh aped h ooks are present surrounding, th e sucker
' o f __________
6. ' T h e__________ act as th e intermediate h ost of D avainea
pro glo ttina
7. T h e ta p e w orm , a nd __________causes
h aemorrh agic enteritis in birds .
8. T h e m a ture and* gravid segm e nts of D ipy lidiu rn are
s e e d' sh ap ed.
9. Th e fleas, and _______ . act as
th e intermediate h ost of D i^ lidiu m caninu m . ^
10. Th e sh ape of Amo ebo to ento . sphm o ides is a lm ost _________
11. T h e _________ ___acts as th e inte rm e dia te h os t of
Am o ebo taenia spheno ides.
12. Parano plo ctyha m am m ifana is called a s _____________
13. Th e fam ily _______ _ and ___ . act as th e
intermediate h osts of Anoplocepalan parasites.
14. Ano plo cephala perfo liata particularly affect t h e____ ______
and th ereby produce depressed ulcers wh ich is dark in colour.
15. Interproglottidal glands of . are band
- like wh ich are present ,in th e posterior part of th e segm ent.
16. Th e eggs of M o niezia benidini are - sh aped..
17. are called as double, pored tape worm.
18. Citto taenia cteno ides occurs in small intestine of .. ___
19. S tilesia hepatica occurs in th e of sh eep and
. goat.
20. Th e posterior part of segments of is fringed.
21. Clear segmentation is absent in
22; The. vitelline gla nds a re a bsent i n_______________________
23. is called as dwarf tape worm .
24. H yrneno ltyis cario ca occur in __________
25. Th e segments of are longer th an broader.
 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

26. Th e capsule of th e eggs of Taenia are easily lost and th e

em bry oph ore is in sh ape.
27. Cysticercus bo ris is th e la ^ a l stage of __________________
28. Cysticercm pisifo rm te is th e larval stage of _________________.
29- is th e larval stage of Taenia m u ltic ^s.
30. -Ovary of T am m so liu m h as lobes.
3 1 . _____________________ are also called as beef tape worm.
32. Autoinfection of ] ________________________ occurs in man.
33- M easly p ork c ondition occurs in case o f ____ ■ .___
_________ infection.
34. Th e ovary of ________________ ________is kidney -sh aped.
35- Radiograph y can be done for diagnosis of ___________ tape
worm infection.
36. ^ e genital pore opens ___________ in case of Meso c&to Mes
lineatusT
3.7- T h e second interm ediate h osts of M eso cesto ides lineatu s
are________
38. D iphytto bo thnu m latu m is also called a s _____________ :__tape
worm
39- Th e eggs of are oval and operculated
and h ave fair resemblance to th e eggs of trematode.
40. ^ e uterus of D iphytto bo thnu m is sh aped.
41. 1st intermediate h ost of D iphytto bo thnu m is __________
42. T h e 1st larval stage of D iphytto bo thnum is ciliated______
43- Sparganosis is a disease caused by , stage of
Spiro metra in h uman beings.
44. Praziquintal is a drug of infection.
45. Niclosamide is a drug of ch oice for infection.
46. Cestodes are called as parasites.
47- ^ e segments of cestodes are caUed as ______________
48. ^ e egg capsule of faillietina c ontain _________ egg.
49- Scientist Casoni (1971) performed th e t e s t ______ ^_____ for,
diagnosis of Ech inococcosis
 ^aptCT 3 ■ Cesto des |1^1

TICK TOE APPROP^TE ^SW E R

1. Ants and fly (M usca do mestica) acte as intermediate h ost of
a. Raittietina tetrago na
b. RaiUietina. echino bo thridia -
c. Both
d. None
2. Th e smallest tape worm of poultry
a. D avainea pm glo ttina
b. D avainea meleagridis
c. Echino co ccus granulo sus
d. All-
3. Single set of reproductive organs are ,present in
a. D avaineapm glo ttina b. Am o ebo taenia.spheno ides
c. both d. None
4. Haemorrh agic diarrh ea-occurs in th e birds infected w i ^
a... D avaineapm glo ttina . b. Railietina e c h ino bo th n^
c, boA d. none
5. Th e ovary and th e vitelline glands on eith er side of segment
of D ipylidiu m give th e appearance of
a, bunch of grapes > b. a bunch of banana
c. a band like structure , d. rosette like .structure ;
6. Nervous disorders occurs in many tape wom i infection due to
a. absorption of by products of th e tape worms
b neurotoxin secreted by tape worms
c. both
d. None
7. Th e earth -worm,acts as th e intermediate h ost of-
a. Am o ebo taenia spheno ides
b. D avaineapm g lo ttina ,
c. Cho ano taenia infu ndibu lu m .
d. C ittotaenia ctenoid&
^2 '| PM aatolo^ a t a G l^ce

largest tape worm of equines is

a. . A no pltK tyhala rnugna
b . _ A no plo ctyhala perfo liate
c. Parano factyha ^ m m ite n a '
d. None
^ e eggs of M o n ^ te te nidini are
a. . square- sh aped b. triangular—sh aped
c. pear -sh aped d. - rectangular-sh aped
Oribatid mites a a as internediate h osts
a. M o niezia sp b. A no plo ctyhate sp
C-. P arano plo c^hate spp d. all
10. Stitesia htyatica occurs in th e
a. bile duct b. pancreas /
c. • small intestine d. lungs
11. C i ^ s sac is bulged out on eith er side of th e se^ ne nt of
a. W ysanieziagterdi b; ■ ttysano so iM , actinio id « ?
c. S ti^ ia h tyatica d. all
12. ^ e vitelline glands are absent in
a. • Avitellina Spp -b. S ti^ ia h tyatica
c. W ysano so rni o ctino tew d. T bysani^to giardi
13- In man, H ym eno ltyte nana perforns
a. direct type of life cyle b. indirect t ^ e of- life cyle
c.
14. ^ e gravid segments of Taenia are
a. rectangular b. trian^ lar
c. pear-sh aped d. saw -like
15. Cystic&cus cellufo sae is th e larcal stage of
a. Taenia so lium. b.- TiW ntesaginata
c. Taeniah y & aig ^ i d. ' Taeniafo s ijbm ti
16. Ovary of Ta&iia saginata is
a. bilobed- b. unilob ^ ' -
c. trilobed d. ^ adrilob ed.
 3 ■ C ra v e s | '^

17. T am m sag inata are also railed as

a. beef tape w orn • b. pork tape w orn
c. bass tape worm d. dwarf tape w orn
18. N euro^sticercosis occurs in case of
a. Cyst.ceUulo sae infection in man
b. infection in man
c tofo
d. none
19. ovary of Echino co ccus granu lo su s te
a. k idne y -sh ap e d - b. e gg-s h a p e d '
c. rosette —sh aped d. non specific sh aped*
20. Scolex is devoid of rostellum and h ooks found in • '
a.- M o ni^ to ^ pansa b. •' M eso cesto i^ lineatu s
c. both ' d. none
21. D ipbyllo bo tbrium te also called as
a. broad tape worm b fish tape worm
c. broad fish tape w orm d, all '
22. ^ e eggs of Dipbyllo bo tbrium to tu m are oval and operculated
and h ave fair resemblance to foe e ^ s of
a. ttematdde b - Acanth oceph alan parasites
c. nematodes d. all
23- 1st larval stage of Dipbyllo bo tbrium latu m is
a. ciliated coracidium b. procercoid
c. plerocercoid d. all
24. In th e case of Diphyllo bo thriuM to tu m infection ,th e deficiency
Vit B-12 is common feature in man wh ich ultimately results in
a. p e ^ c ious anaemia b. sickle cell anaemia
c. h aemolytic anaemia d.' all
25- To get relief from th e constant irritation by crawling gravid
segment of. tape worm in anal region
a. I h e dogs drag th eir anus on th e ^ ound or rough objects
b. ^ e dog walk straigh t way
c. Keep th eir abdomen-on cool'surface
d. all
^4 | V ete^M ^ P aM ito lo ^ at a G ^ ce.

26. procercoid of S pir o ^ tra transfom s into plerocercoid in

subcutaneus tissues of man and cause . •'
a. .. sparganosis b. gid
c. sturdy d. stagger
27. C o enu rm cerebralis cause
a. gid b. sturdy ■
c. stagger d. all
28. Niclosamide is a drug of ch oice for
a. cestodes infection b. round w orn infection
c all d. None
29. Bladder-worms are th e intermediate or- larval stage-‘of
a. cestodes b. roundw orm '
c.,. th om ey h eadedw orn d, giddy worms
 Nematode
^ n e ^ , m o^ h ob ^ of nem atode
1. Nematodes-are cylindrical in outline.
2. ■ Outer covering is th e cuticle. Th e cuticle is formed by :
a . ' Hypodermis (Subcuticular layer) '
b ' M usde layer
Th e cuticle not. only acts as outer, covering, but also h as
significance m -perfom ing many roles in fonctional- activity. :-
3- Th e cuticle of th e parasite may be expanded at th e anterior
part of th e parasite wh ich is called as th e c e ^ ic ^ . ^ e .
4. - Cuticle may be expanded at th e posterior part of th e nematode
wh ich is called as th e c a u^ d alae. •
5. At' th e anterior part of toe body, cuticle may form th e cervical
papillae. '
6. Cuticle may form toe pre-cloacal and post-cloacal papillae.
7. . Cuticle form . different types of th ickenings, w h ich h ave got
'. taxonomic importance. In,. G o n^lo nem a spp th ere are many
cuticular th ickenings. In th e Acu aria spp and D ispbarynx typ
th ere are presence of cordons wh ich are recurring or non-
f recurring types..In some nematodes cuticle forms some ridges
or in oth ers, forms e p a ^ e t e s (S itybanu m $ or dentigerous
structures. In some nematodes th ere may b e formation of leaf
crown (S tm ngylu s spp) or cuttingplates and teeth (Ancylo sto ma).
Th e cuticle also forms one important stmcture wh ich is called
as b urs a w h ich is th e posterior expansion of ^ e cuticle
(H aem o ncbu s). Spicule is anoth er structure formed by th e
cuticle.-Some sensoiy organs are.-.also formed by th e. cuticle,
like (present in th e posterior part of-th e-nematode)
and (present in th oanterior part of .th e nematode-)..
8-. -M oderately developed digestive sy stem -is found , in th e
' nematodes. Th e digestive system starts from th e mouth ; Th e
m outh may be surrounded by lips. Structure and arrangement
of lips are varied.-
^6 | Parasito lo ^ at a

a. Th e most primitive form h aving th ree lips, one dorsal and

two subventral. . . .Ascarids
b. Mouth sonounded by two lips, each lip being trilobed
. . . Spirurids
c. Lips are absent
. . .■Strongyle
9. Oth er structures wh ich are found in th e digestive system are •
ph ary ra, oe sop h a ^ s, intestine, anus etc. Oesoph agus is very
important in respect of taxonomic ident^cation. Th e oesoph agi
are of different types.
In th is ty pe of oe sop h a ^ s th ere is presence of a
posterior bulb. tt-H e te rafa gallinaru m . O e sop h a ^ s of some
round w orns. is double bulbed (O x^roids).
-E x -^ is ty pe of oe sop h a ^ s h as a club -sh aped
a nterior portion and a p ear-sh ap ed p osterior bulb. Ex-
S tro n^lo ides spp.
V e nt r i ^ ^ ^ -Anterior part of th e oe sop h a ^ s is muscular and
th e posterior part of th e same is glandular. Ex— All spirurid
worms.
F ^ ^ t f o^ n- Th is type of oe s op h a ^ s is tubular. Ex - ^ i s
ty pe of oesoph agus is found in second and later la ^ a l stage
of nematode.
T ric h w oid- Oesoph ageal glands are ananged in th e form of
single row of cells outside th e oesoph agus. Example- Trichinelfa.
spp.
10. Flame cells are absent. In most of th e nematodes excretion is
performed by a ventral pore and a pair of lateral longifodinal
vessels.
11. Th e ne ^ ous system includes :
a. Oesoph ageal nerve ring
b. N e ^ e ganglia
c. Nerve fibres connecting ne ^ e ganglia :
d. ' Sense, organs (ph asmids, am ph ids,. cervical papillae and.
genital papillae).
b i ol ^ c d develop m ent of ne m tode s
^ e r e are different, t ^ e s of biolo^cal development found in
nematodes.-
1. ■ Th e eggs are expelled out. Th e eggs do not h atch in th e
environment. With in th e eggs th e larvae develop, ^ e larvae
 4 ■ Nen^to de | ^7

h atch after being ingested by th e h ost.

^ - Ascarid womis.
2. Th e eggs are expelled' out of th e h ost and th e eggs h atch in
th e presence of different environmental factore. Th e larvae
develop to a certain limit to reach to th e infective stage. Final
h ost gete th e infection by ingestion of th e infective Ja^ae.
■Ex - Strongyle w orns.
' 3. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost and th e eggs only h atch
w h en th ese eggs are ingested by th e intermediate h osts. In
th e intermediate h ost &e lareae reach to th e infective stage..
Ex - Spiruroidea.
4. ^ e e ^ s are h atch ed and th e larvae develop to th e infective,
stage after being ingested by th e intermediate h ost.
Ex - Metastrongyloidea.
5. ^ e worms are viviparous and th e larvae ^ ta :up in th e blood
or lymph of th e h ost, ^ e s e larvae reach to th e infective stage
■in th e intermediate h ost.
Ex - Filarid worms
b^ f ^ s m c ^ O N
P h y fam - Nemath elminth es
C ^ s —Nematoda
- Strongylida (Bursate nenratode usually h avingcorona .radiata
and clubbed oesoph agus)
S u p ^ f a ^ ^ - - Strongyloidea (buccal capsule is w ell'developed-
and leaf crowns are present)
F ^ ^ & e s - Strongylidae
f oow - S tm n ^ lm
F ^ ^ t y - Trich onematidae
f oa m - Oeso phago sto mum
F ^ ^ f y -Syngamidae
f e n r a - S yngam tx
F ^ ^ f y - Steph anuridae
f onu s - S ttyh anu m s
S u p e r f ^ ^ f y Ancylostomatoidea (Leaf crowns are absent, bucc
rapsule is well developed)
F ^ ^ f y - Ancylostomatidae
S up e rfa ^ rfy
T r ic h os tron^ toide a b uc c a l capsule is absent or very small, leaf
crowns are absent, bursa well d^ e lop e d)
^ | PMasitdo ^. at a Glarae

F ^ ^ f y - Dictyocaulidaei ■
- D ictyo caulus
F a ^ rfy - Trich ostron^lidae
- . Ostertagia
Co o peria ■
Nemato dim-s
H aem o nchu s
Tricho stm n^h&
S u p e r f i^ ^ y - Metastrongyloidea (Usually 'h aving.sk lips. Bursa is
small or reduced, bursalray s are fased.) '
F a ^ ^ y - Metastrongylidae
G e a ^ '- Metastro ngylite
F ^ ^ f y - Protostron^lidae
G e a w - ^rnto stro n^li4s
O ^ e r - Ascaridida (Non-bursate ne ^ tode s with th ree lips, one
dorsal and tw o subventral)
Superfam dy - Ascaridoidea (In th ese •nematodes, posterior, bulbs
are usually absent)
F a ^ rfy - Ascarididae
G e nre - Ascaris, To xo cara, P arw cam , To xascdris
F a ^ rfy - Anisakidae
S up e rf a ^ ^ y - O ^ uroide a
F ^ ^ f y - O ^ urida e
G e n r e - Oxyuris, Entew biu s
S u p e r f a ^ ^ y - Subuluroidea (Oesoph agus is bulbous and may h ave,
w lw la r apparatus) "
F a ^ ^ y -Heterakidae
G enre - Ascaridia, HeterakU
O rder -Rh abditida (Oesoph agus is rh abditifomi) ..
Superfam ily - Rh abditoidea
F a ^ ^ y ^trongy loididae,
^ n r e — S tm n^te ides
F ^ ^ y - R h abditi^e . . . . . .
O rder - Spimrida (Oesoph agus is ^ te norly muscular and posterio y
glandular)
S up e rfa ^ ^ y Spiruroidea (Nematodes h ave lips and each is,,
subdivided. Buccal capsule is absent)
 ^ ra p te r 4 ■ N etotode- | 2J9

F a^^ty - Th elaziidae
G en u s - T h e lazia, S piro cerca, A scaro ps, 'P hyso cepbalu s,
Gcmgylo nema
F a^^ty - Spiruridae
f e nr n - Hahro nema, D m schia
F ^ ^ f y -Aeuariidae
- C bklo spim ra, D ispbary ^ _
F a ^ tf y - Tetrameridae ■
G enus - Tetram wes
S u p e r f a ^ tf y P h y s a lop te r oide a (Nematodes- w ith :presence of
teeth ed lips).,
F a ^ rfy - Gna&ostomatidae
t e n u s - Gantbo sio ma
F ^ ^ f y - Ph ysalopteridae'
- Physalo ptera, "
S u p ^ i ^ ^ y - Filaroidea
F ^ ^ ^ - Filariidae
G en u s - D iro filaria, P arafilaria, S u ifilaria, ' O rniibo fila'ria,
W uchewria, B nigia
F^^y Setariidae
G enus Setaria
D ipetalo nem a
S tyhano fifa™ ,
Onch ocercidae
to n u s Oncho cerca
S u perfan^ y - Dracunculoidea,
F a m i ^ — Q r a h u nc nl i H a e

Genus - D m cu ncu lm
O rder - Enoplida (Oesoph ageal glands -are present;outside th e-
oe sop ^ gus)
S up e rf^ ^ y Dioctoph ymatoidea
FamUy DioctoptiyM tidae " ■c
G enus D io cto phym a
Superfam ily - Trich uroidea
F ^ ^ y - Trich uridae
f e nu s -T rich u ns
 SO | P m aato lo ^ at a Glance

-Trich ineUidae
—Tiichinelfa
O ^ e r - Stto n^lida
S ^ e n t c ^ r ac te r s
1. Well developed buccal capsule is present in many members
under th is order. Teeth or cutting plates are present in th e
depth of th e buccal cavity of some members. Th e number and
sh ape of th e teeth h ave taxonomic importance for identification
of foe parasites.
2. ' Specific c uti^ la r structure is present at th e anterior margin of
th e buccal rapsule wh ich is called as th e corona radiata or
popularly called as th e leaf crown. Th e leaf crown may be
present in internal cavity of th e buccal capsule sligh tly posterior
to th e outer rim wh ich are called internal leaf crown.
3. A bursa is present in male. Th e bursa j s supported by th e
bursal rays. Th e bursa may be divided into, different lobes.
S u p ^ ^ ^ ^ fy -Strongyloidea
t a p o^ ^ t
M ro n^lifae
Tricho nem atidae
S yngam idae
S t^ h anu ndae

. B rief m teo d uctio n

% e se are cosmopolitenly distributed la ^ e bureate nematodes
of foe equids inh abiting th e large intestine. S tro n^ lm m lg a^ is of
great path ogenic significance since th e worms cause significant
da ^ ge to th e arterial system.
P rev alen ce
Th e flukes are cosm opolton m-distribution.
G e n® - S tro ^& lm
t ap o ^ n t Species
S . edentatm
 ^rapter 4 ■ N e^ to d e | ^1

S. equ inu s _
S. m lg am
n^ ne
S. edw itatm is called as tooth less strongyle, S . m lg am is called
as doub le-tooled strongyle and S, equ inrn is railedas triple- tooth ed
strongyle, sclerostome or blood worm.
c on& tib w c a w e d - Mai seco in m ’gentina,
S. edentatu s cause th e disease named h aem onom elasm a ilei,
verminous arteritis, verminous pneumonia.
S .- ^ g a^ S, e ^ i n u s S. 6 ^ ^
1. Th e worms are 1. ^ e worms are 1. ' ^ e w orns are
found in th e^ found in foe equines. found in th e equines
equines.
2. Buccal capsule is 2. Th e buccal 2. N or^ ^
oval. rapsule is apparently
oval in outline.
3. A pair of ear- - 3. ^ e r e is presence 3. Teeth are absent
sh aped teeth are of a large dorsal
present in th e depth tooth with ^ o bifid
of th e buccal tips at th e base of
ra ^ ule . th e buccal rapsule
and two subventral
teeth are also,
present.
' 4. Th ese worms are 4. ’^ e s e w orns are 4. ^ e s e worms are
s e l l e r th an oth er larger th an S. la ^ e r th an S:
tw o worms. w lg o m . w !ga& .
5; ^ e external leaf 5. Th e c x t e ^ l leaf 5. Th e exte^&l leaf
crown is fringed crown is not fringed. crown is not frin^ d.
ant^iorly .
., 6. Crania! mesenteric 6. Not affected. 6. Not affected.
artety is affected by
th e larvae,
7. Nodules are not 7. Nodules are 7. Haemorth agic
formed b y foe larvae formed in caecum nodules are forned
on caecum- and and colon.. in caecum and
■colon. colon.
^ 2 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

S. v u l g ar S. equinus S. eden tatu s

8. Adults live in th e 8. Th e adults live in Th e adults live in th e
large intestine. th e large intestine. large intestine.
9. common 9 -Th e common -9. Th e,.common
n ^ e of foe w orns ‘ name of th e worms name of.foe wormds
is ^ a b l e - t w ^ e d is M p le tw t h e d ' tooth less stra ngle.
s te on^ le . strangle,'
sclerostome, blood
womi.

Fig. 50. a -Stro n&lusvuigaris;b-s. equinus; c-S. edentatus, =

^ 5e cycle o f ste o n ^ lu s w o ^ m :.
D e v e lo p m e n t s^ ^ e s
• Egg
• Larva 1
• Larva 2
• Larva ^(infective)
• Larva 4
• Adult
D evelopm ent m foe e nvironm e nt
1. ^ e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost. Th e eggs develop and-’
h atch ,inth e e nvironm e nt.. - • • •■
2. After h atch ing th e larvae come out. ^ e s e la ^ a e are called as
th e 1st stage la^ ae. Furth er two stages of larvae development
occur, ^ e larvae' voraciously take large amount of food. At-
th e time of food intake th e larvae remain very active. Later
 '• ^tapter 4 ■ N e^ to d e f ^

on, th e -la rv a e . enter, into a leth argic ph ase. Th is is th e

preparatory ph ase -of th e larvae for th e next-: stage. Jfoer: one
-moulting th e 1“ stage-la^ae transform into 2fd-stagelarva-.Tn a -
similar way th e-second stage;larvae ..ferfoer transform lnto
stage larvae. T h e s h e a th .of ,A e second-stage. te not.
c u t off, e ith e r th e sh eath of. th e second stage da ^ a e provide
extra protection: to th e parasitic larvae. Now th e. larvae are
ready for th e infection to th e h ost. Th e infective larvae do not
feed and th e food stored in th e intestinal cells is utilized during
it’s stage. Th e larvae are negatively geotropic and positively .
ph ototropic to th e ligh t..of low intensity. Th ese two ch aracters;
enable th e larcae to crawl onto th e grass blades, ^ tis -stage is
called th e. infective- stage. Development upto th e. 3^ stage
larcae dssam e fora ll strongyle. . — . ■■
D ^ e lop m e nt m ' ^ e ! v e ^ ^ r a t e h ost'v
S. e d e n tatu s
1. After-ingestion, exsh eath m ent of -th e. parasitic larvae- .(L 3)
occurs.
2: . .M:ep exsh eath ment th e larvae enter mto th e -wall of foe -intestine'
■ and- from- th e wall of th e . intestine, th e larvae eh ter th e-h ver
via th e h epatoportal circulation and moult-to-become 4th stage
larvae.
3. In th e liver th e larvae migrate for several days. Th en from th e.
liver th e larvae reach to righ t ’abdominal- flank via th e h epatic
ligament. Here in fois. vicinity, foe larvae form th e-h aemonh agic
nodules. In . th e l ^ e m on h ^ c nodde s th e -la rv a e .re ^ in
for few month s.
4. % e n th e l ^ a e r ^ c h foe waU of caem m and colon w h e re '
‘ th ey forn h aemofrh agic noduies again. ‘
5. e qu in u s - • ,
1. Th e h ost gets infection- by ingestion' of th e ifoective larvae (L
3)'- -r 1
2'. After ingestion exsh eath ment of th e .lanrae occurs..
3. After, exsh eath ment th e. larvae penetrate th e wall, of th e large-,
intesttae. In th e w all of th e large intestine foe larvae for nth e
. nodules. ...
4. In th e nodules th e la ^ a e perfomi-one moulting and transfomi
into.-th e 4th stage la ^ a e .,
^ | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

5. Th ese 4* stage larvae th en leave th e nodules and' reach th e

peritoneal cavity.
6. From th e peritoneal cavity th e lareae th en reach th e liver after
several- days w h ere th ey m i^ate for upto 8 weeks.
7. •• From th e liver th e lareae th en reach th e pancreas.
8. From th e pancreas th e lareae reach th e peritoneal cavity.
9. From th e peritoneol cavity th ey enter into th e lumen of caecum
and colon wh ere th ey get matured.
S. v u l g ar
1. TOe h osts get th e infection by ingestion of th e infective lareae
(L 3)-'
2.. M ter ingestion exsh eath ment occurs. Th e lareae penetrate th e
intestinal wall and transform into'4th stage after m oulting..
3. Th e larvae (4th stage) enter into th e small arteries of th e
submucosal layer of th e intestine and enter th e intima.
4. From th e small artery th e lareae enter th e large artery, ^ e
lareae follow th e arterial route of cranial mesenteric artery
and th en reach th e caecum and colon.
5. In th e wall of th e caecum and colon, nodules are forned and
th e parasites come into th e lumen after rupture of th e nodules
w h ere th ey get sexually matured.
^.tooge n-e sis
P a & ol^ ^ c^ l o t o s / lesions
• Haemorrh agic nodule formation on th e wall of th e intestine,
verminous arteritis, verminous aneutysm, embolism etc.
D e scription
1. Several types of path ogenesis occur as th e location of different
species is different.
2. W h en th e lareae occur in th e liver, th ere occurs th e damage of-
th e liver wh ich leads to fonctional disturbance.
3-' W h en th e lareae occur in th e large intestine th ey cause th e
fomiation of th e- h aemorrh agic nodule. Haemon’h agic nodules
are also formed in oth er places.
4. Th e arch iteture-of-th e affected system is altered resulting in
■circulatoty disturbance.
5. S. edentatu s causes formation of nodules in th e wall of th e
large intestine wh ich are termed as h a e m o n o m e te m UeL
6. Th e larvae of S. equ inu s causes fornation of small nodules on
th e wall of th e intestine.
 Ctapter 4 ■ | B5

7. Most damage is caused in th e arterial sytem w h en involvement

of S tm n ^ lm w lg afe occurs, ^ e lam :e affect th e media and
intima part of th e artery. Haemon-h ages and necrosis occur m
th e -a rte ry w h ic h is a ssoc ia te d w ith la rge num b e r of
lymph ocytes, ^ i s is called as vem inous arteritis. % e necrotic
and h aemorrh agic material occlude th e lum en of th e artery
f u s ing circulatory dismrbance. ^ e elastic fibres get loosened
resulting in dilation of- th e artery or vein wh ich k Called ^
a ne u ^ s m . Anterior mesenteric, iliac, renal and
oth e r arteries are affected.
8. Sometimes th e parasites get attach ed to-th e wall of th e arteries
'w h ich causes obstruction of th e arteries, ^ e parasite and th e
lesion m aterial lead to th e form ation of th e em bolism .
. 'of submucosal artery comprise m e 4th stage of
larvae. . ; .
9. At th e periph eral circulation mere occura.th e formation of th e
infarction. Th e prolonged persistence of infarction leads to
formation of necrosis, of th e affected part.
^ | Paramto lo ^ at a Glance

10. One more str&ing path ologic! feature occurs due to a b e ^ e nt

M igration of th e larvae in brain, -lung and oth er vital organs.
D i^ nos is
G e ne ra l
1. Examination of faeces for detection of th e -S tro n^lu s eggs.
2. Faecal culture for identification of S tro ngylm lareae.
3- Per rectal examination reveals aneurysm of cranial mesenteric
artery.'
^ ^ m ^ odi ^ n os i s
Im m unodia nosis can be done by using th e sp ec ific
immunodominant proteins.
T r e a ^ ne nt
Piperazine salts -220 mg / Kg
Fenbendazole -7. 5 mg / Kg
Mebendazole -10 mg / Kg
Canibendazole -20 mg / Kg
^ ia b e nda z ole - M m g/ Kg
Ivermectm 200 pg/ Kg .
Ph enoth iazine - 35g per animal
R e c e nt tr e nd ^ a c c m a tion):
Several attempts h ave been made.to study on immunoprotection
of poines and h orses using, different type of antigens. Th e antigens
wh ich were used fo immunoprotection of S tro ngylm vulgarte are
as followrng: .. ' ' ...........
Immunoprotection studies were carried out- usmg a ^ e nra te d
' L3 ^ ^ a e of S. vulgaris. ;
Experiment on.inrniunoprotection using ^ c r ^ ^ t y - s e c r e t o^
. antigen w as carried, out;, '. •
S urfa c e a ntige n was used for im m unoprotection against
' S. rntlgarte.
F a ^ ^ y —T ric h one ^ ^ tida e
G E ^ U S-O E S O P ^ G O ttO M U M
Brief- i n P ^ ^ o n
' Th ese 'are important' b'ureate nematodes inh abiting th e large
intestine of th e ruminants and non-ruminants, ^ . e parasite is a
great economic constraint in th e livestock-industry since'th ese cause
significant path ological feature, pimply gut.wh ich 'results in‘negative
productivity and mortality of th e anmrals.-,
 ^Ch apter 4 • Nematode | 237

P re va le nc e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution. However, th e
parasites are more significant in tropical and subtropical countries.
S p ecies
0. radiatu m (found in cattle)
0. venulo sum (found in sh eep and goat)
0. co lu m bianu m (found in sh eep, goat)
0. asp^u m (found in sh eep and goat)
0. brevicaudum (found in pig)
0. dentatu m (found in pig)
Site / location - Large intestine
Co^mmon na m e - Nodular worm
D isease caused - Nodule disease, Knotty gut disease, Pimply gut
disease
S alient m orp h ology
1. Very ch aracteristic m orph ological features are found in
Oeso phago sto m um spp.
2. In th e h ead region a prominent cervical alae is present.
3. At th e anterior margin of th e h ead a m outh c oh a r is present.
4. A ventral cervical groove is present at th e lateral region of th e
body.
5. A cuticular inflated area situated anterior to th e cervical groove
is called c ep h alic vesicle.
6. External and internal leaf crowns are present.
7. Oesoph agus is ch aracteristically c lub -sh ap ed
8. Hind end of female is pointed.
9. Vagina ends in a kidney-sh apedpars ejectrix wh ich is considered
to be a salient morph ological feature of th is parasite.
10. Spi^ales a re e ^ ^
l i f e c y c le
D e ve lop m e nta l stages
• Egg
• Larva 1
• Larva 2
• Larva 3 (infective)
• Larva 4
• Adult
^ 8 | V e toa ^ PM asitolo^ at a G i^ce

A s c r i p t i on _
1. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost. Eggs h atch in th e
envuonm ent and th e larcae come out.
2. • Th e larvae develop to 3rfi^ « :tive stage as per th e development
of Strongyle worm de s a lte d earlier.
3. ^ e h ost gete th e infection by ingestion of th e infective stage •
larvae. However, experimental percutaneus idfection h as been
recorded.,
4. - ^ e la ^ a e penetrate th e wall of th e small and large intestine
(any part)' and f om th e cyst witfon wh ich foe larcae remain,
for Some time and tr a ns f e r into th e 4th stage larvae after 4
days of infection.
5. ^ e n th e la ^ a e reach th e lumen and-proceed to colon wh ere
-th ey get mamrity after one moulting.

Th e th ird stage larcae are infective stage, of th is parasite. Th e

h osts get th e S e c tion by ingestion of th e infective larcae. ^ e r o
larcae become available to th e h oste due to ^ z i n g on th e infected
. pasrnre, c on^ ^ ^ t i on of faeces on foe skin, spreading by th e flies,
 4 ■ N e M t ode | 39

contamination of faeces with th e feed etc. Th ere are many examples

of h ^ ob iosis of larvae of Oescphagmto mum in sh eep. In th e cold
country h ^ ob ios is occurs mostly m th e-winter season w h en th e
larvae surave in fee pasmre. as L3 stage and in th e h osts as L4. ^ e ■
h ^ ob iotic lareae complete th eir development in th e spring. Th is
incidence coincide with parturition and th ese two predisposing
factors conjointly result in s p ^ ^ r i s e condition of parasitic infection
and larva deposition in th e pasture. In case of cattle th e calves are
susceptible to initial exposure of parasitic infection.' But old cattle
maintain th e L4 larvae in th e nodules and develop a good immunity.
Pa thogenesis
P a & o lo ^ ^ fe a ta re s / le sions
‘ Deposition of fibrous tissue, on fee wall of-th e large intestine
and f e t a t i on of nodules.

Fig. 5 3 .1if® cfcle of Oesophagostomum spp.

240 | Veterinary Parasito lo gy at a Glrnce

D escrip tio n
1. It is to be kept in mind th at th ese parasites foil to produce
significant level of path ogenicity in th e animals, not sensitized
earlier w ith th e parasite.
2. If th e sensitized animals get furth er infection and sh ow
significant level of path ogenicity, it is supposed to be due to
th e immunological reaction.
3. Th e ceph alic and oesoph ageal glands of parasite secrete some
kind of material wh ich cause irritation on th e mucosal layer.
Th us inflammation and e ^ da tion start.
4. To control or to combat th e action of th e parasitic larvae th ere
occurs infiltration of th e inflam m atory cells com prising
lymph ocytes, eosinoph ils, macroph ages and foreign body giant
cells. W h en th ese cells foil to control th e parasite th en th e
w h ole area is covered by th e fibrous tissue and th e area
becom es encapsulated. Th e centre of th e capsule becomes
caseated and calcified. Th e. surface of th e large intestine
becomes h ardened with tough texture and covered by a large
num ber of nodules wh ich are ch aracteristically button-like.
Th us th e formation of th e nodules occur and th is noduled gut
is called p t op l y or ^ t.
5. Th e nodules are filled with purulent exudate.
6. Sometimes th e nodules burst and th e pus is disch arged into
th e lumen of large intestine. Th e mucosal layer is slough ed or
th e cells become loosened. Par rectal examination reveals large
amount of mucus adh ered to th e h and.
7. Sometimes th e nodules are ruptured and th e content of th e
nodule gets entrance to th e peritonium and leads -to perito m tis.
8. Th e wall of th e intestine is filled up with nodules and 90% of
- wall of intestine may be covered by nodules. Th at’s wh y th ere
is alternation of absorption wh ich results in diarrh oea..
C M c d signs
1. Th e animals exh ibit th e clinical signs of persistent diarrh oea
■wh ich is considered to be a differential diagnostic feature of
th e infection as th e colour of diarrh oeic faeces is specific-
( ^ r k green).
2. ^Th e animal becomes deh ydrated and debilitated.
3. Anaemia is caused due to h ^onutritive condition.
4. Even th e young animals may die due to persistent diarrh oea.
5. Th e h ealth condition of th e animals go down. Th ey do not
 ^ ap ta- 4 ■ N ^ ato d e | 241

. feed well and get emaciated; ^ e y .become progressively w eak

resulting in marked cach exic condition.
D i ^ nos i s
G e ne ^ '
1. Examination of faecal sample does not reveal presence of
eggs as th e parasites remain in th e nodules.
2.. Rectal palpationrmay-reveal th e presence of large num ber of
nodules.
^ e r tre n^
Immunodignostic tests by dtfferent type of ELISA h ave been
tried.
T re a tm e nt
All benzimidazoles may be used. Th ese are th iabendazole,
a lb e nda z ole , c a m b e nda zole , p a rb e nda z ole , fenbend-azole,
oxfenbepdazole. "
Following dose sch edule may be followed
F e nb e nd^ ole - 5 mg / kg in sh eep and goat
7. 5 mg /k g in cattle
- 20 mg / kg
-7. 5 mg /kg
M e ta n^ ^ » le - 15mg / kg
Th ia b en^ ^ role - 66mg / kg in cattle
^ m g / kg in sh eep
' ^ r f e n b e n ^ ^ l e - 5 mg / kg
F e ta nte l - 5 mg /k g
' Cdntool-
1: Treatment
2. . Grazing management
3. • B iological ■c ontrol b y using nem atode' tra p p ing fungi,.
D u ddingto niqfeigrans.
R ecent t r e n ^ :
A number of works w ere canied out on tom unoprotection by
using' different antigens. Th e following antigens w ere tried to
develop v^pine.
2^ ) P ar^ to lo ^ at a G l^ ce

fom m a - ^ ^ ^ a te d th ird stage law ae of D. co lu m bianu m

Extract of larvae subjected to in-vitro culture was used for
. vaccination against O. radiatu m S e c tion.
Extract of adult worm of O. radiatum was tried.
A spe cie s s ^ c ffic 30 prote fo of O. fentatu rn h as been
. ch aracterized..
C h aracterization of gluta ^done s-tra n sfe ra se , cyste in e
^rote re e , u b i^ ri^ h ave been done.
E^m Y -
B rie f m ^ u c t i o n
TOs is a cosm opolita^y disttibuted nematode of birds inh abiting
th e trach ea.
Pre va le nce ‘
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in disfobution.
Genus - _- . S yngam m
S p e cie s.
S. trachea
G o^ ^ on ^ m e - Gape worm, forked w orn, Y-sh aped w orn
Host - Fowl
Site riw a tion - Trach ea
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol ^ ^
1. Buccal rapsule is ^ p - sha ped with in wh ich 6-10 teeth are
present. ■ . ;
2. Leaf crown is absent.
3. Male parasite is much smaller th an th e female.
4. T h e m ale a nd th e fem ale p arasites are p e rm a n e n tly
cop^ta ted and give Y -ste pe d appearance.
5. Spicules are stout and equal in size.
6. Trunca ted copula tory bursa is supported by stout bursa l ra ys.
 4 ■ N ^rato de | . 2®

Fig 54. a- Permanentiy copulated male and female ofSyngamus trach ea;
b -anterior end ofSyngamus trachea

Developmenta l sta ges

• E88 ..
• Larva 1 with in egg sh ell
• Larva 2 with in, egg sh ell
• Larca 3 with in egg sh ell (infective) '
• ^^a 4
• Adult
D e scription ,
1. Th e eggs are cough ed up and, expelled out th rough th e faeces.
2. Two moultings occur in th e e ^ ^ . Th e larca m ay M tch also.
3. Infection occura by ingestion of: & e eggs or th e larvae.
4. Th rough th e.h lp.od circulation th e la ^ a e reach th e lung, wh ere
one m ore moulting occurs and, th en th e larvae ultimately reach
to trach ea..
Note : Snails, earth worns etc. may act as &e ttansport h ost-h arbouring
th e infective larvae.
2-W | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a G ^ c e

F a ^ o g e n e sK /C M cd
P a A o lo ^ c^ fea mres / lesions
Trach itis
D e scription
1. In th e lum en of th e trach ea, th ere occurs accumulation of
large amount of mucus wh ich leads to th e obstruction of th e
lumen of th e trach ea. Minute nodules may be formed. Th e
affected area become infiltrated with eosinoph ils, lymph ocytes
and plasma cells. -
2. Th ere may. be severe congestion in lung with consolidated
- areas.
3. To expel out th e cough th e birds sh ake th eir h ead.
4. Ch aracteristic ga pmg movement is th e common clinical sign
for wh ich th e parasite h as been nam ed as gape worm. Due to
occlusion of trach ea th e birds open th eir mouth and move in
th is state and toss th eir h eads w h ich is calledgaping movement;
Th e birds become w eak and refose to feed and drink. Severe
respiratory distress may cause th e death of th e affected ch icks.
Trea tm ent
Benzimidazole group can be tried. Fenbendazole 0.01% in
feed for one to tw o weeks, Th iabendazole - 0.05% in feed for a
w eek.

^ n r a - S ttyhanu m s
Pre va le nce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species
5. dentatu s
S. lu ^ng eu s
H o st -Pig (S' dw tatm ) and-man (5. layng em )
Site/loca tion - Kidney (Perrirenal fat, pelvis and ureter)'
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Small in size
2. Buccal capsule is cup -sh aped.
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ N e^ to d e | 245

3. At th e basal area th ere is presence of six variable teeth wh ich

are*cusped.
4. Small cuticular th ickenings or epaulettes are present at th e rim
of th e buccal capsule. Dorsal and ventral epaulettes are
prominent.
5. Th e leaf c ro^ ^ is small consisted of small.cuticular elements.
6. Th e spicules are striated and equal in size.
^ cle
Dev elo pm ent^.,s^ ges
• E88 -
• Larva 1
• Larva 2
• Larva 3 (infective)
• Larva 4
• Adult
Descriptio n
1. Th e eggs are expelled out- of th e h ost th rough th e urine.
2. Th e eggs h atch out in th e environment in th e presence- of
environmental factors.
3. Th e h ost gets th e. infection by ingestion .of larvae. Infection, of
th e h ost may also occur th ough th e skin penetration by. th e-
■larvae or by ingestion of transport h ost (earth worm) h arbouring
th e larvae.
4. -Wh ile th ere is oral infection th ird eccdysis occurs in th e stomach
and th e fourth stage larvae come out.
5. Wh ile skin penetration occurs th e larvae moult in abdominal
muscles
. 6. Wh atever th e route of entry is th e la ^ a e ultimately reach th e
' liver.
7. From th e liver th e larvae reach th e peritoneum.
8. From peritoneum th ey reach th e ureter and th e kidney.
^.-foogenesis
Patho lo ^c^. features / lesio ns
Nodule and oedema formation on th e skin, abcess in liver and
cyst in kidney
2^ | P a^ ^ to lo ^ at a

D e s c rip tion
1. nodules and oedema may be formedw h en skin penetration
. by th e parasites occurs.
2. Abcess is formed in th e liver at th e time of migration by th e
larvae, ^ e m i^ating larvae causeportal fibrosis and coagulative
necrosis of liver tissues^
3. ■ In th e kidney loral purulent tissue reaction occurs. Later on
^■st is formed.
D ^ ^ nos is
Diagnosis is done by examination of th e urine sample.
T r e a toc nt - No satisfactory treatment is available.

S up e ria ^ & y
A ncy losto^toidea

B rie f introduc tion

. ^ e members coming under th e family Ancylostomatidae are
called th e h r nk w or n s . ' Th ese are h aematoph agus nematodes.
Th e h ook worm disease is a worldwide problem and h as b een weh
recognized as an economically important dis us e in th e livestock
industry wh ich causes great economic losses in te m « of loss of
morbidity and mortality as a result of anaemia, protein-loosing
gasteroenteropath y etc.
m s to^ .- /D facove^-
Agelo Dubini first detected Ancylo &o ma du o denale in th e year
1838. Hook w orn disease was also described by Ebers Papyrus in
1550 B'. C. Lucretius and Hippocrates also described th e w or ^ .
^ e v a l e nc e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.'
 ^ ap te r 4 ■ Nemato de | 247

H ook w o ^ ^ f com m on rc c uree nc es

N ^ ne of h ook
w or n
Ancylo sto ma
caninu m
A. braziliense
A. du o denate
A. tu baefo m e -
Bu no sto m u m
pblebo to m u m
B. trigo no ctybalu m
Necato r am encanu s
U ncinana
steno ctyhato
G lo bo ctyhalus
lo ngem u cro natu s
GaigeriapachyscelB
H oste Seat of
p r e l e c t i on
Dog, fox Small intestine
Dog, cat Small intestine
Man Small intestine
Cat Small intestine
Cattle Small intestine
Sh eep and goat Small intestine
Man Small intestine
Dog, cat, fox and oth er Small intestine
related animals
Pig Small intestine
Sh eep and goat Small intestine

S ub fa ^ rfy
Ancylo sto m inae
Necato rinae
^ ^ l os t o^ ^ r a e
ge nw
Ancylo sto m a
S p ecies
A. caninu m
A. du o fenale
A. tu baefo rm e
A. braziliense
Of th ese above mentioned species th e most important species
fe A. caninum , w h ic h h a s sign ifica n t ve te rin a ry, im p o rta n ce .

A. caninum
H ost - Dog, fox, wotf and oth er related camivorus animals
2^ Vete^^^r PM arito la^ at a

S ite /l^ ^ tion - Small intestine

D iserae e a rne d —' H ook w orm disease, ancy lostome dermatitis
itc h ’, ^ a t e r i ^ h ’, ‘cooUe’s ite h ’) in
R 'e v ^ e nc e Worldwide, very common in India.
Com m on —Hook womi
S t e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Th e worms are stout and rigid and th ey are so stout th at th ese
do not bend w h en th e same is h eld by forcep.
2. ^ e size of th e w ora^ is less, reach ing only to 1-2 cm.
3 Dorsally bent anterior extremity gives th e h ook-like appearance
of th e worms th us called as h ook worm.
4. Th e colour of th e worms are varied in accordance with th e
presence of th e blood sucked by th e worm and th e status of
th e digestion of th e blood. Th us th e colour of th ese w om s is
reddish or grey.
5. buccal capsule is well-developed and teeth are present
in different locations of th e buccal capsule.. At th e ventral
margin of th e buccal capsule te e th on eith er side are
present wh ich is a ch aracteristic diagnostic feature. Th ese teeth
are large and dearly visible w h en th e preserved specimen is
cleared by lactoph enol. ^ e extremity of th e teefo is sh arply
pointed.
6. Two triangular dorsal teeth ^ present in th e deeper part of
th e buccal capsule and a pair of centrolateral teeth are also
present.
7. Dorsal gutter ends in a deep notch .
8. ^ e eggs are blunt anteriorly and posteriorly and contains 8
' embrgomc cells w h en expell afresh .
R e c y c le
D e v e l op m e nt s ^ ^ e s
• Egg
• Lawa 1
• Larva 2
• Larva 3 (infective stage)
• Larva 4
• Adult
 ^ a j p t e 4 ■ N e ^ t ode | 249

D e scription
Th e entrance -of, th e organisms in th e h ost is more or less
similar to th e To xo cara canU.
^ere~ are basically four routes of infection wh ich h ave ever
been detected. '
1. Ora l ^tie ction by m gestion of In oral infection th e
larvae may directly- develop to become adult in small intestine.
Or th e larvae may penetrate.th e oral epith elium and follow-
th e same pattern as found in ■percutaneous infection. As' is
evidenced in th e life cycle of T. canisz it is similar to th e life
cycle of A. caninu m wh ere It is observed th at below th e- age
of 3.- month s,, if th e animals get th e.-infection, th e larvae enter
th e h eart and lung via th e blood circulation. Th en th e larvae •
enter th e intestine after being cough ed up. Th e larvae th en
follow th e route of-bronch iole, bronch i and trach ea. Tttie larvae
th en get matured.
2. T r a r a ute ^ ne S e c t i on: In adult animals th e larvae generally
follow th e somatic migration, and "th e larvae remain in th e
m uscle for a long, period in dormant status! If th e bitch is
pregnant th e larvae are transported- to th e placenta th rough .,
blood circulation. Th en th e larvae cross th e placental barrier
and enter th e foetus and th us intrauterine irfection occurs;
3. T ra n scolostra l or la ctoge nic in fe ction : At th e tim e of
lactation’th e larvae appear in th e mammary gland, ^ e sucking
animals get th e infection tfaough th e milk or th e colostrum.
4. " P c r c u t ^ e or a ^ e c t i on: In percutaneous infection, 3rd stage
larvae reach to th e lungs th rough blood cirulation and get
moulted to become -4 fo’stage in trach ea and bronch i, ^ e s e
 | P ^ ^ to lo ^ at a Glrnce

are th en cough ed up and enter in th e small mtestine wh ere

th ey are transformed into adult'

P a & ol ^ c ^ / l ^ i ons ■
Dermatitis by larcae, enteritis and anaemia

1. ^ ^ .e n th e larvae penetrate th e skin of th e h ost th ey may cause

som e kind of derm atitis w h ich is called as ancy lostom e
dernatitis. 'During th e time of skin'pene'trationth e iarvae may
' cause eczema and ulceraton.
2. ' TOe la ^ a e enter th e lungs wh ere foey ^ u s e som e am ount of
path ogenecity comprising breaking of pulmonary capillaries
 Stapler 4 ■ Nemato de | ^1

wh ich may result in pneumonia. Sometimes secondary bacterial

infection causes th e condition more severe.
fy w o^ r o ^
1. Th e worms h ave powerful teeth and'oesoph agus. By using
th ese apertures th e worms suck b l ood.^ e y even take parts
of th e mucosa, ^ e adult worms continuously suck blood by
using th eir teeth , ^ e worms are vessel feeder and puncture
th e blood ^vessel. As th e worms secrete th e
blood cannot coagulate easily and large amount pf blood is
drained in th e intestine of fee parasite. Sw ere anaemia is th e
clinical sign observed in th e infection. A single w orn can '
suck 0.1 ml of blood daily. 'Hie anaemia may be so severe th at
th e animals may die. ^ e affected area may be aggravated by
th e secondary bacterial infection,
2. Continuous loss of blood and loss of serum protein th rough
th e affected area results in- h ypoproteinimia wh ich results in -
bottle jaw ..
3. Severe am em ia alters h aematopoitic s^ te m .
signs
1. Marked anaemia wh ich is evidenced by th e pallomess of th e
eye-mucosa.
2. Diarch oea fe anoth er clinical sign found in th is infection.Blood
- mixed watery fluid comes out. Th is is only because of th e
4th stage lawae.
3. ' Bottle jaw
4. Progressive weakness
5. Respiratory signs due to la ^ a l infection in lung, bronch i etc.
6. Loss of appetite
7. Skin is unh ealth y
D ^ ^ os i s

1. Th e clinical signs like diarrh oea with blood (dark red coloured),
• is th e differential dia ^ ostic feamre,
2. E ra^m ation of th e faecal sample can be done for th e presence
of th e eggs of a particular ch aracter. Th e eggs are of a v e ^
specific ty pe wh ich are blunt anteriorly and p os te riorly .^ e re
is presence of only 8embryonic cells wh ich is th e differentiating
ch aracter from oth er strongyle eggs wh ich h as l6_ embryonic,
cells.
^2 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Recent d i^ ^ o stic tre nd

1. Research work on immunodiagnostic tests particularly different
ty pes of ELISA is in progress. For th is purpose th e- most
^ ^ unodom ina nt proteins are detected and isolated from th e
w h ole mass of crude p rotein of th e parasite by colum
ch romatograph y or by oth er protocol of protein purfocation.
'^ e s e proteins are used as antigen and sera of affected animals
is used as antibody.
2. O th er tests are w e s^ ra blot, dot t etc.
3. Immunodominant proteins are not only isolated from th e crude
m assof native protein of parasite but also it h as been expressed
’ in th e exp re ssion vectors follow ing recom b inant DNA
tech nology. .
.Trea tm ent
1. E arlier treatm ent c onsisted of B ep h enium com p ounds
(Beph enium ch loride, bromide, h ydroxynapth oate)-20 .mg /k g
2. Dich lorovos-12-15 mg / kg
3. Disoph enol is considered to be-foe most specific drug —7. 5
mg /kg (s/c injection).
4. Th e compounds of benzimidazole group like fenbendazole,
m eb ^dazole, are of importance. Th e drugs are given in h igh er
dose as following :
Mebendazole - 40 mg / kg bwt'
Fenbendazole - 20 mg / kg bwt
5. Tetramisole - 20 mg / kg bwt
Contool
Tra ditiona l
1. Treamient of affected animals sh ould be done.
2. ^ e faeces sh ould be properly disposed off.
3. Th e kennels sh ould be kept dried.
4. Common salt sh ould be used to kill th e larvae.
5. Vaccination of th e animals - ^ e animals were moculated with
attenuated larcae exposed to 40 Kr irradiation. Th is vaccine
conferred significant protection to foe animals. But th e vaccine
could not suvive- commercially due to some dabit sides.
Recent teend
1. Attempts h ave been targeted towards th e production of new
generation of vaccines by using defined antigens and by gene
vaccmatiori. '
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ N erato de | 253

2. Immunodominant proteins are purified from th e native protein

and used along with th e adjuvants. .
3. . Imm unodominant proteins are expressed in th e expression
vector by re com bm a nt DNA te c ^ o lo ^ . Th ese vaccines
are called recombinant, vaccine.
Th e following recombinant proteins h ave been ch aracterized
and/or used for immunoprotectionstudies.
Recombinant -^&ion protem
Recombinant P a ^ ra y os m
Recombinant Ancylo sto ma scereted prote m (ASP)
Recombinant surfa ce ^ srcia te d prote m of larvae
4. Na ked DNA va ccm e h as also been tried. Th e part of gene of
relevant protein is cut by restriction enzymes and th e same is
cloned and used for vaccination.
A gr ios tom u m
Th e important species under th is genus is ^ rio sto m u m vryburgi
wh ich occurs. in small intestine of zebu. Th ese are prevalent in Asia
and South America. Four pairs of large teeth and. rudim enta^ leaf
crown are found. No marked path ogenicity is caused by th is parasite.
Subfa mtty - Necatorinae.
Genus - Bu no sto m u m
Species - B. phlebo to m u m - Occurs in -th e small
intestine of cattle.
B. trigo no ctyhalu m - Occurs in th e small intestine of "sh eep and
goat.
B.p hteb otomum B. tngonocep b alum
1. Occurs in cattle. 1. Occurs in sh eep and goat.
2. Two pairs, of subventra! 2. One pair of ch itinous plates are
lancets are present in ‘ buccal, present at th e ventral-margin of -.buccal
capsule. capsule. Dorsal teeth are absent.
3. In h eavy infection b ode jaw 3. In h eavy infection t ode jaw
occurs. occurs.
G enus
Gaigeria
Species - G. pachyscelis - O ccurs in th e small
intestine (duodenum) of goat and’sh eep.
^ | at a G tara

^ i s species is commonly ,available, in th e

India n s ub c ontine nt. Sim ilar to
' B im o sto m u m spp. ^ e s e are th e blood
' suckers of sh eep and goat.
G enus - G lo bo ctyhalu s
S p e c ies - G. lo ngem u cro natu s - O ccurs in th e
intestine of pig.
S up e r ia ^ tf y - Trich ostrongyloidea

Dictyocaulidae
T rich ostron^lidae

B rie f h ^ u ^ o n
D ictyo cau lu s sffi) are important bursate nematodes inh abiting
th e broch i, b ron^ iole , King of cattle, sh eep and' h orse. Th e lung
w orm s of sh eep, goa t.a nd cattle results in significant loss of
production and mortality. Th is h as already been recorded as one of
th e most important economic constraint and h as been an im p o^ nt
task to-A e scientists to produce a control regimen. As a consequence
th ere h as been development of vaccine.
^ e v a l e nc e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution, ffictyo cau lu s
w vipanis is more s i^ ^ c a nt in temperate countries.
ta nu s
D. v i v i p a found in bronch i of cattle, buffalo etc.
found in bronch i of sh eep, goat etc.
D. am fieldi -found in bronch i of h oree, donkey etc.
C om m on - Lung worm
Site / Iw a doa- - Bronch i and lung
D fceree c a ^ e d - Lung worm disease, pulmonary nematodosis,
dictyocaulosis, h usk and h oose disease.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol ^ ^
1. Th e worms are w h ite in colour and foread-like.
 ^ ap ta- 4 ■ Nemato de | ^

2. length is few cms.

3. A small buccal capsule is present associated with four lips.
4. Th e spicule is dark b r o^ and boot-sha pe d.
5 Bursal rays look like fingers.
6. Gubemaculum is ch aracteristically s p on ^ .
7. ^ e 1st stage larva is recognized by th e prersence of r a tic ^ ^ *
^ o b at foe anterior extremity.
8. Th e eggs are larvated w h en laid.

Fig. 57. Posteriorendof Dictyocaulusspp.

D e ve lopm e nt^ sta ge s

Egg
ta ^ a 1
Larva 2
tarva 3(infective stage)
Larva 4
Adult
D e scrip tion
1. Th e adult parasites are present in th e trach ea and'bronch i.
T h e eggs are laid^ by th e fem ale p a ra site s w h ic h are
expectorated and enter th e G. I. tract.
^6- | P araato lo ^ at a Glance

2. Th e 1st stage larvae come out th rough th e faeces. Th e eggs

are not found in th e faeces because th e eggs eith er h atch in
th e lung or wh ile passing th rough th e alimentary tract. Th e
bioch em ical factor present in th e alim entary tract causes
h atch ing of th e eggs.
3. In th e environment th e larvae transform into 2ndand 3ri stage
. as th at of oth er strongyle w orn, ^ e infective 3rd stage larvae
reach th e h erb age by th eir ow n m otility or by passive
movement th rough pilobolus.
4. Infection of th e h ost occurs by th e ingestion of th e larvae.
5- After ingestion exsh eath ment of th e larvae occurs. Th e larvae
reach th e mesenteric lymph gland. At th is place one more
moulting occurs and th e larcae transform into th e 4* stage
larvae.
6. Now th e larvae reach th e lung th rough th e p ulm onary
circulation.
7. Th e sexually m atured parasite develop in th e bronch i or
bronch ioles.
E p idem e ology
Th e y oung animals suffer mainly wh ereas th e older animals
are somewh at resistant. Adults remain in th e bronch i of th e adult in
a few num ber w h ich maintain th e infection and act as carrier. Th ere
h ave been many evidences of -h ^obiosis or anested development
of larvae. Outbreak of th e infection occur most commonly w h en
th ere is h igh rise of pasture infection. Th is occurs w h en th e
overwintered h ypobiotic larvae resume th eir development during
spring' season. Pilobolus h as role in dissemination of th e larvae. In
th e faecal pat th e fungal spores develop wh ich burst and th row th e
larvae to long distance. Use of slurty and faeces in th e pasture is
also a factor for spread of th e egg and th e larvae.
P a th o ^ n e sis
P a th o lo ^ c a l fe a ftire s / le s io n s
bronch itis, bronch iolitis, epith elialisation, pneumonia
D e sc rip tion
1. Th e la ^ a e proceed from lower lung to upper lung wifff foe-
•advancement of th eir own-maturity. At ffrst th ese larvae cause
alveolitis/Th ese ^ e found in th e prepatent pfese. More severe
 ^'apter 4. * Nemato de | ^7

condition occurs in th e animals wh ich , are sensitized previously

w ith h om ologous la rva e. Th is • a c tua lly re s ults in
im m unopath ological reaction com prising infiltration' of
leucocytes -wife predominance of eosMoph ils.
2. Th en th e larvae proceed to- bronch iole w h ere th ey get sexually
matured and cause b r onc M oU ^ and finally bronch itis. Much
amount of exudates are produced. Th e exudates block th e
bronch iole and alveoli. All th ese th ings and th e secondary
bacterial infection lead to cause p ne um o^ fe . Th ousands of
w orns are found causing h yperplasia of bronch ial epith elium.
■Th is is found in th e patent ph ase. Embryonating eggs act as
th e foreign bodies and result in c ons ol a t i ons of th e lung.
3* ^ tv e oW E p i t o^ ^ ^ a t i on occurs in post-patent" ph ase.
C fim cal signs
1. Young, animals, suffer more-as compared to th e older-animals.
Th e condition may be so severe th at .th e animals ^ y die.
, 2,. Rapid,, laboured, respiration and nasal, disch arge are common
features..
3- '' W h en th ere is pneumonia, temperamre rises. .
4. A typical sound (‘h r ok —h oose’) is produced due to‘occlusion
of th e passage of th e bronch i. Th us it is called h usk and h oose
disease.
D i ^ nos i s '
1. Th e h istory of th e area and assessment of th e records of th e
previous years may be a guidance.'
2. Exammation- of th e 'faeces for th e detection of th e larvae.
3. B aernan’s apparatus may be used for collection of larvae.
T re a tm e nt
Earlier dmgs were th e compounds of dieth yle carbamazine at
th e dose of 50 mg /kg once.
In th e present days th e dmgs wh ich are considered to be
effective' are Ivermectin (100-200 p g/k ^ , -levamisole 7.5 m g/kg
parenterally, tettamisole 15 nig / kg orally, th iabendazole 88-110
m ^ k g orally^ albendazole 7.5 mg/kg orally; fenben'dazole 5 mg/kg
orally.
^8 | V ete^ ^ ty P araito lo ^ at a G l^ra

C on s ol
G e n e ra l
1. Proper treatment of affected animals.
2. Th e animals sh ould not be allowed to graze on th e infected
pasture.
3. Grass sh ould be allowed in th e form of h ay.
V a c c ta a tio n
a. Attempt, was made in Europe to produce vaccine (D lc to l)
against lung, worm, Dictyo caulus vivipam s by usmgX-irradiated
larvae. Two doses, each containing 1000 irradiated larvaes are
given at an . interval of one month wh ich is able to confer
significant amount of protection.
b. Similar attem pt was made in India to produce vaccine agamst
lung worm, D ictyo cau lu s filaria (^ ^ H ) by using irradiated
larvae with similar success.
c: Work on vaccine production by using purified protein is in
p rogre s s. V accination trial ' b y using re c om b ina nt
a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e h as b e e n done . S tructural
ch aracterization of N -^tyca n of Dictyo caulus vivipan^ h as been
done.

P re v ^ e n ce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Th ere are some basic deferences of Trich ostrongyloidea from ■
th at of Strongyloidea. Th ese are as following:
1. ^ e buccal capsule is eith er very small or it is absent.
2. Leaf crown is absent.
3. Teeth are absent.
4. H o w e v e r th e b u rsa m a y b e stro n g ly d e v e lo p e d .
G e n ra Ost&ftagia
C o o p^ a
N w ato dirns
H aw o nch u s
Tticbastro ngylus'
- O s te r tag ia
 ^ t a p t e r 4 ■ N ^ r a t ode | 2>9

C om m on n^ ne - Brown s tom a l w orn

C h a ra c te rs
1. ^ e parasites are found in th e abomasum of foe h ost (sh eep,
goat and cattle) and occasionally in small intestine.
2. Parasites are small, upto 1 cm in length . Carefol inspection is
needed to reveal th e presence of th e worms.
3- It h as small buccal cavity.
4. A nteriorly th e re is cep h alic inflation w h ich is -striated
transversely.
5. Posterior to th e i^ a te d area, longitudinal ridges are present.
6. Th e colour of foe parasite is brown.
7. Spicules are typically p igm e nte d b r o^ n wh ich possess two
or th ree processes.
S p e c ies
O. frifu rcata - ^ e spicule is specific. In th is parasite spicule h as
long knobbed tip and beh ind foe tip th ere are two spurs.
O. circumcinete -In fois species, th e spicule h as a large knobbed
tip and posterior to th is, th ere an acute process.
O, o s t^ ag i - Th e spicule ends •in th ree b lunt, h ooked processes
present at th e end of th e spicule.
O. lyrata - Found in cattle.

Fig. 58 . Spicules o f fetefag a spp. a- 0. traumata; b- 0. circumcinate; c- 0.

o stertagf
 260 | Vete^^^r PM M ito lo ^ at a Glance

H oste - Sh eep, goat and cattle.,•

Site / lw a tio a - Abomasum
^ ^ c le
D e v e lo p m e n t, sta g e s
•
• '^ ^ a . 1
• ^^a 2
• ' ■Larva 3 (infective stage) ■
• Larva 4
• Adult ‘
D e s c rip tio n
1. ^ e . development of th e 3ri stage larvae is like th at of oth er
strongyle.
2. Th e^ h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e larvae.
3. % e n th e larvae enter th e gasttic gland wh ere th ey undergo
moulting.
^ ^ ogm e s i s
P a A o l o ^ c t fe a ^ tfe s / le sio n s
Gastritis, m o ^ o le a th e r condition of th e wall of stomach .
D e s c rip tio n
' 1. Th e parasites-cause destruction of th e gastric cells.
2. Th etonctiom l disturbances are more important th an m e c h a nic
destruction caused by th e parasite. Alth ough it is th e feet th at'
mech anical’ damage caused by th e parasite ultimately leads to
th e tonctional dismrbance. ^ e undifferentiated cells do not
• get mamred to become th e specific tonctional cells. And th us
' toe specific tonction of th e stomach is dismrbed. Th ere is role
of parietal cells to a great extent. Jtf th e p a r i e s cells ^ e not
-for m e d t h e r e w ould b e no s e c r e tion of H c l a nd & e
p e p s m op ge n w odd not b e ^ ^ s f o^ n e d t o A e p e p s in a nd
. th e se tw o b i oc h e ^ ^ ^ c om p one nt h ave s i ^ ^ e w t ra le
m digestion, f a ^ g w W ch toe re w odd b e severe & gestive
d s t o b w e e .' Th e wall appears as .th e morocco leath er.
3,.. Due to affection by th e parasite, abomasal cells are lossened
and slough ed out wh ich result in ^^rnage of p l a s ^ protein
 ^ a p t e r 4 ■ N m a t ode | ^1

th rough th e a ffe cted p a r t ' in th e ' a b om a sum . T h us

' h ypoproteinimia is "caused.
C ^ m ca l s ig r a
1.' Watery diarrh oea
2 ., Emaciation
3. Anaemia
H y p o b io sis
It-is th e arrested developm ent of. 'th e -larvae i n adverse
environmental- condition. Hypobiosis or arrestedlarval development
occurs in Haemo nchiis spp, Tncho stmngylus spp, Ostertagia spp and
Go o peria spp) etc. T h e infective larvae survive in dormant stage in
th e pasture or in th e .h ost for a- long time, wh ich may b e several
m onth s old. Th e larvae in th e h ost gets die signal.from th e
environment.
GE^US - CO O PE^M
. P re v a le n c e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan rn distribution:
I m p o ^ n t s p e c ie s
C o o p^a pe ctinata.
C. pu nctata
. C. o nco pbo ra ,
C. curticee* ‘Watch , spring like worm’
S it e /lo c a ti o n - Small intestine and abomasum
H o ste - Many .mminants

' S ^ e n t m o^ h ol ^ ^
” 1. ■ ' Th e parasites are found in th e mainly in small intestine of
sh eep, goat and cattle.
2; Th e anterior end of th e -parasite h as ceph alic swelling and
posterior to . swelling, ;longitudinal ridges .^ e . present, as is
found in th e, Osfetagia parasite and th ese are transversely
sttiated.
3.- T h e bursa h ast two. lateral lobes :andone dorsal lobe. -■
■4. - Th e spiCules-are ofyvery ch aracteristic type? T h e middle part
Of th e s-pictiie is-, som ew h at" e x p a nde d a nd-giv e s th e
-■ a p p e a ra nc e of a w ing. Th is is th e -salient--inde-ntifying
ch aracter of th e ..parasite;
 RjgS. 59 . a-Anterior end ofCoop eriasp p ;b -Sp icule ofCooperiaspp.
cy cle
Similar to oth er strongyle worm.
C o n tro l
1. Proper treatment of th e animals.
2. Pasture management.
3. Grazing management.
■A. Biological control -Biological control is done b y nematode -
trapping fungi, Arthro bo trys o ligo spo ra.
Genra - - N ^atodim s
^ e parasite is found in th e intestine of sh eep, goat and cattle,
^ e salient identifying ch aracter is mainly th e spicule ch aracter.
Th e spicules are long and slender and fosed togeth er at th eir tip
region. ■
 4 ■ N eratode | 263

GE^US -aW M O N C H U S
B r ie f 'm fro d u ctio n
Th ese are small w ire worms found in th e abomasum of sh eep,
goat and cattle. Haemo nchus spp is a great economic constraint in
th e livestock industry. Th is parasite h as it’s own distinction and
comes in a very limited group of important worms since th ey are
voracious blood sucker worms and cause unaccounted mortality
and significant loss of productivity. Sometimes th e parasites occur
‘o u tb re a k f o ^ n ’ in th e endemic foci.
P re v a le n c e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution. However, th e
parasites are more significant in th e tropical and subtropical countries.
S p e cie s
H . co nto rtus
H. pto cei
H. sim ilk
H. bubalte
H. lo ngistipes
S p e cie s - H. co nto rtus
S ite /lT C a tio n - abomasum
C om m on n^ u e - Stomach worm, wire worm or barber’s pole
worm and l i s t e d w orn
H o ste - Sh eep, goat and cattle

S ^ e n t m o^ h ot o^
I. Th e worms are small, grey or reddish in colour. As th e worms
are blood-suckers, th e colour of th e parasite is reddish or grey
due to digestion of th e blood.
2. Anteriorly th ere are presence of prominent ceracal papillae
wh ich is easily discernible.
3. A small buccal cavity is present with in wh ich a dorsal lancet is
present.
4. Red intestine is sorrounded b y th e w h ite ovary giving th e
appearance of b a rb e r’s p o le .
5. Th e bursa is well developed. In th e bursa th ree lobes are
present, two lateral and one dorsal. Th e ray of foe dorsal lobe
 j Parasito lo ^ at a Glarce

is Y - s h a p e d.'
6. Th e spicules are slender and b ^ b e d anteriorly.
7. Th e tem inal part of female worm is sh arply pointed
8, Valva is usualiy covered by v ^ -^ . flap.
^ de ;
D e v e lo p m e n t s^ g e s
• -E gg
• Larca 1
L a^a 2
• Larva 3 (infective stage)
• Larva A' .
• - A dult:

Rg;61.Anteriorendof Fig.62.BuftaofHaemonchussp p .
Haemonchusspp. ■

D escrip tio n
1. . Th e developm ent upto & e formation of 3r? stage l^ v a e is
same as toat of oth er Strongyle w om s. ^ e r h atch ing th e 1st
stage larvae come out wh ich h ave a r h ^ dh b r m oesoph agus.
In th e presence of favourable envfronmental condition ^ o'
moultings occur and 3rd infective, larvae are fom e d.T h e first
stage larvae tiansforn into 2nd stage larvae after one moulting;
Th is 2nd stage la rv a e 'h a v e 'a ls o- rh a b di^ o^ n oesoph agus.
• ^ i r d stage larvae are -fo^ e d after one m ore ,moulting wh ich
 ^ a p t e r 4 ■ N e ^ 'f ode | ^

h ave oesoph agus. Th e cuticle of 2nd stage larvae

is not separated of rath er-it r e ^ i n as a sh eath 'and provide
protection to 3rd stage larvae. Th e-3rd-stage larvae are'different
from oth er two previous stages:because 3rd stage larvae do
not feed (oth er two stages i.e. 1st and 2nd stage' feed) and
utilize th e reserce food grannules. % e movement and migration
of 3rd stage laty ae is e ^ a nc e d by warmth h ow ever cold can
retard' th e movement: Th ey are p o sitiv e ly p h o to tr o p ic to
• mild ligh t and negatively- geotropic. Th e larvae are very-much
sensitive and cannot survive in th e dessication, ■too low
temperature and-'too h ot'sum m er, 'foe parasites escape th is
adverse environmental condition, in a typical manner. -Th e
parasites undergo arrested development in th e h ost. It is very
interesting and many works w ere carried but to know h ow foe
stimuli of adverse environmental condition reach es to th e h ost;
Resumption of development of parasite in th e h ost and larvae
in th e environm ent occur forth er w h en th e- environmental
condition, becomes suitable for development.
■2.. Infection of th e h ost is occuned by foe ingestion of th e infective
larvae. - -
3. After ingestion exsh eath ment occurs. 'Th is exsh eath ment occurs
in th e-lumen.
4. T h e larvae sh ow b io fe c tis m for th e abom asum and th ey
migrate to th e abomasum. Th ey penetrate in betw een th e
epith elial cells and develop to th e 4th stage larvae after one
moulting after 2 days of infection. Buccal capsule develops
later on and foey attack on wall of abomasum producing, sligh t
h aemonh age. With in 4-6 days of infection, sexual differentiation
occurs and male and female can be detected'. With in 9-11
days of ^ e c t i dn;4th mouting occurs. Several features of adult
worms develop to some extent foe. mouth cavity, dub sh aped
oesoph agus. Th e parasites get.fully matured, after about 2
weeks of' infection.’
E p id e im o lo ^ -
Warin climate and rain fell are predisposing factors for
occurrence of th is parasiticjnfection. Sometimes massive pasture-
■population occurs due: to" continuous disctarge of eggs from th e
h osts due to lack of solid immunity of foe h osts. Many animals
develop immunity wh ich is ;ra!led as .self cure ph enomenon. In th e
^ |. P a^ ito lo ^ at a G l^ ce

cold countries th ere is common occurrence of h y pobiosfa. ^ e L 3

larva in th e .pasture and L 4 in fee h osts enter into h ypobiosis and
th e development of th e larvae is a rre st^ . In th e spring, resumption
of la ^ a e occur and at th at time all th e larvae in h ost develop to
' adult. Th ere occurs superim position of larval resum ption and
parturition. During th is time th e general rnmnunity of th e animals go
down and th e resumed la ^ a e from th e pasture easily set up infection
in th e h oste. All th ese factors , lead to p e r i p ^ ^ m e nt ris e of egg
and la ^ a l population in th e field. Since rain fall and winter season
vary from country to country th e epidemiological features also differ.
One more-interesting feamre is th at th e preh atch ed la ^ a e are v e ^
resistant wh ich can sum ve even in th e freezing temperature.

Fig. 63. Life c^ le ofHaemonchus spp.

 4 ■ N e^ to d e | ^7

Pa thogenesis
P a to o l^ ^ c ^ f e a ^ e s / le sio n s
A b o^ sitte , anaemia
D e s c rip tio n

Severe path ogenicity is caused in Hc^M )ncht& infection, ^ e

w orns are blood suckers, ^ e w orns suck bloodcontinuously wh ich
lead to nornoc ^ ic nomioch romic anaemia. In th e later ph ase th e
anaem ia is ch anged to •microcytic h y poch rom ic. Th e w orm s '
frequently ch ange th eir places of attach ment leaving many bite
marked area. Due to th e presence of a large number of parasites in
th e stomach -wall, signifirant amount of serum protein is lost th rough
ra gge d a nd rup ture d w all of th e stom ach . T h ese le a d t o
h ypoproteinimia ultimately resulting in Oedema is formed
in th e submandibular region. Th ere is,evidence of endemic fom of
th is parasitic infection.
s Wh en th e animals pick up h igh load of infection, acute
type of disease status occure. Initmlly th ere is severe anaemia wh ich
results in h aem atological and h aem atob ioch em ical ch anges
comprising low PCV value and alteration of serum iron level.
H ^oalbum inaem ia is a m ^ked feature.
C ^ r o^ c s ^ i s occurs due to low infection load. Infact l a ^ e
and immature adulte are involved in acute stage of infection wh ereas
. th e adults m low number rause ch ronic stage of th e disease; Mortality
in ch ronic stage of infection is low wh ich is h igh in acute and
h yperacute cases h owever h igh ' morbidity is ch aracteristic clinical
. feature in th is stage of infection. Loss of body weigh t, loss of wool
and oedem a are th e clinical features. H ow ever anaem ia and
h ^oproteinim ia may be absent in ch ronic case.
a sp e ct
In feet, so-called self-cure ph enomena found'in H co nto rtu sis
a h istory, as it is th e biginning era of immunological smdy so far
re c orded. Self-cure p h enom ena is a p p lie d to de sc rib e th e
immunological aspect of H a^ o nc h u s infection, ^ e ^ im a ls wh ich
a re p re se n sitize d e a rlie r, if fa rth e r ifa e cte d , th e l a ^ a e o r th e a d u lt
■worms of th e same species or antigenically related species wh ich
are present in th e animal are expelled out. Th e reasons of th e self­
cure ph enomena are several. But th e main cause is th e immunogical
 ^8 | P M ^ ito lo ^ at a G to ce

reaction. Th e worms release allergens wh ich set up a ty p e .- 1

h y p e re e ns iti^ ty reaction. Parasitic antigen bind -mth mast-cell-
bound IgE leading to degranulation of mast cell. Dud to th e
immunogical ruc tion th ere is increase of h istamine -level, in th e
blood, ^ e increased level of th e h istamine increases th e peristaltic
movement. As ^ associated reaction th e goblet cells are 'stimulated
and faese goblet cells start .secretion of a large ^ ou n t of mucus.
Th e w h ole th ing ultimately leads to massive- expulsion of th e
parasites, ^ i s in brief,, is-called th e self-cure. ph enomemna. ■TOs
ph enom ena is as if,.‘p a ^ & itolo^ c ^ m w i c d c h ^ 9 preventing
farth er infection.

G e n e ra l
1. Examination offa e ra l sample for th e presence of'th e eggs.
2. Coproculture tech nique for farfaer con^m ation by indentifiration
of th e larvae.
te e n d
1. F A ^ . ^ ^ f o n C ^^R T or C ^ A gm d e - Th e paleness of
' conjunctiva correlates w ith anaem ia and PCV. Th ere is
availability of paleness ch art. Th e paleness of th e eye is tallied,
with paleness ch art wh ich indicates level of anaemia and PCV.
2. I^m unodiagnosis by immunodominant defined antigen.
T re a tm e n t . .
Drugs of Benimidazole group sh ould be administered
F e ^ e n d^ ol e - 5 mg / kg in sh eep
7. 5 mg fe g in cattle
C a^ fre n^ ra ole - 20 _mg / kg
^ f oe n^ u ole -7. 5 mg /kg
M eben^raole — 15mg./ kg
^ ^ a b e n< ^ ^ l e - 66mg 7 kg m cattle
- 44mg / kg in sh eep
Q ^ e nte n^ r a ole - 5 -mg./- kg
F d^ m te I - ’5 mg 7k g' ' ' ' '
2:. ' Self-medication by urea mollasses, mineraP block
incorpota'ted with fenbendazole.; ' ' '
 ^tapter4-B N e ^ t ^ e | 2$)

C o n trol'
G e ne r^
1. Treatment of th e affected animals.
2. Restriction of animals from grazing on th e infected pasture.
Alternative grazing can be practiced.
3., Silage ran be used as feed.
4. Genetic -control by adapting breeding policy -by using th e
resistant breed can be done. Red Ma s'll sh eep is. th e most
resistant breed of sh eep wh ich can be used for breeding.
5. Biological control by nematode - trapping fon^, ing to tito
flagr an s .
6. Spray of urea solution to kill th e larcae.
O & er k e n ^
Vaccination
.A EarHer attem pte
Attempts w ere made to immunize th e animals by
i. irradiated larvae
ii. Moulting fluid
B. Recent fre n& .'.
Vaccination by
1. Purified protein, (native) '
H aem o nchm co nto rtus apical gut surface proteins P ^ ,
P52 a nd P100 Lty to ch allenge
infection. Oh ter defined gut antigen is H -ll.
2. Recombinant protein
Recombinant protein; is expreseed by using genes, GA1,
P lO O ^ l, P46GA1, P 5 2 ^ 1
3. N ^ e d DNA vaccination,
M e c is toc ir m s
'. Th e important species of th is genus is. Mecteto cim.is„ digitatu s
wh ich occurs' in.abom asum of' goat; cattle ■and buffalo etc. ^ e ' ’
parasite is distributed in different p a ^ of Asia., Cervical, papRlae
are present as th at of H aem o nchm co nto rtm . Srniilar to H. c o n to r t
a lancet is present in th e bucCal capsule. Female is^similifr-ToUff'.
eo nto rtus but in case of M . digitdtm valval flap fe ab sent
^ |- Pa^sto lo ® rat a G J a^

^nus - ttcho strnn^lu s

Brie f in t^ ^ u ction
Th ese are small slender cosmopolitanly distributed bursate.
nematodes inh abiting th e small intestine and abomasum of sh eep,
goat and cattle. Th ough th e incidence or th e manifestation of th is
parasitic infection never appears to be very dangerous to th e animals
but subclinical occurrence causes th e- negative influence on th e
growth 'rate and results in persistent and incessant loss of production.
P re v a le n c e
^ e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol ^ ^
1. ^ e worms are very s ^ l l and slender.
2. ^ e h ead is small. A ventol notch is present at th e anterior
extremity wh ere th e ecretory pore opens.
3. Ceivical papillae are absent.
4. Buccal ravity is absent.
5. ^ e bursa of male parasite h as large lateral lobes.
sp e c ie s
T. Occure in th e stomach (abomasum) of sh eep.
T co lu bnfo rm is - Occurs in th e small intestine

Fig. Anteriorend of 'Trichostron&lus spp.

T. caprico fa- Occurs in th e stomach and small intestine of rummante.
- C h ab^ m
Species - C h ab^ ia o vina
 4 ■ N e ^ to d e | ^

Usually th ese w orm s are plug feeders but know n to be

accidental blood sucker of sh eep.
S u p e rii^ ^ y - M etastron^loidea
C h a ra c te rs
1.. Mouth is reduced.
2. Six lips surround th e mouth .
3. Bursa is sh ort or absent.

Filaroididae
Metastrongylidae
Protostrongylidae
Fa^^y - Filaroididae
^ nra - Filaro ides
S p ecies - F o s^n
H ost —Dog
Site / I r c t o n - bronch i and ttach ea
Fa^^y Metastrongylidae
G enus
M etastro ngylus
B rief r n ^ du c t i on
Th ese are small slender cosmopolitanly distributed bursate
nem atodes inh abiting th e bronch i, bronch iole of pig. Th is is an
eonomic constrmnt in th e piggery industry.
^ ■ e v ^ e nc e .
^ e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species - M. elo ngatus
M. pu dendo tectu s
M. salm i
H ost - Pig
S ite/location - Bronch i and bronch iole
q de
D e v e l op m e nt stages ■
•
• Larva 1
272 | -V ete^ ^ ^ PMMito lo ^ at a Glrnce

• Larva 2
• Larva-3 (infective stage occurring in th e earth worm)
• Larva 4
• Adult
D e s c rip tio n
1. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e faeces.
2. Th e eggs h atch in th e environment or after’ being ingested by
th e intermediate h ost (earth worm).
3. Th e final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected
earth worm along with th e food.
F a ^ rfy Protostrongylidae
G enus P ro nto stro n^lu s
S p e cie s - P. ntfescens
C o m m o n n a m e - Red lung worm
H o st - Goat, sh eep and oth er related animals.
S ite /lo c a tio n - Bronch iole
G e nus - Mullerius
S p e cie s
Mullerius cap illaris
C o m m o n n ^ e - Hair lung worm.
O rd e r
Ascaridida
S up e rfa ^ rfy
Ascaridoidea
Oxyuroidea
Subuluroidea
Of th ese above mentioned superfamilies th e most important
superfamily is Ascaridoidea. Under th is superfamily th ere are two
families as below:
F a m ilie s
Ascarididae
Anisakidae
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de' | 273

Pre va le nce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution,
cha ra cte rs
1. Th ree lips are present. One dorsal and two subventral. Each
lip bears two papillae.
2. In betw een th e lips th ere may be small intermediate lips wh ich
are called interlabia.
4. Teeth or cutting plates are absent.
5. Ph arynx and oesoph ageal bulb are absent.
6. Usually tw o spicules are present. Bursa is absent. ..
7. Eggs are t^ ic a lly round or subglobular and outer wall is pitted.
Genus
Ascaris
Tox ocara
Parw caris
Tox ascaris
Genus - A scam
Brie f mteoduction
Th is is cosm opolitanly distributed non-bursate nem atode
inh abiting th e'small intestine of pigs. It is unlikely th at th e nematodes
are th e direct cause of th e death of th e animals. Neverth eless, th ese
worms cause damage to th e h osts in terms of nutritional deficiency ,
morbidity and economic loss.
f f l s t o^ / D i s c ov e r
Anatomic structure of Ascaris lumb ricoides was given by E.
Tyson in th e y ear 1683. It is-evident-th at A. lum b ricoides was
described by Aristotle.
Species - A. suum
Host - Pig -
Site /Lrca tion - Small intestine
fre va le nce - Cosmopolitan in distribution
S ^ U e nt M o^ h ol o^ y
1. Male parasite is'small and th e female'is large.
2. Th e cuticle is striated.
3: As a rule th ere are th reelips. Papillae are present in th e lips.
4. ^ e oesoph agus does not h ave posterior bulb.
274 | Vete^^^r Parasito lo ^ at a G tace

5. Th e spicules are two in number.

6. Large number of procloacal papillae are present
^de
1. Defnitive h ost - Pig
2. Intemiediate h ost - Nil
D e v e lo p m e n t^ sta g e s
• Egg
• Larva 1 m th e egg sh ell
• Larva 2 in th e egg sh ell (infective stage)
• Larva 3
• Larva 4
• Adult
D e s c rip tio n
1. Eggs are expelled out.
3. Larvae develop with in th e egg-sh ell. Lj transforms into L2with in
egg sh ell.
2. 2nd larvae with in egg sh ell are infective stage.
4. Th e h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infective eggs.'
5. Hatch ing occurs in th e intestine and th e larvae reach th e liver
eith er by active penetration via peritoneal cavity or h epatoportal
circulation.
6. Th e larvae are transported to h eart and th en to lung wh ere
th ese are found as 3rd stage larvae.
7. Th en th e larvae follow trach eal migration. Th e larvae gradually
ascend from th e lower lungs to upper respiratory tract following
bronch ial tree and gradually reach to th e trach ea.
8. From th e trach ea th e larvae come to th e ph arynx.
9. Th e larvae are cough ed up and develop to th e fourth stage in
th e mtestine and to adult stage subsequently.
E p id e m io lo ^
Th e females parasites lay millions of eggs wh ich pass out of'
th e h osts. With in few days th e eggs reach to infective stage. Th e
s e c o n d sta g e l a ^ a e w ith in th e e g g -she ll a re in fe ctiv e sta g e s o f th e
parasite. Th e infective eggs are extremely resistant. Th e eggs can
sustain h igh temperature and cold. Moreover th e eggs can remain
viable in th e environment for couple of years. Th erefore absence
of h osts for a long period in a particular region can not cause
disappearance of its existence. Furth ermore th ere are several mode
of infections. Oral infection, prenatal infection or transuterine
infection are th e routes. Th erefore, th ere is ample ch ance of th e
h osts for getting infection. Th e incidences are h igh during warm
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | ^5

seasons w h en th e eggs easily reach to infective stage. Extreme

cold and direct sunligh t retard th e development of th e larva in th e
eggs.
P a th o ^ n e sis
P a ^ o l ^ c d fe a ^ ^ e s / le sio n s
1. Th e adult worms do not cause marked path ology except certain
amount of enteritis. However large number of worms may
occlude th e passage of intestine. Erratic migration of th e worms
from th e small intestine to stomach cause vomition and oth er
clinical features. Th ere occurs alternation of absorption of
different nutritional constituents.
2. Th e migrating larvae cause h aemorrh agic lesion in liver. Th e
liver sh ows m ilk sp o t appearance.
3- Th e m igrating larcae causes h aem orrh agic lesions in th e
bronch iole and alveoli wh ich result in pneumonia. Th e minute
larvae cause destruction of lung capillaries and alveolar
epith elium get desquam ated a nd’th e affected area becom e
infiltrated by different inflammatory cells.
D ia g n o sis
1. Examination of faecal sample.
T re a tm e n t
1. Piperazme compound is th e drug of ch oice. Oth er ^ ugs are
Benzimidazoles.
2.. R e c e n t te e n d includes gene th erapy. Scientists suggested th at
anti - mini exon oligonucleotide could be utilized to interfere
with th e development of th e worm, as transplicing occurs in
th ese parasites.
C o n tro l
T ra d itio n a l:
1. Faeces sh ould be properly disposed
2. Hot KOH solution and steam can be applied on th e floor to
kill th e larvated eggs.
R e ce n t ^ n d :
Recent trend h as been targeted towards vaccination. For fois,
several works h ave been carried out-using different types of antigen.
Partial protection h as been a c h ie v e by using a tte nua te d eggs.
GEW S -m X O ^ ^ L
B rie f ta tro d u c tio n
Th ese are cosm opolitanly distributed com m only occurred
bureate nematodes inh abiting th e small intestine of th e dog. Prenatal
276 | Paraato lo ^ at a Glmce

infecton of . To xo cara cante is very dangerous to th e puppies and

causes a dreadfol situation in th e kennels wh ich may even leads to
death of th e wh ole litter of puppies. ■'To xo cara vitu lo m m causes
calf-h ood mortality in buffaloes in India.
P re v ^ e n ce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan m distribution.
Spe cie s
To xo cara cante
T. cati
T. vitulo mm,
T. c an is
H ost - Dog
S ite /lrca tio n - Small intestine
P re v ^ e n ce - Worldwide in distribution
C o^ ^ on n^rne -Arrow-h eaded worm or A aow worm
D isew e ca w e d - Toxocariosis, visceral larva migrans
S ^ e n t m o^ h ot o^
1. ' ^ e parasite is strong and stout in appearance, ^ e s e are not
soft and translucent as th at of To xo cara vitu llo m m .
2. Th e worms are wh ite in colour w h en fresh .
3. Th ree lips are present as a rule of Ascarid worms.
4. Th e h ead is ^ o w - ^ e wh ich is formed by th e cervical alae.
Hence, th e worms are called as th e arrow-h eaded worm.

Fig. 65. Anterior end of Toxocam canis

 ^ a p t e r 4 ■ N ^ M t ode | TU

^ de
D e ve lopm e nta l s t^ e s
• Egg -
• ^ r v a l in. th e egg sh ell
• Larva 2 in th e egg sh ell (infective stage)
• Larva 3
• Larva 4 ’
• Adult
D e scription
Th ere are four routes of infection of T. canisr
a. Oral infection or ingestion of. infective stage of eggs of T.
canU.
b. Transuterine infection (Congenital infection).'
c. Transniammary infection (Lactogenic infection).
d. Parataenic h ost transmission.
a. . infe ction o r m ge stion o f ^ ie ctiv e sta ge o f e ^ s o f T.
c anis.
i. T^rche ^. ro u te o f ^ ^ t i o n
■^h en th e pups are below 3 month s of age, trach eal route of
migration occurs. After ingestion of th e eggs, h atch ing occurs due
to th e presence of different bioch erncal factors present in th e h ost.
Th e larvae come out and start migration. Th e larvae penetrate into
th e wall of th e intestine and enter into th e general circulation. By
th e h e p a to p o rt^ c ^ ^ t i o n th e larvae are transported to th e
liver. Th e larvae penetrate th e liver capsule. Th en th e larvae are
transported to' th e lung th rough th e p ^ ^ o^ w y ^ ^ a t i o n . ^ e
larvae are found at first in th e lower lung and th en migrate to th e
upper part of th e respiratory tract, ^ e y reach th e bronch i, trach ea
etc. In th e lung one moulting occurs and th e 2nd stage larvae are
transfomied into th e 3rd stage larvae. ^ l e n foe larvae reach th e G . •
I. tract w h en th e cough containing th e larvae is ingested and foe
larvae develop furth er to become adult.
U. S o m a tic ro u te o f ^ ^ t i o n
Th is type-of migration occurs w h en th e dog is pregnant. Th e
larvae migrate to different organs. -In different organs th e larvae
278 | Parasito lo ^ at a

remain in th e dorm ant stage. Th e activity and th e mobility are

seized, ^ e reason of th is dormancy of th e larvae is not clearly
know n but it is supposed to be due to th e alternation of h ormonal
status of th e blood during pregnancy stage. After about 1. 5 month s
of th e infection th e la^ae mobilize from th e and
reach th e general circulation, t r ou gh th e blood th e larvae enter
th e different organs of th e foetus. In th e liver of th e foetus* th e
larvae p e rfom one moulting again. In th is way th e transuterine or
congenital infection oc ^ rs .
b. T r^ su te ^ n e M o tio n (C o n g em ^ iM ection)
In th e foetus th e larvae enter during pregnancy of th e bitch as
m entioned earlier.
c. T ra nsm ^ ^ m a ^ (^ cto g e n ic i ^ c t i o n )
In th is type of infection th e offspring gets th e infection wh en
it sucks th e colostrum from its moth er. Th rough th e colosh um th e
la ^ a e enter th e G. I. tract and th ey directly develop into th e adult
stage.
d P a ^ ^ e n ic h o st ^O T S ^ssion
Rodente act as th e parataenic h ^ t for h ansmission of foe parasite.
E p i^ ^ niology
^ e epidemiology of Twco cara carm is much similar to'M cam
su u m . Th e fecundity of th e parasite is h igh . Th e infective eggs are
h igh ly resistant in h ot and ch illing climate, ^ e natural maintenance
of th e eggs is too much . Ch ances of infection to th e h ost is also
h igh because th e h osts can get infection by several routes i.e. oral
route of infection, transuterine infection, tonscolostral infection and
paratenic h ost transrnssion. Anoth er ,one important aspect wh ich
sh ouldbe taken into account is m ainten^ce of th e la^ae in dormant
status in th e somatic tissues of th e h osts. All th ese are h igh ly
predisposing factors for h igh occurrence of infection.
 ^tepter 4 ■ N^rato de | 279

Fig. 66. Life cycle ofToxocam canis

Pa Aogenesis c^ ^ ca l
P a th o lo ^ c^ . f e a ^ e s / le sions
Hepatic damage, alveolar destruction, pneumonia, ch orioretinitis
due to aberrant migration.
D e scrip tion
Th e pups usually suffer more th an th e adult Maximum damages
occur by th e migrating larcae. Th e larvae cause severe damage in
th e liver and alter th e h epatic arch itecture. Deposition of fibrous
tissue occurs w h ich causes form ation of w h ite spots. O th er
path ological featores occur in & e lung w h en th e larvae migrate in
th e lung via th e pulmonary circulation, ^ e s e larvae rause great
damage in th e lung. Th e larvae cause destruction of th e lung alveoli
leading to pneumonia wh ich is commoriy caUed as th e A s c ^ d
p n e u m o m . Th e pups remain in very distress condition. Th e
abdomen of th e dogs are pe ndrious, p o t beffled w h ich is th e
typical sign of th e Toxocariosis w h en th e condition is associated
' ^0 | V ete^ ^ ty Parasito lo ^ at a G to re

with pneumonia and vomition. Sometimes th e worms reach th e

stomach and cause irritation th ere and results in vomition. With in
th e vomitus th e parasite may be seen. Aberrant migration of larvae
may cause ch orio-retinitisand anterior uveitis. Th e dogs frequently
v o ^ t a nd soil th e wh ole body with vomitus.
D ia gnosis
1. Diagnosis is done by th e examination of th e faeces. Th e eggs
of To xo cara canis is very specific. Th e wall of th e eggs is
pitted.
2. Detection of larvae in tissue section.
3. Serodiagnosis is useful for visceral larva migrants.
R e ce nt tte n d
Works h ave been rarried out to detect th e a ntige n
of To xo cara canis
Different immunodiagnostic tests i.e. ELISA, EITB etc. h ave
been attempted. EiTR h as been found better toan EUSA.
T re a tm e nt
A num ber of dmgs could be tried. But it is to be remembered
th at for th e treatment of To xo cara cante or any oth er Ascans spp
Piperazine is toe drug of ch oice.
H p ^ ^ e a dipa te
Dose - lOOrng/ Kg.
M e b e n d ^ ole
Dose -10 mg / Kg twice daily for ^ o days
F e n b e n d ^ o le
lOOrng /K g as a single dose
pa m oa te
5mg / Kg
roe & y l c a r b ^ r n^ ine
50mg / Kg
N itoosca na te
50 mg / kg
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 281

C ontrol
T r a dition^ :
1. Proper disposal of th e faeces.
2. Deworming of animals with in two weeks of age.
3. Kennels sh ould b e cleaned properly . Th e floor sh ould be
flush ed with h ot w a te r or KOH solution. .
4. Bitch sh ouldb e treated by safe anth elmintics wh ich may reduce
prenatal and lactogenic infection. '
5. If infection is detected th e pups sh ould not b e allowed to take
milk till th e infection become cleared.
6. Destruction of parataenic h ost could b e done.
R ecent tre nd:
Recent trend h as been pinpointed towards vaccination-.- Some
w orkers ach ieved satisfactory protection by vaccination w ith
^ c r ow a v e d ^OTated eggs. Cloning and sequence of m y osm of
To xo cara cam s h as been done. ■Myosin protein can be a vaccine
candidate. S ^ rfi^ e a nd ES antigen h ave been tried.
G enus
Parascaris equ o m m
Seat of p r e l e c t i on - Small intestine
S ^ on ^ m - Ascam equ o m m
S ^ en t morpholo^
Large-sized worm with th ick outer cuticle.
^ n r a -To xm cans
Site - Small intestine
H oste - Dog, cat and fox
V is c e ^ . ^OTa ^ gr a n s
Th is is a clinical condition wh ich occurs in th e ch ildren due to
migration of ascaridlarvae. Actually th is condition occurs by migration
of ascarid larvae in different vital organs in abnornal h osts. As for
instance To xo cara cante is usually th e parasite of th e dog. But th e
larvae of th is parasite can migrate to different organs of ch ildren
resulting in a disease entity. Mainly th e liver is affected but also
oth er organs may be affected.. Eosinoph ilia occurs in th e organs.
Sometimes th e ey e is affected by th e larvae causing retinoblastoma.
VLM is also caused by T. cati, T. leo nina and C apillana htyatica.
282 1 ^ ^ asito lo ^ at a G l^ :e

S up e rf^ ^ y - O ^ uroide a

Spekes - Q ^w m
E ntw o bim
B rie f h t e odu ^ on
^ e s e are wh ip-like non-bursate nematodes. Apparently tWs
worm does not produce much h arm to antaals but may result in
anal pruritus wh ich makes th e animals restless.
^ w a le nc e
^ e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
G e nm
O^W-ns
S p e c ie s O. equ i
H ost -Equines
Site /lw a tion - Large intestine
Com m on n m e - Pin worm or seat worm of h orse
S ^ m t m o^ h ology
1. ^ e w orns are anteriorly th ick.
2. At th e posterior region th ere is presence of a long tail.
3. ^ e oesoph ageal bulb is conspicuous.
4. Th ere is presence of a single spicule wh ich is pin-sh aped and
th e w orns are railed as pin worm or seat w orm .,
5. Caudal papillae are present.
6. Female tail is long and h air-like giving th e appearance of
Trichim s. Th at’s w h y th ese are railed as T ite h u r ts .
tfe ^ e le
H ost - Equine
Th ere is no internediate h ost.
D e v e l op m e nt stages
• Egg
• Larval in th e e ^ sh ell
• Larva2 in th e egg sh ell (infective stage)
• Larva 3
• tarva 4
• Adult
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | ^3

D e scription
1. Th e female parasites crawl out of th e anus and lay a number
of eggs.
2. With in th e eggs th e larvae develop.
3. Th e eggs fell on th e ground and th e h osts get th e infection-by
ingestion of th e eggs alongwith th e feed material.
4. After ingestion th e eggs h atch and th e larvae come out of th e
egg. Th e larvae develop to th e adult stage in th e intestine.
Pa thoge ne sfc
P a A ologic^ ' fe a ta re s / ^ sio n s
Mild enteritis, anal pruritus, rat-tailed condition
D e scription
TCie animals feel irritation w h en th e female parasites crawl out
of th e anus. To alleviate th e irritation th e animals rub th eir anal
region on th e h ard object wh ich lead to loss of h airs from th e tail
giving typical rat- tailed appearance to th e h ost.

S up e rf a ^ tfy - Subuluroidea
F a ^ tf y
H e te rakid ae
S u b u lu rid ae

P re va le n ce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Genus
A sc arid ia
H eterakis
Species- A s c ar id ia galli
B rie f m trodu ction
Th is is a non-bursate nematode of birds. Th e incidence or th e
manifestation of th is parasitic infection does not apparently Cause
significant damage to th e h osts, h owever, th e worms in large number
cause negative influence in th e growth rate in th e poultry.
 P ^ ^ t o lo ^ at a Glrnre

P re va le n ce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in dis^bution.
H o^ - Birds
Site / l r e ^ O n - Small intestine
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Th e parasite is stout.
2. Th ese are like th e simple needle used in th e h ome.
3. Anterior and posterior ends are tapering.
4. Th ree lips are present as th at of th e oth er Ascarid worms.
5. posterior bulb of oesoph agus is absent.
6. Caudal alae. is prominent.
7. A ^ m - ^ e precloacal sucker is present.

D e ve lopm e nt^. s t^ e s
'• Egg
• ' Larva 1 w ith in egg'sh ell
• Larva'2 w ith in egg sh ell (infective stage)
• Larva 3
• Larva 4
• Adult
D e scrip tion
1. ^ e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost In th e enrironm ent th e
eggs d^ e lop to reach to th e infective stage; TOe second stage
larvae with m th e e ^ sh ell are infective stages.
2. Th e birds get th e infection w h en th e eggs are ingested
a lon^ ith th e food material.
3. .Mter ingestion th e eggs h atch and th e larvae come out and
develop to adulth ood. No rngration occurs.
P a& o genesis
P a th o l^ cd f e a ^ e s / le sions
Enteritis
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 285

Fig. 67. Life c^ le ofAscardiagalll

D e s c rip tio n
1. No marked path ogenesis occurs*in A scaM ia infection.
2. However, w h en large number of parasites occur in th e h ost,
enteritis may be caused.
3. Mech anical damage caused by th e parasite is insignificant. ,
4. Large num ber of parasites cause certain level of nutritional
deficiency m th e birds.

G enus - H e te r a^

B rie f in tro d u c tio n

Th is is a non-bursate nematode of birds. Th e incidence, or th e
manifestation of th is parasitic infection do not cause much direct,
damage to th e h osts, h owever, th e worms play a great role in
t r a n s m is s io n o f a n im p o r ta n t p r o t o z o a n p a r a s i t e , H isfom on as
meleagrtdw, rausative agent of black h ead of turkey.
^ r e v ^ e nc e
^ e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
286 | V e te r ^ ^ Paraato lo ^ at a G to ce

Species- Hetmakis gallinam m

H o ste —T urk ^ , fowl, pea fowl and ofoer birds
S ite/tecatio n Ca eca
S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Th e parasite is small in size.
2. Posterior oesoph agial bulb is prominent.
3. Two spicules are present. Th e righ t spicule is th in as compared
to th e left one wh ich bears alae.
4. Th ere is presence of large caudal alae. A prominent and stout
precloacal sucker is present.
5. Pre-cloacal papillae are present.

H e te r d kis gaU in am n t A s c ar id ia gaM

1. Occurs in th e caeca-of fowl. 1. Occurs in th e small intestine
of th e fowl.
2. Oesoph agus h as strong 2. Oesoph agus h as no posterior
posterior bulb, bulb,
3. Earth worm may act as th e 3. ^ e r e is no evidence of
transport h ost. transport h ost.
4. Th e eggs of Heterakw 4. Th is parasite does not
gallinam m transmit one tr a ns i t any protozoan parasite,
important protozoa, Histo mo n'as
meleagridis, a causative agent of
black h ead of turkey.•*
^ f e ^ c le
D ev elo p m ent^ , s t^ e s
• Egg
• Larca 1 with in eggsh ell
• Larva 2 w ith in eggsh ell (infective stage)
• Laro-a 3
• ^ rv a 4
• Adult
D escrip tio n
1. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost.
2. Th e eggs develop in th e environment. With in th e eggs, th e
second stage larvae are formed. Th e second stage larva with in
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | ^7

th e sh ell is infective stage. Th e birds get th e infection wh en

th e eggs are ingested.
3. ^ e r ingestion th e eggs h atch and th e larvae- come out.
4. ^ e larvae develop very simply in th e G. I. tract. No migration
of th e la ^ a e occurs.
Pa &ogenesis
P a th o lo g ic ^ f e a ^ ^ e s /le s io n s

Enteritis, indirect cause of black h ead of turkey

D e s c rip tio n
1. Th e worms,- as such , do not produce any marked path ogenicity
h owever, large number of parasites cause digestive disorder.
2. Th e major path ogenicity is caused due to th e protozoa,
H isto m anas m e leag ridis transmitted by th e, parasite. T h e .
H isto m o nw meleagridte is a, very severe path ogen to th e birds
as th is protozoa causes th e disease, h ^ d wh ich lead to
cause m orality of th e birds.
D i^ ^ os is -Examination of faecal sample
F ^ ^ y - Subuluridae
^ n u s - S u bu lu ra-
S p e cie s - S.- bm m pti
C o ^ o m M m e - Pin w om i of fowl.
O rd e r - ffiabditida
S up e rfa ^ ^ y - Rh abditoidea
Fa^^y
S tm n^ lo idifae
R habditifae
S T O O N G ^ O r or o^
B rie f m te o d u ctio n
^ i s is a cosmopolitanly distributed nematode of th e cattle,
sh eep, goat, dog, pig and also th e h uman being. % is parasite is not _
so signifirant in causing damage to th e h osts, h owever, in large
number th ese may cause incessant loss of productivity in th e livestock
industty.
tea^ ^ S tron gyloides
288 | Veterinary Parasito lo gy at a Glance

f f i s t o^ /. D is c ov e r
Bavay in th e year 1876 first discovered Stro ngylo ides spp.
Pre va le nce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species
S. papillo sus - Found in th e small intestine of sh eep, goat
and cattle
S. cati - Found in small intestine of th e cat
S. westeri - Foundin small intestine of pigs and h orses.
S. ranso m i - Found in small intestine of pigs.
S .sterco ralis - Found in small intestine of h um an beings,
dogs
Site / loca tion - Small intestine
Disea se / p a th o lo ^ c^ condition ca use d - Strongyloidosis, Foot
rot, Larva migrans, larva currens,
S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo ^ - / oth e r c h a ra c te r
1. Th e salient identifying ch aracter is th e oesoph agus.
2. Th e parasite sh ows both free living and parasitic life cycle.
3. Oesoph agus is rh a b & ttf o^ n in free living generation and
^ ^ ^ o ^ n in parasite generation.
4. Th e adult parasite h as noticeably long oesoph agus.
5. Th e female worm is parth enogenetic.
^ e le
Two types of life cycle found in Strongyloides sp.
b. Homogonic
c. Heterogonic
H om ogom c M e ^ c le
1. Th e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost.
2. Th e eggs h atch and th e larvae come out.
3- T h e la w a e r e a c h th e in fe ctiv e sta g e .
4. Th e final h ost gets th e infection by skin penetration or orally.
5. Th e larvae get entry into th e blood circulation and transported
to th e lung. Th ey penetrate th e lung alveoli and gradually
ascend up th e upper respiratory tract.
6. Th en th ey come down to th e oesoph agus and finally reach
th e intestine.
 ^ t a p t e r 4 ■ N e M t ode | W9

HeterogoM c Me: ^ c le
1. - Th e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost.
2. Th e eggs h atch in th e environment and th e larvae come out.
3. Th e larvae directly develop to adult male and female.
4. Th ese free living male and female parasite copulate and th e
gravid female lays th e eggs.
5. ffiie eggs h atch in th e environment and th e larvae come out.
6. Th e larvae directly develop to becom e th e infective stage
parasite.
7. Th e final h ost gets th e infection by skin penetration performed-
by th e infective larvae or by ingestion. Furth er development
occurs as th at mentioned in h omogenic ltfe cycle.
290 | V e le ^ ^ ^ Paraato lo ^ at a G tace

^ th o g e n e s is

P a ^ o t o ^ c d f e a t o e s / le sio n s

Foot rot condition, Larva currens etc

D e scription
Path ogenesis h as got less significance. However, th e larvae
cause formation of lesion wh en th ey penetrate th e skin. F ^ t ro t
condition is commonly found in th e sh eep and goat. Th e cutaneus
lesion is called as ‘Larva migrans’. ^ e lesions are circular or straigh t
in appearance as linear urticarial lesion railed as ‘larva currens’.
T re a tm e n t
Th iabendazole - -75 mg/kg in sh eep and 50 m ^ k g in pig
along w ith feed.
Cambendazole - 20 m ^ k g in h orse
Fenbendazole - 50' m g^ g in h orse
Dieth yl carbamazine - 100 m g/kg in dog
C on trol
1. Treatment
2. Biological control applied by ne ^ & t^ e -toa p p ing f on^ ,
Arthrob ottys oligospora.
O rd e r - S p ^ rid a

C h a ra c te rs
1. Two lips are present. Individual lip is furth er divided wh ich is
th e ch aracteristic feature of th is parasite.
2. A buccal capsule is present wh ich is cylindrical.
3. A ph ary ra is present.
4. O esoph agus of th e m em bers of Spirurida is very m uch
ch aracteristic. Anterior part of th e oesoph agus is m us c uk r
and th e posterior part is gk n d^ ^ .
5. Spicule always remain unequal.
S u p e r ia ^ ^ y - Spiruroidea
o f rn p o ^ ^ e
Th elaziidae
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 291

Spiruridae
Tetrameridae
Acuariidae
F A ^ n,Y
B rief b t oodu ^ on
^ i s family is important in respect of th e location of th e parasite.
Th e parasite is found in th e nictating membrane and oth er part of
th e ey e like conjuctival sac, tarsal conjunctiva, tear duct etc. Th ese
parasites are commonly called-as th e ey e .w om s of th e animals.
Th e -worms cause remarkable path ology in th e eyes.
P r e v ^ e nc e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
G enus
tte to z ia
S p ecies
Thelazia rho desii- Found in th e ey e of cattle, sh eep and goat: -
T. lu c^m alU - Found in th e ey e of h orse
T. gu lo sa - Found in th e ey e of cattle
T._ alfo rtensk - Found in th e eye of cattle
T. callipaefa - Found in th e eye of dog
T. skrajabini -Found in th e th e ey e of cattle
^ de
D e ^ m tive h os t Cattle, sh eep and goat etc.
h os t - t t e fly,' particularly M m ca co n^xifro ns and
M law ipara act as th e intermediate-h ost of th e parasite.
292 | Veterina^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

N ^ne o f spe cie s Na me o f flie s (inte ^ne dia te hosto)

T. rho desii M. co nvexifmns, M. to w ipara
T. lacrymalis M. au tu m nalte
T. gulo sa M. lawipara
^5e ^ de
D e ve lopm e nt sta ge s
• Larva 1
• ^ rv a 2
• Larva 3 (infective stage dropped in th e ey e by th e fly)
• Larva 4
• Adult
D e scrip tion
1. ^ e larvae are found in th e lesion of th e eye.
2. Th e larvae are token up by th e flies. At first th e larvae enter
into th e ^ t and th en into th e foM cle of th e fly.
3. In th e ovary th e larvae transfomi to 2ndand 3tdstage.
4. Th en th e larvae reach to th e mouth parts of foe fly. Now th e
fly is ready to give infection foe eye of animals by depositing
th e larvae in th e conjunctiva.
5. Th us th e fresh animal geto th e infection from th e infected fly.
 ^tapter 4 ■ Nemato de | 293

E p ide m iolo^
n e laz ia spp are transmitted by flies. Th e incidences are. related
to fly population. Th ere h ave a correlation of environm ental
tem perature and suitable breeding places w h ich p redisp ose
abundance of fly population.' Fly population increase seasonally
and h ence new cases of Th elaziosis occurs seasonally.

P a & o lo g ica l fe a ta re s / L e sio n s

Conjuntivitis, Keratitis, Comeal opacity etc.
D e s c rip tio n
1. Th e parasites cause mild path ogensis in th e eye in most of th e
cases.
2. But th e parasites may cause severe path ogenesis in th e eyes
in long standing cases.
3. Th e parasite causes conjunctivitis, keratitis.
29 4 | ParMito lo ^ at a G tace

4. Sometimes th e parasites affect & e lacrymal ducts w h ere it

causes lesions w h ich results in lach ry m al secretion. Th e
secretions and wh ite ch eety excudates gath er in th e eyes.
5. Secondary bacterial infection agmvate foe condition in later
stage. Th ere occurs marked inflammation w ith infiltration of
ly m ph ocy tes, eosinoph il and neutroph ils. Th ere may be
swelling of eyelid and h aemorrh ages in conjunctiva.
C ^ rfca l signs
Th e path ogical featoes can be summarized as
a. Lacrimation and exudation from th e eye.
b. Ph otoph obia - % e ligh t irritates foe eyes.
c. Blindness - Due to prolonged infection, th ere may be ch ance
of blindness.
d. Corneal opacity
e. Conjunctivitis
f. keratitis
D ia gnosis
Identification of th e w orn in th e eye.
T re a tm e nt
Aseptically th e larvae can be removed by forcep using local
anaesth esia. Levamisole and tretamisole are ch oice of drug.
U v ^ ^ ol e
5 mg / kg orally or parenterally
T e te a ^ s ole
15m ^K g orally or parenterally
I v e ^ ne ^ m - 100-200 pg S/c
G E W S ^ S P I R O ttR M
S p e c ie - S. lupi
P re v a le nc e
Th e parasites are more significant in tropic and subtropical
countries
S ^ on- ^ n - S piwcerca sanguino tenta, Fito ria sangu ino lenta
H ost
Dog, fox and oth er carnvores
 ^tapter 4 ■ N e ^ to d e | 295

S ite /loc a tion

Stomach ', oesoph agus and aorta
C om m on n ^ e - Oesoph ageal tumour worm
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1-. Th e parasites are brigh t'red in colour.
2. Excretory pore is present near th e anterior end.
3. Lips are trilobed.
4. Male tail is sprially coiled. Few number of papillae are present
anterior (4 paired and 1 m e ^ a n unpaired)- to th e cloaca of
male tail, ^ ^ o pairs of papillae are present posterior to th e
cloaca. Th ese papillae h ave great taxonomic significance. Few
small papillae are present at th e tip of th e tail.'
5. ^ e spicules are unequal. Th e righ t is stout and blunt wh ereas
th e left spicule is slender.-
^ de
D e ^ m tive .h ost - Dog, fox and oth er related canines
. ta te ^ ne ^ ta te h os t - Coproph agus -beetle act. as intermediate h ost
D e v e l op m e nt stages
• -Egg
• Larva 1
• . Larva- 2
• Larva 3(infective stage)
• Larva.4
• Adult
D e sc rip tion
1. Th e eggs are expelled'out of th e h ost.
2. Eggs do not h atch until th ey are ingested by th e intermediate
h ost. Th e coproph agus beetle act as th e intermediate h ost.
3. Two moultings occur in th e beetle and infective stage (L 3)
. larvae develop in th e b e ede {G ym no plm m s sp., O ntho phagm
spX
4. Sometimes th e beetles are ingested by th e unusual h ost wh ich
act as th e transport h ost i. e. birds, reptiles, snake, and lizard
etc.
2% | Paraato lo ^ at a Glance

5- Th e final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected

beetle or th e tia n s p o r t h o s ts ( p a r a ^ n i c . h o s te ).
6. O n being ingested th e larvae are released and enter th e wall
of th e stomach and reach th e artery. Th e larvae follow th e
route of th e artery, like gastric artery, gastroepipoic artery,
coeliac artery and th en reach th e th oracic aorta. A o ^ c n o d u le s
are formed h ere.
7. From th e aortic nodules th e juveniles reach to th e oesoph agus.
P a & oge n e sis
P a th o lo ^ c ^ fe a tu re s / le sio n s
Tumor formation in th e aorta, oesteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma etc.
D e s c rip tio n
1. ^ e immature juvniles invade th e wall of th e stomach . In th is
affected area cellular infiltration occurs. Infla^m ed area result
in h aemonfrage and necrosis.
2. Th e path ogenesis is caused by th e parasites in different ways.
W h en th e parasite is present in th e oesoph agus it causes
oesoph agitis. Initially.inflamation with cellular infiltration occurs.
Sometimes th e oesoph agus gets ruptured and th e oesoph ageal
content is expelled from th e oesoph agus and enter th e pleura
leading to cause pruritis. Nodules are formed in th e luminal
surface of th e oesoph agus and with in th e nodules th e w or ^
remain. Very dangerous complication associated with S. lu pi
infection in oesoph agus is development of m ^ ig n a n t tu m o u r.
T h e ne op la s tic cells m ay m e ta stiz e in oth e r orga ns.
O esteosO TCom a and fibrosOTCom a are found on th e wall of
th e oesoph agus
3. Th e main path ological feature is th e formation of nodules in
th e aortic nodules wh ich are filledup wife th e purulent exudate.
Massive proliferation occurs in th e intimal part of th e aorta.
Th e intimaf surface becomes rough ened and is associated with
different sized plaques; ^ e parasites cause formation of foe
nodules in th e media region preferably. Th is condition leads
to formation of ste n o sis m d a n e u ry sm , ^ e aorta may get
rupmred and makes foe condition more severe.
4. Th e oth er ch aracteristic path ological feature is ‘h y p e rtro p h ic
p u lm o n a ry o s te o ^ ^ r o p a th y ’ of long bones in dogs and
‘deformative ossifying spondylitis’ in different h osts.
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 2^

5. A farth er complication is development of sp ondy titis. Th e

path omech anism of fois complication is obscure. Lesions of
■intervertebral arteries may be th e reason.
D ia g n o sis
1. History of th e animal
2. Symtoms
3. Examination of faecal sample for detection of th e eggs.
4. Radiograph y
5. Endoscopy
T ^ ^ ta e nt
D ie A y l - 20 mg / Kg body wt. daily for 7 days or
more tiU foe dissapearance of clinical signs.
D iso p h e n o l - 0.2 ml/kg body wt.

- Physocephalus
S p e cie s
P, s ^ alatm
H o st
Pig
S ite /lo c a tio n

Stomach
S ^ e n t m or p h ol o^
A num ber of spiral th ickenings are present in th e ph ary nx
wh ich are separated from each oth er.
G enus - Ascarop s

S p e cie s
Ascarop s stw ngylina
H o st
Pig
S ite /lo c a tio n
Stomach
298 | • V ete^ ^ ^ P a^ ^ to lo ^ at a Glanre

S ^ e nt m or p h ol ^ ^
Tripple and quadruple th ickenings are present in th e ph ary m .
G E W S - G O N G H .O N E M .
^ r e v ^ e nc e
^ e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
C om m on r a m e - Gullet worm (G. pu ichm m )
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Round or oval th ickenings are present on th e cuticle of th e
parasite at th eir anterior end.
2. Well developed cervical alae are present.
3. G o n^ lo ne m a venu co su m is reddish in colour and bears
ch aracteristic cuticular bosses on th e left side of th e-anterior
end.

Species
G o n^lo nem a venu co su m - found in rumen of sh eep, goat and
cattle.
G. pu ich m m - found in oesoph agus of sh eep, goat and cattle in a
zig-zag manner.
 4 ■ N e ^ i^ e •| 299

G. inghm co la- found in crop of fowl.

Intermediate h ost - Coproph agus beetle
E ^ m .Y
^ e v a l e nc e
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.

H abro nem a
H. m ajm - Found in th e stomach of h orse
H. m m cae - Found in th e stomach of h orse
f onu s
Dr& chto .
D m schia m ^asto m a - Found in th e stomach of th e h orse

H ab r ow m a m aju s H ab rorn m a ^ as c h i a
m u scae m e gastom a
l.S ite - Stomach 1. Site - Stomach 1. Site - Stomach
2. Host - Equine 2. Host- Equine 2. Equine
3. ph arynx 3. Th e ph arynx is 3. p h a r ^ x is
contains tooth . tylindrical. fonnel-sh aped.
4. Head is not 4. Head is not 4. Head is typically
consfocted off from constricted off. constricted off from
th e rest of th e. body ■th e rest of th e body
by a transverse
groove.
5. Th e male tatt- is 5. Th e male tail is 5. Tail of male is
bent ventrally bent ventrally typically coiled
wh ereas th e female wh ereas th e female wh ereas female . tail
toil. - ends in a tail ends in a is bluntly c or i c ^ in
b l^ f y . ro u n d e d b lu n tfy rou n d ed sh ape.
% _tip.
6. Vulva is ' 6. Vulva is s ^ l l . and 6. Vulva is small and
comparatively large situated subventrally. _ch aracteristically
surcounded by a
■cuticukr ring.
3M I V ete^ ^ ty Parasito lo ^ at a Glarae

7. 4 preanal and 2 7. 4 paris of preanal 7. 4 pairs of preanal

post anal papillae and 1 pair of and 5 pairs of
are present postanal papillae are postanal papillae a r e '
present. present.
8. R i^ t s p i^ le is 8. R i^ t spicule is 8. ^ ^ t spicule is
ch aracteristically sh ort . and ■sh a^ ly flattened and th e left
barbed and th e left pointed. Left spicule spicule is cylindrical.
spicule is broad is slender and
centrally. sh arply pointed.
9. Th e parasites are 9. Th e parasites are 9. Th e parasites are-
not severely not severely severely path ogenic
path ogenic. path ogenic. as foey cause
formation of tumours
in th e stomach .

^ de
D e v e lo p m e n t s^ ^ e s
• Egg
• Larva 1
• Larva 2
• Larva 3 (infective)
• ^ ^ a 4.
• adult
D e scription
1. In some species th e eggs are expelled out of th e h ost. But in
oth ers th e e ^ s h atch wh ile passing th rough th e G. I. tract.
2. ^ e larvae or maggots of th e flies, Musca spp and S to m o ^s
tfp, act as th e intermediate h ost cf th e parasite. Th e maggot
(larvae) of S to m o ^s spp act as th e intermediate h osts of H
. m ijm .
3. Furth er development of th e larvae occurs in foe pupa of th e
fly. In th e pupa th e larcae reach th e infective stage.
4. ^ e n th e infective larvae migrate to th e proboscis of th e adult
fly. Th e adult fly is now ready to give infection to th e h osts,
^ e fly deposits th e infective larvae at or with in th e nostril
region, lips or any existing wound.
5. Th e h orse gets th e infection by ingestion of th e larvae or
probably by ingestion of th e infected fly. -
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 301

Pa thogenesis
^ to o lo g ic ^ fea^^es / ^ sion s
Tumor formation in th e stomach by D. m ^ astom ea infection
and mild enteritis by oth er two species.
D e scription .
1. H ab ronem a m ajus and H ab ronem a m uscae may cause ,mild
path ogenesis. Th e parasite rauses ch ronic ratamh al gastritis.
2. D raschia m egastom a causes severe damage to th e h ost by.
formation of nodMes. ^ e nodules are formed by deposition
of granulom atous tissues. Th e margins of th e nodules get
attach ed to each oth er and lead to cause formation of large
A m ours in A e sto^ ^ch at fundus region. Th e lum en is
occupied by large number of tumours wh ich cause obstruction
of th e passage of th e food and lead to cause functional
disturbance of th e stomach . Th e disch arge of th e stomach is
pum lent wh ich becomes very serious w h en th is reach es th e ■
peritonium leading to cause peritonitis.
3. Cutaneus form of h abronimiosis occurs due to deposition of
infective larvae in th e existing ulcer or w ound, ^ e larvae
penetrate th e skin and leads to formation of granulamatous
lesion and th e condition becomes severe, ^ e serus exudate
is dried up and crusts are formed. Th is condition is called as
‘cuta ne ous h a b ro n e ^ o sis ‘s ^ m e r sore ’, ‘gra n^OT
derma titis’ or bursati.
Dia gnosis:
1. Examination of faecal sample for detection of eggs.
2. Examination of skin scraping for detection of larvae.
Tre a tm e nt
Dich lorovos at th e dose of 26 - 52 mg /k g body wt. can be
administered.
High dose of fenbendazole - 15-60 mg/kg body wt. is effective.

- Acuariidae
G enus
Cheilosp im ra (A cuaria)
Species
A cu an a ham uka
302 | Vetermary Parasito lo gy at a Glrnce

H o st - Fowl
S ite /lr c a tio n - Gizzard
G enus D tip h atyn x
S p e cie s - D . sp iralis
H ost -Fow l
S ite /lr c a tio n - Proventriculus and oesoph agus
S up e rfa ^ rfy - Ph ysalopteroidea
Fa^^y - Gnath ostomatidae
E ^ Y ^ N A fflO S T O M T O M
G enus - Gnathostom a

P re v a le n c e
Th e parasites are mainly distributed in Australia and Europe.
However, th ere are many reports from tropical countries. In India
many reports are available from Ch ennai, Assam, Kerala and M. P.
S p e cie s
G. sp in ig^ u m
H o st - -

Dog and cat

S ite

Stomach
S ^ e n t m o rp h o lo ^ -
1. Th ere is presence of a large h e a d
2. Four submedian cavities are present. Few rows (6-11 rows) of
cuticular h ooks are present on th e h ead bulb.
3. Cuticular spines are present on two th ird of th e body (anterior).

Fig. 72. Anterior end of Gnathostoma spp.

 ^ a p te r 4 ■ N e ^ ^ e | 3ffi

4. Spicules are unequal.

5. Male tail bears spines and four pairs of large papillae.
6. Th e egg bears a cap lfoe structure at one pole,
U e ^ de
D e & i ^ e h os t - Dog and cat
f ote ^ ne ^ a te h os t
l 1*internediate h ost - Cyclops
2nd intermediate h ost - Fish
D e v e l op m e nt stages
• Egg
• Larva 1
• Lawa 2
• Larva 3 (Infective)
• Laiva 4
• Adult
D e sc rip tion
1. Th e la ^ a e h atch from th e eggs, ^ e larvae are ingested by
cyclops.
2. Some am ount developm ent occurs in cyclops w h ere th ey
develop h ead bulb.
3. Cyclops are ingested by th e fish . Furth er development occurs
in th e fish .
4. Final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of infected fish .
P a th ogenesfc
Th e w orm s penetrate th e stomach wall w h ere th ey cause
formation of cavities, ^ e parasites remain with in th e cavities resulting
fom ation of tumour. Th e tumours are filledup wifosanguinopurulent
fluid. Small tunnels or pores may be forned wh ich connect th em
with th e lumen of foe stomach . Sometimes th ese tunnels connect
th e tumours with th e peritoneum resulting in peritonitis.
F ^ O T .Y
^ n u s - Physalop tw a
S p ecies
Physalop terap ratyu tialte
S atient m o^ h ol o^ - Brown cement material is present on th e
vulva of fertilized female cuticular coller is present surrounding th e
h ead.
3M | P w asito lo ^ at a G tare

H ost a nd site - Th is parasite occurs in th e stomach of cat.

ta te ^ ne & a te h os t
Beetles act as th e intermediate h osts of th e parasite.
S up e rfa ^ rfy
F itorioidea
Safient m o^ h ol o^
1. Th e worms are wh ite and slender.
2. Lips are absent.
3. Buccal capsule and ph ar^ra are absent.
4. Anterior part of th e oesoph agus is muscular and th e postereior
part of th e oesoph agus is glandular.
5. • Spicules are unequal
Fa^^es
Fitoriidae
G e nera of i m p o^ n c e
D irofitoria
Parnfitoria
S uifito ria
O m itho filana
W uchereria
B ^ ^ ia

B rie f m troduc tion

It is an important mosquito-transmitted canine filarial worms
inh abiting th e h eart and it is considered to be a great h ealfo h azard
for th e dogs of topical and subtropiral regions, ^ e worms are
restricted to som e endemic foci depending on th e geoclimatic
conditions and th e prevalence of th e vectors.
S p ecies
D im fiten a immitis
P re va le nc e
^ e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
S iteriocation -It is called as h eart worm since th e main loration of
th e parasite is h eart. Specific locations are righ t ventricle and
pulmonary artery, ^ e parasite may also occur in th e p l e ^ ^ c a rity
of th e h ost.
 ^tapter 4 ■ N e^ to d e | 305

H ost - Dog, Cat, fox and man

C om m on ^ m e - Heartworm
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. ^ ou gh th e parasite is present in th e h eart, it is milky wh ite in
colour. ■
2. Th e salient ch aracter is found in th e posterior part of th e male
parasite. Male - tail is spirally coiled, b lm tiy rounde d and
bears lateral alae. ^ e r e is presence of few pairs (4-6 pairs)
of ovoM papfflae. In addition to th e ovoid papillae th ere is
presence of finger sh aped papillae (2 pairs) and few
c oM ^ papfflae at th e posterior tip of th e worm.
3- Spicules are two in num ber and unequal in size. Left spicule is
bent in th e middle and pomted distally wh ereas th e righ t spicule
is broad and rounded posteriorly.
4. ^ e anterior end of th is parasite is very ch aracteristic wh ich is
dorsoventrally c om p r i s e d a nd ^ m r a t e d.
M ic ro^ fa ria
Microfilariae are larvae of th is worm and oth er filarial worm.
Appearance of microfilaria in th e periph eral blood is called as
periodicity . If microfilariae are h igh in number in th e periph eral
blood during day time, th is is called as di ^ m d periodicity wh ereas
foe reverse (righ t) is called n ^ u r a d periodicity, ^ e microfilariae
of D. im m itis sh ow variable periodicity in different parts of world.

Fig. 73. Hind end o f Dirofilaria spp.

fife ^ c l e
D e ^ m tiv e h o st - Dog, ral, fox and oth er related animals
ta te ^ n e ^ ta te h o s t -^ e mosquitoes {Ano phete, C u lexandA ed& )
act as th e intermediate h ost cf th e parasite:
306 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

D e v e lo p m e n t sta g e s
• Egg
• Larva 1
• Larva 2
• Larva 3 (infective stage)
• Larva 4
• Adult
D e s c rip tio n
Th e following events are found in th e life cycle of th e parasite:
1. Th e definitive h osts get th e mfection w h en th e mosquitoes
take th e blood m eal.'
2. ^ e larvae enter th e blood circulation and. reach th e & o>ra cic
a o ^ v ^ e la ^ a e get th e sexual maturity in th e circulatory
system of th e h ost.
3. females are larviparous and larvae come out of th e female
and are abundantly available in blood.
4. Larvae enter th e intermediate h ost w h en foe mosquitoes take
blood meal. At first th e microfilariae remain in th e stomach for
24 h ours.
5. Th en th e larvae enter th e m alph igian tubule w h ere th ey
develop. About on 10th day 1st moulting takes palce and th e
larvae transform into 2nd stage. Th e 2nd stage larvae are
typically s a r n i e sh aped. Th en th e larvae become elongated
with in a few days. Th is form becomes th e infective stage of
th e parasite in th e labium of mosquito. L} stages are infective
stage.
6. Th e final h ost gets th e infection wh en th e mosquitoes take th e
blood meal. Now th e larvae remain in th e subcutaneous tissues
and muscles of h ost wh ere 3rd moulting occur and 4th larval
stage is formed. 3rd moulting occurs w ith in 9-12 days of
infection.
7. ^ e fourth moulting occure w h en th e parasites migrate to th e
h eart.
E p id e m e o lo g y
Th e mosquitoes are transmitters of ffiro filaria . Th erefore th e
climate suitable for breeding of mosquitoes is th e time ofoccurrence
of th is ty pe of parasitic disease. Mosquitoes are , abundant in th e
 R apto r 4 ■ Nemato de | 307

warmer climates. Th erefore new cases become available during

th is period. At th e same time dog population of a particular area is
an important factor for maintenance of th is parasite in th at area.
Th e most striking feature is th e longivity of th e microfilaria (larval
stage- of parasite). Once th e h osts get infection, th e microfilariae
are maintained with in th e h osts for few years. Th erefore repeated
infections are not required for maintenance of th is parasitic infection
in a particular area.
^ .th oge ne s f c
P a A o lo g ic a l fe a ^ ^ e s /le s io n s

P ulm onary h y p e rte ns ion, c onge stive h e a rt fa ilure ,

h aemoglobinuria, jaundice
D e s c rip tio n
1. Low level of infection foil to produce marked path ogenesis.
2. Th e parasite eith er in larval or adult stage get adh ered to th e
pulmonary artery leading to cause pulmonary h ypertension.
3. Th e adult and larval stage of parasite are lodged in between
th e righ t atrium and th e righ t ventricle.
4. Due to h y pertroph y of r i ^ t ventricle congestive h eart failure
occurs. Occurrence of p a ssiv e c o n g e s tio n is th e common
feature.
5. ■ Th e dead worms cause blockage of pulmonary artery resulting
in em bo& m .
6. Posterior venacava may be obstructed b y th e worms wh ich
m ay be fatal sy ndrom e to th e a nim als re s ulting in
h aemoglobinuria icterus and h aemoptysis etc.
7. Pulmonary endartitis and marked endocarditis are th e oth er
associated path ological features.
8. Infiltration of macroph ages inth e lung h as been evident.
9. Infitration of sid.erocytes and plasma cells occur in spleen.
10. C entrolobular congestion and hepato m eg^y h ave been
reported.
11. G lo m e ^ o n e p M tis may be caused due to blockage of renal
artety by th e microfdariae.
3^ | P ^ ^ to lo ^ at a Glance

C ^ r f c ^ signs
1. Sh allow c ou ^ ng
2. Haemoglobinuria
3- Jaundice
4. Pulmonary h ypertension and passive congestion
5. Weakness
D i^ nos te
1. Clinical signs
2. Examination of blood smear for th e deteaion of th e microfilariae.
Fresh blood may directly be examined and th e movement of
th e microfilaria may be observed.
3. Work on immunodiagnostic tests like was done. But it
gave false positive results. Th ere h ave been cross reactivity
betw een D im filaria spp and Dipetalo nema spp. Th is creates
■great co^h sion wh ile diagnosing th e case by immunodiagnosis,
4. In case of low level of infection, K nott’s m e th od can be
done. O ne ml of blood from infected animal, is mixed with 9
ml of 2% -formalin. Th e mixed material is th en c e ntr^ ge d.
Th e sediment is stained by meth ylene blue.
T r e a toe nt
Intravenous administration of arsenical th iace^reamide at a dose
of 0. 1 ml / 0. 45 kg body weigh t for 2-3 days.
Levamisole - 10 mg /kg body wt, can be administered for 15
consecutive days.
Dith iazanine iodide - 4.44 m g/kg can b e admmistered for 7
consecutive days.
In addition to th is, melarsoprdl is also effective at th e dose of
100mg/kg.
Dieth yl carbamazine - 5:5 mg/kg
R ecent ^ n d of v ^ d^ t i on :
Many works h ave been carried out. Th e following antigens
h ave been ch aracterized and/or used for ^M uoprotection studies.
- i n t e s t i na l f r a c t i on of D iro filaria h as b e e n us e d for
inmiunization of mice (animal model)
- Infective irradiated larcae h ave been used.
- Recombinant D iro ftkiria im m itte p oly p rote m h as been used
for vaccination sfodies.
 ^tapter 4 ■ N eM to de | 309

- Gene of D iro filam immitte p a ^ rny os m (lambda gt II cDNA)

h as been detected and protein h as been expressed.
- Expression of ^ p 6 0 like protein h as been expressed.
Ch aracterization of transglutam inase of D. im m itis h as been
done
- M olecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a
selenium - independent secreted ^.utatM one p e r ox i^ ^ e h as
been done and ch aracterization of th at protein h as also been
done.
P araftlaria
P. m ultip ap illosa- Th ese parasites are found on th e skin of
equines forming th e h aemorrh agic nodules.
P. b ovicola - Th ese parasites are found on th e skin of th e
cattle forming th e h aemonh agic nodules.
^ e s e nodules are unh ealing type and dissappear in th e winter
season and 'again appear in th e summer season, ^ e nodules are
filled with blood and th e lymph wh ich is called summer bleeding.

Fig. 74. PamFiiana spp.

F A M Y - S E T .^ ^ A E
Genus - Setaria
Brief ta te o d u ^ o n
Th ese are cosmopolitan nematodes occurring in, h igh % of
animals wh ich inh abit th e peritoneal cavity. Adult Setaria are of less
significance, h owever, th e larvae or th e immature worms cause th e
cerebrospinal nematodosis. Th is adult parasites seem to h ave minor
economic significance in th e livestock industry.
310 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

^ e v a l e nc e
parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Spe cie s
S. dig itate Found in cattle and related animals
S. labito -fylpillo sar Found in cattle and related animals
S. cm n- Found in foe deer
S. equ ina - Found in th e equines

Fig. 75. Anterior end ofSetariaspp.

Disea se ca ra e d- Eznootic cerebrospinal nematodosis

S ite /lo ca tio n
Peritonial cavity
E p id e m e o lo ^
Th e mosquitoes are transmitters of Setaria sp. ^ e r e f or e foe
climate suitable for breeding of mosquitoes is th e time of occurence
of th is t ^ e of disease. Th e mosquitoes are abundant in th e w a rne r
climates. Th erfore incidences are more common in th is season.
P ^ h oge ^ c i t y
P a foo to^ cd f e a ^ e s / ^ sio n s
C erebrospinal nem atodiosis associated w ith enceph alitis,
meningitis, enceph alomilomalacia etc.
D e scrip tion
■^Me describing path ogenicity caused b y S etaria parasites, it
is to be described in tw o ways:
 ^tapter 4 ■ N^M to de | 311

^ A e a dr il p a ^ i t e
Th e adult parasiteg virtually do not cause any m arked
path ogenicity b ut w h en large num ber of parasites occur in th e
peritoneum it may cause peritonitis.
f y A e la ^ a
^ e larvae of th e parasites are very dangerous as th ese may
migrate in th e central nervous system of th e unnatural or unusual
h osts. Th e larvae of S etaria labiato papillo sa and S. digitata migrate
in th e CNS of th e unnatural h osts (sh eep, goat) causing several
disorders in th e nervous system i. e. enceph alitis, enceph alo-
myelomalacia, meningitis and meningoenceph alitis etc.
T m t oe a t
D ie A yl ca rb a m ^ in e
Dose - 40 mg / kg body weigh t for 3" days is effective.
^ nus
S ttyhano ftlaria
Th e parasite is very important because it causes f or ^ tion of
sore lesions wh ich are unh ealing type and specific treatment is
required for ite‘complete cure. Th e parasites are very common in
th e Indian subcontinent.
Spe cie s
S. ^sam enste - a causative agent of h ^ ra p sore
S. dedo esi - a causative agent of soie on th e skin of cattle
S. M eli —a causative agent of leg sore
S. stilesf a rausative agent of abdominal sore
S. zaheert- a causative agent of sore
P a & oge ne sis
■Th e parasites rause marked path ogenesis in th e skin. At firat
th e smaU papules are forned and later on th e papules get rupmred
leading to formation of lesion. Th e exudate gets dried up to form
th e crust.
^ nus
D ipetalo nem a
312 | PMarnto lo ^ at a G ^ c e

Spe cie s
D. pentans — Found in peritoneal cavity of man.
D. reco nditu m -Found in th e kidney of dogs.
D. evansi — Found in th e spermatic artery of camels.
D. g r ^ s i -Found in th e subcutaneous tissues of dogs.
F ^^^ — Onch ocercidae
G enus
Oncho cerca
Spe cie s
O. gibso tii —Found on th e brisket region of th e cattle, Zebu and
oth er related animals.
Th e intemiediate h ost of th e parasite is Cu lico ifas ^ p .
O. cew icalfc Found in ligamentam nuch ae of th e h orse.
O. gu ttu m sa Found in th e ligamentun nuch ae of th e cattle and
buffalo.
O. arm ilto fa- Found in th e aorta of cattle, buffalo, sh eep and goat.
S up e rfi^ ^ y
Drancunculoidea
Fa^^y
Dracunculidae
G^TCTS - B M C M C M .U S
B rie f totrod u ction
It is an important worm infecting h uman beings and dogs, ^ e
worms w ere recorded in many ancient books. Th e worms are
transmitted th r ou ^ th e aquatic arth ropods, cyclops. It is a ^ e a t
problem in th e rural areas wh ere th e persons are in compulsion to
take drinking water from th e well.
/ D is c ov ^ y
^ e r e h ave even record of th is worm in Bible wh ere it h as
been described as fiery serpent. In 200 A. D. it was named as
dracontiasis by Galen.
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 313

Prev alence
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution. In India th is
parasitic infection h as been reported from Rajasth an, Mah arash tra,
Tamil Nadu, Andh ra pradesh , Karnataka, Gujrat and Orrisa.
D rancu ncu lu s
C om m on na m e - Guinea womi, Dragon worm, Serpent worm,
Naru womi.
Sp ecies
D. m edinensis
D. lutrae
D. insignte
D racunc^.us m e^ m ensis
H o sts
Man and dog
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Th e female parasite is very long, about 3-4 metres in length .
Th e. difference of th e length of male and female is much . Th e
male parasite is only a few centimeters longer.
2. Helmet, a specific cuticular structure is th e m ost salient
morph ological feature of th is parasite.
^ e ^ c le
D e^m tiv e ho st- dog and man
In te r m e d iate h o s t - An a q ua tic a rth rop od c a lle d
CyclopsC Meso cyclo ps leukarti)
D ev elo p m en t^ stages
• Larva 1 (In th e Cyclops)
• Larva 2 (In th e cyclop)
• Larva 3 (In th e cyclop, infective stage)
• Larva 4
• Adult
D escrip tio n
1. Th e parasite lives in th e ulcerative lesion caused by th e parasite
itself. W h en th e lesion comes in contact w ith th e water, th e
314 | P w asito lo ^ at a G to re

uterus of th e parasite comes out and th e larvae wh ich are

present in th e uterus of th e parasite get disch arged.
2. Now th e larvae are available in th e water. Th e Cyclops wh ich
are present in' th e water ingest th e larvae. Th e larvae develop
to th e infective stage in th e Cyclops.
3. final h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e infected
cyclops.
4. After digestion of th e cyclops th e larvae are free. Th e larvae
develop to th e adult parasite and reach th eir particular location.
Pa thoge ne sis
Th e parasites cause subcutaneous swelling. Th e swelled area
is ruptured and it leads to fomiation of ulcer.
T n a t oe n t
1. Th e w orm could be removed surgirally.
2. One traditional me&od may be adapted aseptically. ^ e parasite
may be rolled up by th e use of one stick. It sh ould be done so
gently th at th e parasite would not get ruptured.
^ de r - Enoplida
1. Spicules are absent or may be one in number.
2. ^ e female parasite is ovovivip^ous.
D ioctoph ^atoidea
F ^ ^ y - Dioctoph ymidae
Genus
D io cto phym a
Spe cie s
D. renale
Site - Kidney of dog
S up e rf a ^ tfy - Tricuroidea
F^^U y
T n c h i-^ U ^ ^
T ncu riifae

B rief m t r ^ u c t i on
Th ese are Enoplid nematodes of different animals inh abiting
th e large intestine. Th is nematode infection is not severe and never
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 315

occurs in acute form or never appears as to cause dreadfol disease

in animals', h owever, large number of worms in th e intestine may .
cause some amount of path ogenicity resulting in negative influence
of productivity of animals.
/ D fc c ov e ^
Linnaeus was th e first man wh o detected Trichim s tnchiu ra in
th e year 1771.
P re va le n ce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
H ost - cattle, dog and oth er related animals as per different species.
Site /loca tion - Large intestine
C om m on n^ ne - Wh ip worm
S ^ e n t m o^ h ot o^
1. Th e appearance of th e parasite is like a wh ip.
2. Th e parasite is slender anteriorly and th ick posteriorly.
3. Th e anterior part contains th e G. I. tract and th e posterior part
contains th e reproductive system.
4. Th e posterior end of th e male parasite is sligh tly spiral and
one spicule is protruded out of th e h ind end. Th e spicule
rem ains with in a spicule she a th. Th ere are m any minute
cuticular spines over th e spicule sh eath . Spines may be absent.

Fig. 76. Trichuris spp. a - Complete worm; b - Posterior end.

Spe cie s
Trichu m ow
T. suis
T. vulpis
316 | V ete^ ^ ^ Paraato lo ^ at a Glance

T. trichiu ra
^ de
D e v e lo p m e n t s^ g e s
• Egg (infective stage)
• Larva 1 •
• Larva 2
• Larva3
• Larva 4
• Adult
D escrip tio n
1. Th e life cycle is very simple. Th ere is no requirem ent of
intermediate h ost.
2. Th e h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of infective stage of
eggs.
3. After h atch ing th e larva comes out and foen th e parasite reach es
th e adult stage after several moultings.
E p id e m e o lo ^
Th e eggs of Trichu m are expelled out of th e affected h osts
along w ith 'fa e c e s . T h e eggs are th e n sub jected to furth er
development. Th e e m b ^ o gradually develop to first stage laiva
wh ich remains in th e egg-sh ell. Th is is ' th e infective stage of th e
parasite. Once th e eggs reach to th e infective stage, th ey become
very resistant, ^ e eggs can survive' for few years. Th erefore, h ere
h osts are not necessarily required to be available w ith in a sh ort
period after formation of infective egg. However th e eggs of h uman
species Tnchu ns trichiu ra are not so resistant. Th ey are susceptible
to dessication, too h igh and too low temperarure.
Pa& o genesfc - As such th ese parasites fafi to produce marked
path ogenesis. But h igh magnitude of infection leads to marked
path ogenesis in some rare occurrences.
Treatm ent - Benzimidazole compounds

B rief m tio d u ctio n

Th ese are th e Enoplid nematodes occumng in th e h uman and
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ N ^ ato d e | 317

pigs mainly. Th e adult worms are of less path ogenic significance,

h owever, th e larvae are of great significance since th e larvae remain
in th e muscle and cause several path ological features.
^fe tory / Dfccovery
.Trichinella tyiralis (larva in h uman muscle) was described by
J. Paget in th e year 1835.
Pre va le nce
Th e parasites are cosmopolitan in distribution.
S ^ e n t m orp holo^
1. Th e salient ch aracter of th e parasite is th at th e spicules are
absent.
2. Th e parasite is posteriorly th icker th an th e anterior part..
3. Th e male parasite h as two lateral flaps on eith er side of th e
parasite at th e posterior end.
318 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

W e - q de
D e v e lo p m e n t stag es

• Egg
• Larva 1 (In th e muscle of th e intermediate h ost)
• Larva- 2
• Larva 3
• Larva 4
• Adult
D e s c rip tio n
1. ^ e seat of predilection of th e parasite is small intestine.
2. ^ e r copulation th e male parasite dies and th e female parasite
buaow s foe wall of th e intestine.
3- During th is activity; th e larvae get entrance in th e blood
circulation via ly m ph atic vessel and th e larvae e nte r th e
different m usculatures like subcostal muscle, tongue and
diaph ragm. Th e affected muscle cell is called ‘n ^ e ceU’.
4'. Th e larvae get maturity in th e striated muscle fibre and th e
larvae remain th ere fom ing a coil, ^ e w h ole coil remains
encapsulated.
5. ^ e final h ost gete th e infection b y ingestion of th e muscle
containing th e larva.
E p ide m e olo^ -
For describing epidemiology of Trich inellosis w e are to know
th e dffierent pattern of cycles, ^ e parasites affect foeir h osts of
both wild and domestic types. Wild-cycles involve th e rodents,
wUd pigs, lion, leopard etc. Cannibalism and predation are two
common routes of transmission. In th e domestic cycle h uman beings
get th e infection b y th e ir food h ab it w h e n th e y consum e
undercooked, undersm oked pork or th eir preparation. Pig - pig
cycle is maintained w h en th e pigs are allowed w ith food containing
waste of pig meat. However pigs may get th e infection by th eir
sniffing beh aviour of mil biting.
P a th ^ e ne s f c
No significant path ogenesis occurs, h owever, large number of
parasites may cause enteritis
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de 319

D i ^ nos i s
1. D etection of grey ish w h ite spots (representative of larval
infection) during m eat inspection.
2. Use of trich inoscope
3- Examination of muscle digested by pepsin / Hcl/
4. Immunodiagnostic test (ELISA)
T r e a ^ e n t : Benzimidazole compounds
C o n fro l o f ^ r e t i o t a t e s ^ ^ P ^ ^ i t e s o f
1.. P r o p e r n u tr itio n - Animal h ealth sh ould b e m aintained
properly since. debilitated animals pick up infection due to
poor immunity status.
2. fee^rng - Silage and h ay can be used as feed during
th e period w h en overpopulation of larvae in pasture occur.
Larvae are killed during silage and h ay preparation.
3- R ota tion^ ^ ^ ^ n g - Animals are grouped and different groups
of animals are allowed to graze in rotational manner in different
pastures in different intervals so th at th e larvae in a particular
. pasture would die. due to not getting suitable h osts.
^ R o ta tio n ^ ^ ^ g w i ^ s ^ e sp e c ie s ^'Usually older
animals are resistant to infection, ^ e re fore older animals
alongside y oung animals can be allowed to graze to reduce
less parasitic infection.
b . ' R o ta tio n a l g r a z in g w ith d tf f e r e n t s p e c ie s - Some
particular parasites occur in some particular h ost species
w h ich do not occur in oth er species, ^ e r e f or e alternate
grazing with different h ost species (example: cattle and
■sh eep) can be practised.
F a e c e s d is p o s e - Faeces sh ould be properly disposed in
particular pit. . . .
5- U se o f fi^ c e s ^ b io f e ^ ^ h e r - Th e faeces sh ould b e used in
proper time in pasture because use of faeces containing eggs
may contaminate th e pasture. Slurry application in winter season
predispose h igh larcal population in pasture.
6. H e r b i e h e igh t - Larvae of some h elminth ic parasite can
crawl on th e grass baldes upto a particular h eigh t. Th e
h arvesting sh ould be done in such a w ay th at th e animals
would not get larvae wh ile grazing.
320 | Vetermaty Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

7. R ep roduction ^ ^ m g - Lambing time is done in such a way

th at it does not coincide with spring maturation of arrested
larvae.
S. P ^ t a r e M anagem ent
a. P asfore re s ^ ng - Animals are w ith drawn atleast for 6
month s in cold and 2 month s in h ot climate. Larvae in
pasture will die due to not getting suitable h osts.
b. P a s^ ffe b ^ ^ ^ g - Burning of pasture kill th e larvae and
egg of pasmre.
c . P m ^ tfe p lougW n^ re s e e dm g - Plough ing of pasture
reduce larval population. Th e fertilizers used in pasture
can kill th e larvae.
9 . Z e ro - During overpopulation of larvae in pasture,
th e a nna ls are kept restricted completely in stall-feedmg status.
Th ey are not allowed in pasture.
10. m e of r ntoe ^ ^ nt ic s
a. D ose a nd m ove - Th e a nna ls are dewornied and allowed
in pasture.
b . R epeated a n & d^ ^ t i c dosing - is done during spring
' and early summer wh en larval population is h igh .
11. ^ n g t e nn m e dication
i. Slow release - It is intraruminal placing of capsule made
up of non reactive metal or oth er material containing
anth elmintic agent wh ich is realeased slowly for a long
trne.
ii. P uk e release : Th e device is like above but it is made in
such a way th at anth elmintics get released rh yth mically.
. iii. Setf m edic ation - Anth elmintics are incorporated in urea
molasses block (UMB). Th e animals take th e dose of
anth elmintics w h en th ey lick th e urea molasses block.
12. B iological c ontiol - Many works h ave been carried out for
biological control of nematodes by using nematode traping
fongi i.e. A nth m bo t^s o ligo spo raand D u ddingto nia flagrans
etc. Larvae are trapped by th e fungi and killed.
13. Im m unologic a l C ontrol - Innumerable works h ave been
carriedout by using different antigens. Th ese are some examples
wh ich h ave' been used as vaccine candidate
 ^tapter 4 ■ N e^ to d e | 321

a. ■Cytosolic extract of parasites

b. Attenuated larvae (infective) of parasite
c. Moulting fluid
d. Surface antigen of parasite
e. Enzymes of. parasite
f. • Consealed gut antigen -
g. Recombinant antigens.
14. M e te orolo^ca l fo re c^ tm g - Th ere is a relationsh ip between
meteorological data (temperature,' h umidity, rainfall etc) and
occurrence of parasitic infection. Workers developed ‘warning
index’ basing on th ese factors and accordingly th e same is
forecasted so th at necessary measures can be taken.
15- R e m ote se nsm g b y sa tefflte m a g e a na lysis- Landscape
epidemeology can be developed by. using th e images sent by
satellite. Th is landscape is h elpfol for determination- of parasitic
infection and distribution.
16. Use ofbiTC^^a to^ra ph- Rainfall, temperature and distribution
of parasite can be correlated for a particular place. Th is
climatograph can be used for control of parasite.
17. B ree^rng p oH ^ - Works h ave been carried out on detection
of naturally resistant animals against some particular parasites.
Red M asai (sh eep ) is th e m ost resistant b re e d against
H a^ o n c h u s co nto rtus. Indian Garole sh eep h ave been-found
to be resistant against many parasitic infection. Th ese breeds
can be used for breeding.
3S | Vetern^- P ^ ato lo ^ at a Glanre

i ^^^O D E
TOUE OR F ^ E
1. Th e cuticle of nematode not only acts as outer covering but
also h as sign^cance in performing many roles' in functional
activity.
2. Leaf crowns m'e present in S tro n^lu s sp .
3. Rh abditiform type of oesoph agus is found in S tro u ^lo ides sp.
4. S tro ngy'lu s e de ntatu s c a use s th e ' dis e a s e na m e d
h a em onom ela sm a ilei, verm inous a rte ritis, ve rm inous
pneumonia.
5. Two ear sh aped teeth are present in S tr o n^ lm edentatus.
6. Th e larcae of S tro n^lu s equ inm causes fom ation of small
nodules on th e wall of th e mtestine.
7. TOrombosis of submucosal artery comprise 4th stage l ^ a e of
S tro n^lu s vulgaris. ■
8. Knotty gut disease is caused by Spiro cerca lupi.
9. _Diarrh oeic faeces specific (dark green) in Oeso phago sto mum
infection.
10. ^ e male and th e female parasites of S yngamite trachea are
pernanently copulated and give Y sh aped appearance.
1 1. - S tephanu m s ^m tatu s occur in kidney of pig.
12. H ook w o^ are never h aematoph agus.
13. ‘Coolie’s itch ’ is caused by larvae of h ook worm infection.
14. Bottle jaw is caused mainly due to h ook worm infection.
15. Dictyo cauhte arnfleldi found in bronch i of cattle.
16. Th e disease caused by Dictyo caulus sp is called h usk -h oose
disease.
17. Th e spicule of Osteriagia o s^rtagi ends in th ree blunt h ooked
processes.
18 . In C oop ^ a sp th e m id d le p a rt o f th e s p i ^ l e is so m e w h a t
expanded and gives th e appearance of a wing.
19- common name of H aem o nchm co nto rius is berber’s pole
w orn.
20. In H aem o nchu s th e ray of'th e dorsal lobe is Y-sh aped.
21. M etastro n^lu s elo ngatm occurs m th e broncfe. and bronch iole ■
of dog.
 ^ ap ter 4 ■ Nemato de | 323

22. M u lienu s capillam is called as h air lung worm.

23. Due to th e infection by th e larvae of Asacaris suurn th e liver
sh ows milk spot appearance.
24. Transmammary infection never (Lactogenic infection) occurs
in To xo cara infection.
25. Parascaris equ o rnm occurs in th e stomach of h orse.
26. Rat - tailed condition occurs in Oxyuris equ i infection in h orse.
27. In S tro n^lo ides, oesoph agus' is filariform in free living
generation and rh abditiform in parasitic generation.
28. Anterior part of th e oesoph agus of Spirurid worms is muscular
and th e posterior part is glandular.
29. tte laz ia gu lo sa is found in eye of cattle
30. tte laz ia sfo ajabini is found in th e eye of calves
31. Levamisole and tetramisole are th e drug of ch oice of Ih elazia
infection.
32. Cockroach and beetle act as intermediate h ost of Spiro cerca
lu p i.
33. In S piro cerca lu pi infe c tion ‘h y p e rtrop h ic p ulm ona ry
osteoarth ropath y1 occurs in dogs.
34. D rnschia megasto ma infection causes tumour formation in th e
intestine of h orse.
35. Go ngylo nema s p in ig ^ m occurs in th e stomach of dog and
cat.
36. 2nd intermediate h ost of Gnatho sto ma spinigem m is fish .
37. Occurrence of passive congestion in case of D im filaria im m itis
infection is common.
38. Eznootic cerebrospinal nematodosis is causedby different l ^ a e
of S t^ h an o fih n a assamensis.
39. S ttyhano fiteria stilesi is a causative agent of abdominal sore.
40. D ipetalo nema reco nditu m is found in th e kidney of th e dogs.
41. Th e intermediate h ost of Oncho cerca spp is Melphagus o vinus.
42. D racu ncu lu s m edinem te is .called as guinea worm.
43. D racu ncu h « m edinensis do es no t hav e any intemiediate ho st.
44. Th e common name of Trichuris is wh ip worm.
324 | P a^ ito lo ^ at a G to ee

1. t ^ e of oesoph agus is found in S p ^ r id womis.

2. Tw o ear s h a p e d teeth are p resent i n ________________
__________________round worm.
3. Cranial mesenteric artery is affected by th e larvae of ________ .
4. Verminous arteritis is caused b y ___________ __________ .
5. is called as nodular worm.
6. Pimply gut disease is caused b y ______________________ .
7. Biological control of nematode can b e done b y using nematode
trapping f ungi, ____________ ____________ .
8. Ch aracteristic gaping movement is th e common clinical sign
of __________________ infection .
9. ___________________ infection cyst is form ed in th e
I n __________________
kidney.
10. ‘Ground itch ’ is caused by larvae of infection .
11. Th e spicule of is dark brown and boot sh aped.
12. Attempt was made in Europe toproduce vaccine (Dictol) against
_______ __________ by using X- irradiated larvae.
13. Morocco leath er condition of th e wall of stomach is caused
due t o ________ infection.
14. Th e common name of H aem o ncbi^ co nto rtm w orn.
15. In H aem o nchu s th e spicules are slender and anteriorly.
16. act as th e intermediate h osts of M etastm n^lu s
pu dendo tectu s.
17. Th e oesoph agus of Ascans su u m does not h a v e ______bulb.
1 8. _________________ is also called as areow h eaded worm or
arrow worm.
19. Parataenic h ost transmission occurs in case o f __________
__________ infection.
20. O ^ u r is equ i is c a lle d a s fa lse TnchuHs .
21; Th e eggs of H eterakis gaU inanim transm it one im portant
p rotoz oa , __________________ .
2 2 . ______________________ is a causative agent of black h ead
of turkey.
 ttap te r 4 ■ Nemato de | 3^

23- Foot rot condition is commonly found in th e sh eep and goat as

a result of infection by th e larvae of ' ____________ .
2 4 . _____________________ is found in th e eyes of cattle, sh eep
and goat.
25. Th e fly, particularly Musca co nvexifro ns and M law ipara act
as th e intemiediate h ost of ______________________
26. Spiro cerca lu pi is also caUed as worm.
2 7- _________________ infection in oesoph agus causes formation
of malignant tumour.
28. Physo ctyhalu s sexato tus occurs in of pig.
29 . - A c u na ham u ka is found in th e of fowl.
30. Large h ead bulb is present i n _________
31. Physalo ptera praepu tialis occurs in of cat.
3 2 . ___________________ causes form ation of h aem orrh agic
nodules in equines.
33. __________ __________ is a causative agent of h ump sore.
34. S t^h ano fileria zaheeri is a causative agent of ____ 1 sore. '
35- _____________ _________ is found in th e spem'^tic artery
of camels.
36. is found in ligamentum nuch ae of
th e h orse.
37. D racu ncu lu s m edinensis is also called a s _______ worm.
38. Th e intermediate h ost of D racu ncu lu s m edinensis is .

39. Th e spicule of Tricburis spp remain with in a __________

TCCK
1. In D isphatynx sp th ere are presence of cordons wh ich are
a. recurring b. non recurring type
c. bofo d.' none
2. Bulbus type of oesoph agus is found in
a. H e te r a^ gallinam m b. Ascaris su u m
c. Ascaridiagalli d. To xo cara canis
3- Fileriform type of oesoph agus is found in
a. filarial worms b. Spirurid worms
c. Both d. None
326 | V e te r a^ PM M ito lo ^ at a Glrnce

4. A pair of ear- sh aped" teeth are present in th e depth of th e

buccal capsule of
a. Stro ngylus w ilgam b. Stro ngylus edentatus
c. Stro ngylus equ inu s d. Stro ngylo idds sterco ralis
5. S tro ngylus edentatu s cause formation of nodules
a. iff th e wall of th e small intestine and large intestine of th e
h ost
b. lungs of th e h ost
c. kidney of th e h ost
d. all
6. Th e elastic fibres get loosened resulting in dilation of th e
artery or vein wh ich is called as verminous aneurysm due to
infection of
a. Stro ngylus vulgaris b. Stro ngylus edentatu s
c. Stro ngylo ides equ nu s d, Stro ngylo id&> sterco ralis
7. Nodule disese is caused by
a. Spiro cerca lu pi
b. Oeso phago sto mum co lm nbianu m
c. both
d. none
8. Pars ejectrix of Oeso phago sto mum sp is
a. kidney -sh aped b. ring-sh aped
c. pear sh aped d. barbed
9. Buccal capsule of S yngam us trachea is
a. cup - sh aped b. watch spring -sh ap ed
c. spindle -sh aped d. h alter -sh aped
10. S yngam u s trachea is called as
a. gape worm b. guinea w orn
c. dragon worm d. toir worm
11. ‘water itch ’ is caused by larcae of
a. h ook w orn b. To xo cara sp
c. gape w orm d. medina worm
 ^ ap te r 4 ■ Nemato de ( 327

12. Transcolostol or lactogenic infection occurs in case of

a. • To xo cara canis b. Ancylo sto m a caninu m
c. both d. none
13. D ictyo cau liis sp are called ^
a. lung worm • b. bronch ial worm •
c. trach eal w orn d. laryngeal w om i
14. Th e 1® stage larva of D ictyo cau lu s sp is recognized by th e
presence of
a. cuticular knob b. posterior stylet
c. cutting plates d. . none
15. Th e arrested development of th e larvae of nematodes is called
as
a. h ibernation b. estivation
c. both d. - none
16. Th e common name of Haemo nchim co nto rtus
a. wire worm b. stomach w orm
c. baber’s pole worm d. all
17. In H aem o nchu s red intestine is sorrounded by
a. ' grey vulval flap b. wh ite ovary
c. blak spicule d. none
18. Pro tmtro ngylus mfescens-is called as
a. red lung worm b. ^ e y lung w oro
c: brow n lung worm d. none 1 "
19. Transuterine infettion (congenital infection) occurs in
a. To xo cara infection b. Ancylo sto ma infection
c. tofe d. none
20. Piperazine adipate is a drug of ch oice of
a. Ascaris infection b. h ook worm infection
c. both d. none
21. O xyuris equ i is called as •
a. pin w orn of h orse b. . needle w o^ of h orse
c; bofe. d. none
33 | P M ^ ito lo ^ at a Glmre

22 . Individual lip is farth er divided wh ich is th e ch aracteristic

featore of
a. Sttongylida b. Spirurida
c. Ascaridida d. All
23. Tbelazm lacrym alis is found in
a. eye of h orse b, ey e of cat
c. eye of eleph ant d. ey e of snake
24. ^ e larvae of Thefazia develop in th e
a. neph ridial system of fly b. ovarian follicle of fly
c. trach eal tubes of fly d. ostia of fly
25. Th e intermediate h ost of Spimcerca lu pi is
a. Fo rm icafu sca b. coproph agus beetle
c. cockroach d. all
26. Tumour fomiatron in th e stomach of h orse occurs by
a. H abro nem a m uscae b. Draschm m ^asto m a
c. . both d. none
27. 2ndintermediate h ost of Gnatho sto ma spinig ^u m is
a. cy clop s' b. fish
c. amph ibians • d. reptiles
28. Eznootic cerebrospmal nematodosis is caused by different larvae
of
a. O ncho cema species b. S etana spp
c. S ityhano fito ria sp d. all
29. S ttyhano fileria sHlesi is a causative agent of
a. h um p sore b. leg sore
c. abdominal sore d. none
30. D ip^ lo ne m a reco nditu m is found in th e
a. ligamentam nuch ae of dogs
b. kidney of fae dogs
c. pancreas of dog
d. subcostal muscles of dogs
31. Th e intermediate h ost of Oncho cerca spp is
a. Culico ides sp b. S im u liu m sp
c. both d. none
 R apto r 4 ■ Nemato de | 329

31. D racu ncu lm m edin^w te is also railed as

a. guinea worm b. naru worm
c. serpent w orn d. dragon wom i
e. all
Th e common name T ric bu ^ is
a. wh ip worm b. guinea worm
c. feath er worm d. none
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 Protozoa
D e ^ ^ t i on - It is an unicellular organism h aving a distinct
nucleus. Th e bacteria is also unicellular b ut th ere ,is a clear cut
difference b e ^ e e n th e protozoa and bacteria th at th e bacteria is
unicellular but -it does not h ave any distinct, nucleus. Th e nucleus is
dispersed in bacteria..

• Protopbyta U c k ^ ia
The se a re ^ e s e a re ^ e s e a re Ba cte ria a re
unicellula r Unicellula r pla nts obliga tory unicellula r
orga nisms ha ving intra cellula r orga nisms whe re in
ha ^ng a chlorophyll gra m n e ^ tiv e the nucle us is
com pa ct w hich conta in orga nisms. dispera ed. T h e re a re
nucle us. chrom a tophore s. diffe re nce s be tw e e n
Chlorophyll ba cteria - a nd
conta ining rickettsia . The
chrom a tophore s ba cte ria a re
a re a bse nt. intra cellula r or
e xtra ce llula r but the
rickettsia l orga nisms
a re inva ria bly
intra cellula r. The
ba cte ria ma y be
gra m ne ga tive ^ or
gra m - positive
w he re a s fa e
rickettsia l o r^ n ism s
a re a lwa ys gra m
n e ^ tiv e .

G e n e ^ c h a r a c te r o f protozoa
1. Th ese are unicellular organisms wh ich are eukaryotic type of
cells and are different from bacteria (prokaryotic cell).
2. Protozoa h ave ^ o basic components of body i.e. nucleus and
cytoplasm. Nucleus may be vesicular or compact type. Th e
extranuclear.part is cytoplasm w h ich is farth er differentiated
into inner endoplasm containing vacuole, granules, pigments
and oth er cell organelles wh ereas th e outer part of cytoplasm
is called as ectoplams wh ich is h omogenous and h yaline in
appearance.
332 | V ete^ ^ ty PM asito lo ^ at a G l^ «

3. Locomotion is perforned by pseudopodia {Entamo eba ) , flagella

{T rypano so m a), c ilia { B alantidiu m ). Som e p rotoz oa
{To xo plasma) perforn th eir locomotion by gliding movement.
Th e wh ole body is involved in it. ,
4. Th ree types nutrition are found in protozoa as following
^ H o lo z o ic ty p e : Th e prozoans take th e preformed food
material th rough th eir- tem porary opening or th rough
permanent, opening (c’^ ostom e). '
b . H ol op h ^ c ^ p e : Some protozoa h ave plant ch aracteristic
and th ey produce th eir own food.
c. S a p ro z o ic n u tritio n t In th is type of nutrition protozoa
absorb th e liquid food forough th eir body surface.
.5. Reproduction of protozoa are of two types i.e. asexual and
sexual.
A s e ^ ^ d re p ro d u c tio n
a. B r n a ^ f is s io n s Th e body simply divides ' into two parts
longitudinally or transversely. At th e same time both th e nucleus
and th e cytoplasm divide, (example : trypanosomes)
b . M ultiple f c s io n o r s c ^ ^ ^ o n y s In th is reproductive process
th e nucleus at first divides into many particles and th en foe
c^oplasm divides. Each particle of nucleus takes a part of
^ top la sm wh ich results into individual organism. Th e parasite
at th e multinucleated stage is called as sch izonts, meront or
segmenter. Th e new o^anism s are called as merozoites.
c. B u d d fo g s A small daugh ter organism is produced from a parent
organism, ^ e n th e small organism ^adually develop to th e
com plete form as th e parent organism. B udding may be
external (Hydra), or it may be internal {Bab&ia). Th e internal
budding may be endody ogeny (two daugh ter organisms are
form ed) or endopoly geny (more th an two organisms are
. formed).,
S e ^ a l re p ro d u c tio n
a. S ^ a m y 's In th is ^ e of reproduction two gamonts i.e. male
and female are formed, ^ e union of th ese two gametes results
in formation of zygote. In some cases th e gametes are similar
and called as isogametes and in oth ers th e gametes are different
' i.e. large macrogamete (female) and small microgamete (male).
Th e process of forner reproduction is called as isogamy and
th e latter is anisogamy.
 OaptCT 5 ■ fto to zo a | ^

b. C o n ju g a tio n : Two individuate come side by side and fose.

c. S p o ro g o n y s After syngamy zy gote is formed. Th e zygote
may forfoer perforn sporogony by multiple fission wh ich ^ ve s
rise to several sporozoites. In some protozoa resistant spores
(sporocysts) are formed wfach contain th e sporozoites.
c m s s ns c A 'noN
S u b te n g d o m - Protozoa
P h y lum - Apicomplexa (Apical complex is present)
Cfass - Sporozoea
S u b cfa ss - Coccidia
O rd e r - Eucoccidiida
S u b o rd e r - Eimeriina
- Eimeriidae (In th e same h ost sch izogony and gametogony
occur. Sporogony occurs outside th e h ost)
G ^ .r o - Eim ena, Iso ^o ra, Tyzzena, Wenyo nella,
F a ^ ^ y - Ctyptosporidiidae

to n r o - C typto po ndiu m

F a ^ ^ y - Sarcocystidae
f e n ® - To xo plmma, Sarco cystB
S u b o rd e r Haemosporina

Plasmodiidae
G e nw - P ^ m o diu m , Haemo pro tms, Lm co cyto zo o n
S u b cla ss - Piroplasmia

O rd e r - Piroplasmida

F a ^ ^ y - Babesiidae (large pyriform organisms occur in th e

- B afasia

- Theileriidae (Pleo mo rphic small o rganisms, dev ^o pment

mainly occurs in th e ly mph oc^es)
G en^ tte ite n a
 334 I at a G ta re

P h y lum - Sarcomastigoph ora-

Subphyl^m - Mastigoph ora -
C ^ s - Zoomastigoph orea
O ^ e r - Kinetoplstida
• F a ^ ^ r - T^panosomatidae(Leaf-like or round organisms)
G e n u s - Ttfflanm om a, ^fehm anrn
O rd e r - Trieh omonadida
- Monocercomonadidae
- H teto m o nw
F ^ ^ f y - Trich omonadidae (4-6 flagellae are present, one trailing
flagella is attach ed to toe undulating membrane)
G e n ra - Tritrichomonm ?
T rich om on a
P m tatrich om on w
- Diplomonadida
F a ^ ^ y —Hexamitidae
^ n e r a - Giardia
Subphyl^m - Sarcodina
O rd e r - Amoebida ^ h e s e are eith er free living or parasitic and
usually th ey are nucleated)
F a ^ ^ r- Endamoebidae
t on r a - Entamo efa,
P h y lum - Cilioph ora (Cilia are present, generally tw o types of
nuclei are present)
C ^ s - Kinetofragminoph orea
O ^ e r - Trich ostomatida
F ^ ^ f y - Balantidiidae
G e nra - BafantM iu m
C ^s - Sporozoea
O rd e r - Eucoccidiida
S u b o rd e r - Eimeriina
F a ^ dty - Eimeriidae
D iseree - Coccidiosis
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ ^ to zO a | ,M5

B r ie f In tro d u ctio n -
Th e cocccidian parasites are intracellular (few exceptions)
apicom plexan protozoa of intestinal epith elial cells ch iefly of
vertebrates. It!s importance in regard to economy to th e livestock
industry is bey ond any controversy. Th e problem of coccidiosis
snatch ed th e attention of th e scientists and till date innumerable
workers are attach ed to th e research works to bring out an amicable
solution of th e problem, ^ e disease coccidiosis is ubiquitous and
considered to be a devastating problem since th is causes great
economic losses in th e poultry industry, ^ e disease occurs in oth er
animals also.

/ D f e c of ^
E im ^ aw as first detected by A. Leeuwenh oek (1674). Dobell
gave th e name m th e year 1922.
P re v a le n c e

Th is protozoa is cosmopolitan m distribution. •

D ^ e r e n t f e n e m o f C rcci^ ta .

Isosp ora N eosp ora c ^ p tos p or W m yonefa

idittm
Spomla ted Sporula ted Sporula ted Spomla ted Spomla ted Sporula ted
oocyst oocyst oocyst oocyst does oocyst does oocyst
conta ins conta ins two con&ins two not con&in not conta in conta ins four
four sporocysts. sporocysts. sporocysts; sporocysB; sporocysts.
sporocysts. Ea ch Ea ch only four only eight Ea ch
Ea ch sporo^st sporocyst sporozoites sporozoites sporocyst
sporocyst' conta ins four contdns four a re present a re present conta ins four
conta ins ^ o sporozoites, sporozoites, in oocysts, in the sporozoites,
sporozoites.*123

I d e n ^ ^ fo g c h ^ ^ r te r o f a n ^ r c y s t
1. ^ e ooty sts may be of variable sh ape and size, ^ e s e may be
oval, round and subglobular etc.
2. Th ere are double walls of toe oo^ sts. Anoth er typical structure
is th e presence of ^ .c rop ile . Micropyle is a th inning of oocyst
wah at th e nanow pole. However, th is may be absent in some
species.
3. One im portant morph ological feature is th e presence of a
dome sh aped polar cap. In some species th e p o ^ c a p may
 336 | V eterna^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glaw:e

be absent. It- is also called as ^ c r o p y j t o 1c a p . In some species

. minute, dark granules are present near th e micropyle wh ich
are called as p ot o gra nge s .
4. With in th e oocyst th ere is'presence of a dear embryo.
5- W h en th e oocysts expells out of th e h osuh e oocysts are called
as th e unsporulated oocysts. Zygote fill toe wh ole space of
th e oocyst. Wh en sporulation starts th e cytoplasmic mass of
zygote contracts into a ball like structure wh ich is called as
sp oront.. Th e sporont th en divide to form , sporoblast. Th e
sporoblasts secrete a resistant m embrane with in wh ich th ey
remain. Th is stage is called as sporocyst.
6. ^ e sporocysts are elongated oval h aving a pointed end. Stieda
body is present at th is site. Th e sporocysts contain' typical'
banana sh aped bodies (2 or 4 in number) called sporozoites.
•7. After sporulation of th e oocysts th e morph ological features
differ in th e different species. Th e number of th e sporocysts
and toe sporozoites vary in th e different species.
8. In a sporulated oocyst a residual material is found called as
o o c y s d c r e s id e d ^ a t e ^ d . Similar residual body is found in
th e sporocysts called as sp o ro c y s tic r e s id e d body.

Different species of Eim eria occurring in different h osts

E im e r ia o f p o d try
E im eria tenella - Occurs in caecum of th e poultry ..Th e disease is
called as caecal coccidiosis .
E. n ecatrix - Occurs in th e middle th ird of th e small intestine
 ^ ap t e 5 ■ fto to zo a | 337

E. acew u lina — Occurs in th e anterior part of &e small intestine

E. m ^ im a - Small intestine
E. hagani - Small intestine
E. m itis - Developmental stages in anterior part of small intestine
E. bru netti - Occurs in toe rectum of th e birds
E. prae c o x - Developmental stages in upper part of small-intestine
E. m ivati - Small and large intestine
E im e^ u o f C a ^ e
E. bo vis
E. ziternii
E. ellipso idalis
E. cylindrica
E. brasfliensis
E. canadenste
~ E im erta o f S h e ^
E. ninako hlyakim o m e
E .gilnitbi
E. o vina
E. ahsata
E. arkhari
E. arlo ingi
E .paw a
E. pu nctata
E. o vino idalti
E. cranfallte
E im erta o f M g
E. debliecki
E. po rci
E. po lita
E. scabra
E. spino sa
E. sute
E. perm inu ta
E im erta o f h o ra e
E. le c u ^ r ti
E. u niu ngu lati
E. so lipedum
E im erta o f rabbit'
E. stiedai
E. int& tinalis
338 | V ete^ ^ ^ PM asito lo ^ at a Glance

^ n e r a l p a tte r n o f M e ^ c l e o f
D e v e lo p m e n t sta g e s
• Unspomlated oocyst
• Sporulated oocyst
• Sporozoites
• 1st generation sch izont
• l a generation merozoites
• 2ndgeneration sch izont
• 2nd generation merozoites
• Microgamet and Macrogamet
• Zygote
D e s c rip tio n
1. Th e unsporulated oocysts are expelled out of th e h ost.
2. Th e next step of th e organism is sporulation. Th e environmental
factors like tem perature, h um idity are req uired for th e
• sporulation of th e oocysts.
3- T h e s p o r u la te d o o c y s ts h a v e f o u r s p o r o c y s ts . E a c h
sp w o cy st t o o sp o ro z o ite s. Th e spornlated oocysts are
th e infective stages of th e parasites.
4, Th e h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e spornlated
oocysts.
5• On being ingested th e oocysts are ruptured due to th e presence
of different h ost factors like enzymes, C 0 2 and bile. Th ese
play a great role for release of th e sporozoites.
6. Th e released sporozoites penetrate th e epith elial cells and are
engulfed by th e macroph ages. And th en th e organisms are
transported to crypts of liberkuh n. Here, in th e glandular ’
epith elial cells, th e organisms transform into tro p h o z o ite s .
Th e troph ozoites are th e rounded form of th e sporozoites.
7. S ch iz o n t stages develop aftew ards. Th e nucleus divides at
first by repeated binary fission. Every particle of th e nucleus
takes a part of cytoplasm leadingto fomi th e individual fosiform
organisms called merozoites.
8. Th e sch izont gradually increases in size and eventually th e
cell cannot capacitate th e sch izont. Th e sch izont th en bursts,
^ e merozoites come out.
9- Th e merozoites enter oth er epith elial cell. Th e merozoites
again round up.
10. Furth er up one generation of organisms occur. Th ese are called
as th e s e c o n d g e n e ra tio n o f scM zo n te .
11. Again th e sch izont is ruptured and th e merozoites come out.
Some of th e merozoites from th e second generation of sch izont
eith er form anoth er generation of sch izont and some merozoites
 ttap ter 5 ■ fto to zo a | 339

again enter anoth er stage of life cycle. Th is is called as th e

sexual stages of development.
12. In th e sexual stage of develop m ent' both ' macrogamets or
microgamets are f o^ e d. Some merozoites enter fnto th e cells
w h ere th ey form rnc roga m e toc ^ e . Th ese microgametocy es
rupture and h uge num ber of microgamets come out. Th e
m icrogam ets are tiny and possess tw o flagella used for
locomotion. Some merozoites enter into th e cells wh ere th ey
form m acro gam et. Th e macrogamet is th e female g^ e t and
th e microgamet is th e male garnet.
13- Union of ^ o g^ e t s occurs wh ich leads to th e formation of
zygote.
14. With in th e zygote, formation of plastic granules occurs wh ich
lay formation of oocyst wall. Finally mature oocysts develop.

^onlat^
oo^t

Fig. 79. Life cycle ofEimeria spp. 1. Ingestion ofsporulated o o c^t; 2 .1st
genemtion schizogony 3 .2ndgeneration schizogony; 4 .3 rd generation
schizogony; 5. Development of micro-gamets; 6. Development of macrogamet
7. microgamet fertilize macrogamet.
MO | P w aato lo ^ at a G l^ e

Pa thogenesis
P aA o lo ^ ^ feateres / lesio ns
Haemorrh agic enteritis, ballooning of caecum and fomiation of
persistent caecal core.
Descriptio n
1. 11 is to be kept in mind th at coccidiosis is a self-limiting disease.
It means th at once th e infection occurs, certain am ount of
immunity develops in th e h osts and th e h osts remain resistant
to th e parasite. E. tenella is th e most path ogenic among all th e
species. However marked path ogenesis is also caused by E.
necatns and E. brnnetti.
2. Th e young birds are more susceptible. Th e age group of th e
birds, falling in susceptibility stage, is^ 3-4 weeks.
3. In th e 1a day of infection th ere occurs lirated or no clinical
signs except sligh t diarrh oea.
4. However, after 4-5 da ^ of infection severe path ological features
are observed. Haemo rcha^c enteritis occurs. Th e w h ole
lumen of th e caew m may be filled up w ith blood. As clinical
sign progresses, severe h aemorrh agic diarrh oea occurs wh ich
may even lead to th e death , of birds. B^o o ^tag o f m te s^ e
is also a feature.
5. birds wh ich recover from th e disease enter into a ch ronic
ph ase due to loss of caecal fenction caused by th e presence
of persistent caec^ co re.
6. It is to be kept in mih d th at th e most path ological -feature
occurs m caecal coccidiosis only due to seco nd generatio n
sc^teonte and not'by th e gamonts.
7. Th e birds recovered from th e disease act as th e carriers.
Co rneal signs
1. Clinical signs are ^ h ib ite d by birds after 3 days of infection.
2. Droopingness is found.
3. Th e birds refese to take food and drinking water.
4. ^ e birds h uddle togeth er to keep th em warm.
5. Feath ers are ruffled.
6. Haemorrh agic diarrh oea.
7. Listlessness.
S ^ en t po st-mo rtem fe a^ e s
P. M. reveals dilated caecg. or th e intestme filled up with clotted
or unclottedblood. In ra id infection pin-pointh aemorch age is dearly
 ^ ap te r 5 ■ Pro to zo a | Ml

visible w h en th e intestine is h eld against th e ligh t. In ch ronic stage

of infection caecal plug or caecal cores are found.
O & er o f p o d te y co ccidio sfo
E. necatrix is th e next path ogenic organism, wh ich is found in
th e middle th ird of th e small intestine. As for as th e path ological
features are concerned with E. necatrti:, wh ite spots are found on
th e wall of th e intestine. Th e wh ite spots are because of second
generation of th e sch izonts. Pin point or massive h aemorrh ages
occur in th is infection. Ballooning of th e intestine is anoth er feamre
of th is infection. ’ .
Anoth er considerable path ogenic organism is th e E. bm netti.
Th is parasite is found in th e lower part of small intestine, caecum,
cloaca and rectum of birds (rect^ co ccid io sis).Th is species causes
pin-point to massive h aemorrh age in th is area. Coagulative necrosis
at. th e affected area is a common path ological feature. Mild to
moderate coccidiosis is caused by E. m arim a. Oth er species cause
mild or asymptomatic coccidiosis.
G ^m pses o f dM ereace am o ng E . tone ^ E, n e ca trix a n d E.
bm n e tti
E. tene'Ua E. n ecatrix E, b m n etti.
1. Site : Ca e cum 1. Site : Ase xua l sta ge s 1. Site : Sma ll
occurs in the sma ll intestine, ca e cum a nd
intestine. colon.
2. Ca use s ca e ca l 2. Ca uses sma ll 2. Ca use s re cte l
coccidiosis. intestina l coccidiosis. coccidiosis
3. Highly pa thoge nic 3- Pa fooge nic 3- Pa thoge nic
4. Ca uses a cute dise a se 4. Ca uses mostly cfoonic 4. Not specific
t ^ e of the dise a se .
5. Affects mostiy young 5. .M e e ts mostly the 5- Affects the young
b ir ^ . olde r birds. birds ( 4-9 w e e ks )
6. It is the se cond 6.. It is the ^ m o n t It is the ga mont
ge ne ra tion schizont' which is responsible for which is re sponsible
which is re sponsible pa thoge ne sis. for pa thoge ne sis.
for pa thoge ne sis.

B o v in e c o c c id io s is
Young animals suffer mainly. Adult animals suffer with less
severity. I V o important organisms are considered to be th e most
path ogenic in bovines. ^ os e are E. zu ernii and E. bo vis. E. zu ernii
342| V eterin ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

is th e causative agent of ^ to te r co ccid io sis.E. zu ernii affect th e

caecum and colon. Haemorrh agic dysentery arid straining in th e
intestine or tenesmus are common feature of w inter coccidiosis.
Young animals suffer th e m ost. In most of th e cases severe
pafoological features occur with in th e age group of ^ 6 month s. If
th e organisms in th e life cycle reach th e gametogonus stage th is
diarrh oeic featare is common. However, in some occasions th e
faeces may be streaked with blood. Th e disease occurs in acute
form. Th e animals may die due to severe diarrh oea and pneumonia.
However th e disease may run into a ch rome course with intermittent
bloody diarrh oea'. .
N. B.
• It fc to b e rem e^fo ered ^m t generaU y caecal co ccidio sfc
o c cu rs in th e y o u n g b ird s w h e r e ^ sm all in te s tin al
co ccid io sfc is caraed in th e o ldCT bk ds.
D i ^ ^ os i s
G eneral
1. Previous records and h istory of th e flock provide guiding
informations for conclusion of diagnosis.
2. Examination of th e faecal sample sh ould b e done. However
negative findings of oocysts do not indirate absence of disease.
3- Post mortemi findings of dead birds or th e suspected birds are
very much h elpful, ^ e balooning appearance of caecum and
massive h aemorrh age are ch aracteristic features of E. tenella
infection. Rectal h aemorrh age is found in E. bnm etti infection.
O A er trend
1. Indirect Haemagglutination Test
2. Indirect Flurescent Antibody Test
3. ELISA and DOT - ELISA
Treatm ent
Several drugs are used to control coccidiosis. Two types of
treatment (proph ylactic and curative)are important for th is disease.
Th e list of th e drugs are given below
P rev en tiv e
1. Amprolium - 0.0125% as feed premix
2. Sulph amezath ine - 0.4% as feed premix
3- Homidium ch loride, Homidium bromide
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 343

4. - Robenidine - 0.003 - 0-006 % as feed premix or in drinking

water
5. Lasalocid - 0.005 - 0.0075% as feed premix or in drinking
w ater
6. Buquinolate - 0.0055% as feed premix or in drinking water
7. Monensin - 0.0121% s feed premix or in drinking water
C raativ e
Nitrofurazone and Furazolidone - 0.0126% in feed
Sodium sulph aquinoxaline - 0.5% in feed.
C o ntro l.
1. Th e flock sh ould be collected from th e coccidia free forms.
2. Routine ch eck-up of faeces for detection of coccidian infection
sh ould be done.
3. Th e litter sh ould be kept dried. Th e utensils sh ould not be
contaminated with th e faeces.
4. Th e sorrounding sh ould be kept'dried. Th ere sh ould not be
stagnation of water wh ich facilitates th e sporulation of th e
oocysts.
5. Good nutritional status sh ould be maintained to provide general
vigour of th e birds so th at th ey can resist th e disease.
6. For proph ylactic control anticoccidial agents sh ould be provided
along with drinking water and food material. Due to long-term
use of th e drugs, resistance develops, in th e organisms. To
avoid th is drug-resistance problem sh u ttle pro gram m e is
done wh ich is th e, use of different drugs of different series
betw een th e batch es or sw itch p r o ^ a^ m e w ith in th e batch
in th eir life span at dtfferent intervals.
7. Cages of battery system could'be used.
8. Vaccination
EOTher attem pts
1. Th e most popular vaccine wh ich was produced earlier was
‘C o cciv ac’. Th e principle of th is vaccine was simply th e
infection and treatment meth od. Th e vaccine consisted of 8
E im ena spp of poultry. Th e vaccine is given to th e birds at th e
a g e o f 3 d a y s a n d lo w le ve l o f m e d ica tio n is sta rte d la te r o n .
B ut th e vaccine h ave several m inus sides com p rising
occurrences of disease in th e flock and difficulty of maintenance
of moisture in th e litter during vaccination period.
 | V etem aty P aaato lo ^ at a Glarce

2. X - ray m ediated spom lated oo^ s ts w ere used as vaccine

wh ich conferred significant protection.
3. Use of p re c autions of E. tenelto as a live vaccine was
attempted. Th e organisms h ave been made non path ogenic
by continuous passage in th e birds.
4. Breeding by resistant birds could be done.
R ecent t r e n ^
1. Fractionation and isolation of th e immunodominant' protein from
th e native protein of th e parasite and use of th e target -
protein as vaccine.
3- R e c o^ & m ^ t v ^ c m e is produced by expressing th e target
- protein in th e expression vector.
4. N aked DNA v a c ^ ne - Th e animals are inoculated with naked
DNA of th e respective protein.
^ e followings are some attempts for vaccination
- Gene encoding s e c r e to^ p rote m of E. tenella h as been done
and DNA immunization' h as been evaluated.
- Effort h as been made on use of recombinant ^ c r on e m e
p rote m of sporozoite of E im m a tenella.
- Work h as been done on use of recombinant' r e ^ c ^ e b ody
^ s oc ia te d a ntige n of E im ^ a tenella.
- Work h as been done on em b ^o vaccination by recombinant
protein with cy to^foe ^ adjuvant against E. tenella and E.
acenktlina.
- Work h as been done on egg propagated ga m e to^ te vaccine
to control E. tenella.
V accm es
- is a live vaccine by precautious strain
- I ^ u n oc ox is a egg adapted vaccine
- F ^racox-5 is live attenuated vaccine
t o E irne^M
B rief p oints
1. Coccidial infection provides solid immunity.
2. ^ . e nature of immunity is species specM c.
3- ■Both h umoral and cell mediated immunity occur.
 ttap te r 5 ■ fto to zo a | MS

4, Th e second generation sch izonts are most path ogenic.

5. Th ere is relation between immunity and genetic make-up of
birds. Selective breeding can provide resistance for th e birds
against th e disease. -
-C r^tosporididae
G enus
C r^to spo ridiu m.
G EW S -C R 'W O S m W D IU M
H o sts
Domestic animals a ndm an
Site / N atio n
^ e organisms are intercellular organism. Th ese are not found
with in th e cells.
^ c l e - More or less similar to ofoer E im m a sp.
D isease - D iarrh oea is caused. In pig th e condition becomes
aggravated due to concurrent' infection of C r^to spo ridiu m and th e
rota virus.
^ a ^ os i s - Zieh l- Nielsen staining of‘th e faeces is done.
Fa^^y - Sarco^stidae
; G enus - T o xo pl^m a
- TO X O P M SM l
Species -T o xo pl^m a go ndii
B rief Intro ductio n
Th ese coccidian parasites are intracellular apicom plexan
protozoa of intestinal epith elial cells of vertebrates.. It h as zoonotic
importance and it h as been considered as. one of th e most important
parasites in h uman bemgs and in animals as well.
H isto^ 1 D ^ ov e ^
Th e organisms w ere first isolated in 1908 by Nicolle and
Manceaux from a desert rodent wh ich were ^ inta ine d in foe P ^ teur
Institute. Th e rodents are called Gondi, H ence,-th e nam e.of th e
organism is T o xo pl^m a go ndii.
^ | P w ^ to lo ^ at a G tace

P re va le n ce
."^is protozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Th e main morph ological feamre is th at th e oocysts h ave ^ o
sporocysts. Each sporocyst h as four sporozoites.
2. Th e oocysts are not oval as are found in most of th e Eimeria
species. Th e oocysts of To xo plm m a go ndii are globular or
subglobular. Th e sporocysts are ellipsoidal.
3- Oth er forms are tach yzoites. ^ e y are crescent sh aped. Th e
oth er names are pseudocysts or clones. Bradyzoites are banana­
sh aped organisms contained in th e cyst.
4. Oth er important stage is foe gametes wh ich are formed in th e
intestinal cells.

Fig. 8 0. Oo cyst o fTo xo plasmago ndii,a - Unsp'o rulated ooc^t;

b-Spo rulatedo o cyst.

^ de
D e^m tive H ost - Any type of cat is th e definitive h ost,
ta te ^ n e d ia te h o st- Th ere is wide range of intemxediate h osts.
Any animal except th e cat may act as th e intermediate h ost.
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ j M7

D e v e lo p m e n t. sta ge s
• Unsporulated oocyst
• Sporulated oocyst
• Tach yzoites
• -Bradyzoites
• A to E-types of cells
• Oocysts •
D e scription
Two cycles generally occur in th e life cycle of th is parasite.
E n te roe p i& e U ri e y r i e .'
Th is ty pe of cycle is initiated w h en ingestion of th e cysts
containing bradyzoites occurs. Different multiplicative stages (A-E)
occurs in th e intestine of th e definitive h ost. Th is is followed by th e
formation of male and female gamont. Th e union of th ese two
types of gamonts results in th e formation of zygote. Gamont and
oocyst formation, both th ese occur in th e small intestine.
^ ^ ^ f ot e s t t a r i ^ c l e
Extraintestinal cycle occure in th e intermediate h ost only. But
in th is regard th ere is also variation. Th is-cycle may oc ^ r also in'
th e definitive h ost simultaneously.
In th e extraintestinah cycle ^ o types of multiplicative stages
are formed.
T a c h ^ oite s - Th ese are th e forms wh ich multiply rapidly
. and is formed in th e acute stage of S ection. Th ese organisms are
formed in th e mesenteric lymph node and intestinal parte. Different
, ty pes of cells comprising h epatocy tes, fibroblast cells etc. are
affected by th ese tach yzoites.
B ra dyzoite s
^ e s e are formed during th e ch ronic ph ase of th e disease. Th e
specific location of th is stage is th e brain, skeletal muscle and h eart
etc. Th e cysts r e ^ - in packed up with bradyzoites. Th ese cysts are
clearly visible under th e dissecting or stereoscopic microscope.
Pa thoge ne sis
^ A o l o ^ c d fe a ^ re s / le sions
enteritis, bronch itis, trach itis, neph ritis, gliosis etc in .accordance
with different h osts affected.
M8 | V e t e r ^ ^ y P a r a s i tol o^ a t a G l ^ c e

D e scription
1. In most of th e cases th e organisms are nonpath ogenic. Th e
organisms are present in th e animals with out producing-any
significant path ogenicity.
2. ^ e rapidly multiplying forms, th e tach yzoites- occurring in
different locations cause necrosis set up with th e infiltrative
cells. Th is results in pyrexia and lymph adenopath y.
3. Th e im portant feature of th is infection is th e formation of
•bradyzoites during th e ch ronic ph ase of th e disease.
4. Th e path ogenesis and clinical signs vary in different species
of th e h ost affecting intestine, brain, h eart, respiratory tract,
kidney etc.
P a & olo^ ' in ^ffiferent a n im ^
Sheep
Th e path ological feamres wh ich occur in th e sh eep is sig^ffcant
as th is disease causes abortion in th e ewes in th e m id-term 'of
pregnancy. Sometimes stage of retained placenta occurs w h ere th e
foetus becomes mummffied' Apparently th e infected pregnant ewes
look normal and do not exibit any marked clinical sign. Repea ted
a b o^ on occurs ewes.
C a^e
Respiratory disorders
a. Haemorrh agic trach eitis
b. Pneumonia
Nervous disorders
Glial nodules are formed.
Ca t
Digestive disorder
a. Enteritis
b. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph node ■
Respiratory disorder
a. Pneumonia
Kidney involvement
' a. Neph ritis occurs.
 ^ ap tw 5 ■ fto to zo a | M9

Dog
Respiratory disorder
a. Pneumonia
b. Nodule formation in th e lung
Nervous disorder
a. Gliosis in th e brain
b. Leptomeningitis •
D i a ^ os i s .
G eneral
1. Examination of th e faecal sample for detection of th e oocysts
of To xo pkm a spp is done. Th e oocysts are vety typical h aving
two sporocysts. Each sporocyst h as four sporozoites.
2. Animal Inoculation Test ' Th e organisms are isolated from th e
infected animal. Th en th e organisms' are inoculated (I / P or
intracerebrally) in th e mice. Th e organisms are detected in th e
infected mice after a considerable period, ^ i s is th e p m cip le
of th is test.
3. Sabin Fieldman Dye Test
4. ^ e organisms (bradyzoites) are detected by emulsifying th e
muscle m ' saline.
O A er
1, Serological tests
a. Indirect h aem a^lutination te st,.
b. Compliment fixation test
c. Different type of ELISA.
to T ox op tem a
1. Infection of To xo plasma confers- immunity to th e h osts.
2. Both h um oral arid cell m ediated immunity: occur. CMI is
predom inant in To xo pfam a infection.
3 - Extracellular organisms are killedby th e antibody in conjunction
with complement.
4. Intracellular organisms are killed by th e macroph age stimulated
- by th e cytokine, IFN &- or by cytotoxic'T cells. •
5. '' However, th e b rad^oites (cyst stage) are interestin^y non—
immunogenic. Th e cysts fail to produce any imfattnologic
&0 | P w ^ ito lo ^ at a G l^ e

reaction, protein of bradyzoites and th e h osts h ave common

antigenic determinant.
6. To xo plasma organism can evade h ost-immunity by inh ibiting
lysozyme to enter toe ph agosome. In th is way th e organisms
can survive in th e p h a go^ e s .
T re a tm e nt
Pyrimeth amine, sulph adiazine and clindamycin are used in
different combination.
C lindam y cin - 25-50 m g/k g b w t in cat. 50-75 m g of
pyrimeth amine with 2-4 gm sulfadiazine daily till th e symptoms
dissappear.

G enus - Sarco cystti

P r e v ^ e nc e
. Th is protozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species
Sarco cystte crnzi - in cattle
Sarco cystis bo vifelis - in cattle
S. tenella - in sh eep
S. o vicante - in sh eep
S. po rciho m inis - in man
S. ho m inis - in man
S. nm im na - in equines
S c le n t m o r p h o lo ^
1. ^ e ooty sts are globular or subglobular.
2. Sporulation oc ^ r s in th e h ost. Th e sporulated oocysts contain
two sporocysts. Each sporocyst contains four sporozoites.
3. Th e organisms are variable in size and sh ape. % e y may be
globular, filam entous etc.Th e sareocy sts are found in a
parasitoph orus vacuole,. % e orga nis e found in th e cyste are
catted zoites.
4. Globular organisms are found in.th e immature sarcocyst. Th ey
are railed as m e ^ ^ s . Some metrocytes furth er reproduce
banana sh aped, organisms called bradyzoites.
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 351

Apart from th e oocyst stages, oth er stages occur in th e life

cy cle of Sarco cystis, spp. Th ese are sch izonts and brady zoites
formation. Th e sch izonts are formed in th e cells of th e .endoth elium
and th e brain. Th ese are found in th e acute stage of th e disease. In
th e ch ronic ph ase of th e disease, bradyzoites are formed. Th e
bradyzoites are so large as to be detected, by th e naked eye- or by
th e.dissecting microscope. It is to-be, remembered th at th e final
h ost gets th e infection by ingestion of th e muscle cyst containing
th e bradyzoites.
^ c le
D e v e l op m e nt s ^ ge
• Unsporulated oocyst
• Sporulated oocyst
• Sch izonts and bradyzoites,
• Oocysts '
. D e sc rip tion
1. Th e sporulated oocysts or sporocysts come out of th e h osts.
2. ^ 'Th e intermediate h ost ingests th e sporocysts.
3. In th e intestine, th e sporozoites get released from th e soprocysts
' and th ese sporozoites enter th e intersinal wall and furth er
enter into th e mesenteric lymph node and are distributed in
different organs. ' ''
4. Th e sporozoites initiates sch izogony and sch izonts are formed
in th e brain, kidney and oth er organs.
5. Final h os t' (definitive h ost) gets th e infection by ingestion of
th e muscles containing' th e cysts (bradyzoites).
6. Th e bradyzoites get released after digestion of th e muscles.
Th ey are fairly motile and enter th e intestinal wall. Th ey th en
p e rfom gametogony andform macrogamont and microgamont.
Union of macro (female) and micro (female) gamonts results
into formation of zygote.
P a & oge n e sis a n d c fo ic a l s i ^
P a toolo^ c ^ fe a ture s / lesions
Enteritis, myositis, nervous, disorders.
 352 | V ete^ ^ ^ ^ -M ito lo ^ at a G l^ ee

D e s c rip tio n
1. . Th e species responsible for causing cHmcal form of disease is
S aro cystis c u rzi. Calves are affected h igh ly . High rise of
temperature and anorexia are th e common clinical signs. Oth er
clinical signs are salivation, nervous disorders, prostration,
m uscle tw itch ing etc. Th e animals may die even. I f th e
p re g n a n t c o w g et ir fe c tio n , it^ ^ y ab ort. Th e affected
animals may die or enter into a ch ronic stage of th e disease
wh ich exh ibit clinical signs of h air loss, weigh t-loss, salivation
etc. In Canada foe disease is called d a to e n y & sease. Muscle
twitch ing and muscle weakness are oth er associated clinical
signs.
. 3- Sarco cystte tenella is a path ogenic species of sh eep wh ich
causes fever, anoreaia, anaemia abortion. Nervous disorders
are also found.
4. S arco cystic m iescheriana cause path ogenesis in pig. Th ey
■exh ibit th e clinical signs of muscle tremors, respiratory disorders
, abortion etc.
5. S arco cystis nenro na causes m y loenceph alitis w h ich is a
progressive debilitating disease affecting th e CNS o f eq ^foes.
Th e h orse exh ibits clinical signs associated w ith aty pical
lameness, abnormal respiratory function and oth er neurological
signs.

G e n e r^

Examination of foe faecal sample can be done for detection of

th e oocysts. M sporulation occure in th e h ost, sporocysts are found
in th e faeca^. Culture of th e oocysts is not needed.
: ^ ^ n^ o& a gnos i s
1. Indirect Flurescent. Antibody Test
2. . Indirect Haemagglutination Test
‘3- Inununoblot is done to detect th e S . neu ro na- specfoc antibody
in serum and CSF.
S u b o rd e r - H aem o spo nna
Fa^^y - Plasmodiidae
G enus - Plasmo dium,
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 353

GENUS ^ M S M O D IU M

B rie f In tro d u ctio n

Th ese are h aemoprotozoans since'th e- developmental stages
are found in th e RBC. However, oth er cells like endoth elial cells
are affected by th e parasites. Th e gamonts and th e zygotes are
fomied in th e gut of th e mosquitoes by wh ich th e parasites are
transmitted. To tell about th e importance of th e parasite will simply
be wasting words since th e parasites are so important th at no word
is required to mention. Wh o does not know th e name of malaria?
Th e is a global problem. Till today, being seated on th e platform of
molecular biology th e problem is considered th e same as was earlier.
H is to ry /D iscovery

Black pigment granule of Malaria organisms were first detected

in th e blood by Muckel in th e y ear 1847 and Virch ow in th e year
1849. P lw m o diu m m alanae of h uman being was first discovered
by C. L. A. Laveran in th e year 1880. Ronald Ross (1897), a renowned
and Nobel Laurate, •first discovered stages of malaria parasites in
th e gastric wall of mosquito.
P re va le n ce

Th is h aemoprotozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution.

S p ecies
P. gallinacm im
P cathem enu m
P. fall ^
P, bexam eriu m
P lo phurae
P. v i v ^
P. fateiparnm
S^ient m o^hology
1. In th e R. B. C. and endoth elial cell th e sch izogony stages
occur/ Th ese are marginal ring form, signet ring form etc.
2. G am onts occur in th e invertebrates. M icrogam onts are
exflagellated and macrogamonts are large and round.
^ c le
D e ve lo p m e n ta l stag es
• Sporozoites
• Cryptozoites
354 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a G l^ e

• Metacryptozoites and merozoites

• Eryth rocytic sch izonts and, exoe^th rocy tic sch izonts
• Gamonts
• Zygotes.
B rie f d e s c r ip tio n '
Th e following stages are formed during th e life cycle of th e
parasite
1. Form ation of pre ery th rocy tic sch izonts ( c ^ p t o z o i t e s )
following inoculation of th e organisms by th e mosquitoes.
2. Cryptozoites forth er lead, to form anoth er stage, th at is called
m e ta c ^ p to z o ite s .
3. Release of merozoites from th e nretacryptozoites.
4. Th e merozoites are released from th e m e ta cr^ tozoites. and
enter th e eryth rocyte arid in th e endoth elial cells wh ich ' result
in th e form a tion of e f y t h r o c ^ i c s c h i z o n t s and
e x oe ^ r th r oc ^ ic s c ^ on t e .
5. Merozoites from eryth rocytic sch izont may lead to initiate forth er
e x oe ry th roc y tic sc h iz onts and' th e sam e from th e
exoeryth rocytic sch izont may cause fom a tion of ery th ro^tic
sch izonts. Meroziotes from eryth rocytic sch izont may initiate
furth er eryth rocytic sch izogony.- Gamont fornation is initiated
after several generation of sch izogony.
6. Ingestion of th e infected RBC by th e mosquitoes.
7. Maturation of gamonts and zygote formation in- th e gut-of
mosquito occur.
8. Penetration of ookinete (zygote) in gut mucosa occurs and
th ey reach to outer wall of stomach .
9. Formation of early oocyst on outer wall of stomach is initiated.
10. Formation of sporozoite after sporogony of oocyst is initiated
th en.
11. Migration of sporozoites occur in th e salivary gland.
P a th o g e m c ity
1. . As far as th e veterinary fie ld is c o n c e r n e d a v ia n m a la ria is
important. In th e birds, anaemia, pyrexia, paralysis are common
clinical signs. Th e birds may even die due to th is disease. In
h um an beings h igh rise of tem perature w ith sh ivering is
ch aracteristic clinical feature of malaria. Sh ivering may not be
found in some patients. If th e infection load is less or th e
individual is potent th en spontarieous recovery occurs.
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 355

D i ^ ^ os f c
G e n e ra l

Examination of th e blood smear for detection' of th e eryth rocytic

stages of th is protozoa.
^ ^ m u no^ c a l
1. Counter Immunoelectroph oresis (CIEP)
2. Indirect Flurescent Antibody Test (IFAT)
3. Indirect Haemagglutination Test (IHAD
4. Latex Agglutination Test (LAD
5. Radio Inrniune Assay (RIA)
6. Enzyme Linked Inm unosorbant Assay (ELISA)
T r e a to e n t
1. Pyrimeth amine - 0.3 mg/kg for treatment of avian malaria.
2. D iff e re nt q uinine de riva tive s (C h loroq uine 5 m g/k g,
Diodoquine) are administered for treatment of avain -malaria.
R e ce n t tre n d
A n tise n se th e ra p y

Ribozyme tech nology h as been developed to inh ibit th e gene

e xp re s s io n in a s e q u e n c e sp e cific m a n n e r w h ic h s h o w s th e p o te n tia l
of th is tech nology in th e development of new antimalariaf drug.
■Antisense oligodeoxy nucleotides or ribozymes are used toinh ibit
th e gene expression of P. falcipam m .
^ 6 | V e te ^ ^ ^ PM aato lo ^ at a Glro ce

GENUS-^ W M O P R O m U S
P re v ^ e ^ ce
Th is protozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution.
S p e cie s - Haemo pro teus co lum bae
H o st - Many domestic and wild birds including th e wild pigeons.
S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo ^
Th e gamont stage occure in th e eryth rocytes. Th e sh ape of th e
gamonts is largely variable. TOe c re s c e n t sh a p e is th e common
feamre of gamonts wh ich is found in th e eryth rocytes partially
encirclingth e nucleus forminga sh ape of h alter. Twoty pe of gamonts
of th ese organism s are found w h ich are m acrogam onts and
microgamonts. Sch izogony stages occur in th e endoth elial cells.
T r ^ s r n s s i on - Transmission is occurred by th e H ippoboscid
(Pseitdo fynchia canariensis ) fly
^ e ^ de
D e v e lo p m e n t, sta g e s
• Sporozoites
• Sch izonts
• Gametogonus stages
• Zygotes
D e s c rip tio n
1. ^ e sporozoites enter th e h ost by th e fly during blood meal.
2. Sporozoites enter into endoth elial cells and develop formation
of e ^ *ly s c ln z o n t (minute cytoplasmic b odies.with a single
nucleus).
3. Early sch izont develops to c ^ o m e r e (Unpigmented masses
each with a single nucleus). Cytomes continue to grow large
number of multinucleated bodies.
4. Merozoites come out from.cytomere.
5 . . M e ro zo ite s e n t e r in to R .B .C .
6. Gametogonus stages are found in R. B. C. as Plasm o diu m sp.
7. Th e insect gets th e\infection at th e time of blood meal.
8. In th e insect vector, union of two gametes occur and zygotes
are forned. Later on sporozoites are forned after sporogony.
 ^ ap t o 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 357

Pa thoge ne sis
Th e path ogenesis caused by H aem o pro teu s. co lu m bae is
insignificant. But in th e acute stage of th e disaease th e birds ^ y
even die.
D ia gnosis
Examination of th e blood smedr reveals th e presence of th e
gamont stages of th is parasite. Th e cresent-sh aped cells are clearly
visible.
Treatment - Quinacrine is effective.
G E ^U S -L E U C O ^ W Z O O N
Genus
Leu co cyto zo o n
Sp e cie s
L. sim o ndi
L.sm ithi
L. bo nasae
L. cau l^tyi
Sa lie nt m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Th e organisms occur in th e circulating blood. As th e size of
th e protozoa is large, m arkeddistortion occurs and th e affected
cell becomes ch aracteristically spin& e -sha pe d.
2. - Sch izonts are form ed in th e h epatic cells of th e liver and
endoth elial cells of different organs.
T ra n s m s s io n - Transmission is occurred by th e S im u liu m fly.
^ de
D e ve lopm e nt^ sta ge s
• Sporozoites
• Hepatic and th e megalosch izonts
• Merozoites
• Gamonts
• Zygote
D e scrip tion
1. Sporozoites are inoculated by S im u liu m to th e- h ost.
358 | Veterinary Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

2. In th e definitive h ost he pa tic and th e m e g^ oscU zon te are

formed. Hepatic sch izonts are formed in Kupffer cells of liver
and megalosch izonts are formed in macroph ages or lymph oid
cells.
3. Th e sch izonts later on rupture.
4. Th e merozoites coming out from th e sch izonts start formation
of gamonts in th e periph eral blood.
5. Th e vector gets th e infection during blood meal.
6. In th e vector, union of macrogamet and microgamet occurs
wh ich result in formation of zygote.
7. Sporozoites are formed from zygote after sporogony.
Pa thoge ne sis / signs
Th e ducks are h eavily affected wh ich may even be died.
S u b c ta s s - Piroplasmia
O rde r - Piroplasmida
F a ^ tf y - Babesiidae
Genus - Babesia

B rie f m trodu ction

Th ese are tick-transmitted h aemoprotozoan parasites occurring
particularly in th e RBC. A major part of th e animal population- are at
th e risk of th e disease, Babesiosis(redwater fever). Once th e disease
was dreadfol to th e animals. At present, th e efficacious dmgs are
available in th e market. Still th e problem is persisting in th e form of
subclinical status resulting in an incessant but. unnoticed loss to th e
animal industry.
H isto ^ / D is c o v e r
Th e\e.cto r(Bo o pbilus annu latu s) of Babesia bigem ina was first
discovered by Smith and Kilboume in th e year 1893-
P re va le n ce
This p ro to z o a is co sm o p o lita n in d istribution.
H oste - Cattle, sh eep and goat are affected by th is protozoa.
S ite /lrca tion - Th e organisms are found- in R. B. C.
Disea se ca w e d :Red water fever, Texas fever, Malignant jaundice,
Tristeza.
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 359

Im po^O Tt Species
Ca ttie
Babw ia bigem ina (Large form)
B. bo vte (Small form)
B. di^ ^ e n s (Divergent form oforganisms occur in th e R,- B. C.)
B .a^ e n tin a
Sheep a n d g oa t
B. m o tasi
B. o vte
B. taylo ri
B .fo liata
Rg
B. pe m nc ito i
B. trau tm anni
D og
B a^ i a vo geli
Babesiacante
B. gibso ni
Cat
B.felte
H o rse
B. equ i
B. caballi
S a h e n t m o ^ h o lo g y
O ^ ^ m s In b lo o d o f th e v e ^ b r a t e h o st
1. Pear- sh aped appearance is ideal morph ological feature of th e-'
organisms, ^ e th inner side of th e organisms forn an acute,
angle. However, in many cases th e pear- sh aped organisms
are not found. Different non-specffic sh apes are found wh ich
are due to different stages of multiplication.
2. Th e organisms are clearly visible by R om anow s^ staining.
Th e cytoplasm takes blue colour and th e nucleus takes red
Colour.
3. Oth er forms of organisms are found. Non-specific round, oval
am oeboid form of th e organisms are ds o found wh ich occurs
singly.
360- | Parasito lo ^r at a Glance

D M ^ e n t fo ^ n s ^ a s fo U o w k g ;
- Rounded troph ozoite form
- Troph oblast (rough tly round)-with two nuclei
- Early sch izont with a pair of uninucleated merozoites
- Mature sch izont with a pair of binucleated merozoites
- Quadrinucleated troph oblast (Four nuclei present in th e
organism)
- Mamre sch izont with four/th ree uninucleated merozoites
O ^ ^ m s in v e c to r
R ound sh ap e , ring-like, sp indle -sh a p e or cigar-sh ap ed
organisms are found in th e vector.

Fig. 82. Pear-shaped and ringformed Bab esiab igemina •

^ c le
D e ve lopm e nta l ste ge s
• ’Sporozoites
• Sch izont
• Round and elongated fom
• C iga r- s h a p e d o rg a n ism s ca lle d v e rm icu le s

In & e R.B.C.
In th e R.B.C., th e organism s m ultip ly by sch izogony ,
endody ogeny and endopolygeny etc. ^ e buds are formed from
single or^nism . Th e organism leaves th e R. B. C. and enter ofoer
fresh cells. In th is way a large number of cells are affected.
 ttap te r 5 ■ fro to zo a | 361

to to e v e cto r
1. After th e blood meal th e organisms develop iri R. B. C.
2. At first, round an elongated form of organisms are produced,
^ e s e are considered as macro and micro gamont. Th en th e
gamonts become free from R.B.C. Union of th ese two forms
results in formation of ciga r- sha pe d organisms wh ich are
called vermicules.
3- Th e cigar-sh aped forms enter th e malpigian tubules of th e
tick. In different sch edule th e organisms are found in different
areas like ta e m ol^ m p h , ^ ^ .p igia n t u b ^ e and ov ^ y .
4. As th e organisms transmit th rough th e ova, transmission is
called as t r ^ o v a ^ ^ tra n s^ ssio n .
5. ^ e r h atch ing th e larva of vector comes out from th e egg.
And now th e vemiicules enter into th e larval gut and multiply.
6. Th e organisms reach to th e salivary glands of larva w h ere
th ey multiply in acinar cells of salivary gland. Th e h ost gets
th e infection w h en th e larva suck blood. After one moulting
th e larva transforms into ny m ph wh ich also infect as larva.
Nymph transform into adult after moulting and th ey transmit
mfection in a similar way. In sta ge to sta ge transmission th e
larvae moult to become ny mph and again to adult and th e
vermicules are found in th e salivary gland and develop to
infective stage in every developmental stage.
Pa toogetocity
P a to o lo ^ ca l fe a tore s / le sions
Anaemia, spleenomegaly, h epatomegaly and neuropath ology
D e scription
1. to v e rse a ge re sista n ce is found in babesiosis. It m eam th at
- th e older animals are rnore susceptible in comparison to young
animals. Th e possible reason is passive transfer of matermal
antibody via colostrum.
2. Path ogenicity is caused in different ways. Main path ogenicity
is th e anaemia wh ich is caused by different ways..
a. T h e o rg a n ism s c a n m e ch a n ica lly d e s tro y f o e R-. B . C.
b. Th ere occurs opsonisa tion of th e' R. B. C. Th e circulating
antigen-antibody complex get adh ered to th e R. B. C.' Th e
R. B. C. are engulfed by th e ph agocytes. Th us, th e number
of th e R. B. C. are reduced.
362 | Parasito lo gy at a

c. Spontaneous lysis of R.B.C occurs because of increased

osm otic ^ ^ ^ t i t y of R.B.C due to membrane ch anges.
d. Lysis of R.B.C. occurs due to accelarated aging of affected
R.B.C. as a re sult of p a ra site and a lte re d plasm a
composition.
e. Haemolysis
f. Inh ibition of h aemopoitic system.

Fig. 8 3. Life cycle of Bab esiaspp.

3. Alternation of kinin-kininogen path way occurs.
4. Spleenomegaly, h epatomegaly occurs.
5- Haematological ch anges include reduction of h aemoglobin and
eryth rocyte.
6. It h as been found &at some Babesia organisms QB. bo ms) release
p r ot e ol y t i c e nz y m e s w h ic h m a rk e dly a ffe ct - th e
microcirculation directly or indirectly. Vascular pemieability is
■increased wh ich resulte in e^ravassasion of fluid from vascular
. system causing h y potension and oedem a. Th e proteoly tic
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ fto to zo a j 363

enzymes also affect viscosity. High er viscosity and coagulability

increase th e stickyness of blood cells. Blood cells a ^ re ga te
in th e vascular system and blood flow is obstructed resulting
in con ge stive - de ge ne ra tive ch anges in spleen, kidney ,
lymph nodes and brain etc. Abundant release of h aemoblobin'
and products of po^h y rins cause fonctional disorde r resulting
in lesions in different organs.
7. Bioch emical profile indicates alternation of some constiwents.
a. Increase of bilirnbin, blood glucose and SGOT.
b. Decrease of ph osph orus and calcium level. i
8. N e w olo^ c ^ . s i ^ s are exh ibited due to B. canis and B..bo vis
infection. In th ese infections etyth rocytds get adh ered to th e
capillaries of brain.. Cerebral grey matter become congested
resulting red discolouration. A variable clinical signs are
exh ibited comprising nystagmus, circling m ovement, h ead
• pressing, h yperaesth esia, convulsion, ataxia, teeth grinding,
muscle tremor.
Pa tholo^ca l fea tures m dffierent a ^rna ls
Ca ttle
B. bigem ina and B. bo vte are th e main causative agents of th e
disease in cattle. Fever, anaem ia, h a e m o g lo b ta ^ ^ (co ffe e
c oloure d are th e common clinicopafoological feafores of
foe disease.
Sheep a n d goa t
B. m o t^ i and B. oyfe are common organisms. fo th ese animals
mild form of th e disease occur.
Pigs
B. perivncito i and B trau tfo anni are th e causative agents of
babesiosis in pigs; In foese animals eith er subclinical or clinical
form of th e disease occur.
H orse
B. caballi is th e m ain causative a gent of th is disease.
Path ogenicity of different magnimde occurs m th ese animals.
D ^s
B. rnnis
3Mt | Parasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

Fever, a nae m ia and ja undic e are th e c h a ra c te ristic

clinicopath ological features found in th e animals.
C ^ rfc a l signs
1. Main clinical signs of th is disease are h igh rise of temperature
(4l-42°C) h aemoglobinuria and jaundice.
2. ^ e animals look dull and depressed. Feed intake and water
intake is reduced.
3. Coffee c olow e d is th e ch aracteristic clinical feature of
babesiosis.
4. Lacrymation
5. Reduction of milk yield occurs. Diarrh oea wh ich is followed
by constipation.
6. Marked anaemia
7. Initially th e re is h igh rise of te m p e rature b ut later on
■temperature subsides. Th e disease progresses to th e ch ronic
stage with th e clinical signs of emaciation, intermittent fever,
loss of h ealth status.
8. Cerebral form of B. bigem ina infection is caused due to
multiplication of th e organism in cerebral capillaries.
D ^ ^ nos f c
G e ne ra l
1. ^ e h istory of th e area is important for diagnosis of th e disease.
2. Th e clinical signs particularly coffee-coloured urine, is most
ch aracteristic clinical feature in th is disease.
3. Examination of blood smear is done. Both th ick and th in blood
smears are needed for diagnosis of fee disease.
4. Wet blood smear - A drop of fresh blood is put on a clean
glass- slide and it is mixed with a drop , of water, ^ e n th is is
covered by a cover slip and examined under microscope (oil
immersion). Th e movement of p ^ s i t e becomes visible.
C om m on ^ ^ rnunolo^ c ^ . test
1. LAT (Latex Agglutination Test)
2. IHAT (Indirect Haemagglutination Test)
3. IFAT (Indirect Flurescence Antibody Test)
4. ELISA
 5 ■ ftotoz oa | 365

5. DOT-ELISA,
6. RIA (Radio Immune Assay)
R ecent t r e n ^
1. PCR (Polymerase ch ain reaction)
2. - PCR (Random Amplified Polymorph ic DNA)
3. (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorph ism)
4. DNA probe
T re a tm e nt
Diminazene a c e tura te D ose - 2-3.5 m^kg* deep I/M in cattile
Iimdocarb - 0.5 - 1 mg/kg (s/c) in cattle
Pirevan - 2 ml (5% solution) per 100 kg bwt, S/C in cattle
Imidocarb - 1 m g/kg (S/C) in cattle
Diampron - 10 mg/kg (I/M or S/C) in cattle
Ph enamidine 12 mg/kg bw t (S/C)' in cattle
C ontrol
1. Treatment of th e affected animals.
2., Ch emoimmunization by infection and treatment meth od.
3. Vaccination;
a. . Vaccination by live organisms,
b. Vaccination by attenuated organisms
c. Vaccination by killed o^anism s
4. Control of vector by acaricides
R ecent t r e n ^
1. R ec om b m a nt va cc m e Target protein is expressed'•in th e
expression vector and th at protein is used ^ vaccine., ;
2. . N aked DNA v ^ c i ne -tGene of respective- protein is inoculated
in th e animals.
3. , M d- i ^ o^ p e va cc m e
Different workers attempted to produce antibabesial vaccine.
Th e fqllowings are some attemps
A tte n u a te d B abesia p a ra site w a s u s e d fo r v a c c in a tio n '
Work h as been done on use of recombinant sur^ rc e a ntige n
of merozoites of B-. gibso ni.
Work h as been done on use of merozoite surface antigen of B.
bo vte.
3^ | P ^ ^ t ol o^ at a

Workers attempted to use 38 ^D a p rote m of B. gibso ni as a

vaccine candidate.
Effort was m ade to develop vaccination by using,
recom binant antigen of Bo o philu s m icro plu s and B abesia
bigem ina.

-m E IL ^ M
B rie f fote oduc tion
^ e s e are tick - t^ramitted- h aemoprotozoan parasites occurring
particularly in th e RBC and lymph ocyte.^ ^ e disease caused b y th e
protozoa is bovine tropical th eileriosis, east coast fever and corridor
disease etc.
P re v a le nc e
Th is protozoa cosmopolitan in distribution.
Family Th eileriidae'
Genus - T h d^ ria
S p e c ies
T annu lata (rausative agent of bovine tropiral th eileriosis) - found
in cattle.
T. paw a Causative agent of East coast fever) - found in cattle
T. lawrenci Causative agent of corridor disease) - found in cattle
T. bird - found in sh eep and goate
T. om ’ - found in sh eep and goats
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
In^ C
^ e organisms occur in R.B.C in different forms as followings:
a. Bacilliform or comma- sh aped elongated troph ozoites w ith
round ch romatin mass.
b. Bacilliform or comma-sh aped elongated troph ozoite w ith oval
cfoo^atm mass.
c. Round "form of troph ozoites with reduced cytoplasm appearing
in tetrad or singly
d. ^Oval or perform , ttoph ozoites ■
e. A specific ty pe of trop h oz oite w ith velum (form ed by
h aemoglobin derivative)..
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ fto to zo a | 367

fo l y m p h o^ e s
Th e organisms appear in' th e lymph ocyte as sch izont form
w h ich are called Koch ’s, blue bodies. In th e cy toplasm of th e
lymph ocyte th e organisms divide. Few or more number of orga s m s
are found in it. Th is is , th e confomatory'diagnostic feature during
examination of blood smear.
Th e stages are
a. Rough tly round troph ozoite in lymph oblast
b. Troph oblast w ifo dm ding nuclei
c. . Macroscizont containing (large ch romatin granules of 0.4-pm
diameter). By Romanowsky stakins th e ch romatin granules
a p p e ^ red coloured and cytoplasm blue coloured.
d. . MacromeroZoite (2-2.5 pm diameter)
e. ' Microsch izont containing smaller ch romatin granules of 0.3­
0.8 pm diameter
f. Micromerozoites
^ e ^ e le
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ges
• S ch izonts _in th e ly m p h oc y te (M a crosc h izonts a nd
microsch izonts)
• Merozoites
• Round and elongated bodies
• Ookinete.
• Sporoblast
• Sporozoites
368 | V e te ^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

D e s c rip tio n
1. During blood meal, th e sporozoites enter th e h ost and reach
th e lymph node.
2. In th e .ly m p h oc y te s th e
Schem atic life cycle o f
organisms multiply andform th e
sc h iz onts . Infact th e Infection of sporozoites by tick In h osts, |
JL
lymph ocytes get stimulatedafter Entrance of sporozoites In th e
entrance of th e sporozoites and lymph ocytes

start lymph oproliferation. Th ere | Formation of seh lzonte In lymph ocytes

occurs synch ronous division of Jl
p a ra s ite s as w e ll as th e R e l ^ e of m eozoltes from sch lzont
ly m ph ocy tes. T w o ty p es of Entrance of merozoltes In th e RBC and
sch izonts develop i.e. macro multiplication by binary fission

a nd m ic rosc h iz onts. JL
Few merozoltes come out from RBC and
Macromerozoites get released affect oth er RBC

from th e m acrosch izont and ______ j j _______

some m acrom erozoites start r Formation
" ' it
of gamontu In RBC
~
formation of microsch izonts. In Entrance of Infected RBC In th e vector
during blood meal
th e lymph ocytes few or more JL
num b e r of orga nism s are gamont becom e free In gut of tick

produced. Th ese organisms are JL

Development of micro {male } andmacro
m a i^ y found in th e cytoplasmic (female)gametelagrt
sp ac e of th e ly m p h ocy tes.
Since th e microsch izonts appear Union of male andfomalogarnet
JL
simultaneously with piroplasms Formation of zygote
in R.B.C., it is considered th at Jl
Formation of motile ookinete from zy gote
th e piroplasm ic ery th rocy tic In Intestinal cell of tick
form s are de riv e d from Jl
Entrance of ookinete In salivary gland
m i c r os c h i z on t s . after moulting of tick
Micromerozoites come out from JL
m icrosch izont and infect th e Sporogony s te rts

R.B.C. JL
3. Th e organisms are transmitted Formation of sporonts a fte r repeated
nuclear division
to th e vector larvae or n^ ip h
of 3 h os t ve c tor w h e n th e Formation of sporozoites from th e
sporonte
vectors take blood meal. It is to
b e k e p t in m ind th a t th e Injection of sporozoles In h ost during
next blood meal
organisms are transmitted to th e
vector th rough R. B. C. and not
by th e lymph ocytes. It means th at th e organisms found in th e
R. B. C. develop to th e infective stages in th e vector.
 ■ ^ ap te r 5 ■ fto to zo a | 369

4. In th e tick, th e organisms differentiate into ^ o ' forms; round

a nd'e longa te d representing m a c r o a n d ^ d c r o g a m o n ts
respectively . .
5. Due to union of th e s e -^ o forms, zygote is formed wh ich are
called as th e roj^taete. ^ e ookinete reach th e salivary gland
and develop to become sporoblast and infective sporozoites
are formed w h en next stage of tick starts feeding.
6. W h en th e tick takes th e blood meal, th e organism s are
transmitted to th e h osts.
N o te : T ra n sm issio n is tra n sta d ia l, n o t tra n so v a ria n . '

^ t ooge n e i t y
P a f o o l o g i^ fe a ^ ffe s / le sio n s
A n a e m ia , S p le e n o m e g a ly , h e p a to m e g a ly , n e u ro p a th o lo g y

D e ^ r ip tlo n
Th e organisms cause marked path ogemcity w h ich may even
lead to mortality. Acute status of th e disease is commonly occumed.
Th e ph ase of th e disease may be as prolonged as up to 4 weeks or
more. Duringth is period several ch aracteristic clinical feafores occur.
Of Th ese , clinical’’feamres th e most important clinical s i ^ h aving
signfocant diagnostic importance is enlargem ent of prescapular
ly m ph node. Th e sporozoites enter, th e. ly m ph onode. In th e
ly m ph ocy tes th e organism s multiply and result in - ly m p h oid
h ^ ^ ^ p ^ l a * Th at, is wh y th e lymph nodes increase in size. Th e
major rause of tissue’damage is incre^e of proi^lam matory cytokine
level, fflm leria - induced T-cell transformation -is very im p o^ nt for
causing m arked path ogenesis, ^ e s e transformed T-Cells play th e
role as foe tumor cells do. Th e exact mech anism is not known. It
h as been found th at parasite (transcription factor) protect T
cells by inh ibiting apoptotic signal. Th us p ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ n e d c e ll deato.
(apoptosis) of lymph ocyte is inh ibited; High rise of temperature(40-
41. 5°C) is anoth er associated sign. Necropsy findings depict
petech eal h aem onh age in th e G. I. tract wh ich comprtees ulseration
in th e abomasal wall , and intestinal -wall. Th is ulcer is called as
p ^ c h e d- ou t ulcer. Haemorrh ages are also found m oth er organs
like kidney, ^ e oth er path ological features iinclude h epatomegaly,
spleenomegaly. Lungs aie oedematous. Haematopafoology comprises
low h aemoglobin %, PCT and count.
370 j Veterinaty Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

C U m cd signs
1. High rise of temperature and enlargement of prescapular lymph
node.
2. Unwillingness to feed and drink water.
3. -Dullness and depression
4. Increased h eart rate and respiratory rate.
5. Cough ing and nasal disch arge
6. ' Rough skin coat
7. Anaemic looking
8. Lacrimation from th e eyes'
9. H aem o rrh age di^rchea
10. T u rn in g sick n e ss w h ic h is c h a ra c te riz e d by. circling
movements due to occurrence of necrosis of brain is. a typical
sign found.in T. ^ .w u and T. m u tans infection.
D ^^n osis
1. Examination of th in and th ick blood sm e^. -
2. Examination of w et blood smear - Described earlier in th e
Babesia infection.
3. Lymph node biopsy - Macrosch izonts can be detected in biopsy
smears of lymph nodes (particularly prescapular ly mph node).
For th is 5-10 ml of PBS (ph osph ate buffer saline) is injected in
th e ly mph node, ^ e n th e lymph node is massaged so th at th e
' injected PBS can be mixed up w ith lymph . Th en th e lymph is
taken out by syringe. Th e lymph is smeared on grease-free
slide, stained by G im sa’s stain and exam ined unde r th e.
microscope. Macrosch izonts are visible in th e cytoplasm of
lymph ocyte.
4. , Common immunologiral tests;
a. LAT(Latex. Agglutination Test)
b. FAT(Flurescent Antibody Test)
c. ELISA (En^me Linked to muno so rbent Assay)
d. DOT -ELISA
R e ce nt fre nds
Im m nnodignosis
Immunodiagnosis is done by different typps of ELISA using;
a. Native purified antigen
- b. Recombinant antigen
 Chapter 5 ■ fto to zo a | 3 ^

M o le ^ ^ r d i^ ^ o s is
Molecular dia ^ os is is done by PCR, RAPD ^^^-PC R
to tte ite r ia spp
1... Th e animals wh ich suffered from th e disease sh ow certain
level of immunity. Th is immunity does not depend upon th e
presence of th e organisms.
2. Sch izonts stages are found to be m ostly im m unogenic.
Considering th is ground sch izont culture vaccine was started.
3. Occasionally th e immunity occurring in animal does not remain
for long period wh ich wanes after several month s.
4. Cytotoxic T cells plays- a great role in immunity. Th ese cytotoxic
T cells kill th e irfected lymph oblasts.
T reatm ent
1. Ch lortetracycline and oxytracycline are effective in different
dose sch edules as per different status of disease
2. _B up a^aq uone - 2.5 mg/kg bwt I/M
-3. Halofuginone - 1-2 mg/kg bwt is effective
4. M enoctone - A single dose of 10 m ^ k g (I/V or I/M) is
effective.
P o st-m o rtem ^ d in g s
1. Emaciation
.2. Anaemic mucus membrane
3. Spleenomegaly
4. Hepatomegaly
5. D istended gail bladder
6. Haemorrh age in kidney
7. Punch ed out ulcer
C o ntro l
1. Ch emoth erapy -T h e affected animals are treated properly.
2. Th e animals sh ould not be allowed to graze on th e infected
pasture. . . , ,
3. Th e ticks can be. mech anically removed.
4. Vaccination
EarHer attem pts
a. Live vaccine —Efforts h ave been made to immune th e animals
by transfer of infected blood;
b. Attenuated vaccine - Th e most suitable vaccine used so -far
against n e ile n a spp is th e macrosch izont culture vaccine.
Sch izont infected lymph ocytes are cultured, attenuated and
3 72 | P ar^ to lo ^ at a G l ^ e

used as vaccine. R ^ ^ ^ v r c —T is th e sch izont cultare vaccine

used in India. Th e, dose is 3 ml/animal S/C.
Re ce nt teends
a. A nti- i^ o^ p e v ^ c m e (^ ti-T . se ^e nti antibody by inoculation
of murine monoclonal anti - idiotype vaccine) '
b. R ^ om b foa nt v ^ c m e - ^ e specific inununodominant protein
(Ex NS 1 —P67, 67 kDa sporozoite surface protein) is expressed
in expression vector ^ d used as vaccine.
c. A ntive ctor vrccin e - Recent trend h as b een pinpointed
towards th e production of vaccine against th e vector. Bm 86
h as been found to be a n immunodominant concealed antigen
o fB o o philu s micro pluswh ich is expressed in techerechia co li
and Pichiapasto ns and resulted TickGard and Gavac vaccine.
Oth er immunodominant antigens are Bm 91 and BMA 7.-
d. Na cked DNA va ccm e - Significant protection was ach ieved
against T. annu lataby injecting plasrnd DNA encoding allergic
forms of T. annu lata, and -2' merozoite surface
antigen and Spag-1 (Sporozoite surface ^ tige n);
- Sarcomastigoph ora
Subphylum - Mastigoph ora
Cla ss - Zoomastigoph orea
Order - Kinetoplastida.
F^^y - T r^anosom atidae
ta p o rta n t te n u s
Trypano so ma
^fe h m anta
-m m w o so M .
Brie f In^oduction
Th ese are leaf-sh aped h aemoprotozoans found in th e blood.
' ^ e seat of predilection is unlike th at of B afasia or Th& ^ria spp,
wh ich are intercellular ^ d not intraceHular. ^ e h aemoprotozoans
are global problems in h umans as well as in animals. Irn African
countries th e dreadfol sleeping sickness is caused by T. r h ^ ^ ie m e
a nd T. g am biense. In th e live stoc k indus try th e dis e a s e ,
trypanosomosis is a devastating problem and one of th e major
economic consttaints.
 ^ a p t e r '5 ■ Protozoa | 3 ^

^te tory / Discovery

Tiypanosome was first evident in th e fish wh ich was recorded
by G. G. V^entin in th e year, 1841. T. cruzi, a causative agent of
ch agas disease-was first isolated by Carlos Ch agas in th e year 1909.
Bruce in th e year 1890 first discovered T. bntcei, a causative agent
of Nagana. Forde and Dutton fast detected Trypano so magam biense
in Gambia in 1902 and Steph ens and Fanth am detected T. rho fasiense
in Rh odesia in th e y ear 1909.
P re v^ e n ce
Th is protozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol - ^ ^
1. Th e organisms are leaf-like.
2. One flagella is present wfach is attach ed to th e body by a th in
membrane called undulating membrane.
3. ■One nucleus is present.
4. Posterior to th e nucleus th ere is presence of a dot-like structure
w h ic h is called as th e b le p h arop last. P osterior to th e
bleph aroplast th ere is presence of kinetoplast. T h e flagella
originates from th e basal granule or bleph aroplast.
A ^^npse o f e le cfron m croscopic structure
1. A typical structure arises from th e bleph aroplast wh ich is called
as axoneme. It is a neuromotor apparatus consisting of few
fibrils wh ich form th e axial structure of flagella.
2. ^ e kinetoplast contains th e genetic material (DNA).

T ^ p om a stigote Epim a stigote ^ o m a stig o te A m a stigote

L Kinetoplast is 1. Kinetoplast is Kinetoplast and Kinetoplast is

present posterior present anterior ffioneme are present at righ t
to th e nucleus. to th e nucleus. present at th e ^ angles to th e
anterior tip of nucleus.
th e body.
2. Undulating 2. Undulating 2. undulating Undulating
membrane is well membrane is membrane is membrane is
developed. sh ort. absent. absent.
3. Foundin th e 3. Found in th e 3. Found in Found in th e
arth ropods and th e arth ropods and arth ropods. vertebrates and ,
vertebrates. vertebrates. arth ropods.
374 | Fw asito lo ^ at a Glance

' Fig. 85.

Trypomastigote

S e ^ o n , subgenus ^ d spe de s ete o fT ty pano so m a

S ^ i on S u^ ^ nus Species D e^^tfce V e^» rs
h osts
Anterior Duttonella Tr^anwoma Cattle, sh eep, Glossina sp
station viv^ goat, h orse,
group deer etc
T. uniforme Cattle, buffalo, Gla&ina sp
sh eep, goat etc
Pycnomonas Tsute Pig, sh eep, Glossina
goat etc b r^p alp afe
. Nanomonas T. congoleme Cattle, sh eep, Glossina sp
h orse and pig
Tsimiae Pig, cattle, Glwsina sp
h orse, camel
etc
Tdimofyb on Cattle, sh eep, Glossina sp
h orse, and pig
Trypanozoon T. b rucei Cattle, goat, Glossina sp
sh eep pig,
h orse, donkey
 ^aptCT 5 ■ f t o t o ^ 375

T. rh^esim se Human being Glo&ina sp

T.gamb iense Human being Gb ssinasp
T.wansi Horse, donkey, Tab anus,
camel, dog, Stomo^p
sheep, goat, Haematopota
cattle, buffalo
T. equiperdum Horse ■ Veneral
transmission
■Teauinum Horse Tab anus sp
Posterior Schizo^pa num T.crnzi Human beings, Bugs
Station dogs etc (Reduvidae)
^oup
T.rangeli Dog Bugs
Herpetosoma TJ ewtei tots Flea
T. nab iasi Rabbit
Megatrypanum T.melophagium Sheep Melophagm
ovinttf

^ de
D ev elo p m en t stages
• Trypomastigote
. • . - Epimastigote
• Amastigote
Descriptio n
^ T w o ty p es of de v e lop m e nt'oc c ur, in th e life cy cle of
Trtyano so m a spp.
in terio r statio n dev elo pment
At first broad organisms are formed wh ich is followed by th e >
formation of slender form of organisms wh ich are abundantly found
in th e space allied , to th e peretropic membrane at th e ,mid-gut
region. From th is space foe-organisms migrate to th e proventriculus
and th en migrate farth er to th e salivary glands via foe oesoph agus, _
ph ar^ra: and h y poph ary ra, In th is area th e epimastigote fomis of
th e organisms are formed. Th e epimastigotes again, transform to
trypomastigote ( m e ^ c t i c <
376 | Parawto lo ^ at a GIam:e

Fig. 8 9 . Ltfe cycle o fTrypano so maspp.

F o s ^ o r statio n dev elo pment
Posterior station development occurs in A e posterior part of
th e gut of th e insect.' Th e life cycle' of T t^te no so ^a c m zi is th e
b e st e xam p le of p os te rior station de velop m ent; Th e- first
developmental stages occur in th e cell of th e insect’s stomach . Th e
trypanosomes after entry starts multipHcation in th e trypomastigote
stage. From th e stomach th e organisms proceed to th e rectal region
of toe gut. During th is time of migration, th e organisms h ansform
into th e epimastigote. ^ e s e epimastigote stages furth er transform
into th e metacych c ttypanosomes.
P a to o g e n icity
Pa& o lo ^c^. fe a^ e s / lesio ns ^ e n e r ^
Lesions in toe mucocutaneous junction, anaemia, emaciation,
spleenomegaly etc.
 5 ■ ^ratozra | 3^

Descriptio n-
1. As th e organisms are blood protozoa, h aematological ch anges
occur significantly.
2. Th ere are many causes of anaemia wh ich is important clinical
features of Trypanosomosis. Th e causes of anaemia are as
following:
a. Organisms mech anically destroy R.B.C.
b. Antigen - antibody complex get adh ered to th e surface of
• R.B.C wh ich are subjected to ^ ^ ^ w op h a g^ ^ ^ ^ f c .
c. Trypanosomes produce h aemolysins due to autolysis of
th e organisms wh ich cause h aemolysis of R.B.C.
d. Anaemia also occurs due to h aemodilution as a result of
fell of inttavascular colloidal osmotic pressure.
-e. Some toxic ch emicals are released b y th e organisms wh ich
cause de p re ssion of er.y th ropoisis resulting in less
formation of R.B.C.
.f. Some non- specific factors m c r e ^ e of R.B.C.
. and th us breaks up.
3. ’ W h en th is condition progresses in a ch ronic ph ase th e anaemia
leads to emaciation. Th e animals become h igh ly em aciatedin
th e later ph ase.
4. Spleen and lymph nodes are markedly enlarged. It is due to
th e stimulation of th e immune system;
5. Urticarial plaques are formed wh ich are common ch aracteristic
c linic op a th ologic a l features found in try p a nosom osis.
Alternation of, colloidal- osmotic pressure results information
of o edema on' th e dependent part. Odema oc ^ r as follows:
^ ^ n ^ e co mplex p re^ ^ ^ ^ m -
4-
ki^fo o genase is pro duced
' 4>
^ ^ ^ o g e n ^ e act o n ^ ^ ^ e n

fc r e l e ^ e d

h m as e pem eabffify o f
-!■
flrnd co me o ut to m v ^ u fe ^ e

O e de ^ ^ is form ed
378 | V etem a^ PMasito Io ^ at a G tace

6. Frank h aemorrh ages occur at th e junction of th e mucus and

' cutaneous area.
7. Th e plaques get ruptured and later necrosed centrally.
8. Myocardial damage is caused due to different factors comprising
cellular initia tion degeneration of muscle fibres etc.
9. It h as been found th at th rombxame ^ a predominant
icosanoid increase six fold in case of T. c m z i infection in
mice. is a potent vasoconstrictor and cause path ology.
Cytokine production by monocytes is enh anced by th is TCA2
wh ich results in increased vascular permeability. It h as furth er
been observed th at tra m -sia tida se released by T. c m z i inh ibit
lymph ocyte proliferation by non apopoitic mech anism.
10. Hypoglycaemia is anoth er path ological feature wh ich was
supposed to be due to utilization of glucose by th e parasites.
But h ^>oglycaemia occurs mainly due to malfonction of th yroid,
a dre na l and p a nc re a s. G lu cose -6- p h o s p h a te
de h yd roge n ^e is inh ibited resultingdisturbance of meteboilsm
of carboh ydrate.
Note : path ological features vaty according to different species
Im porta nt ^ se a se s. ca use dh y T ty pano so m a spp

N^rne o f Na me o f Vector
T ty pano so m a sp disea se
Trypano so ma evansi Surra Tabanus, Sto mo ^rs,
Lypemsia
Trypano so ma Nagana Glo ssinasp
C o ngo lese
Trypano so ma Dourine Th e organisms are
equ iperdu m transmitted by coitus.
Trpano so m a Mai de caderus Tranmitted mech anically
. equ inu m by biting flies.
Trpano so m a Acute form of G l^sina sp
rho desiense African sleeping
sickness
Trpano so m a - Ch ronic form of' Glo ssina sp
gam biense African sleeping
' sickness
 ^apta" 5 ■ Pro to zo a |’ 379

N agana
Th is disease is caused by T, co ngo lense. disease occu'ra in
th e cattle. Nagana is a Zulu word meanmg to be ‘in low or depressed
spirit*. Massive destruction of th e RB.C and depression of th e
h aemopoitic system results in severe anaemia wh ich may cause th e
death of animals, ' ^ e disease is transmitted by different species of
Glo ssina.■
. —d e
Th is disease is caused by T. equ inu m wh ich occurs in th e
equines. Transmission is done, by ' Tabanus- sp. Th e disease, is
ch aracterized by recumbancy, ey e lesions (conjunctivitis, keratitis
etc) and pyrexia. On th e neck and th e flank' region th ere occurs
cutaneous plaques.
sleep m g .sickness
Th is disease occurs in h uman beings and are ^transmitted by
different G lo ^inaspp. Th e causative agents are T.gam biense causing
th e ch ronic form of th e disease and T. rbo desiense causing th e
acute form of th e disease. Th e organisms affect th e nervous system.
D ow h e
Th is disease is caused by 71 equdperdum occurring in th e h orse.
Th is is a venereal disease and transmitted sexually. Th e disease is
ch aracterized by oedema in vagina and■prepuce, urticarial plaques
under th e skin wh ich are circular, sh arply circumscribed. Th ese are
called as th e dollar spots. Th e meaning of dourine is ‘unclean’.
S urea
Th is disease transmitted by th e Tabanus and Sto maty>s spp
and occur in th e equine, dog, camel and cattle. Th e surra is a Hindi
word meaning ‘ro tten ’. In h orse, th e disease is ch aracterized by
fever,anaemia, emaciation, urticarial plaques' and ulserative lesions
in th e mucocutaneous junction. Surra occurs in different animals in
different forms. Th e animals become dull, depressed and refose to
take food, and water. Th ey exh ibit th e clinical signs of respiratory
troubles. Conjunctivitis, nasal disch arge,-h aemataria are oth er-clinical
signs. In camel it occurs in ch ronic form in Asia. I n' general th e
animals sh ow different ph ases of fever. Th e disease runs, for several
weeks to th ree month s (Tfoerea). Oth er clinical signs are formation
of urticarial plagues, oedema on legs,' abdomen, scrotum etc. Th e
380 | Veterinary Parasito lo gy at a Glance

animals becom e dull depressed and eventually may die due to

blockade lung because of bronch opneumonia and oedema. In Sudan
it is called as G rfar. Death occurs after few month s. In dog, serious
form of th e disease occurs wh ich results in formation of oedema in
larynx and oth er associated parts wh ich causes ch ange of voice,
^ e ch anged voice is similar to rabies, ^ e cattle act as th e reservoir
h oste of T. m ansi but occasional outbreaks occur due to introduction/
formation of new strain or post sequelae of va ccta a tion.
C h a g^
Th is disease caused by T. c m zi is ch aracterized by oedema of
face wh ich is due to blockage of lymph atics. Th ese lesions are
called as ch agoma.
D^gnosis of T ty p a^ ^ om a
^ ne ra l
1. Examination of blood smear.
2. Che rn.c^. teste
a. Stdba m dm e te st: 0.5 to 2.5 ml of 10% stilbamidine
aqueous solution is taken into a test tube. And th en 1-2
drops of suspected serum is overlayed th e solution. In
positive case coagulation occurs and its sinks and get
dissolved in th e solution with in 5-10 minutes.
b. cM oride te st: 1 ml of m e t r i c ch loride solution
(1:25000) is token into a test tube. Th en. 1-2 drops of
suspected serum is gently mixed w ith th e solution. After
15 minutes th ere occurs formation of wh ite precipitates.
c. Fo^ n olge l test: 2 drops of 40% formaldeh yde is directly
added to 1 ml of suspected serum. Th ere occurs formation
of gel after 1 h our. Wh ite opalescence forms if th e same
is kept in 4°C for 24 h ours.
d. Jon e ’s m ^ c ^ id test: 1 ml of 1.8% HNO3 (w /v) is taken
in a test tube in wh ich 1 drop of suscpected serum is
added. Turbidity appears after one h our.
Recent ^ n ds
1. PCR (Polymerase ch ain reaction)- Primers of particular parasite
is used to amplify th e gene of target parasite in th e presence
of t a q - pol^nerase enzyme.
2. Random Amplified Polymorph ic DNA (RAPD) - PCR
3- RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorph ism)
4. Xenodiagnosis is done for ch agas disease.
 • Rapto r 5 * Pro to ^a | 381

to T rypano so m a spp
1. Both cell mediated and h umoral immunity occurs.
2. Th ere is relation between th e immunity and' th e genetic make­
up. of animals.,
3. Solid' im m unity is never conferred as relap se strain of
7fypanas'omawh ich occurs due to frequent ch ange of-antigenic
- ch aracter of antig en VSG). Th e surface
antigen is ch anged due to reciprocal recom bination. of th e
genetic material. However, in T. c m zi infection, feere is good
evidence of acquired immunity.
-Trea toent
G e n e ra l
. Th e important drugs used in fee treatment of trypanosomosis
are as following:
1. ' Diminazerie aceturate (Berenil) -3-5 mg/kg (S/C or I/M)
2. Quinapyramine dimeth ylsulph ate C ^try cide meth ylsulph ate -
5 mg/kg, s/e)
3. Suramin - 4 g ^ 45 k'g’I/V-.in h orses. ' ’’ -
4. Isometamedium cM oride- 0 .5 -lm ^k g bwt deep 1/M
5. - Pyrith idiiim brom ide- 2 ml (4% solution)/kg S/C or deep l/M.
R ecent t r e n ^
A n tisen se th e ra p y
Very recently, th ere h ave been extensive studies on th e synth etic
oligonucleotides to regulate th e gene expression of some protozoan
parasite. In th is tech nology, one e n^ m e , rib o^ m e is used to cleave
any target RNA wh ich is provided endogenously by transcription
from a transient or integrated gene:
Control o fT ^ ^ a n o so ^ o sis ■
T r^ titio n a l : Th ere are some traditional control steps as
following-
1. First and foremost duty is to treat th e affected-animal;
2. History of th e place -regarding prevalence of -th is disease can
guide for taking control step:
3. Blood smears sh ould be'exam ined in certain interval and th e
positive ■cases sh ould be treated.
382 V ete^^ty P w aato lo ^ at a GlOTce

4. Blood sucking flies act as th e vectors of fois parasite. Th e

vectors sh ould be controlled by usmg insecticides.
5. Trypanotolerant animals could be used for breeding.
6. Destruction of game animals wh ich act as th e reservoirs of
trypanosomes. At th e same time th e Glo ssina flies would-be
died being deprived of blood.
7. Quarantine management sh ould be done .1'
8. Enzootic areas sh ould be detected and measures sh ould be
token accordingly.-
R e ce nt tre n d - Many works w ere earned "out resing- native
Trypanosome protein. Research w ork is in progress to develop
recombinant and naked DNA vaccme. Different works were carried
out by different scientists. Th ey ^ d e trials on using dffierent vaccine
candidates. Some of th ose ^ e as following:
Work was earned out on vaccination against T. rangeli using
- epimastigotes of different strains of th e species.
Work was earned out on vaccination against T. c m zi in murine
model using com ple m e nt re g u te to ^ p ro te to.
Cytosolic, fraction of T i^ano so tna h as been used.
Partial protection was ach ieved using ^ ^ e f o pocke t fraction.
Work h as been rarried out using^ c rotub ule associated protein
and glycosomal enzymes.
Partial protection was ach ieved in African trypanosomosis using
' irradiated trypanosomes.
^ -ote r e e of T. c m zi h as been used as vaccine candidate.
Naked DNA.vaccine ^ O ne unique enzy m e is present in
trypanosomes wh ich is trans-sialidase (TS). Antibody response in
mice was produced by injecting DNA plasmid containing a gene
encoding catalytic domain of TS.
G E ^ S -ttlS H ^ W U .
B rie f Introduction
Th ese are intracellular protozoan parasites. Th e protozoans
are of great si^ ific a nc e in th e h uman being as..well as in th e.
animals particularly th e dogs, ^ e s e are th e cause of Kala-azar, a
dreadfol disease w h ich was a nigh tmare in th e past, decades. ■
However, in th e recent days some effiracious drugs are at h ands
wh ich h as reduced foe condition to th e satisfactory level.
 ^tepter 5 ■ fto to zo a | 383

H i s t o^ / D iscoveiy
Leish mann (1903) and Donovan (1903) first isolated Leishmap ja
donovani in London and Madras respectively, teish m an ia trnp irn
was first demonstrated by Borovsky (1898) and Wrigh t (1903)-
^ r e v ^ e nc e
^ i s protozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution. Letehmania trop im
is distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa. L, donovani is mainly
distributed in foe Mediteranian region and L. b rn ziliem e in South
America.
S pecies of t op o^ n c e
L. donovani
L. b raziliensis
L. m ^ ic an a m ^ ic an a
L. Propica
L. m ajor
L. chagasi
H osts - Human beings and dogs
Site - macroph ages and endoth elial cells
I de n ^ ^ n g c h a ra c te r
1. Th e sh ape of th e organisms is variable. Eith er- it may be round
or oval.
2. O rga nism s a re c lea rly de m onstra b le only by sim p le
Romanowsky stain. Like oth er tissue protozoa and blood
protozoa th e cytoplasm looks blue and th e nucleus red.
3. Th ere is presence of a kinetoplast situated at righ t angles to
th e nucleus.
4. Two stages are found in th e biological developm ent of th e
parasites like amastigote and promastigote.
5. Instead of flagella, small fibrils are found in a ^ s tigote /
6. Distinct flagella is found in promastigote.
3M | V ete^ ^ ^ PMasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

^ c le
D e v e lo p m e n t s t^ e s
• ' Amastigote
• Promastigote •
D e scrip tion
1. Th e Phlebo to mus fly acts 3s th e vectors of th e parasite. Th e
species involved in transm ission of th e parasite are P.
argentipes, P. s&genti, P papatw i etc.
2. ^ e organisms are transported to th e fly w h en th e flies take
blood meal from th e infected h ost.
3. In th e fly th e amastigotes transform into promastigote. In th e
fly th e organisms multiply in promastigote stage.
4. ^ e n th e organisms gradually ascend to th e anterior part of*
th e gut of fly. Th en th ey lodge in th e proboscis of th e fly.
5. Fin a l h o s t g e ts th e in fe ctio n a t th e tim e o f b lo o d m e a l b y th e
vector. A natural ph enomena is involved in transmission of
organisms in th e h ost. Infact th e organisms block in probe .
and w h en th e flies ^ to suck blood th e organisms instanuy
get dislodged.
 ttap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 385

Fig. 91. Life cycle of Leishmania spp.

Pa thogenesis
P a & o lo ^ ca i fe a fore s / le sions
Emaciation, spleenomegaly, h epatomegaly etc.
D e s c r ip tion
Mainly two types of leish maniosis occur i. e. visceral and
cutaneous leish maniosis.
1 .' ' V isce ^d le is^m a m osis
It is called as k ^ - found mainly in man caused by L.
do no vani and L. infantu m . Once th e disease was predo^m antly
available in th e Indian subcontinent and considered to be one of
foe dangerous -diseases, as th e disease most often resulted'in fetal
sequlae. In th is type of path ogenicity, spleenomegaly, h epatomegaly
and emaciation are th e common feamres. ^ e s e path ological features
are due to immunological reactions. Ch ftdren and young adults suffer
mostly. Th e infected individual exibit th e clinical signs of fever,
h eadach e, diarrh oea. Th e becomes' dark. Diarrh oed occurs due to
ulseration of th e digestive tract. Nodules enrich ed with h uge numer
of organisms are found on th e skin of th e persons w h o recovered
from th e dis us e . Th ese nodules are called as_. p o st
le ishm a noid (PKDL).
386 | V eteraa^ P M ^ito lo ^ at a G l^ce

2. Cuta ne ous le ishm a m osis

Cutaneous leish maniosis mainly caused by L. m ajo r and L.
tro pica is called so because th e lesions occur on th e skin particularly
at th e area of eye. ^ e h osts are man and dog. Mainly ulcer occurs
in th is type of leish maniosis. ^ e ulcers are of two types, moist and
dry. Before occurrence of complete ph ase of lesions, small papules
develop at first, ^ e papules get ruptured and coalesce to form
lesion of large area.

• In ,dog, v isce ra l le ish m a m o sis o ccu rs. The e xh ib ite d

c M c a l signs a re p y re xia , a n e ^ a , lym p ha de nopa thy.
T h e a n im a l b e co m e c a c h e xic a n d p ro g re s s iv e ly
de bilita te d.

^ ne ra !
1. Smear can be prepared from th e ulcer or lymph node and th e
organisms can be detected after staining.
2. Biopsy material may be token and cultivated in th e medium.
Th e organisms are identified from th e culture media.
3. Immunological tests comprising Indirect Haemagglutmation
Test, Complement Ftoation Test and different types of ELISA
can be done.
R e ce nt tre nds
1. PCR (Polymerase ch ain reaction)- Primers of particular parasite
is used to amplify th e gene of target parasite m th e presence
of taq - p ol^ e r a s e enzyme.
2. (Restriction F r a ^ e nt Length Polymorph ism)
3- Random Amplified Poly m o^h ic DNA (R ^ D ) —PCR
T r e ^ m e nt
G e n e rd
Trivalent sodium antimonyl gluconate
Pentavalent sodium stilbogluconate
R e ce nt co n ce p t
Th ere h ave-been development of antisense th erapy comprising
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 387

inh ibition of th e gene expression in a sequence specific manner

wh ich signaled th e potential of th is m odern tech nology in th fe
development of new anti - Leish manial drug.
T e r ^ n ol o^
Cuta ne m le is l^ a m os is - Oriental sore
Aleppo button
Delh i boil
Jerich o boil
M ucocuta ne us le ishm a m osis
Uta
Pion bois in Venezuela
Ch iclero ulcer in Ch iclero
Bay sore in Belize
V isce r^ leishm a m osis
Indian Kala -azar
Ch inese Kala-azar
Mediterrannian Kala-azar
Infantile Kala-azar
T re a to e n t
Th e drugs wh ich are used both for visceral and cutaneous
leish m aniosis are pentam idine iseth ionate, trivalent sodium ,
antimonyl gluconate and pentavalent sodium stilbogluconate.
C on tro l
T r ^ i t i on a l :
1. Treatment of th e affected individual.
2. Survey of leish maniosis and steps sh ould be taken accordingly.
3. Control of th e vectors can be done by
a. Use of insecticide
b. Destruction of breeding places
c. Person^ protection by using mosquito nets etc.
388 | Veterinaty P a^ ito lo ^ at a Glance

R ecent tre nd: Efforts are being made- to develop vaccine.

- Trich omonadida
E ^ ^ H Y - Trich omonadidae
G e nra -Tritricho mo n&s
-m m C H O M O N A S
B rie f Introduction
Th ese are flagellate protozoans occurring-in th e genital tract of
cattle. Th e parasites are sexually transmitted, th us creating a great
problem to th e breeding programmes. However, th e incidence and
occurrence of th is disease h ave been limited because of th e use of
th e artificial insemination and oth er precautionary measures taken
routinely during th e time of breeding and oth er gynaecological
examinations.
f f i s t o^ / D is c ov e r
O. F. Muller (1773) first detected Tricho m o na tentix.
P re va le n ce
Tfas protozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution.
S p e c ie
T .f oe tu s
Site /loca tion - Genital organs.
H ost -Cattle
S ^ e n t m orp h olo^
1. Th e organisms are pe a r-sha pe d. ,
2. Four flagellae are present of wh ich one flagella trails posteriorly.
Th ree flagellae project anteriorly.
3. In th is organism one costa is present. Th e costa is th e base of
th e undulating membrane.
4. One rod like ^ os t y l e is present wh ich projecte beh ind th e
organisms.
5. One prominent nucleus is present.
6. A sausage-sh aped p a ra b a s^ body is present.
 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 389

Fig. 9 2. Tritrichomonas foetus

T r a ns f u s i on - Transmission is occurred by coitus. After gaining
entty th e organisms multiply by longitudinal binary fission.
P a thoge ne sis
P a th o lo ^ ca l fe a to 'e s / le sions .
Vaginitis, Cervicitis, Placentitis, Endometritis, Pyometra. .
D e scrip tion
1'. During coitus th e organism gets entrance into th e vagina. Here
th e organisms cause certain amount .of path ogenicity resulting
in vaginitis.
2. Th e organisms farth er proceed to th e cervk causing c e ^ c i t i s .
3. - Th en th e organisms enter in th e uterus. If th e animal is pregnant
th en’ th e organisms enter th e placenta causing p ^ e nt i t i t e .
4. ' Abortion is a common sequilae (early abortion after 8-16 wks
of infected service). If large number of organisms affect th e
-foetus, th e foetus gets detach ed from th e.placenta leading to
abortion.
5. Th e organisms cause e ndom e tritis.
6. Sometimes th e organisms cause closed p y om e ^ n.
 3^ | V e te ^ a^ P » asito lo ^ at a G l^ce

C ^ c d signs
1. In th e bull, initially th ere may be inflammation of th e preputial
cavity wh ich later on, turns into ch ronic ph ase. In th is ch ronic
ph ase th e organisms do not produce any significant path ology
and th e animals look apparently h ealth y. But th ese animals act
as th e carrier of th e organisms. Th is' situation is very much
dangerous because th e animals look quite h ealth y from outside
but t r a ns i t th e organisms after sendee.
2. In th e cow severe path ogenicity is observed. E ^ ly a bortion
is a common feature in th is parasitic infection. Initially mucous
disch arge is found w h ich is follow ed by m ucop urulent
disch arge.
Dia gnosis
1. Th ough th e detection of th e organism is foe main tool of
confirmatory diagnostic approach but h istory of th e h erd is
still important guide for diagnosis. Constant py ometra after
abortion is classical h istoty-based diagnosis of T ritrico m o n^
infection. T h e m ain diagnostic ap p roach sh ould be th e
examination of th e vaginal or uterine disch arge for th e detection
of th e organisms. Care sh ould be taken th at th e material h as
not come in contact with th e urme or faeces. Because th e free
living protozoa cause great confusion.
.2 . If abortion occurs, th e amniotic or allantoic fluid of th e foetus
sh ould be examined for th e presence of th e organisms.
3. In constant pyometra case, th e pus sh ouldbe examined critically
for th e presence of any organism.
4. Cervical mucus agglutination test ran be done.
^ ^ m u m ty to Trttricom onas
1. Humoral immunity is evident.
2. Local mucosal immunity occurs wh ich produces uterine and
vaginal antibody, ^ e s e antibodies are Ig E type.
3- Circulating antibodies comes from th e uterus.
4. ■A type — 1 h ypersensitivity reaction occura w h ich enables
entrance of IgG antibody at th e side of infection.
Tre a tm e nt
1. Injection of acryflavine solution into th e ureth ra.
2. Berenil - Injection of 100 - 150 ml of 1% solution in th e
prepuce. After injection th e prepuce sh ould be massaged for
few minutes.
 & apter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 391

F a ^ tf y Monocercomonadidae '
GE^US -H IS T O M O N A S
B rie f in tro d u c tio n
Th ese are th e important protozoan parasites of th e turkey.
Organisms occurring in th e intestine and th e liver cause th e disease,
enteroh epatitis, or th e black h ead of turkey th us causing a great
h azard in th e turkey industry. It' is to be kept in mind th at th e
protozoans are transmitted by a namatode, H etem kis gallinanim .
P re v a le n c e
Th is protozoa is cosmopolitan in distribution.
S p e cie s
Histo mo nas meleagridis
S^ie nt m o rp h o lo ^
1. Th e sh ape of th e organisms is variable.
2. In th e organisms, th ere are single nucleus and single ■flagella.

B i ol o^
1. . Th e organisms multiply by binary fission.
2. Th e important feature is th at th e organisms get entry into th e
h osts th rough th e eggs of th e h elminth ,H etem kis gallinanim :
3 • After h atch ing th eHisto mo nas organisms are released and enter
th e caecum w h ere th ese multiply and cause path ological feature.
392 | Parasito lo ^ at a G to ce

Pa thoge ne sis
P a A o to p c ^ f e a t o ^ / le s io n
Enteroh epatitis, cyanotic discolouration of wattle
' D e scription
1. M inute, pinpoint and raised ulcers in th e caeca are th e
ch aracteristic features of initial infection wh ich later on enlarges
and involves th e wh ole caeca resulting in caseous adh erent
core. Th rough th e h epatoportal circulation th e organisms gain
entry into th e liver wh ere th e organisms cause formation of
focal necrosis. Th e lesion is formed in th e liver, th e surface of
th e lesion ( c ^ ^ c t e m t i c ^ p r e s s e d) is low er th an
th e surface'of th e liver. In th e caeca ulcers are formed wh ich
coalesce to affect large area of mucosa.
Common n ^ e of th e ^ e a s e - Histomonosis, Enteroh epatitis,
Bla ck he a d of mrkey
C l^tic^. signs
1. Sulph ur yellow coloured droppings
2. C y ^ o tic discoloura tion of th e h ead and wattle.
T re a tm e nt
Nith iazide and Furazolidone can be used
I^ m um ty - Cell mediated immune response is found.
Order - Diplomonadida
F a ^ tf y Hexamitidae
Genus Giardia

B rie f to t^ riu ctio n

^ e s e are important' intestinal protozoa of man and animals.
However, th e most significant path ogenicity occurs in h uman beings.
TOs is a dy sente^- causing protozoa.
^ f e t o^ / D fecove^-
TCie cysts of Giardia lam bliaw as first detected by th e renouned
person, Leeuwenh oek in th e year 1681.
P re v ^ e n ce
Th is protozoa is cosm opolitan in distribution.
 5 ■ fro to zo a | 393

S p e cie s - G.'lamb lia

H ost - Human being is affected by th e parasite.
Site - Small intestine
S p e cie s - G. cati
H ost ^ a t
S ite /lo ca tio n - Small intestine
S ^ e n t m o^ h ot o^ '
1. l ^ e organisms are dorsally convex and ventrally concave.-
2. Two nuclei and two axostyles are present..
3. At th e ventral side th ere is presence of a suc^tog-disc-like
stmcture. Ventral surface is flat.
4. Four pairs of flagella are present.

Fig. 94-. Giardialamb lia. a- Giardialamb liain intestine; b - Enc^ted Giardia

lamb lia

P a & o^ ddt y
P a th o lo ^ c a l fe a to re s / le sio n s
Enteritis, dysentery
394 | V eterm ^ ParaMto lo ^ at a G l ^ e

D e s c rip tion
1. organisms do not cause any significant path ogenicity. But
in most of th e cases one clinical feature occurs wh ich is called
as journe y s ic ta e s s . After returning from a long distance of
journey, diarrh ea or dy sent^ occur called as lambliasis. During
th is time th e individuals remain in stress condition and th e
organisms flare up and cause th is situation. Domestic animals
may be affected but path ogenic evidence Is still lacking.
D i ^ nos i s
1. Complement Ftaation Test
2. Detection of copro- antigen by ELISA
3. Use of DNA probes
4. PCR
T r e a toe nt
Metronidazole - 250 mg twice daily for 10 days in dog
Quinacrine - 50-100 mg twice daily for 3 days in dog.
S ub p h y lum -Sarcodina
O rde r - Amoebida
F a ^ ^ y —Endamoebidae
G enus - Entam o eba
GEW S
B rief introduc tion
Th ese are important intestinal protozoa of man and animals. In
h uman beings th is protozoa causes dysentety. Th e significance of
th e path ogenicity te limited in animals.
H k t o^ / D f a c ov e ^
Entam o eba of h uman beings {Entamo eba gingival &) was first
discovered by G. Gros in th e year 1849. Entamo eba histo lytica was
first discovered by F. A. Losch in th e year 1875 in St. Petersburg,
Russia.
^ e v a l e nc e
Th is p rotoz oa is cosm opolitan in distribution.
 ■ ^ ap te 5 ■ fto to zo a t 39 5 .

Spe cie s
E. htito lytica
Hoste - man and dbg; are affected by th ese organisms.
S ite /lrca tio n -Small intestine
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^ -
Th e organisms are pleomorph ic, ^ e r e are mainly two ph ases
of development of th e organisms like troph ozoites and cysts stage.
T rophozoite
1. In th is stage of organism, one nucleus is. present.
2. A temporary locomotory organ is formed w h en it is required.
3. Th ere is presence of food vacuole. Th rough th e food vacuole
th e food is digested.
4. A tem porary excretory organ is formed th rough w h ich th e
excretory material is excreted.
Cyst
T. Th is stage is called as th e infective stage of th e parasite.
2. In th is stage two to four nuclei are present.

P a ^ o lo ^ c ^ fe a ta re s / le sions
Enteritis, flask-sh aped ulcer etc
396 | PMasito lo ^ at a Glance

D e s c rip tion
1. Th ese organisms do not produce any si^ificant path ogenicity
in animals. However, in h uman beings, if a large number of
organisms are present it may cause intestinal disturbances.
Large colonies are formed on th e wall of th e intestine. Th e
wall of th e intestine is th ickened. Th ere occurs th e slough ing
of th e intestinal cells. Th e important clinical signs are diarrh oea
and dysentry.
2. A ch aracteristic ulcerative lesion is form ed'w h ich is ^ s k -
sh a p e d.
D iagnosis
1. Examination of th e faecal sample for th e presence of th e
troph ozoites or th e cysts.
2. Immunodiagnosis by;
a Immunodiffosion
b. Immunoelectroph oresis
c. Bentonite flocculation test
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 397

d. Latex agglutination test

e. Complement fixation test
f. ELISA
M o le c^ a r dia gnosis ■
a. Use of DNA probes.
T re a tm e n t
a. ■M etronidazole - 8Q0 mg th rice daily for five days in acute
amoebiosis.
b. Di-iodoh ydroxyquinoline - 600 mg th rice daily for 21 days.
c. Diloxanide foroate - 500 mg th rice daily for 10 days.
R e ce nt te c^ riq u e s
Antisense RNA te h nology h as been developed. Gene coding
for ribosomal protein L 21 (^ E R Pg 3 4 ) triggers th e transcription of
mRNA. \nd ultimately it is not translated in th e parasite as th e
mRNA does not bind to polyribosomes. Th is could be exploited for'
alternative th erapy.
Phylum - Cilioph ora
C ^ s - Kinetofragminoph orea
F a ^ tf y - Balantidiidae
Genus
Balantidiu m
f f l s t o^
B alantidiu m co li was discovered by P. H. Malmstem in th e
y ear 1857.
Spe cie s
B alantidiu m co li
H ost - Pig
398 | Parasito lo ^ at a G l^ce

Fig. 97. Balentidium coli

Sea t o f pred&ecdon -Intestine

P a & oge n^ fc - Enteritis-, dysentry

Some rickettsia are very important and closely similar to protozoa.

Two important genera i. e. A napto m a and Ehrlichia are described1
in brief.
- A napfam a
Sa Uent m o rp h o lo ^
Very smaU sph erical bodies found in R. B. C.
Species - A. m arinate (th e organisms are found in th e margin of
th e R. B. C.)
A. centrale (th e organisms are found in th e centre of R. B. C.)
Transmission - Sto mo ty>s pp, Tabanus spp act as th e mech anical
transmitter of th ese organisms. Ixodid ticks act as foe vectors.
D is^^e e ntity -T h e adult animals generally suffer from th is disease
wh ich exibit th e main clinical sign of h igh rise of temperature,
anorexia, dullness and depression wh ich may even lead to th e
d e a fo o f a n t a a l s .
te n.ro- Ehrlichia
S p e c ie —E. cante
E. b oris
E. equ i
 5■ | 399

S ^ e n t m o rp h o lo g y
organisms appear in th e leucocytes as a morula of small
bodies.
D ise re e e n tity - Th e animals suffer from h igh rise of temperature
and anorexia. Th e superficial l ^ p h nodes are enlarged.
T r e a toe h t - High dose of T etra^cline is th e drug of ch oice.
^TCHNATCONAL CO^TOOL O F TOOTOZOAN
Th ere are several bodies wh ich take necessary action towards
control measure against different protozoan diseases. Th e important
o^anization is I n te g r a tio n ^ T a sk F o r c e for disease eradication.
Th ey take necessary actions for control and eradication of disease.
Different In te r n a tio n a l M e e ^ n g s h appen wh ere, exch ange of
know ledge and dicissions are taken and th ey ch alk out th eir
programme as p er priority. Sometimes som e dreadful diseases
outbreak and emergeny meetings are called to control th e d&ease.
I n te r n a tio n a l C o n g re s s o f P a r a s i t o ^ take place in certain
intervals wh ere th ey exch ange th eir views about different parasitic
diseases, including protozoan diseases, Japan International Research
Centre for animal protozoan disease play significant role to control
important protozoan disease. W o rld H e a lth O rg a n te a tio n play
significant role in disease eradication programme. Th e different
concerned bodies look after th e quarantine management so th at th e
disease cannot spreadfrom one country to anoth er country. Different
leagal acts are. also framed to control different diseases including
protozoan diseases. Dourine act is such an example.
400 | V e te ^ ^ ^ PMasito lo ^ at a Glance

Q r as n o N ^ r a s p ro t o z o a
‘T R ^ ’ OR ‘E ^ E ’
1. Protozoa are unicellular organism h aving a distinct nucleus.
2. Th e amoeba performs b y th eir temporary locomotory organs
wh ich is called as pseudopodia.
3. In Sarco cystis th ere is no locomotory organs.
4. Flagellates perform th eir locomotion by th eir flagella as is
found in ttypanosomes.
5. ' Different types of nutrition are found in protozoa wh ich are
h olozoic, h oloph ytic, saprozoic types.
6. In Iso spo rasporulated oocysts contain two sporulated oocysts;
each sporocyst contains four sporozoites.
7. In Crypto spo ridium, spomlatedoocyste do not contain sporo^sts;
only four sporocysts are present in oocysts.
8. In W enyo nella spomlated oo^ s t contams four sporocysts and
each sporocyst contains four sporozoites.
9. Eimeria tenella occurs in small intestine of th e poultry.
10. Eimeri bm netti occurs in th e rectum of th e birds.
11. Th e birds wh ich recover from th e disease enter into a ch ronic
ph ase due to loss of caecal function resulted by th e presence
of persistent caecal core.
12. Rectal coccidiosis in poultty is caused by E im eria bm netti.
13. Caecal coccidiosis occurs in th e old birds.
14. Lasalocid is an inoph orus compound.
15. Switch programme means use of dmgs with in th e batch in
th eir life span at different intervals.
16. Both warm ^ d cold blooded animals may act as definitive
h osts of To xo plasma go ndii.
17. ' Tach yzoites of To wrplmma are th e fom s wh ich multiply rapidly.
18. Th e specific location of bradyzoites of. To xo pto sma is brain
and skeletal muscle.
19- Sabin Fieldman Dye Test is done for diSgnosis of To xo plasma
go ndii.
20. Sarco cystis c m zi occurs in cattle
21. Sarco cystis tenelto , occurs in sh eep
 ^ ap tM 5 « fto to zo a | 4ffl.

22. Sarco cystis neu m na occurs in equines

23. In th e R.B.C. and endoth eh al cell th e sch izogony stages of
Plasmo dium, occur.
24. Cryptozoites farth er lead to form th e anoth er stage th at is
called-metacryptozoites.
25. Bab& ia bigem ina is transmitted by H yalo m m a spp.
26. Babesia m o tm i occurs in Sh eep and goat.
27. Babesia taylo ti occurs in cattle.
28. Babesia gibso ni occurs in dog.'
29. Vermicules stage found in th e life cycle of Babesia.
30. Trasovarian transmissionoccurs in ne ile ria sp.
31. Vermicules are found in th e salivary gland of ny m ph after
moulting of larva.
32. Younger animals m e more susceptible to Babesia in comparison
to older animals.
33. B ab^ ia m o tasi and B afesis o vis are common organisms in
sh eep and goats.
34. Babesia p ^ o n c ito i and B tm u tm anniare th e causative agents
of- Babesiosis in pigs.
35. Berenil (D im inazene aceturate) is th e drug of ch oice of
babesiosis.
36. ne ile ria annu lata is th e causative agent of East coast fever.
38. ne ile ria organisms multiply andfom i sch izonts in lymph ocytes.
39. Zygote of n e i^ r ia are called as th e ookinete.
40. Punch ed -out ulcer occur in th e lungs of calf due to ne ile ria
annu lata infection. .
41. Buparcaquone is a drug of ch oice of th eileriosis.
42. In Try panosom es kinetoplast is situated, posterior to th e
bleph aroplast. ■
43. t on e m e arises from bleph aroplast.
44. Th e kinetoplast contams th e genetic material (DNA).
45. Kinetoplst is found anterior to th e nucleus in epimastgote stage
of- trypanosomes.
50. In amastigote kinetoplast is not present.
51. Trypano so ma evansi are transmitted by Culico ides sp.
' 402 | V e te ^ ^ ^ Parasto lo ^r at a Glance

52. Nagana is caused by Trypano so ma co ngo lense.

53. African sleeping sickness is caused by Trypano so ma bm cei.
54. Nagana means ‘to be in low or depressed spirit’.
55. Solid immunity is always found in h osts after Trypano so ma
infection.
56. Leishm ania spp occurs in macroph ages and endoth elial cells.
57. Visceral leish maniosis is called as kala- azar found mainly in
man.
58. Solustilbosan is th e drug of ch oice of Leishm ania sp.
59- Cutaneus le is h n^ iosis is also called as Oriental sore.
60. Aleppo boil is a cutaneous leish maniosis.
61. Jerich o boil is a cutaneous leish maniosis.'
62. Mucocutaneous leish maniosis in Venezuela is called as pion
bois.
63. Mucocutaneous-leish maniosis in Belize is called as. Bay son?.
64. Histo mo nas meleagridis causes black h ead of turkey.
65. Sucking disc, is present in Giardia lam blia but not found in
G.cati.
66. B alantidiu m co lt occurs in intestine of cattle.
67. Anaplasm a centrale is an important spiroch etes.
68. Ehrlichia canis is th e causative agent of canine pancytopenia.

1. Th e amoeba move by th eir temporary locomototy organs wh ich '

is called a s _______________ .
2 , I n ______________ protozoa th ere is no locomotory organs.
3. Different types of nutrition are found in protozoa wh ich are
_______ . _____________, ' •________ types.
4. In Iso spo ra each sporocyst contains sporozoites.
5. In sporulated oocy sts does not contain
sporocysts.
6. In W enyo nella each sporocyst contains ________ sporozoites.
7 . ___________________ occurs in caecum of th e poultry.
8. Eimeria bru netti occurs in t h e ___________ of birds. ■
9. Th e birds wh ich recover from th e disease enter into a ch ronic
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 403

ph ase due to loss of caecal function resulted by th e presence

of persistent ____________
10. Eimeria zu ernii is th e causative agent coccidiosis.
11. Amprolium is used for proph ylactic treatment of ___________
12. Sh uttle programme is done to avoid . resistance.
1 3 . _______ _____„ intercellular coccidian parasite.
14. Any animal except th e may act as th e intermediate
h ost of. To xo plmma.
15. __________ are fornied during th e ch ronic ph ase of th e disease
of Toxoplasmosis.
16. Neph ritis may occur i n ________due to To xo pfam a infection.
17. Brady zoites are detected by digestion of th e
muscles .
18. Sarco cystB bo vifelis occurs i n ____________
19- S arco cysth po rciho m inis occurs i n __________
20. Final h ost (definitive h ost) get th e infection of To xo plasma
go ndii by ingestion of th e muscles containing __________
21. Preeryth rocytic sch izonts of Plasm o diu m are also called as

22. Development of gamonts and zygotes of Plasm o diu m occurs

in gut of ________
23. Leuco cyto zo o nis transmitted b y ___________ fly. '
24. Babesia pew o ncito i occurs i n ______ ,__
25. Babesia bigem ina are sh aped organism.
26. Vermicules stage found in th e life . cycle of B abesia sp
ch aracteristically sh aped.
27. Inverse age resistance is found in case of _____ ;_______
28. H aem oglobinuria(caffee coloured urine) is th e com m on
clinicopath ological feature of ____________
2 9 . _________, ____________ a nd ____________ are th e
ch aracteristic clinicopath ological features ofcanine babesisosis.
30. is th e causetive agent of bovine tropical
th eileriosis.
31. tte ile ria laurrenci is th e causative agent of disease.
32. Both macro and microsch izonts of TheileHa sp occur in th e
4W | V ete^ ^ ^ P ar^ito lo ^ at a '

33. T urning sickness is a ty pical sign found in _____

___________ protozoan infection.
34. In Trypanosomes, posterior to th e nucleus th ere is presence
of a dot like structure wh ich is called as t h e _____________
35. ' Th e flagella of Ttypanosomes originate from th e basal granule
or _ ___________
36. is virtually a neuromotor apparatus consisted
of few fibrils wh ich form th e axial structure of flagella.
37. In trypomastigote, kinetoplast is present _________ to th e
nucleus.
38. perform posterior station development.
39. Trypano so m a equ iperdu m is transmitted b y _____________
40. Mai de caderus is caused b y ____________ ;___________
4,1. Suraa m e a ns __________
42. Surra in Sudan is called a s _________,
43. Th e P hlebo to m m fly act as th e vectors of ____________
44. Pentostum is th e drug of ch oice of _____________
45. is also called as orienntal sore.
46. Delh i boil is a _____________ leish maniosis.
47. Uta is a leish maniosis.
48. Mucocutaneous leish maniosis in Ch iclero is railed a s ________
49. In local mucosal immunity occurs
wh ich produce uterine and vaginal antibody.
50. Cyanotic discolouration of wattle of birds occur in ___________
_______ infection.
51. Flask-sh aped ulser is found in th e intestine due t o ___________
infectio n.
52.. A n ap ^ m a m a^ in ale is an important _____ _______ .
53. Transmission of A naplasm a occurs b y __________ . and

E n ^ ^ le the a ppropria te ^ ^ e r
1, Sarco cystw performs locomotion by
a. gliding movement b. flagellar movement
c, ciliary movement - d. none
 ^ ap ter 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 405

2. Trypanosomes multiply by
a. binary fission. b. multiple fission
c. endopoly geny e. all
3. In Eimeria, sporulated oocysts contain
a. four sporocysts; each sporocyst contains two sporozoites.
b. ■ ^ o sporocysts; each sporocyst contams four sporozoite
c. no sporocysts; only 8 free sporozoies are present.
d. four sporocysts; each sporocyst contains, four ,sporozoites
4. Sporulated oocyst contains two sporocy sts ;each sporocy st
contains four sporocysts- th is is found in
a. Neo spo ra caninu m b. To xo plasma go ndii
c. both d. none .
5. Sporulated oocy sts do not contain sporocy sts; only eigh t
sporozoites are present in th e oocysts - th is is found in
a. Tyzeria b. Wenyo nella,
c. Crypto spo ridium d. Eimeria
6. Eimeria tenella occur in
a. caecum of th e poultry
b. caecum and small intestine of poultry
c. caecum and rectum of poultry
d. none
7. Eimeria bm netti occurs in
a. caecum of th e poultry
b . ' caecum and small intestine of poultry
c. caecum and rectum of poultry
d. none
8. Th e birds wh ich recover from th e disease enter into a ch ronic
ph ase due to loss of caecal function resulted by th e presence
of
. a. , persistent caecal core b, recurrent caecal core
c. bofo d. none
9- Eimeria z ^ & nii is the causativ e agent o f
a. winter coccidiosis in calves
b. summer coccidiosis in goat
406 | Vetermary Parasito lo gy at a G tace

c. both
d. none
10. Amprolium is used for
a. proph ylactic treatment of coccidiosis
b. curative treatment of coccidiosis
c. both
d. none
11. To avoid th is drug-resistance problem sh uttle programme is
done wh ich is th e use of different drugs of
a. different series between th e batch es
b. same series in th e same bach es
c. different series in th e same batch es
d. same series in th e different batch es
12. C ^pto spo ridiu m are
a. intercellular coccidian parasite
b. intracellular coccidian parasite'
c. both intracellular and intercellular coccidian parasite
d. intraruminal coccidian parasite
13- Bradyzoites are formed during th e
a. ch ronic ph ase of th e disease of Toxoplasmosis
b. acute ph ase of th e disease of toxoplasmosis
c. both
d. none
14. Final h ost (definitive h ost) get th e infection of To xo plasma
go ndii
a. by ingestion of bradyzoites
b. by ingestion of tach yzoites
c. both
d. none
15. Preeryth rocytic sch izonts of Plm m o diu m are also called as
a. cryptozoites b. metacryptozoites
c. ph anerozoites d. \ pitocysts
16. Development of gamonts and ^ gote s ’i^f Plasm o diu m occurs
a. in gut of mosquito
 ^ ap te r 5 ■ Pro to zo a | 407

b. malpigian tubules of mosquitoes

c. both
d. none
17. Leuco cyto zo o nis transmitted by
a. S im u liu m fly b. Tabanus fly
c. Sto mo ty/s fly d. M usca fly
Th e small form of Babesia is
a. B abesia. berbera b. Babesia bigem ina
c. Babesia divergens d. Babesia bo vis-
Babesia pem m cito i occurs
a. in pig b. in cattle
c. in sh eep d. . all
20. Babesia bigem ina are transmitted by
a. Bo o philus micro plus
b. - H yalo m m a scupense
c. Ixo des ncinu s
d. Am blyo m m a variegatum
21. Vermicules stages found in th e life cycle- of Babesia are
a. cigar -sh aped b. dumbell -sh ap ed
c. ' pear -sh aped d. all
22. Vermicules stages of Babesia are' also found
a. only in malpigian tubule b. only in larval gut
c. ovary d. all
23- H aem oglobinuria (caffee coloured urine) is th e com m on
clinicopath ological features of
a. texas fever b. east coast fever
c. oropouch e fever d. yellow fever
24. Jaundice is found in
a. canine babesisosis b. Bovine babesiosis
c. both d. none
25. Th e causative-agent of bovine tropical th eileriosis is
a. tte ile ria annu lata b. Tbeileriapaw a
c. tte ile ria bird d. Ibeileria lawrenci
 | Parasito lo ^ at a Gl^Ke

26. Tbeileria lawrenci is th e causative agent of

a. . corridor disease b. double door disease
c. lyme disease c. none of th ese
27. Both macro and microsch izonts of T h eile^, occur'in-
a. lymph ocytes b. RBC ,
c. All WBG d. none of th ese
28. Ulseration oc ^ r s tte ile n a annu to ta infection in calves in
a. ■ th e'w all of stomach b. intestinal wall
c. - both stomach and intestinal wall d. none of th ese
29. Turning sickness is a typical sign found in
a. Ibeileriapaw a infection b. Tbeileriam u tans infection
c. both of th ese d. none of th ese
30. In Trypanosomes immediately posterior to th e nucleus th ere
is presence of a dot like structure
a. bleph aroplast b. kinetoplast
c. troph oblast d. . none of th ese
31. ^ e flagella of Tiypanosomes originate from
a. basal'granule b. undulating membrane
c. nucleus d. all of th ese
32. t on e m e is virtually a neuromotor apparatus consisted of few-
fibrils wh ich fom i th e axial structure of flagella of t^panosom es
called as
a. axoneme b, microneme
. c., pellicle d. rh op ^ ^
33. In tiypomastigote kinetoplast-is present
a. posterior to th e nucleus
b. anterior to th e, nucleus
c. above th e nucleus
d. below, th e nucleus
34. Promastigote occum in
a. ^fe h m ania b. Trypano so ma
c. n e ^ ^ r ia d. Babesia •
 .^aptCT 5 ■ fto to zo a | 409

35. Ttypanw o m a c m zi perform

a. posterior station development
b. anterior station development
c. both anterior and posterior station development
d. none of th ese
36. Trypano so ma equ iperdu m is transmitted by
a. S to m o ^s fly b. coitas '
c. T atianu sfty d. Reduvid bugs
37. Mai de cadems is caused by
a. Tiypano so ma equ inu m
b. Trtyano so m a w ansi
c. Ttypano so m a equiperdu m
d. Trypdno so ma m elo pbagium
38.- Surra m eans
a. rotten
b. to be in low or depressed spirit'
c. unclean
d. none of th ese
39- Surra in Sudan is called as
a. tribursa b.' gufar
c. dh okna d. derrerigadera
40. Relapse strain of Ttypano so ma occurs due to
a. frequent ch ange of antigenic ch aracter of surface'antigen
(gly cocal^, VSG)
b. loss of virulence
c. non infectivity
d. all of th ese
41. Th e Phlebo to mus fly act as th e vectors of
a. Tr^M no so m a b. ■Letehmania
c. Anaplasm a d. ffirlichia
42. Pentostum is th e drug of ch oice of
a. trypanoso'mosis b. kala azm'
c. babesiosis d. th eileriosis
410 | Parasito lo ^ at a G l ^ e

43. Cutaneus leish maniosis is also called as

a. orienntal sore b. aleppo button
c. Delh i boil d. all of th ese
44. Delh i boil is a
a. cutaneous leish maniosis
b. visceral leish maniosis
c. both of th ese
d. none of th ese
45. . Uta is a
a. visceral leish maniosis
b. post kala azar dermal leish manoid
c. mucocutaneus leish maniosis
d. none of th ese
46. In Tritricho mo nas fo etu slocal mucosal immunity occurs wh ich
produce
a. vaginal antibody b. ruminal antibody
c. both of th ese d. none of th ese
47. Cyanotic discolouration of wattle of birds occur
a. in Leuco cyto zo o ninfection
b. in H isto mo nas meleagridis infection
c. in Haemo pro teus infection
d. none of th ese
48, Flask -sh aped ulcer is found in th e intestine due to
a. Entam o eba infection
b. Eimeria infection
c. Tbeileria infection
d. none of th ese
A9 .Anaph.sm a m a^ inale is an important
a. protozoa b. Rickettsia
c. Spiroch etes ' d. none of th ese
50. Transmission of A naplm m a occurs by
a. S to m o ^ s sp b. Tabanu s sp
c. both of th ese d. none of th ese
 Arthropods
Phylum - Arth ropoda
^ n e r a l c h ^ ^ rte r o f .^^ta upod
Th e term Arch ropoda h as been derived from . Greek word''
‘arth ros’ (joint) and podos (foot). Th us th e term arth ropod means
jointed legs.
1. Th e outer covering of arth ropoda is made up of ch itin secreted
by ch itogenous glands. Th e outer covering is called as
_ exoskeleton. Th is is made up of ch aracteristic plates called as
' sclerites.
2. Th e body h as th ree sclerites - dorsal scerities ( te ^ ^ m ) , ventral
sclerites (ste rn u m ) and lateral sclerites (p le u ron ).
3. Periodically th e exoskeleton is cast off and a new skeleton is
formed. Th is is called e c c d^ is .
4. Body is rough ly divided mto 3 parts-
a. Head - Head is almost round to oval. Different paired
appendages are present on th e h ead. Th e most important
appendages are sensory antennae.
b. Th orax may be divided into th ree parts.
c. Last part of th e body is abdomen.
5. Th e digestive system h as 3 parts stom odaeum (progut),
mesenteron (midgut) and proetodaeum (h ind gut).
6. Th e respiratory organs are as following:
a. O uter cuticle : Th e outer cuticle itself m ay acts as
re sp ira tor organ (ex:-mite).
b. Trach eal tubes - Th e trach ea and its fine tubes act as
respiratory organs, (ex flies)
c. Lung books and gill books - (ex:- spiders, scorpions etc)
d. Gills Gills act as th e respiratory organs, (ex aquatic
arth ropods)
7. Th ere is no developed circulator system. Dorsal blood vessel
is considered as h eart and it is enclosed in a ch amber filled
412 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

with th e blood wh ich is called as pericardium.

8. ^ e excretory organs are widely varied. In insecta, malpigian
tubules are excretory organs. In Crustacea, th e neph ridia is th e
excretory organ. Both malpigian tubules and coxal glands are
excretory organs of Arach nids.
C lres - Insecta, Arach nida, Myriapoda, Pentastomida, Crustacea
c ^ ss-m sE c m
Character o f Insecta
1. Th e h ead is globular or oval. Th e h ead is composed of several
sclerites. A pair of eyes are present wh ich may be simple or
compound. Th e com pound eyes may be h oloptic in wh ich
eyes meet one anoth er, or dich optic in wh ich th e eyes are
separated. Simple eyes are oc e U and triangular in sh ape.
2. A pair of antennae are present on th e h ead, ^ e antennae are
segmented. Th e number and length are varied. Th e antenae
may bear ^ r e t a (a special type of bristle).
3. Th e mouth p a ^ consist of an upper lip (labrum) and a lower'
lip (labium). In betw een th ese, two pairs of biting jaws are
present. Upper pair is mandibles and th e lower pair is ^ ^ illa e .
A minute membrenous structure is situated underside of th e
labrum called epiph arynx and an anoth er minute membranous
structure is present on th e up p e r side of labium called
ph atynax. Th e epiph arynx bears th e organs of taste and form,
h ypoph arynx wh ich bears th e opening of salivary duct.
4. T h e th orax h as th ree parts - proth orax, m esoth orax and
metath orax. Th e parts m ay be fused togeth er. Wings arise
from th e meso and metath orax.
• 5. Th e legs are jointed. Th e joints are coxa, troch antor, femur,
tibia and tarsus. Th e apex of tarsus bears a group of structures
called pentatarsas.
6. • Usually two pairs of wings are present. In Dipteran flies, th e
wings are one pair. Wings may be absent CMelo phagus o mnus).
Th e fore w ings may be narrow or perch m ent like called
wh ereas in Ch oleoptera th e anterior pair of wing are
th ick and provide protection to th e h ind pair of wings. Th ese
wings are called elr^ra. In Diptera, th e h ind pair of wmgs are
reduced to small
B io lo ^ c ^ d ev elo p em en:t Biological developm ent strarts
from egg sta ge to a dult. Th is de v e lop m e nt is c a lle d
m e ^ m o^ h os is . ^ e insects leave ta old cuticle during ^ow th .
 • ^ ap ter 6 ■ Arthro po ds' | 413

Th is ph enom ena is called as ecdysis. Th e cast off old cuticle is

called as e ^ ^ ria e . Th e interval between two consecutive ecdysis
is called stadium and th e stage found during each stadium is called
as instar. Metamorph osis are of two t^ e s :'
H olom e ta bolous: In th is complete metamorph osis occur.
H e ^ ^ foe te ta low s : In th is incomplete metamorph osis occurs.
Larva is variable in sh ape and size. Legs may be present; or
absent (apodous). Th e larva pass a quiscent ph ase and,becom e
pupa. Th e pupa are of th ree types:
1. E xa ra te type - Legs and wings are'free from th e body. (Ex­
pupa of Hymenoptera)
2. Obtectote type - Th e body, legs and w ings5areerido'sed by
tra ns p a re nt m em brane form ed by m oulting fluid: (Ex:
Nematoceran pupa). Th ey are seen externally.
3. C oa rcte te type : Th e w h ole body is covered b y last larval
' skin (puparium). Th is is not transparent and th e instar is not
found from outside (Ex: Cyclorrh apan pupa).
Class Insecta is divided into two subclasses:
1. Apterygota
2. Pterygota
A te^gota R e ^ gota
1. Th e members coming under th is 1. Th e members under th is subclass’
subclass are wingless. Th e name are winged insects;
itself is self explanatory ,of absence
of wings.
2. Pregenital abdominal 2. Pregenital abdominal
appendages are present in th e appendages are absent .'in adult
adult. except genitalia and cerei. "
3- T h ^ possess an appendix 3. Appendix dorsalis is rarely
dorsalis. present.
4. Aterygota continue to moult 4. Moulting ceases at sexual.,
th rough out th e life. maturity.
Th e subclass (Pterygota) h as been forth er grouped into two
basic divisions basing mainly on development of th e wings'. Th e
divisions are as following:
E n d o p te ^ g o ta - Wing de velop m ent is c ontra sting to th e
Exopterygota. Th e wings develop internally in a very ch aracteristic
m anner and complex metamorph osis is found. Th is subdivision
includes th e following orders:
 414 | V ete^ ^ ty ParaMto lo ^ at a Glam:e

1. Siph oraptera (fleas). '

2. Diptera (true flies)
3. Hymenoptera (bees)
4. Coleoptera, (beetle)
- From th e name itsetf it could be ascribed th at th e
wings of th e members of th e division develop externally. Simple
metamorph osis is found, ^ i s division includes th e following orders:
1. Malloph aga (biting lice)
2. . Siph unculata (sucking lice)
3. Orth optera (cockroach and grass h opper)
4. Hemiptera (bugs)
5. Odonata (dragon fly)
E n d o p te ^ ^ o ta
O rde r
Siph onaptera

B rie f fotrodu ction

_ Th e members coming under th is order are called fleas: wh ich
were previously referred to th e Aph aniptera, Th e infestation by
th e flea is of great economic significance. % e flea itself causes
damage to th e h osts. In addition to th e flea bite, foe animals become
restless wh ich results in indirect loss of production, ^ e stick-tigh t
_ flea, Echidno phaga gaUinaecm. are very important as th ey cause
great constraint in th e poultry indus ^ .
P re v ^ e n ce
^ e s e are cosmopolitan in distribution, ^ e fleas are commonly
- available in India.'

Ceratoph yllidae
Ctenoph th almidae
Vermipsyllidae
Pulicidae
Isch nopsyllidae
Pygiopsyllidae
 ^tapter 6 ■ A rto o p o ^ | . 415

Com m on o f A .e m e ^ e n - Flea
S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo ^
1. Th e body of th e flea is very ch aracteristic because th e body is
laterally copressed wh ich is contrasting to th e lice wh ich are
dorsoventrally com pressed.'
2. i n general, th e antennae are th ree segmented.
3. Eyes are present or absent. W h en present, th ese are simple
types. Compound eyes are never found.
4. ^ e antennae are placed in th e deep groove wh ich are called
a n te n ^ fossa e .
5. Th ree pairs of legs are present, of wh ich ’th ird pair- oflegs are
remarkably well, developed.
6. Wh ole body is covered with spines or bristles.
7. Body is divided into th ree parts- h ead, th orax and abdomen.
8. Wings are absent.
9. Th e abdom en is segmented. Th ere are 10 segments in th e
abdom en of wh ich nineth segment bears a specific structure
called s e ^ f f iu m or p '^ ^ dium . Th ere is presence, of setae
anterior to th is segment wh ich are called as antisensilial or
antipygidial bristle.
10. Head..and th orax bears a number of prominent spines called
combs. Genal combs are present on-foe-h ead and pronotal
combs ■are present on th e posterior border of first th oracic,
segment.

Pronotel romb

genal sensilial setae

comb
^gidium

Fig. 9 8 .(Xenocephalldes spp,

 416 | Veterina^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Hoste tinp o^ nc e
common

Xeno ptylla Xeno ptylla Rats are Yemnw p&tte,

cheo pte affected causative agent of
b ub o^ c p ta ^ e are
carried by Xeno ptylla
cheo pte.
P u l^ P u ^ initans Human and Acte as th e
Pig intemediate h ost of
Ditylidium caninum
Ecbidno pbaga . Echidno plaga Th ese fleas ^ e s e fleas affect
gallinacea are called as p oul^, dogs, cats,
Stick- tigh t rabbits etc.
fl^
Oeno ctyhalifes Cteno ctyhalid& Common cat Act as th e
felte flea intermediate h osts of
Cteno ctyhalides Ditylidium caninum
cante Common dog and Dipetalo nema
flea reco ditum ■
Tunga Tungapenetrans Man, pig, Cause &e disease
Qigger, Tugiasis
CWgoe or
Sandflea)
Cerato pbyUus Cerato pbyllus Rat
fasciatus
Spilo psyllus Spilo psyllus Rabbit flea ^ e c te th e rabbits
cunicult and transmit
myomatosis
Vermipsylla Vemiptylla M a ta r tf l^
alakurt
Impo^CTt ge nus, spe cie s im p o ^ n c e
^ c le
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ges
• Egg
• Larca
• Pupa
■• Adult
•' D e scrip tion
1. Oval and wh itish e ^ s are laid by th e adult female flea eith er
on th e skin or on th e ground.
 ^tapter 6 ■ ^ ^ ro p o d s | 417

2. With in few days th e larvae h atch out of th e eggs and th ese are
nematoceran type. Th ey are magot like and yellowish . Th e
h ead is strongly built up. Ch aracteristically th e antennae bear
only tw o segments, ^ e larva h as a distinct h ead and 13 body
segments w ith out any appendages. Th ey do not h ave any
eyes and th ^- are negatively ph otoactic and burrow th e debris
materials. Hooked processes or anal sturts are present on th e
abdominal segments by wh ich th ey move from one place to
anoth er place and anch or to th e food material.
3 Th e larvae possess well developed mouth apertures by wh ich
th e larvae feed voraciously on different- proteinous matter
available in th e organic substance like blood, exudates etc.
Th e larvae get marnredwith in 10 days or more w h ich depends
on different factors. Th ey pass on tw o moultings. Th en th ey
spin a cocoon to become pupa.
4. After a few days a pupa is developed with in wh ich th e juvenile
flea remains. Initially th e larvae reach to prepupal stage and
, later on th ey form loosely w oven cocoon.
5. Xdult comes out of th e pupa. A special tubercle is present
onth e h ead of th e adult wh ich is used to. w eaken th e fibres of
coon. Th is tubercle is lost later. Th e adult flea can live more
th an a year.

larva

Fig. 9 9 . Life cycle offlea

418 | Veterrna^ Paraato lo ^- at a

B io n o rn cs
1. Host specificity is variable in fleas. Some fleas are h ost -
specffic and some are not.
2. Host finding by th e flea is vety important. Odour, warmth ,
vibration, sh adow of th e h osts act as th e stimuli. Adult fleas
feed on blood. Th e fleas penetrate th e h ost’s skin by using
th eir maxillae, ^ e saliva of flea contains anticoagulant and
th e blood does not clot. Th is h elp in feeding. ..
3- As th e body is compressed laterally, th e fleas can easily pass
. th rough th e h air of th e h osts. Th e fleas jump frequently by
th eir long legs.
4. Th e fleas breed continuously th rough out th e year.Very h ot
and vety dty condition reduce breeding activity.
5. Some fleas are h ost-specffic. Some are not h ost s p e c ie wh ich
h ave wide h ost range.
Im p orta n ce
Th e flea can cause two types of damage.
D h e ct
Th e flea can cause great nuisance to th e h ost. Th ey take th e
food material from th eir h ost’s skin. Th ey also rause great irritation
to th e h ost, ^ i s is mainly because of immunogenic reaction elicited
by th e h apten present in th e saliva of flea.. Th is t a p t e n becomes
im m unogen after fixation w ith sk in -co U a g e n . A series of
h ypersensitive reactions occur wh ich result in formation of papules.
Th us miliaty dermatitis occurs in cat wh ich is berause of formation
of small papules associated with pruritus. Due to th is irritation, th e
h osts feel restless. Intake of food and water is reduced. Th e h ealth
of th e h ost goes down.
In d ire ct - Th e damage caused by th e. flea in an indirect way is
more dangerous -as compared to th e damage caused by th e direct
way. Transmission of different path ogens occurs by different flea.
Transmission of cestode like Dify/Udium caninu m and th e round
w orai, D ipetalo nem a reco nditu m and th e organisms of bubonic
plague h ave been described earlier.
Xeno psylla cheo pte transmit- Y e m nia pestw, a causative agent
of plague, black death or lapeste and Rickem ia typhi, th e causative
agent of M ^ rie ^ p hus, En d em c typ hus, M e ^ ^ n typ hus. Th is
flea also transm its S trepto co ccu s spp, S taphyllo co ccu s spp and
S almo nella spp.
 Chapto 6 ■ ^ te b p o d s | 419

C on trol
Application of th e insectides like;
DDT(5%) and BHC(0. 01%)
Malath ion (5%). dust
Ch lordane (5%) dust
, Meth oxych lor (5%) dust

G e ne ra l ch a ra cte rs
1. All th e members coming under th is order are called as true
flies.
2. Th e body is commonly divided into th ree parts — h ead, th orax
and abdom en. Th e th orax h as th ree parts like proth orax,
mesoth orax and metath orax h owever, pro and metath orax are
fused with mesoth orax. Th e abdomen may be segmented both
in imago and immature stages.
3. A p a ir of th in, m em branous w ings are p re se nt in th e
mesoth orax.
4. Hind pair of wings are modified into h alteres or balancers.
5. A pair of antennae is present.
6. In th ese flies of th e order, complete metamorph osis is found.
7. Larvae are apodous and h ead is not developed.
8. Pupa is coarctate or obtectate type.
O rde r
Diptera is divided into th ree suborders;
Brach ycera
Nematocera
Cyclorrh aph a

N e m a toce ra B ra chvce ra ^ c lo rrh a p h a

1. Th e families are as 1. Th e family is as 1. Th e families are as
following: Culicidae following : Tabanidae following : Muscidae,
(mosquitoes) Gasteroph ilidae,
Ceratopogonidae foiting Glossinidae,
midges) Simuliidae (black Oestridae,
flies) Psych odidae (Sand Hippoboscidae
flies) Calliph oridae etc.
2. Th e antenna is long 2. Th e antenna is sh ort 2. Th e antenna is
h avingmore th an 8 (less th an 6 segments). sh ort h aving only 3
segments. Th e last segment h as segments.
annulations.
 420 | V e te ^ ^ ^ P M ^ to lo ^ at a Gl^Ke

^ c low h a p h a
3. Arista is absent 3. Arista may be present 3. Arista is present
4. Th e larva h as well 4.■ Th e h ead of th e larva4. h ead of th e
developed h ead. is incomplete. larva is vestigial.
5- Th e pupa is obtectate 5. Th e pupa is obtectate 5- Th e pupa is
type type coarctate type.
6. Th ey are usually 6. ^ e y are usually 6. Th ey are usually
smaller th an Brach yceranlarger th an oth er two smaller th an
members. suborders Brach yceran members
7. Ptilinal sac is absent 7. Ptilinal sac is absent. 7. In cyclorrh aph a a
specific structure
(ptilinal suture) is
present on th e h ead.
A membranous sac is
fomed surround th e
ptinial suture wh ich is
called as ptinial sac
wh ich is push ed by
th e adult during
emergence from th e
pupa and th us th e
pupal case is broken.

B ^A C ^Y C E ^A
F a ^ ^ y -Ta ba nida e

B rie f introduction
Th ese are large stout robust flies wh ich are cosmopolitan in
distribution. Th e flies are of great economic significance since th ey
transmit th e dreadfal diseases like trypanosomosis and anth rax.
Undoubtedly th e flies h ave great economic importance all over &e
world.
P re v a le n ce
Th ese are- cosm opolitan in distribution. T h ese flies are
abundantly available in India.
- G e ne ra
Tabanm
H aem ato po ta
Cb rysops
Pango nia
 ^to pter 6 ■ A rfco p o ^ | 421

Tab anus H aem atop ota C b ^ sop s P angon ia

•1, Pre se nce of 1. Pre se nce of 1. Pre se nce of 1. Pre se nce of
vestigea l ocilli. functiona l ocilli.. fonctiona l ocilli. functiona l ocilli.
2. Probosis is 2. Short probosis 2. Probosis is not 2. Probosis is
shorte r tha n he a d ha ngs down, longe r tha n he a d. ve ry long a nd it
a nd ha ngs down. m a y e v e n e xte nd
be yond the
length o f the fly
a nd proje ct
forwa rd.
3. ^ n g s a re 3. Wings a re 3- A broa d 3- In ge ne ra l foe
usua lly cle a r mottled. tra nsverse da rk wings a re cle a r.
ba nd is pre se nt
on the wings of
foe fly.
4. Third se gme nt 4. Third se gme nt 4. Third se gme nt 4. Th e third
o f a nte nna ha s of a nte nna ha s of a nte nna ha s se gme nt of
four a nnula tions. fore e a nnula tion. four a nnula tions. a nte nna ha s 6-7
a nnula tions.

G e nr a - Tabanus
1. Th e body is stout and large.
2. Vestigial ocilli are present.
3. Antena is th ree segmented.
4. Apical spurs are absent.
5. Proboscis is sh orter th an h ead.
6. Wings are clear.
7. Th e flies are large and h ave well built body.
8. Eyes are h oloptic in male and dich optic in female. Posterolateral
edges of th e eyes extend bey ond th e lateral margin of th e
th orax.
9 . Antena is soft and h angs down. Th e th ird segment of antenna
h as f ow a nnotations.
10. Th e mouth part is adapted for both blood sucking and lapping,
11. Larvae are spindle-sh aped and segm ented. Segments bear
flesh y tubercles, lateral or ventral pseudopods. A typical
structure, G rab er’s org anis present te ^ ina lly ,
12. P u p a e a re b ro w n . A b d o m in a l se g m e n ts b e a r p ro je c tio n s ca lle d
pupal asters.
^ | V e t e ^ ^ ^ P a ^ i t ol o^ a t a G l ^ c e

C om m on n ^ e -H orse fly.
Oth er common names are Breeze fly, Deer fly, March fly, May fly,
Cleg, Mango fly wh ich are represented by different members coming
under th e family Tabanidae
Species
Tab'anus latipes
T. m bidm
T. stHatus
T. albipes
T. fu lw s
T. m sticas
T. bo vinus
B i ol o^ -
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ges
• Egg
• Larva
• Pupa
• •Adult
D escription
1.. Egg laying site is very ch aracteristic. Eggs are laid on th e tree
leaves and debris, overh anging water. Egg mass apper as a
pyramid. Th e eggs are wh ite in colour w h en laid but later on
turn to dark, brow n and grey etc.
2. By using th e h atch ing spine th e la ^ a e is expelled out. Th e
la ^ a h as t ob e t e .
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ | ££>

3. Several moultings occur during larval stage.

4. M atured larva is grey ish w h ite in c olour .and th e y are
c a ^ v orous and; canibilistic. Th ey are aquatic or semiaquatic
and take th e larvae of o&erorganisms ( C ^ t f onom ^ ) . ^ a t ’s
w h y th e larvae of Tabqnus are called predators. Th e larvae
are found in th e mud, saturated vegetations or any aquatic or
semiaquatic vegetations.
5. Pupation pattern is interesting as th e larvae come close to th e
surface and enter th e depth of about 1-2 inch and prepare th e
pupal cell later on.
6. Pupa is obtectate type. Th e sh ape is sub^lindrical and colour
is brown.
7: From th e pupa adults come out.

adult

Fig. 101. L ife cyc le o fT a b a n u s spp.

 424 | V e te ^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

B ion orncs
- 1. Female tabanids prefer to oviposit on th e plants.
2.. Larvae of Tabanus are found on soil near water. Th at’s wh y
th ey are called as h e ^ ^ y dr ob ionte . Larvae of some species
form mud-cylinder over th e w ater line. With in th e cylinder
th ey form a ‘pupa tion
3. Search ing of h osts is similar to th at of Simulid flies. Odour,
colour, C 0 2 and visual'stimuli are responsible for h ost-finding.
4. Ligh t intensity and temperature h ave great role on th e activity
of .th e Tabanus fly.
5. Bimodal or diurnal type of activity occurs in most of th e tabanid
flies.
6. Habitat of h aunting of tabanid flies is typical. Many flies are
specific in attacking th e region of th e body. Th e flies strongly
bite wh ich is very painfol. Blood woozes out from th e bite
area.
7. Th e flies are strong fliers and can fly for several kilometers.
8. Th e flies feed every th ree days. Female flies are blood sucker
w h ereas th e male flies feed on excretory- secretory materials,
h oney dews and oth er sugary materials. Feeding activity may
be diurna l, cre pm cula r o r n o cta rn ^ wh ich depend on
environm ental condition i.e. tem perature and barom etric
pressure.
9. Th e dipping h abit of th e flies is very ch aracteristic. Th e flies
touch th eir mouth parts on th e surface of water wh ile in fligh t
and dip intermittently.
10. Mating of th e flies occur w h en th ey fly. Male flies of some
species aggregate at th e top of h ill w h ich is called as
‘hffltoppmg’ beh aviour. Th e male can detect a fast moving
female by a special structure of eye wh ich is more sensitive
to ultraviolet ligh t.
M e s c a l o r v e te ^ fo ^ ^ im p o m n c e
Dfrect
1. Th e animals become restless wh ile attacked by th e flies.
2 : Th e bite is painful. Th e bite - area becomes swollen.
 6 ■ ^ te op o^ |

D fc e re e
H e^n^
1. Elaeo pho ra schneiden
2. D iro fttena ro emeri
P rotozoa
1. T r^ano so m e w ansi
2. T. v i v ^
3 T. equ inu m
4. T. gam biense
5. T. rho fasiense
6. Tsim iae
7. T. th e i^ n
8. B ^no itm besno iti
Ricke^ia -
A. m a^ inale
V i^us
Virus of equine infectious anaemia
Virus of bovine leukemia
Virus of h og ch olera
B a cte ria
B acillm anthr& te
Chty/so ps silacea is th e intermediate h ost of Lo a lo a.
Control
Gener^.
1. It is very difficult to control Tabanus since a num ber of species
of different seasonal specificity occur in a p a rti^ la r area. Th e
flies do not feed for a long, only feed 3 ^ days interval.
2. Trapping Use of different types of traps is.partmlly effective
to control Tabanu s flies. Box trap, canopy traps h ave been
used. Th e boxes are C 0 2 (stimulant) baited and sticky.
3. Insecticides: Use of insecticial agents may control Tabanu s
population for sh ort term. Residual spray mside th e walls of
426 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glam:e

animal h ouses can be done by using organoph osph orus and

organoch lorine compounds. Aerial application of pyreth roid
com pound can reduce local population for few days.
4. Destruction of th e breeding places.
5. Works w ere done on biological control by Ladybird beetle,
nematode parasites, Mermith idae. Th e larvae of lady bird beetle
prey on eggs of Tabanns. Some wasps also parasitize e ^ s of
Tabamte. Larvae of Tabanus are fed by wading birds and
adult 'Tabanus are caprnredby bembicine wasps. Some bacteria
CBacillu s thu ringiensis) and fungal agents h ave been tried
against larval stages.
6. U se of insecticide repellants.
O foer t r e n ^
U se of co n sealed an tigen s a nd salivary p rote in of
h aematoph agus flies as a vaccine candidate is an alternative trend.
But success is not ach ieved due to sh ort feeding h abits. However,
efforts were m ade towards th e consealed antigen of insect, th e
main part is th e peritropic membrane.
S u^ w de r - Nematocera.
U nder th e suborder Nematocera th ere are follow ing four
families:
Culicidae
Ceratopoganidae
Simuliidae
Psych odidae

S ^ en t fea^^es o f C^rato po go mdae, C ^cidae

and ^ y ch o & ^ e
C e r a t op ogo^ f oe F ^ c h o& ^ e
1. m e m b e r s u nde r 1. ^ e s e a re caU ed 1. ^ e m e m b e rs 1. ^ e
fam ily a r e b iting as b la c k flies, u nde r th is fam ily m em b ers a re
m idge s , p u nk ie s a nd b uffa lo ^ a t s a nd a re m os q uitoe s c a lle d a s s a nd
'n o —s e e ur ns ’. turk e y gnate fly .
 - ^tapter 6 ■ j ^7

C ^ ttto p o so n l^ re
2. These a re minute 2. The flies a re 2. Body is slender 2. ^ e s e a re
insects. well built. minute insects

2. There a re 12-15 2. ^ e re a re 2.There a re 14-15 2. The a ntena

segments of a ntina usua lly 11 segments in ha s upto 16
which a re ma rkedlys e ^ e n t s in a ntena . segmente.
longer tha n the & ora x a ntena . ^ e a ntenna
ha s bea ded
a DDea ra nce,
3.The thora x is 3.The thora x is 3- The thora x is 3.' The thora x
humped . humped. cha ra cteristica lly is humped . ,
we dge sha ped
a nd not humped.

4. The wings a re held 4. Wings a re short 4. Sca les a re 4.The wings

flat ove r the body but broa d bea ring present on the a re • na rrow
when they a re a t rest.some bristles on wings. a nd ha iry.
The wings , a re ha itythick a nterior vein,
a nd without sca les . ^ e r e a re no hairs
or sca les .
5. Different •types of 5- Ha irs a re 5. Fea ther . like 5. . 1 rs a re
ha irs a re present onpresent on the ha irs a re presentpresent on
body. body on the thora x the b o d y .
.Ha irs a re a lso
present on the
a bdomen.
6. La rva e - ha ve no 6. , ta rva e bea r 6. La rva e ha ve no 6.. La wa e ha ve
prolegs. prolegs . prolegs no prolegs
7. No specific sha pe oi 7. The pupa e a re 7. The pupa e a re 7. No specific
pupa e cha ra cteristica lly comma sha ped ., sha pe of
boot sha ped pupa e.

Genus ■ - C u lico id^

Austro co tio ps
B rie f introduction-
• ^ e s e are very small,. minute ,flies and often pass unnoticed,
& e flies are of . both veterinary and medical importance. Th ey are
commonly called, as b i ^ g rndge s,' no —se e — -and p ^ ^ d e s
e tc. T h e m a in sig n ifica n ce o f th e s e flies is t h e . tra n sm issio n o f th e
important filarial worms.
^ | PMMito lo ^ at a G to ce

Spe cie s
C. grabarni
C. au steni
C. grisescern
C. v e ^ n s
■C.furens
C. pu ngens
C. pu nctico ttis
C. barbo sai
C. brevitarsis
C. m be ^ i
Com m on n m e
1. ^ ^ ie s
Th e name' h as been derived from th e word, punkw a wh ich
means ’ash ’ like because of burning sensation of biting of C u lico id^
spp.
2. No —se e
Th e name h as been given so because th e flies are h ardly
visible because of th eir small sfre and very often go unnoticed.
3. B i^ g m ^ e s
S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo g y
1. . ^ e flies are v e r small (1-25 mm). ‘
2. Th e th orax is ch aracteristically h um ped on w h ere toere is
presence of h u m ^ pit.
3. Th e antenae are long and 15 segmented (one basal scape,
one enlarged pedicel containing Jo h n sto n ’s and 13
flagellomeres. Th ese are plumose in male and pilose in female.
4. ^ e members h ave th e wings with dark and ligh t combination.
Th e dartoess of th e wings is due to th e presence of p igm e nt
Th e sh ape of th e wings is oval and h auy. But scales are absent.
5. th orasic and abdominal segments are similar in size.
6. Th e body of th e adult fly is with out h airs.
7. Brown coloured pupa bears re sp ira tor h orns.
 ^apter 6 ■ |

^ e ^ de
D e v e lo p m e n t sta g e s
• Egg
• Larva
•. . Pupa
• Adult

Fig. 102. Culicoides spp.

D e s c rip tio n
1. Small and wh ite ,eggs are laid by th e female. Th e eggs are
ch aracteristicallyb a n a n a - s ta p e dwh ich turn dark brown later.
Th e eggs h atch with in 2-7 days.
2. Th e larva wh ich emerges out of th e eggs is typical nematoceran
ty pe h aving sclerotised h ead, 11 body segm ents and no
appendages and th ey swim by ossilatory movements. Th e
spiracles are absent in th e larvae and th ey perform cutaneous
r e s p ir a tio n .
3. Th e larvae feed on nematodes and oth er predators.
4. Four eccdysis occur, during th e larval stage and eventually
gives rise to pupa. Pupa h as proth oracic h orns. Th ey are brown
in colour and ob te ^ te type. Pupation occurs near th e surface
of th e substrates wh ere th e proth oracic h orn of pupa can
penetrae' w ater film.
5. From th e pupa th e imago comes out. Anautogenous female
take blood meal for developm ent of eggs. Some Culico ides
^0 | Veterina^ P ^ ^ t o lo ^ at a Glance

are ^ r i v ol ^ e (single generation per year). But most of th e

C u lico id^ are m ultiv o tfo e(more th an one generation per
year).
B i on o^ c s
1. Immature stages are found in a very specialised h abitats like
tree h oles, w et soil or in moist decaying vegetation. Larvae
are predacious and th ey feed on free living protozoans. Th ey
are aquatic or semiaquatic in h abitat. Th ey (larvae) perform
side to side lash ing movements.
2. Th e members fly a sh ort'distance from th eir breeding places.
3. Th e flies attack both m an and anim als and cause great
annoyance.
4. ^ e female flies are ‘p o o l feeders’causing laceration of skin
wh erefrom th e blood wooze out.

adult

larea

Fig. 103. Life cwle ofCulicoides spp.

 ^ ap te r 6 ■ Arfo ro po ik | ^ 1

5'. Most of th e flies are not active in strong dayligh t, rath er active
in twiligh t at th e time of sunset or sunrise. O th er factors
responsible for-biting activity are relative h umidity, lunar cycle,
. ligh t intensity, atmosph eric pressure etc.
6. Mating occurs w h en male and females are in- swarm. Male
flies recognize th e female flies by specific be a t: fre q u e n c y of
female or s e x p h e ro m o n e .
M e d c ^ a n d v e te ^ n ^ y r n p o ^ n c e s
1. Th ough th e flies are small in size but th ey cause local reaction
, on th e biting places.
2. Th ese transmit arbovirus to livestock and blue tongue virus of
sh eep. C. sim ico la transmits virus of African h orse sickness.
3. Several filarial nematodes are transmitted by th ese flies like
M p e taton e m a p e r s t an s , a h uman filarial worm found in th e
peritoneal cavity. Culico ides ro bertsi, a causative agent of
allergic dermatitis of h orses particularly in Queensland area.
O n c h oc erca gib s on i found in th e connective tissue of th e
cattle is transmitted by C. pu ngens. O. reticu lata is transmitted
b y C. nu becu lo su s and C. o bso lectm in h orse. C. vanipenis
transmits O .cew icalte in-h orse.
4. L e u c oc y toz oon c au l l e ^ i in ch ickens is transm itted by
Culico ides spp.
5. H ae m op r ote u s m e le agn d is in turkey s is transm itted by
Culico ides <pp.
6. Some Culico ides sp transmit oth er protozoa i.e. H tyato cystis
sp. occuring in monkeys and squirrles.
7. An allergic skin raction occurs due to bite of Culico ides ro bertsi.
Th is w as first recorded in Australia wh ere it was know n as
Q u e e n s^ n d ite h . Local inflammation and pruritus develop in
th e esensitized h orses (biten previously). Th is! allergic reaction
occurs due to inoculation of salivary fluid of flies;
C o n tro l
1. Th e flies are only few mm in length and due to th is it is very
difficult to control th e flies.
2. Th ere are so many- problems to kill th e larvae because it is
diffic ult to ide ntify th e b re e ding site . Som e ge ne ra l
management could b e done i.e. eliminating seepage area of
animal h ouse, leakage of water trough s etc.
^2 | Veterinary Parasito lo gy at a Glance

3. Different insecticides can be applied like parath ion, malath ion,

lindane, ch lordane, dieldrin and eldrin in different concentration.
Th e same can be applied by air-craft. Th e insecticides are
applied as m s t e o r fo g s in th e evening h ours w h en th e insects
are most active.
4. Recent trend Work h as been done on immunity response of
h osts against Culico ides spp. Use of consealed gut antigen and
salivary protein as vaccine candidate is a recent concept But
success h as not been ach ieved due to sh ort feeding h abit.
5. Insect repellants applied to exposed skin (in case of man) or
jackets impregnatedwith repellante (N, N-dieth yl-m-tolbuamide)
are effective.
F ^O Y -
B rie f in tro d u c tio n
Th ese are buffalo gnats or black flies. Th e flies are important
since th ese flies transmit many important path ogens comprising
mainly th e protozoan parasites in animals and birds. However, th e
filarial womts are also transmitted by th ese flies.
P re v a le n c e
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution. S im u liu m indicu m , th e
potu ffigs are available in Himalayan regions.
^ p or i a n t ge nro- Simulium.
S IM U L IU M
S im u liu m indicu m
S. venu stu m
S. slo sso nae
S. o rnatu m
S. arcticu m
S. rn^ le si
C o m m o n n a m e —B la ck flie s a n d bufFa lo g n a ts; S. in d icu m (p o tu
fly).
S ^ e n t m o rp h o lo ^ -
1. Th e flies are small, dark well built and stout bodied. -
2. Size of th e fly is larger th an th e members of Ceratopogonidae.
3. Th e eyes of th e female are dich optic wh ich are well separated.
 O ap te' 6 ■ | 433

4. Segments of th e antenna are very ch aracteristic w h ich are

globular in appearance and 11 segmented.
5. Wings are sh ort but broad and h ave neith er scales nor h airs.
However few bristles are present.
6. Ch aracteristic g o ld e n a n d sttver coloured "h airs are present
on th e body.
7. Larvae h ave prolegs,
8. Th e pupae are boot sh aped, slipper sh aped and bear paired
gills.

humped
thorax

Fig. 104. Simuiium spp.

^ c le
D e v e lo p m e n t^ sta g e s
• E88
• Larva
• Pupa
• Adult
D e s c rip tio n
1. Egg la'ying h abit is very ch aracteristic. Th e eggs are laid by
th e female fly on th e objects wh ich are placed in or near th e
m nning water.
2. After h atch ing of th e eggs th e larvae come out. ^ e larva is
h our-glass sh aped. Oth er ch aracteristic identifying features
are present in th e larva. Th ese are ey e spot, anal gills and
posterior sucker.
434 | V e te ^ ^ ^ P a^ ^ to lo ^ at a G^re:e

3. Presence of p ro le g is an important identifying feamre of th e

larva of th is fly. Th e proleg' is surrounded by a circlet of
h ooks. A pair h airy brush -like stmcture is present at th e anterior
part of th e larvae. Th e larval period may be very sh ort (7 days
or less) or th e duration may be upto h alf of-a year. Stream
temperature, availability of food and species of fly are th e
factors wh ich determine th e larval duration. Durmglarval period,
6-11 larval instars are formed.
4. ' ^ e larvae turn to pupae spinning a cocoon surrounding th e
body of th e larva. Th e pupa may broadly be divided into two
parts like ceph aloth or^ and a b do^ n. Pupation period is few
days to few weeks.
5. Emergence of th e adult is dependent on ternperamre and ligh t.
Hence, adult fly emerges in day time. Th e adult fly after
emergence rises to th e surface of w ater forcefolly so th at it
can break water-air interface.
adult

pupa

lawa
Fig. 105. Lffe cycle ofSimulium spp.
 6 ■ .^ ^ r o p o ^ | 435

B i ono^ c s
1. Simulid flies lay eggs only, in running water eith er in river
water, or in mountain streams. Almost all flies require mating.
However, some species are parth enogenetic. Before mating
th e male flies form a precopulatory swarms. Th e female flies
enter into th e swarm and are captured by th e male. Visual
cues or contact- ph erom ones are th e stimuli for mating.
2. Th ese flies are diurnal in h abit.
3- For th e development of th e eggs, blood meal is required. As
Simulids are diurnal in th eir h abit th ese flies are found in
sunny climate.
4. Adult female flies can disperse long distance from th eir breeding
places, ^ e s e are not as th at of Culico ides wh ich disperse
only a sh ort distance away.
. 5. Some flies are autogenous. Blood meal is not required for
th e ir 1st gonotrop ic cy cle (a utoge nous ). O th e rs are
anautogenous and th ey require blood meal. Most of th e Simulids
are mammaloph ily (feed on mammals). Some are
(feed on birds). Th ere are several h ost attractants i.e. colour,
sh ape, size of h osts and C 0 2 released by th e h osts. Th ese
th ings attract th e female to locate th eir h osts.
6. Most of th e flies are h aematoph agus.
Im p o rta n c e
Th ese flies cause damage to th e animals directly or indirectly.

1. Th e flies cause great worry to th e animals. Due to th e attack

of th e flies th e animals do not graze w ell and frequently
stam pede. Th is leads to loss of body w eigh t and loss of
production. Th e intense bite of th e flies cause formation of
vesicle and papule at th e underside of th e animal.
b & e d ^ ^ M ge
Many path ogens are transmitted by th ese flies, " ^ e se flies act
as th e vectors of different path ogens.
1. C ausa tive a ge nt of L e u c o c ^ o z o o n o s i s in duc k is
Leu co cyto zo o n anatis and L, sm ithi in, m rkey . Th ese two
path oges are transmitted by S im u liu m venu stu m , S, sbsso nae
and S. meridio nale. Leuco cyto zo o n sim o ndi (goose and duck)
is transmitted by S im u liu m and S. anaticu m .
2. Viruses of eastern equine enceph alitis
^ 6 [ V ete^ ^ ^ Paraato lo ^ at a Glance

3. ■V e s ic ^ ^ sto^ratis is t r a ns i t e d by S. vittatu m and S. no tatum.

4. Ttypano so m a co nfitsu m is transmitted by S im u liu m spp.
5. S im u liu m o rnatu m and S. fam no su m act as th e intermediate
h ost of important filarial worm, Onco cerca spp.
6. A specific condition SlmuHotoreicoste is raused due to toxemia
and anaph y lactic sh ock. Th e calves are h igh ly affected.
However, sh eep, goat, pig, h orses may also be affected. Th e
speices of S im u liu m involved in causing simulitoxicosis are
S im u liu m areticu m c o m ply and S im u liu m o rnatu m complex.
Control
G e ne r ^
1. M th e flies are long fliers, th e control is difficult. Spraying of
effective insectide like lindane, ch lordane, dieldrin at th e site
of breeding place can be done. However th e problem of
indiscriminate use of th ese insecticidal agents ate associated
with death of non-target organisms.
2. Medicated screen can be used.
3. Entomopath ogenic bacteria, Bacillus th u ringienstevariw ae^ste
are used to control larvae of th e flies. Some fongal agents
Co elo mycidium sim u lii, Mermith id nematodes can be used for
b io lo ^ ca l co n tro l.
4. Human beings can take personal protection by using repellants
directly to th e skin or by impregnating.
O A er ^ n ds
Immune response of h ost against S im u liu m spp h as been evident.
Attempt was pinpointed towards th e consealed antigen wh ich is
specifically th e peritroph ic membrane of th e insect.
- P S Y ^ O D r o^
Genus
Phlebo to m u s
Spe cie s
Phlebo to mus papatasii
P. argentipes
P. sergenti
P. m ajo r
 ^tapter 6 ■ A rto o p o ^ | ^ 7

P. lo gipalpalis
P. o riental » '
Com m on na m e -Sand flies and owl midges
S ^ e n t m or p h ol o^
1. Th ese are small-sized brownish fly. Th e sh ape is elongated
and look sh iny.
2. Body is namow.
3. Antennae and legs are noticeably long (16 segmented) and
pilose in both sexes. Th e antennae are b e l t e d ^ p e .
4. ta nc e ofote ^ fogs're m ain erected- on th e body.
5. Body and wings, both are covered with numerous h airs.
6. Like th e oth er two families th ese flies are also strongly h umped.
7. Several knife-like sylets are present in th e mouth parts.

Fig. 106. Phleb otomusspp.

B i ol o^
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ge s
• Egg
• Larva
• Pupa
• Adult
fig | Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

D e scrip tion
1. Female flies lay th e eggs in moist places of cracks and crevices.
Th e flies may eith er bea utogenous (no requirement of blood
m eal for first gonotrop h ic cy cle) or a n a u to g e n o u s
(requirement of blood meal for th eir all gonotropic cycles).
Th e eggs are wh ite, in colour but gradually turn into dark
colour after some time.
2. From th e egg th e larva comes out. Th e larva is grayish wh ite
w ith dark h ead. Th ey are elongated apodous. Th e larvae pass
four larval stages.
3- Th e pupa is e xa ra te type because th e legs and wings are
free from th e body.

Fig. 107. Life cycle of Phlebotomus fly

 ^tapter 6 ■ A rfco p o ^ | ^9

B i ono^ c s
1; Places of oviposition are leaf- litter, bases of forrest trees,
burrows etc.
2. Feeding is mainly nocturnal.
3. Th ese Wes take rest in dark, cool and h umid areas. Hopping
type of fligh t is found in Ph lebotomid flies.
4. ^ e flies fly with out making any noisefol sound. a nd
^ ^ B gh t is preferred for attacking th e animals,
5. Th e flies take th e nectar or oth er sugary material.
M e ^ cd a nd v e te ^ ^ ^ y to p o ^ ^ c e s
Phlebo to m u s spp are th e vectors of im portant protozoan
parasites like
Leishm ania do no vani
L. braziliense
L. chagasi
L. infantu m
L. tro pica
L. m ajo r
C o n ^ l o f P b teb ot-o^ m i
1. Etim ina tion o f bre e dfog site : Control can be done by filling
th e cracks and crevices of inner walls, floors and ceilings of
h ouses berause th e flies lay foeir eggs in th e cracks and crevices.
Clearing and paving of out - door areas is also essential. For
detection of Phlebo to mus, examination of soil by w et sieving
and floatation is done.
2. In se ^ c id e s : A number of insecticides can be applied i.e
organoch lorine compounds, organoph osph orus compounds,
natural and sy nth etic py rith roids and carbam ates. Th ese
insecticidal agents sh ould b e sprayed on th e walls, ceilings,
floors etc of th e h ouses. Area treatment sh ould b e done by
applying th e insecticidal agents on th e outcroppings, fences,
burrows and tree trunks etc.
3. Tra ps :Different type of traps are used for catch ing foe flies.
Th ese traps are sticky traps, bait traps, ligh t traps etc. To
. control P htebo to m u sjM pa^i e le cfrw u tor tra p s can be,- used.
^0 | Vete^^^r Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

4. ta se ct re p e ^ n te : Insect repellants can be used for personal

protection by applying lotion, spray on th e exposed-, part of
th e body . Th e dresses can be im pregnated w ith repellant
agents in case of h um an beings.
5. B iologica l co n tro l : Parasites and predators i.e. B acillu s
thiiringiencisvav tiraelem is, B. sphaericus and some gregarine
protozoans can be used to control Phlebo to mus flies.
O toe r t r e n ^
- Trend of vaccination against h aematoph agus fly using cellular,
subcellular and oth er bioch emical factors are in progress.
F ^ ^ U y - Culicidae

Brie f m troduction
Th e mosquitoes are globally important arth ropods in th e medical
and th e veterinary field. Th ey h ave been 'prime focus for scientists
to carry on th e consistent research to find out an amicable solution
to control th e arth ropods since th e mosquitoes act as th e vector of
malaria, a dreadfol disease of man. Apart from transmission of malarial
parasites th e mosquitoes also transmit th e filarial worms th us causing
a significance between man and animal.
Pre va le nce
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution. Ano pheles a nd. C u l^
are abundantly avaOable in. India.
G e n e ^ m o^ h ol o^
' E ^ s : Th e eggs of mosquitoes are oval, elongated or spindle
-sh aped. Eggs may be laid singly. (Ano pheles, Aedes)o r th e eggs
are found clumped togeth er forming e ^ - (Culex). Th e. outer
most layer of th e egg is called as ch orion wh ich may be filled with
air forming floa t (Ano phele&
^ ^ a : Th e larvae of mosquitoes are commonly know n as
w r i ^ ^ e r e or .Broadly th e body of th e larva is divided
into th ree parts, h ead, th orax’ and abdomen. Th e h ead bear a pair
of eyes. Th e th orax is broad w ith out any legs Th ree indistinct
segments are present in th e th orax. Th e. abdomen is narrow h aving
.8-9 segmens.
 6 ■ ^ fe o p o fe | -Ml

^ p a : Th e pupae of mosquitoes are commonly know n as

t^ ^ ^ le re . Th ese are sha ped, ^ e h ead and th orax are
fosed to form ceph aloth orax. Th e abdomen is curled below .it th us
giving th e typical comma sh ape. A pair of respiratory lobes are
present on th e m esoth orax wh ich are called as ^ tra m p e ts'
.Respiration is performed by th e pupa by o^ ge n passing th r ou ^
th e air trumpete.
A drft :
Hea d - Th e adult mosquitoes are slender, ^ e h ead is provided
with two compound eyes. Th e antennae are long and filamentous
arising from area betw een th e eyes. Th e proboscis is long. A 'pair
of palps are present.
T h o^ re — Th e th orax is ch aracteristically w e dg^ ^ h a p e d.
Feath er like h airs are present on th e th orax. Th e dorsal surface of.
th e th orax is ch aracteristirally broad.
Wings — Th e wings are narrow.. Vernation of th e wings is
distinct. Scales are present on th e wings, ^ e wings are folded flat,
over th e abdomen during rest.
A y om e n —^ e abdomen is se^ented_. First few segments
are larger as com pared to th e subsequent segments wh ich are
smaller. Th e post genital lobe or th ecerci of th e female and claspers
and oth er genital apperures of male .are present in th e 9* abdominal,
segment. Hairs are present on th e. abdomen.
G e ne ra - Ano pheles
Culex
Aedes
A n op h ele s C utex A e fe s
1. Gro ssly these 1. They always remain 1. ttese mo squito es sit
mo squito es can be parallel to the surface parallel to the surfaces.
identified by the sitting while sitting.
behav io ur. The
mo squito es sit o n fo e
surface fo x ing an
acute angle.
2. In female the palps 2. In female the palps 2. The palps, are less
are as lo ng as are less than half o f than the pro bo scis.
. pro bo scis. Male palps pro bo scis. Male palps Male palps are no t
are clubbed and as are no t clubbed but as clubbed but as lo ng as
lo ng as pro bo scis lo ng as pro bo scis. pro bo scis.
M2 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glarce

A n op h eles
3. In the la rva siphon
tube is a bse nt.
Cha ra cteristic pa lma te
ha irs a re pre se nt on
the a bdom e n.
4. In the pupa broa d
type o f bre a thing
ttum pe t is pre se nt.
5- The e ggs a re boa t­
sha pe d. La tera l floa ts
a re pre se nt.
Cutex A ed es
3- In the la w a siphon 3. Siphon tube is
tube is present. pre se nt. Pa lma te ha irs
Pa lma te ha irs a re a re a bse nt. -
a bsent.
4. In & e pupa na rrow 4. In the pupa na rrow
(La tera l vie w ) (La tera l vie w )
bre a thing ttumpe t is bre a thing trumpe t i s '
pre se nt. present.
5- Eggs a re la id in ra fts. 5- Eggs a re without
la tera l floa ts a nd.la id
sin^y.

^ d e o f .^ o p h e ^ e
D e ve lopm e nt^. s t^ e s
•
• Larva
• Pupa
• Adult
D e scrip tion
1. Female Anoph eles lay th eir eggs (100-150) in batch at nigh t
time on th e water. Air-filled floats are present on eith er side
of th e eggs.
 & apter 6 ■ Arthro po ds | M3

2. Hatch ing of th e eggs occurs with in two days.

3. After h atch ing th e larvae come out.
4. Th e larvae are with out wings and legs. .Th ey sit parallel to th e
water surface. Pulmate h airs are th e most important ch aracteristic
feature for th e identification of th e larvae of Ano pheles.
5. With in a w eek or m ore th e larvae transform to pupa after four
moultings. Th e body of th e pupa is broadly divided into two
parts like ceph aloth orax and abdomen.
6. O n th e dorsal aspect of th e pupal covering th ere occurs
' splitting th rough wh ich th e adult or th e imago emerges out.
c y c le o f C ^ c i n e

D e ve lopm e nta l sta ge s

• Egg
• Larva
• Pupa
• .Adult
D e scrip tion
1. Th e eggs of Aedes spp are not attach ed to each oth er. Alth ough
th e eggs are laid in batch es, Culex spp lay .th eir eggs in rafts.
Th e noticeable point is th at th e mosquitoes lay th e eggs on
th e edge of th e water but not' on th e water itself. Tree h oles,
salt marsh es are th e preferable area w h ere th e mosquitoes
prefer to lay th e eggs. Under th e surface of th e floating leaves
th ey lay th e eggs.
2. After h atch ing th e larvae come out: Th e larvae.are clearly
differed as th ese possess th e siph on tube by w h ich th ey h ang
dow n from th e surface of th e water.
3. Pupa is formed from th e larva after four moulting. Th e pupa is
different from th e Ano pheles pupa by h aving tubular respiratory
h orn. In th e Ano pheles th e respirtory h om is distally expanded.
4. From th e pupa adult mosquito comes out.
^ | ParaMto lo ^ at a Glance

Fig, 109. (a) Life cycle of Anopheles (b) Life cycle o f Culm

G e ne ra l B ionom ics
1. From th e batch of th e pupa male mosquito emerges first.
2. Male mosquitoes h ave spectfic fligh t over th e top of th e tree
w h ich attract th e female mosquitoes. Mating beh aviour is very
ch aracteristic. Male mosquitoes form a typical fligh t swarm.
Female mosquitoes enter into th e swarm wh ich is detected by
th e male by h er wing beat.
3. Sugar feeding is perforated bofe by male and female mosquitoes
but females' are only blood sukers. Some mosquitoes are h ost
specific and some take blood meal from wide range of h ost.
As far as th e feeding h abit is concerned th e mosquitoes are
 ^tapter 6 ■ Arthro po d | W5

classified into a n ^ n p op ^ U c and -zoop ^U c. Anth roph ilic.

mosquitoes feed on man and zooph ilic feed-on animals.5Host
- finding h ebaviou-r is very ch aracteristic. Th e mosquitoes use
.volatile ch emical, to detect th eir h osts. O th er h ost attractants
are C 0 2-, octenol and lactide acide etc.
4. Most species of mosquitoes are nocturnal and few are diurnal.
5. Few minutes are required for blood meal and th e distended
abdom em can be. visualized from outside. '
M e d ica l a n d v e te ^ n a ^ r n p o m n c e
1. - Th e mosquitoes cause great nuisance to th e h ost. •
2. Apart from causing nuisance, foe mosquitoes transmit many
diseases’ as following:
A no pheles - Plasmo dium v iv ^ , th e causative agent of
h um an malaria, Diro filaria imniitis, h eart
worm of dog.
Culex - Plasmo dium gallinaceum , causativeagent
of avian malaria
Diro filaria im m itis
Eastern and western equine enceph alitis
Japanese B enceph alitis
Aedes P lw m o diu m gallinaceu m
Diro filaria im m itis
Virus of Dengu fever of man
- Virus of Yellow fever of man
Eastern and Western equine enceph alitis
Japanese B enceph alitis
C o n tro l'
G e n e ra l
t e d i d d ^ c o n tr o l-:
It is possible by using mosquito net, window net, minimizing-
th e exposure in out-door etc. Th e mosquito net and oth er net can
b e impregnated with insecticidal agents. Some repellents in th e
form of smoke or vapour can control th e m osquito-attack at a
satisfactory level.
M re s c o n tr o l p ro g ^ ^ ^ n e s :
Before taking th is ty pe of program m e, th e foci of h igh
population of mosquitoes sh ould be detected by survey. Th ereafter
M6 | Vetermary Parasito lo gy at a Glrnce

accordant control program m e sh ould' be taken. A num ber of

insecticidal agents are used to control m osquito larvae. Th e
recommended larvicidal agents are organoph osph orus compounds,
inse ct re ^ ^ to re (meth opreme) and ligh t minerals oils:
Insect growth regulators can reduce metamorph osis of larvae. %
control th e adult mosquitoes, many insecticidal agents are sprayed
as droplets by h and- mach ine or from th e aircraft. Th e insecticidal
agents wh ich could be used are organoph osph orus compounds,
synth etic pyrith roids, carbamates etc.
^ n tic control :
Th is is an attempt to release sterile male by selective breeding
of th e'mosquitoes.
B io lo ^ c^ control :
Attention h as been paid to control th e larvae by different
biological agents:
1. Fish : Gambusia is a well documented fish wh ich ingest th e
la^-ae of mosquitoes. Some oth er fish are Tilapia and Killifish
wh ich can also control mosquito larvae.
2. Arth ropods : Beetle, copepods -etc
3. Protozoa : Lambo rnella (ciliates)
4. Fungus : Culicino myces
5. Bacteria : Bacillu s thu ringiem is tiraelensis or Bti.
Other fre n&
Work on immune response against mosquitoes was carried
out. For th is purpose th e immunodominant protein was isolated and
used as vaccine. But significant level of protection h as not been
ach ieved.
s r a or or a -
-^ s c r o ^
F ^ ^ U y - Muscidae
Under th is family th ere are seven subfamilies. Of th ese families
medical and veterinary importance are as following :
Muscinae
Stomoxinae
Faniinae
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ .^ ^ ro p o fo | A47

S ub ^ ^ ^ ty - Muscinae
G EW S ^ U S O L
B rief to tro d uctio n .
Musca flies ,are medium-sized grey-coloured, flies wh ich are
cosmopolitan in distribution. Musca do m e stic axe called h ouse flies.
Th e flies are not blood suckers but still th ey transmit a number of .
dangerous diseases like polio, anth rax and tuberculosis etc. Different
species are involved in transmission of th e fflarial womis in animals.
Th ese are synanth ropic flies.
P rev alen ce
Th ese flies are cosmopolitan in distribution. In India M m ca !pp
are h igh ly prevalent.
Speries - M. do mestica
M. vo m ito na .
M .au tu m nalis
M.. law ipara
Musca
1. Dark grey-coloured fly 1: Brownish grey-coloured fly
commonly found in h ouse. Th e conanonly found in th e stable.*
name h as been given as h ouse flyv , Th us th e name h as been ^ven.as
stable fly. 1
2. Lappingtype of mouth parts are 2. Sucking type of mouth .parts are
found found. -
. 3. Th ere are presence of four dark ’3. Same as Mi&ca'fy.
■longitudinal vitae'on th e
mesonotum part.
4. It is plumose above’and below ■4. It is plumose only above foe
th e arista. arista.
5. Cuwed end of th e 4,h 5 Curved- end of 4th lon$tudinab
lon^tudinal vein reach es th e tip of vein does not' reach ' th e dp of th e
th e 3 --longitufonal vein wh ich is . 3rf longitudinal vein.
th e ch araaeristic fofferentiadng
point of th is fly h orn Stomo^s p .
6. A clear longitudinal stripe is 6.' Th rre dark spots of different size
present on foe abdomen. are present on foe 2^ and 3rf
abdominal segment.
 | V eterinary P a r a s itolo^ a t a G lance

aWomina! stripes

F ig . 1 1 0 . M u s c a d o m e s tic s F ig . 1 1 1 . S t o m o x ^ s p p .

na m e - House fly
^ d e of M u s c a spp
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ge s
• Egg
• Larva
• Pupa
• . Adult
D e scrip tion
1. Th e eggs laid by th e female are wh ite and long.
2. W ith in fe w h ours th e eggs h atch and th e ap odous and
saproph agus larvae emerge out.
3. T h e h ook s found in th e m outh ' a nd th e s c le rotiz e d
ce p h a lop h a ^ n ge ^ . ske le tonare visible from outside as th e
body , of th e larva is translucent. Th ere occurs th ree larval
stages. Th e larvae of M usca are saproph agus and eat bacteria,
yeast etc.
4. In the termina l sta ge, the larva stops feeding a nd it enters the
letha rgic pha se a nd sta rts tra nsforma tion into pupa . Initially
the pupa is white in colour but la ter on the pupa turns into
da rk; The pupa rema in in a ca se which is ca Ued pupa rium.
5. By using the ptilinum the a dult fly comes out.
 6■ | ^9

H a b ita t
1. Th e name indicates th at th e h ouse fly p re fe r to remain in th e
h ouse. Th e sh ades are preferred by th e h ouse fly. High
temperature and low h umidity is th e ideal climate for foe flies
but any climate is adapted by th e flies.
2. ' Th ese flies are abundantly available in th e kitch en. Th e male
flies are attracted to sugary food, h owever, th e female fly
takes th e proteinous food.
3- Th e Muscid flies are anautogenous wh ich means th at th e flies
do not require any blood meal for th eir l a gonotropic cycle.
'4. , Musca domestica is also called as non - biting filth fly.
450 | V e te r ina ^ P a r a s i tol o^ a t a G lance

Few com m on n^rnes o f th e ffies

M usca do mestica- Non fly.
M uscina stabu lans- Fa k e sta ble fly.
Fannia canicu laris^tisA e. h ora e
t o p o ^ n c e o f h oroe %
As th ere is close association of h ouse fly w ith th e man, h e is
prone to many path ogens transmitted by th e flies. Vareities of
path ogens are transm itted by th e flies.
V ^ ns e s -
Polio virus
B a cte ria
Bacteria of Ch olera (Vibrio cho lerae)
Shigella and S almo nella (organisms of enteritic fever)
Escherichia co li
Staphyllo co ccus au reu s
Organisms of anth rax, tuberculosis, diph th eria and leprosy.
H e l^ ^ th e s
1. Ancylo sto m a du o denale

3. Inte rm e dia te h ost of H abro nem a spp, R aillie tina spp,

C ho ano taenia spp.
Pro to zo a
Entamo eba histo lytica
^ n u s - Stom oxys
^ d e o f S tom ox y s sp
D ev elo p m en t^ stages
• Egg
• Larva
• Pupa
• Adult
 ^tapter 6 ■ ^ ft r o p o ^ | 451

Life cycle of S io m o ^ s

Ad ult fly comes out from p up a and

op p osition starts after ab out 9 d ays after
few b lood meals.

H a bita t
1. flies are mainly found in and around th e stables and th ese
flies are called as th e stable flies.
2. Th e flies bite during th e daytime at th e lower side of th e
animals.
3. Th e stable flies are h aving th e tendency to breed on th e dung
and urine contaminated with th e straw.
Im p orta n ce
1. .W om es caused by th e flies results in loss of milk yield and
body weigh t.
2. A number of path ogens are transmitted by, th e flies-.
a . Nema tode
H abro nem a spp
b. Protozoa
T r^ano so m a evansiQhe. causative agent ofsurna)
T. v i v ^ (Causative agent of nagana of sh eep, gost and cattle)
T. bm cei (Causative agent of nagana of cattle, sh eep and goat)
T. equ inu m (Causative agent of mal - de -caderus of equines)
452 | V ete^^ty P m ^ ito lo ^ at a G l^ce

T. gam biense (Causative agent of African sleeping sickness)

T. rho desiense (Causative agent of African sleeping sickness)
c.
V ^ s e s of pox
C o n tto l
G e n e ra l
1. H y ^ e ne : Th e animal h ouses sh ould be well ventilated so
th at th ere would not be any decomposition since th e flies lay th eir
eggs in th e decaying material. Th ere sh ould not be any seepage on
th e walls of th e animal h ouse. Th e manure sh ould be properly
disposed. It sh ould be regularly taken out from th e pen and sh ould
be disposed in manure h eap. Th e h eat produced in th e manure
h eap can kfll th e egg and larvae of th e flies. Th e garbage sh ould
be disposed in th e large garbage can with proper lid. Straw -bedding
for th e animals sh ould be avoided.
2. T rap s : Different ^ e of traps are used Le.ligh t traps, sticty
traps etc. Ph eromone based adulticidal baits are also used.
3- fo se cticid e s : If population of th e flies increase abundantly,
larvicidal agents sh ould be applied immediately. Th ese larvicides
can be, administered as feed additive to h ave residual effect in th e
manure th at will kill th e eggs or larvae. To control th e adults, residual
spray using different insecticidal agents sh ould be done.
4. C h e ^ c f f re p e lla n te : Application of ch emical repellant
can cause temporary relief.
5- e n e m ie s: Th ere are number of natural biological
control agents. Th ese are mites, wasps, beetles etc.
6. D ou b le d o o r w a y : Double door way system can prevent
th e entry of flies. However it feasible to use in th e restaurant,
h otels etc.
Im m u n o lo ^ c a l a p p ro a c h e s
Trypsin- lffe enzyme and offer proteinases found in th e gut of
fly h ave been targeted as vaccine candidate.
 ^ ap te r 6 ■ Arto o po ds | -^3

E ^ rn;Y
B rie f Introduction
Th ese m'e th e tse - tse flies. Under th is family one genus is
found evidently. However, under th e genus few subgenera are
present. Th is family was previously included m th e Muscidae. Th e
flies are very important in th e African countries since th ese flies
transmit th e h uman sleeping sickness caused by trypanosome, T.
gam biense and T. rho desiense. Th ere are different opinions regarding.
th e origin of th e w ord ‘tse tse’. ^ i s temi was used by th e T s w ^ a
people of Kalah ari Desert. Th e meaning of th e word, ‘tsense’ is ‘fly’
in Mozambique.
P re va le n ce
Th ese flies are restricted in some pockets wh ich are called
Glo ssina belts. Th e flies are found in tropical and subtropical parts •
of Africa.
S ^ e n t m o rp h o lo ^
1. Th e colour of th e fly is brown or tan.
2. Th e antena is trisegmented. Th e th ird segment of wh ich is
pea -p od sh aped(elongated oval).
3- Only on th e dors^. side of th e a ra te , it is plumosed.
4. In both th e male and female, th e eyes are dich optic.
5. Th e wings of th e flies are scissor- like wh ich remain folded
during rest. Th is te a ch aracteristic ide nt^ ing feature of th e
fly. Th e wings h ave ha tch e t ^ ta p e d disc^. c e ll
6. Th e long proboscis is ensh eath ed in palps.
^ p o r ia n t spe cie s
G. mo rsitans
G. submo rsitans
G. palpalis
G. pattidipes
G. tachino ides
G. brevipalpatw
G. lo ngipalpalis
454 | Pwasito lo ^r at a Glanre

G. at&teni
G. vanho o fi
^ fe ^ c le
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ge s
• L a^a
• Pupa
• Adult
D e scrip tion
1. Th e fly h as unique reproductive ch aracter as th e female fly
deposits directly th e folly grown larcae.
2. ^ e larvae rem ain'in th e uterus and take nourish ment from
th e secretion of th e uterine gland. One specialized structure,
c h ^ rio& e te supports th e larvae to remain in th e uterus.
3. Two moultings occur in th e uterus itself, ^ e 3rf larval instar
comes out from th e fly. Th e oval larvae bear ^ o prominent
lobes. Th e larvae burrow into th e soil as th ese are negatively ■
ph ototropic.
4. With in a very sh ort period (1-1. 5 fo)th e larvae transform into
pupa in th e soil.
5. Th e ptilinium causes eclosion by breaking th e puparial cap
and th e adults come out.
 ^ ap te r 6 ■ ^ ^ u o p o ^ | 455

adult

Fig. 114. Life cycle ofGlossinaspp.

H a b ita t
1. Th e mammals and th e birds are affected. Th ey attack th e
animals w h en th ey are in sh ade. Th e saliva of th ese flies (as
found in oth er flies also) contains comprising
antith rombin wh ich causes rapid flow of &e blood and allows
th e flies to take large amount of blood.
2. Th ese flies are diurnal bloodsucker; th at means th at th e flies
take th eir blood meals in daytime. However, feeding may also
o c c u r in t h e n ig h t CGlossina m edicom m ). T h e y fe e d a b o u t
every th ree days.
3. flies are restricted in some zones w h ere th ere are branch es
of tree wh ich overh ang on th e river, pond etc.
456 | Parasato lo ^r at a G to ce

4. Th e flies fly low near th e ground and bite th eir sh adow. Th ey

fly only a sh ort distance (1 km / day). Th ey spend most of
th eir time in resting ph ase in th e vegetation.
5. Tse tse fly can detet animal from a long distance because th e
olfacotry-fontion is very strong. Visual cues, odour are main
factors for detecting a h ost. C 02, acetone, ph enol of th e h ost
attract th e flies.
6. Mating occur eith er on th e h ost or in' th e vicinity of th e h ost.
7. Th e flies prefer to take bloodfrom th e calm animals and become
fully engorged with in 1-10 minutes. .Mter blood meal, th ey fly
slowly berause of increase weigh t (3 times) and take resT
Im p orta nc e
1. Th e flies mainly attack h uman beings.
2. ^ e flies transmit two important path ogens wh ich cause great
problem in man. Th e protozoan path ogens are T t^anrno m a
gam biense and T. rho desiense, causative agent' of African
sleeping sickness. Oth er trypanosomes are also transmitted
like Ttfflano so m a simiae, T. suis, T. co ngo lense, T. m m ; and T
bm cei etc.
C ontrol
F orest dem -ance: Deforestation can reduce th e population of
th e flies. But it is very cost effective.
D e s ^ r c tion of -^dd gam e : Wild game animals are th e source
of blood meal of th e flies. If th e games animals are destroyed, th e
flies will be died being deprived of blood meal.
Inse c tic ida l c am p a ign
^ G r o^ d sp ra y m g : Insecticide is sprayed on th e vegetation
h arvouring th e flies. Before starting th e campaign th e area sh ould
be surveyed in th e dty season wh ich make anable to know th e
number, location along with th eir resting site. Spraying is done in
th e dry season because duringth is time th e flies rest in th e vegetation
in h igh concentration. Single application can kill many flies at a
time. Th e possibility of wash ing away of.insecticides can also be
avoided, ^ e important insecticides used for spraying are dieldrin,
deltameth rine, endosulfan etc.

G fasina flies was first done in South Africa, ^ i s is done as following:

 ^tapter 6 ■ Ar&ro po ^ | 457

By h eU copter - Th is is done early in toe morning in

season. Motorized a t o ^ e n are used for uniform spra^ng
of th e insecticidal agents. Use- of h elicopter is better th an planes
since th e insecticides could be sprayed close to th e top of vegetation.
By s ^ ^ . p fones : Th is is done in a similar way as h elicopter.
A large area can be under insecticidal spray. Th e insecticidal agents
are sprayed from small plane th rough rotary atomizer.
Ffy s c re e n —Fly screen and repellants ran be used but success
is limited.

5. ‘Fly boy s’ are engaged, ^ e y ratch th e flies by . th eir fly net.

6. ^ t s and beetle act as th e natural enemies.
E ^ m .Y - r a » r oB Q S c m ^
Hippoboscidae - Th e members coming under th is family are
called as keds and h ouse fly.
G e nm
Hippo bo sca
Pseudo lynchia
M elo phagus
G enus - Hippo bo sca
S p ecies
H . m acu lata
H. m fipes
H. equ ina
H. capenste
B rie f fotroduc tion
Th ese are reddish brown coloured flies wh ich are commonly
available' all over th e world. Th e flies transmit Haemo pro teus spp
and nonpath ogenic T r^ano sm a theileri.
P re ra le nc e
Th ere is variation of prevalence of th ese flies. Hippo bo sca
equ in a is co s m o p o lita n in d istn b u tio n , h o w e v e r, H. m acu lata a re
restricted to th e tropical and subtropical parts of th e world. '
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
I. Th e flies are easily identifiable by th e reddish brow n colour.
^>8 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Th e size of th e fly varies g-eatly.

2. " One pair of wings are present. Th e veins of th e wings are of
unique type w h ich are at th e anterior part of th e
wmgs.
3. Abdomen is not segm ented. -
t a p o^ ^ c e - ^ e s e flies carry th e protozoa, H aem o pro tem spp
and Trfyanrno m a
G e nus . - M elo phagm
G EW S —M E L O P ^A G U S
S p e c ies - M. ^ n m
B rie f ta tioduc tion.
Th e flies are tick —^ e wingless found in th e wool of th e '
sh eep. Th e flies do not transmit th e path ogenic organisms, h owever,
th e flies are of economic signifirance since th e faeces of th e flies
stain ,th e wool of th e sh eep.
P re v a le nc e
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution.
H osta ^ e c t e d - Sh eep
Com m on n ^ n e - Sh eep ked and tick fly
Th is is a pernanent ectoparasite of th e sh eep.
S t e n t m o^ h ol^ ty -
1. W fogs ^ absent.
2. ^ e appearance of th e fly is like th e tick.
3- Powerfol claws are present at th e legs by w h ich th e .flies
fi^ dy attach to th e wool of th e sh eep.
4. Th e leath ery body is covered w ith num erous h airs.
5. Head is stiffly attach ed wh ich is notf r e e f y m ovable,
^ e ^ c le
D e v e l op m e nt ’stages
• Larca
•, Pupa
• Adult
D e s c rip tion
1. ^ e folly developed larvae are laid by th e female on th e wool
of th e sh eep.
2. Th e larcae transform into ch estnut brown coloured pupae with in
 ^tapter 6 ■ ^ ^ u o p o & | ^9

6 h ours. Th e pupa grows for few weeks or more, 19-26. days

depending on season.,
3. ■Th e pup ae remain glued on th e fleece of th e sh eep.
4. Th e adult comes out from pupa.
E co n o ^ c ^portance
1. Th ere is no marked damage caused by th e flies.
2. Main problem of th ese flies is th at th e faeces of th e flies cause
staining of th e wool wh ich reduces th e cost of th e wool.
3-' Th e flies transmit T r^ano so m a melo pbagium.
G enus - Pseudo lynchia
GENUS ^ S E U ttL m C H M
P r e v ^ e nc e
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species - P. canariensm
P. m o u rn
S ^ e n t m o rp h o lo ^
1. . Th e colour of th e fly is dark brown.
2. Th e legs are armed w ith claws as th at of oth er tw o genera.
E c o n o ^ c to p o ^ ^ c e
Th ese flies carry one im p ortant. protozoa, H aem o pro teu s
co lumbae.

Calliph oridae
S u b f ^ ^ y - Sarcoph aginae
G enus
Sarco phaga
Species - S. du x
C om m on n^ ne - Flesh fly
Xde n^^ta g ch a ^ ^ te r
1. T h e flie s a re la rge .
2. Th e colour of th e flies is dark grey.
3. Th e abdom en is ch equered with alternation, of dark and grey
spots.
 | P a^ ito lo ^ at a Glmre

4. •Arista is plumose upto about h alf of it’s length wh ich is very,

specific ch aracter of Sarco phaga tf>p.
5. • Th e th or ^ h as 3 longitudinal stripes,
f oa w - W o hlfahnia
Species - W. vigil
S ub fa^ y
Calliph orinae
Specific ch aracter - ^ e flies cause blow fiy strike in sh eep,
^ n p o^ ^ t ge nra
Callipho ra - blue-bottle flies
Lucilia - ^een-bottle or copper-bottle fly
Specific ch aracter - ^ e bristles wh ich are present on toe mesonatum
are not well developed.

B rief m tooducfion
^ e s e are medium-sized flies and are non - blood sucking.
Th ough th e flies are non - blood sucking th ey are important in
causing nasal myiasis.
P r e v ^ e nc e
Th ese flies are cosmopolitan in distribution.
G e ne ra l c h a r a c te r
1. Th e members coming under th e family ^ e called bot flies.
2. ^ e flies are ovoviviparous or larviparous.
3. Different type of myiasis are caused by th ese flies.
4. Th e flies h ave complete parasitic life.
5. Mouth parts are no^ nc tiona l (rudimentary) and do not feed.
G e n^ '
O estm s
Species - O estm s om
Com m on na m e - Nasal bot fly
 ^ ap t e 6 ■ | 461

S^ient m o rp h o lo ^
1. Th e flies are small, th e length range being 1 cm or more.
2. In betw een th e eyes th ere are presence of b fa ck p its.
3. Black tubercles are present on th e mesonotum and scutelum.
On th e mesonofom th ere is presence of yellow brow n h air.
4. Palpi are small.
5. Prominent oral h ooks are present on th e antennae.
6. Th e antennae are typically present in a deep groove.
7. Dark spots and ligh t brown h air are present on th e body.
8. Th e mouth is non-functional.

^ fe ^ c le
D e v e lo p m e n t^ sta g e s
• Larva
• Pupa
• Adult
D e s c rip tio n
1. Th e flies are larvaeparous and deposit th eir larvae on th e
nostril. In th e nasal area particularly in th e nasal passages th e
larva moults to th e 2ndstage larva. TCie larvae are long, tapering
anteriorly and flat posteriorly. Body is segmented and dark
bands are dorsally present on th e segments. Strong h ooks are
present at th e anterior extremity wh ich are attach ed to th e
ceph aloph a^ngeal skeleton.
2. By using th e h ooks th e larvae may reach th e base of th e h orns
affecting th e turbinate bones and sinuses. In th is area th e larva
transforms into th e 3rdstage la^a.
462 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Fig. 116. Life cycle ofOesfrus avis

3. larva causes great irritataion in foe vicinity and returns to

th e nasal orifice. Th e larva is expelled out of th e h ost and
pupate on th e ^ ound and th e adult comes out later on.
P a th o g e n e s is
^ e path ogenesis occurs in different ways.
1. ‘F ^ e is one of th e rnportant signs of th is condition, ^ e
animal m oves in a. circle as is found in case of co w u m s
infectio n.
2. ^ e animal sh ows th e signs of respiratory system, ^ a t sh ould
not be confosed with th e simple bacterial infection.
3- most important problem found is th e' attack by adult flies.
Th e adult flies cause great nuisance. Th e animal becomes
resfless. Th e flies try to deposit th eir larvae around th e nostril.
 ^tapter 6 ■ A rteo p o ^ | 463

During th at period th e animals rub or press th eir nostrils on

th e ^ ound.
T re a tm e n t
Ivermectin, Rafoxanide, Nitroxynfl
Control
G e ne r ^
Treatment of th e affected animal.
^ ^ m u n o l^ ^ c a l a p p ro a c h e s
Immune response against Oestms spp h as been assessed and
works were earned out to produce vaccine against th is fly.
G enus
H ypo derm a
C om m on n^ u e - Warble fly
S p e c ie s
linetu m
H. bo vte
' S ^ e n t m o^ h ot o^
I. Yellow orange coloured h air are present on th e abdomen wh ich
is th e ch aracteristic identifying feature of th e fly.
2. Th e sh ape of th e larvae is rough ly barrel-like1. Th e body of
th e larva is segmented and many spines are present in th e'
segments.
^ e
1. Th e flies lay th eir eggs on th e h airs and are attach ed to th e
h air by th e clasps, ^ e r h atch ing th e larvae crawl dow n th e
h airs. Penetrating th e h air follicle by th e use of th e p r ote o^ ^ c
e ^ ^ r oe , th e larcae enter th e inner organs.
2. Th ere are specific sites of th e ^ o species. H fflo derrna bo vti
larva is found attach ed to foe spinal canal and epidural fat.
Wh ereas th e larva ofH. lineatu m is attach ed to th e submucosa
of oesoph agus. In th ese areas th e larvae transform into th e 2nd
srage.
3- From th is area th e larvae gradually migrate to th e skin region
w h ere foey for a swelling. In th is swelling th e larvae perforate
and remain. Th is is called as th e warble stage;
464 |. Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

Fig. 117. Life cycle ofHypoderma lineatum

4. In th e spring th e larvae fell on th e ground and transform into

pupa,
P a & o g e n e s is
1. ^ e animals fear wh ile th e flies ^ to lay- eggs on th e_ skin.
Th e animals become restless. Th e animals, run a long distance
and inflict th emselves by gadding. Th ere occurs reduced milk
yield, loss of production etc.
2. Secretion of H. bo vis cause necrosis of fat. P e r i os t i ^ and
os te om y U ^ may be caused.
3. H. lineatu m set up inflammation of oesoph ageal wall eventually
producing oedema. Th te oedema obstruct th e food passage
' w h ich may resultb lo t condition.
4. ^ e larvae form h oles w h en th ey reach to & e skin and th e
affected area b ecom e m arkedly sw ollen w h ich exudes
yellowish serum. Haemorrh agic oedema on th e affected part
co nsisting jelly like material is called b utc h e r’s j e ^ ; The
tunnels formed by -th e' larvae may be s up p ura tiv e due to
secondaly bacterial infection.
5. Destruction of larvae in th e vicinity may cause allergic and
anaph ylactic reaction.
6. Sometimes th e larvae migrate to unnatural h ost (h orse) wh ere
foey cause different neurological disorders.
 ^tapter 6 ■ ^ ^ r o p o ^ | 465

E c o n o ^ c Im p o rta n c e

H ypo derm a flies h ave econom ic im portance. Th ey cause

different loss of production. Loss of milk production h a s been
recorded, ^ s s of meat production is more sign^cant. Th e larvae
cause depreciation of meat and h ide vdue. Meat become discoloured
surrounding th e tracks of larvae. Some part of meat miay be liquified
and gelatinous. Th is is called ^ l^ & e d b e ri;
Control
G e ne r ^
Treatment of th e affected■animak.
R e ce n t
Varitable works on vaccination against Hypo derma tf)p are in
progress. Th e larvae of th ese species produce serine protease th at
are immunogenic in cattle. Anoth er candidate antigen, H y p ode ^ ^ ta
' A was expressed in E. co li by gene biotech nology. Th e gene of
H ^ o d e ^ ^ t a B and C h ave been sequenced. H ^oderm in A is a-
trypsin-Uke neutral proteinase.

B rie f in ttd d u c tio n

^ e s e are medium-sized h a ^ flies, ^ e flies are th e causative
agents of th e intestinal or gastric mpasis.
P re v a le n c e
Gastwo philus in te s tin alG . nasalti and G. haemo who idalte
are cosmopolitan in distribution, h owever, o&er species are variably
prevalent in different' parts of th e world.
f onu s - Gastero philus
S p e cie s
G. intestinalis
G. haem o who idalis
G. nasalte
G. inerm is
H o st - Equines
D is e ^ e - Intestmal myiasis
466 | Vete^ra^ P ar^ to lo ^ at a Glrnce

S ^ e n t m o rp h o lo g y
1. Adult flies are dark.
2. Th e larvae are cylindrical.
3. Numerus spines are present on th e seginents of th e larvae.
4. Anterior to posterior of th e wing dark bands are present.
5. Mouth parts are nonfonctional.

Hg. 118 . Gasterophilus spp.

M e q de
D e v e lo p m e n t^ . sta g e s
• . Egg
• Larva
• Pupa
• Adult
D e s c rip tio n
1. Egg lay ing site is varied from individual to individual in
accordance with th e species.
2. G astwo philus intestinalis lay th eir eggs at or near th e forelegs
or sh oulders. G. nm alte lay th eir eggs around th e nose and
intermandibular region.
3. Th e eggs h atch and th e larvae come out. Sometimes th e irritation
is caused by licking and th e h e a t p ro d u ce d is d u e to lic k ln g ,
leads to h atch ing of th e eggs. Th e larvae penetrate and crawl
 ^ ap te r 6 ■ Arfo ro po ik | 467

th rough th e mouth , tongue, ph arynx, oesoph agus and finally

reach th e stomach .
4. Th e larvae may remain th ese sites for around one year. In th e
spring or early summer th e larvae get detach ed and are expelled
out of th e stomach and pupate on th e ground. However th e
larvae of G. haem o^hoidalis furth er attach to th e rectum for
few days.
5. From th e pupa th e adult fly comes out.
P a th o g e n e s is
1. Th e presence of th e larvae in th e mouth leads to inflammation.
2. It is a feet th at th e larvae in large number gath er on th e wall of
th e stomach , lead to path ology of less significance-. Infect,
most of th e larvae affect th e non-glandular part- th at’s wh y less
path ology is caused.
3. However, th e presence of th e larvae on th e wall of th e stomach
causes inflammation wh ich may lead to formation of ulcer-like
condition.

S ub fa ^ ^ ty : Calliph orinae
G e nus : Callip hora
S p e cie s : Callip hora
Th e members under th is genus are called blue bottle fly.
S p e cie s :
C. erythroctyhala
C. stygia
C. vom itona
C. au gar
G e n u s : Lucilia
Th e members under th is genus are; called as Green bottle or
'Copper - bottle fly.
S p e cie s :
L. sericata
L. Uhx tris
^8 | V eterin ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Gl^^e

W h a t is s trik e ? Larvae of b low flies (Flies of fam ily ,

Calliph oridae) cause w ound in skin and associated muscle wh ich is
called as strike. Existing w ound attract th e blow flies, ^ e blow
flies lay th eir eggs in th e wound. Strike frequently occurs in th e
body areas ■of sh eep w h ere th ere is loose s^m -fol& Water is
trapped in th is fold and get decomposed if th is does not get dried
up. ^ i s becomes a good media for bacterial growth wh ich ultimately
result into w ound. A typical smell is generated from th is w ound, to
wh ich th e blow flies are attracted and lay th e eggs. After h atch ing
th e larvae come out Th e larvae of b low ffies initiate
myiasis. Th en foe affected area is attracted by th e s e c on^ ^ y ffies.
Th e larvae of secondary flies secrete proteol^ic enzymes and digest
th e tissue of th e affected area and aggravate th e condition. Th e
larvae form tunnels in th e tissues, ^ e central portion of th e affected
area start h ealing but th e lesion increase periph erally. Th e animals
become restless due to constant irritation caused by th e larvae, ^ e
animals do not feed well and general h ealth status goes down.
Strike can be treated by application of insecticidal agent (3%
coumaph os, 2% diazinon) to kill th e larvae. r e m ov e of
loose skin is also a practice to control blow fly-strike. Selective
b re e ding can be done to produce sh eep with plain breech es.

is r n y ^ i s ?
Myiasis is th e invasison of th e living tissue by th e larvae of fly.
^ e r e are different types of myiasis. 7
O b U ga to^ m y i t i s - Th e larvae perform a parasitic life. Example
- Oestms o vis
A c c i de n t m y ^ i s - Some flies are not true myiasis causing fly.
However, th ey cause myiasis if th e eggs or larvae are accidentally
ingested.
^ ^ n p l e : Dro so phila spp
Fac^totiLve m y iasis — Th e flies are not obligatory to th e h ost,
h owever, th ey take opportunity in th e h osts. Different blow flies
are th e examples of th is ty pe of myiasis.
Myiasis can be classifiedas per th e organ/part of organ affected:
 ^ ap t e 6 ■ | 469

t o W c myia sfc
Example -Th is myiasis is caused by Gmt'erophilus intestinalis.
N ^ o p h a^ n g e al m y it is
Example - ^ i s myiasis is caused by O& tms o vte.
Occuta r m y i t i s - Myiasis occurring in auricular region.
Example -Th is myiasis is ra use db y Oestms o vis.
^ ^ r ne ou s m y i t i s - Th is myiasis is caused by H yp oderm a
lineatum.
Tra uma tic - TCiis myiasis is caused by H ^o derm a
lineatum.
Myiasis can be classified as per th e different stages:
U r oge r f ^ . m y i^ fc Th is is; caused by blow fly and flesh
fly.
m y itis Initiatmg myiasis caused by primary
flies ( Callip hora stygia, C. australte, C .falkw , Lucilia sericatd). ^e
flies lay eggs and initiate myiasis. - •
S e c onda ^ m y i t i s M y i a s i s caused by primary flies is furth er
aggravated by seconday flies (jChrysomym. micropogon, C. mficacies,
some Sarcop haga spp.). Th ey defeat th e larvae of primary flies.
Larvae of Chrysomyia feed on larvae of oth er flies._
m y i^ f c Tertiay myiasis is caused by tertiay flies.
At first myiasis is initiatedby primary flies. Th enmyiasis is aggravated
by sec onda y flies. .'Th e area is farth er affected by tertiray flies
(Musca domestica) wh ich come at last. Little damage is eaused-by
la ^ a e of teritay flies.
O rde r - C ole opte ra
Members - Beetle
M orphology
1. Largest number of members wife massive variation of colour
under th is order.
2. Size is also variable (v e y small to large sized).
3- Biting t ^ e of mouth parts are present.
4.. Fore wings are markedly tough (elytra). Th ese wings are used
during fligh t.
5. Hind wings are membranous and folded back under th e fore
wings. Th e h ind wings may be rudim entay or absent.
470 1 Vate^^^- PM aato lo ^ at a Glance

Disease tran sfu sio n :..

1. Tapew orm s - R aillietin a cesticillus, H ym enolep is carioca,
Choanotaenid infundib ulum.
2. R oundw orm s : G on ^ lon e m a p u lch ru m , Sp irocerca lup i,
Ascarop s stron^lina, Physalop tem sp., Physoc^halus s&tatotus.

^ op t e ^ got a
o ^ r n - O R 'r a o ^ ^ ^
B rie f.mtroduction
members coming under th is order are cockroach es and
grassh oppers. Th e grassh oppers and cockroach es act as th e
intermediate h osts of different nematodes, protozoa and bacteria
etc. ■
P r e v ^ e nc e
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Members - Grassh oppere, cockroa^es
G en eral characters
1. . ^ e r e are two pairs of wings.
2. Th e anterior pair of wings is tWckened w h ich is called as
t e ^ ^ t oa and th is pair of wings covers th e posterior pair wh ich
are membranous.
 ^ ap t e 6 ■ ^ tto o p o ds | 4 n

^ c le

top or t a nc e
Th e ^assh oppers and cockroach es act as intermediate h osts
of different nematodes.
G ra sshopp e rs
Cbeifo spim ra hamulo sa, Tetrameres am encana are transrntted
by ^assh opper.
C ock roa ch e s
Th e following path ogens are transmitted by th e cockroach es.
472 | V ete^ aty PMasito lo ^ at a Glrnce

Helminth
Oxyspirurapaw o rnm , G o n^lo nem apu lchru m , Pictu to ria s$),
A cantho ctyhala spp, Physalo ptera spp, S piritrd spp and Tetrameres
spp.
Bacteria
Bacillu s spp, Escbm chia co li, Salmo nella typhi and Shigellaspp.
Protozoa
Infection of cockroach es with ' To xo plasma go ndii h as been
evident.
O dona te
M embers - Dragon fly
G e n e r^ . ch a ra cte r
1. From th e name it ran be told th at th e flies are large in size.
2. . Th e flies h ave two large eyes.
3. A pair of antennae is th in like th e h ^ .
4. Incomplete metamorph osis is found in th eir, life cycle. Th e
stages are egg, naid (aquatic) and adult.
M p o rtw c e
Th e naid and adult stage act as th e
^m stho go nim ite pellncidus.
o r o r a -H E r n m E m .
B rie f m trodu ction
Th e members coming under th e order are th e bugs. Th e bugs
are of significant importance in th e medical ■field since th e reduvid
bugs transmit a dreadful disease, ch agas.
M e ^ ^ r a - Bugs .
S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo g y
1. Th e antennae are specific as th ese bear grooves on th eir
surfaces.
2. - Wings may be one paired, ^ o paired or absent.
3. The wings a re a rra nged like the scissors on the body.
4. A ch aracteristic smell is detected m th e bugs. It is because of a
ch emical secreted by gla n&s present in betw een th e
h ind limbs.
5. Th e p r ot h o^ is notch ed and th e h ead is inserted'with in.
Two families are of importance
 ^tapter 6 ■ | 473

Fig. 122. Cimexspp.

1. Reduviidae
2. Cimicidae
ReduvU^e
1: These bugs a re la r^ r in size. L These bugs are ■ sma ller than'
Reduvidae,
2. Hea d is cha ra cteristica lly cone­ 2,.Hea d.is simple a nd hot cone sha ped
sha ped.
3. Well developed wings a re present. 3. Wings a re vestigial. -
4. Abdomen is less flattened. 4. Abdomen is more flattened.
5. ^ e s e » e ^fcsing b ug s, 5. ^ e s e a re b ed b u^ .
b u ^ , C on^ nosed b u ^ , Blrad o,
^ ^uch, Bmsh ^ to c h , C M p o .M to ,
B ^ $l r o etc.

^ c le
egg

nymph

Fig. 123. Life cycle o f bug

474 | P a^ ato lo ^ at a Glance

t op o^ r n c e
Ttiato m a genus is important. Because th is bug acts as th e
vector of th e important disease, called'ch a^^ disease caused by th e
Trypano so ma cm zii.
Th ese bugs are called kissing bugs-. Th ese bugs attach to th e
lips of man.
orora -
B rie f m te oduction
^ e members coming under th e order are th e biting lice. Th e
lice are of great economic significance since th ey cause loss of
morbidity by causing pediculosis.
P re v ^ e n ce
T h e se a re c osm op olitan • in distrib ution. M eno po njS pp,
M enacanthu s spp, Lipeu m s spp and Go nio des spp etc are. h igh ly
prevalent in India.
Th e members coming under th is order are called bitting lice.
a nd sp ^ ie s
O rde r - Mallo phaga
Suborde r - Ischno cera
Fa ^^y - Ph ilopteridae
Genus
L u ipm m s
Co lumbico la
Go nio des
^ n io c o te s
F^^y - Trich odectidae
Genus
^ m alin ia
T ncho dect^
Felico la
Suborde r ' - Amblycera
Fa ^^^ - Menoponidae
Genus
Menopon
 ^tapter.6 ■ Aifo ro po fo | 475

Menacanth us
Trino to n
F a ^ tf y - Gyropidae
Gyro pus
F a ^ tf y
Genus Booph iidae
Hetero do m is
Suborde r - ^y nch opth irina
F^^y Haematomyziidae ■
Genus - H aem aio m yzu s
Sp e cie s - H aem ato m yzu s ekphant'te
S ^ e n t m o ^ h o lo ^ o f M ^ o p h ^ a
1. Wings are absent.
2. A pair of sh ort antinnae are present wh ich consist of 3-5
segments.
3. Dorsoventrally flattened body is th e differentiating pomt from
- th at of flea.
4. Biting type of mouth is present.
5. Eyes are eith er reduced or absent.
6. Legs are armed with claws. .
7. Incomplete m etam o^h osis is found'.
D ffie re nce b e to re n M ^ o p h ^ a a nd S ip h u n ^ ^ ^
_________ M ^ op h ^ a________ _________Siph unculata________
1. The me m be rs com ing unde r this 1. The m e mbe rs com ing unde r this
orde r a re ca lle d biting lice. ord e r a re ca lled sucking lice.,
2 . H e a d is broa d a nteriorly. 2. H e a d is pointe d a nte riorly
3. ^ e y a re wingle ss insects'. 3'. ^ e y a re a lso wingle ss insects.
4. T h e y a re e ctopa ra site s of birds 4. ^ e y a re e ctopa ra site s of
a nd ma mma ls. ma mma ls.
5. The mouth pa rts a re a da pte d for 5. The mouth pa rts a re a da pte d for
biting the d e ^ a l cells o f fe a the r sucking blood, lymph a nd ofoe r
roots. tissue fluid.
6. ^ e e ye s a re vestigia l. 6. The e yes a re a bse nt e xce p t the
huma n spe cie s.
7. The a nte nna ha s, 3-5 s e ^ e n t e 7. The a nte nna is 5 s e ^ e 'n te d .
8 . Prothora x is n ot fose d a nd is 8 . Th e thora cic se g m e n t a re fose d
^ l e d a s p t e r o ^ o ^ ^ w he re a s foe toge the r.
m e so a nd m e ta thora x a re fosed.
9 . Thora cic spira cle s a re sifoa ted on 9 . Thora cic spira cles a re situa te d on
ventra l side o f m e sothora x. dorsa l side s of me sothora x.
476 | V e t e ^ ^ ^ ^ a r i t o l o ^ a t a G lance

^ ^ lv c e r a
1. Maxillary palps are present.
2. ^e antennae are
ch aracteristically inserted into a
groove wh ich may not be readily
visible from outside.
3. 4-5 segments are present in
th e antena. Th e 3rd segment is
stalked giving th e appearance of'
egg cup h olding th e fourth
segment.
4. Th e mandibles bite in
h orizontal position.
Menohon
1. Th e species isMenopon gallinae,
2. It is ailed sh aft' louse of poultry. •2. Body louse of poultty.
3. Colour is pale yellow.
4. Smaller, foan Menaeanthus.
5. Single row of bristles is present in 5. Tworows of bristles are present
th e th orasic and abdominal
s e ^ e nt.
Ischnocem
1. Maxillary palps are absent.
2. ^ e antennae are .clearly
visible from outside.
3. Th e antenna h as no •such
spectfication.
4. Th e mandibles bite in vertical
position.
Menaeanthus,
1. Th e species isMenaeanthus
stramineus.
3. Colour is yellow.
4. ^rger th an Menopon.
in th e abdominal segmente.

Me ^ c le o fb it^ ^ Hce
D e ve lopm e nt^ sta ge s
• ESg
• Nymph (3 nymph al stages)
• Adult
D e scrip tion
1. lice lay th eir eggs wh ich get attach ed to th e h airs of th e
h ost.
2. Heat is a n extra factor wh ich is required for th e h atch ing of
th e eggs. Th e warmth of th e h ost plays th is role.
3- With in a w eek or more th e eggs h atch and th e n ^ p h come
_out. Th ree nymph al stages occur each w ith 3-8 days intercal.
4. Th e nymph s are quite similar to th e adult'. But foe size is
smaller th an th e adult.
5. Th e nymph s develop to become adult th ereafter.
 ^tapter 6 *. to ftro p o ^ |

—S i p h u n ^ U a t a
B rief intro d uctio n
Th e members coming under th is order are th e sucking lice:
Th ese lice were earlier classified as suborder, Anoplura. ^ e ,lice
are important m causing pediculosis in animals. Apart from causing
pediculosis th e lice also causes’ h arm to th e h osts: by transmitting
toe patoogem .
F ^ ^ tfy Haematopinidae
G enus - H a^ atop in u s
F a ^ toy - Linognath idae
' 478 | Pmasito lo ^ at a G l ^ e

G enus L in ogw th w
F a i^ f y Pediculidae
G enus Pediculus
Phthims
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol ^ ^ - of S ip h ^ c ^ f a te
1. members coming under, th is order are called sucking lice.
2. Piercing and sucking type of mouth parts are present in th e
lice.
3- Head is elongated and rough ly conical -sh aped.
4. Th ere is absence of segmentation of th e th orax. Pro, meso and
meta th orax are fosed togeth er.
5. At th e terminal part of th e leg th ere is presence of a
th um b wh ich is formed by th e curvature of th e tarsal claw
and th e tibia.
6. ^ e legs of sucking lice are eith er equal in size or. th e length
may vary.
7. Th ickened black or dark brown areas are often present on
e ith e r 's ide s of ab dom inal segm ents. T h ese a re c alled
p la te s.

D ffierence b e toe e n H ae^^ .top im dae a nd ^ fo^ ^ ra ^ nda e

H aem atop inidae ______________ L m ognath idae
1. Th e important species coming 1. Th e species are Linognathus
under th is family are vituli, L. p edalis, L. ovillus, L.
Haematop inus eutystemus, H. setosus, L.stenopsfe
suis, H. a^ in i and H. b ufali
2. Th e h ead is ch aracteristically 2. Th e temporal angle is present,
prolonged anteriorly (temporal
angle).
3. Th e members coming under 3. Th e members coming under
th is family are eyeless. th is family are eyeless also.
4. Th ey h ave broad th orax. 4. Th e th orax is not broad.
5. Th e paratorgal plates are more 5. ^ e paratargal plates, are less
prominent. prominent.
6. Th ree pairs of legs are almost 6. First pair of Ae legs are th e
equal in size. smallest as compared to oth er
_____________________________ two pair. _____________________
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ Ar&ro po ^ | 479

Na me o f lice H ost Site a nd Com m on na m e

Menopon gallinae Fowl Sha ft ...S h a ft louse o f fowl.

Menacantb us Fowl B o d y .. .Body louse o f fow l
stramineiw
Trinoton an sete G oose - B o d y ..., (foose body louse
G^op us ovate Guine a pig Body,
Heterodox us Ka nga roo Body
longitaKus
Hetemdox us sp iniger Dog Bo dy p
Dam alinia b ov# Ca Me Bod y... R ^ louse o f ca td e
D. cap rae Goa t Body
D. eqtti Horse body
D. ovis Sheep Body
D. ocellata D onk^ D o ^ ^ b l ^ g louse
Goniodes gtgm Fowl Body a nd f e a r e r s
Goniodes d# sim il# Chicken Brow n cM cbe n louse
Chelop# tes sp Turkey Body
Trichodectes can# Dog Body
Columb icola columb ae Pige on Bo^
Pelicolasub rostrota Ca t Ca t b i ^ g louse
Linognathus vitnli Ca Me Body. ..Ixm g nose d louse
L ovillus She e p Sheep la ce louse o f she e p
L .p ^ al# Sheep Foot ...F o o tlo u se
L. setosus Dog Body
L. africanus Sheep B o d y ... Blue louse o f she e p
Haematop inns Buffa lo Body
tub erculatus
H. site Pig Body
H. m nys^m us Ca Me B o d y ... Short nose d louse of
ca ttle '
H. asini Equine Body
P ol$>l^ sp inub sa Ra t Spined ra t louse
Micmtb oracius cameli Ca mel Body
Phthims p ub is Ma n Pubic ha ir .... Cra b louse
Pediculus humanus Ma n Huma n h e a d a n d body
Cuclog^ter Fowl He a d.. H ^ d louse o f p ou l^ y
het^grap h us
Lipeurus caponte Fowl W ing.... W fog louse o f birds
Goniocotes gallinae Phe a sa nt Ba se of the f e a r e r........ Flu ff louse
a nd pige on o f p o u lt^
Anaticola crm sicom # Duck Body

Haematomy&M Ele pha nt Body

elep hant#
^0 Paraato lo ^ at a G to ce

.a

Fig. 124. a- Damaliniasp p .; b - Upeurus caponis; c - Menopon gallinae;

d - Menacanthus stmmineus
 ^ a p te r 6 ■ A r & r op o^ |

P a ^ o g e n e s t e /t o p o ^ ^ c e o f Uce
In p o ^ ^ ’
Most of th e lice do not'cause any h armful effect. Th e lice feed
on th e feath er, epidermal debris, keratin and wool material.
1. But effect of th e lice may be dangerous to th e h ost if th e
num ber of th e lice is h igh . And th is. situation is particularly
found in y oung ch ickens. TCie condition caused by lice infection
is called as pediculosis.
2. Th e lice constantly irritate th e skin and causes great annoyance
to th e birds. Th e birds take less food and drinking water and
ultimately body weigh t goes down. .
3. Th e meat quality is deteriorated. Egg production goes down.
Th e sucking louse are vessel feeder. Th ey cause damage to
th e skin by using th eir stylets. Th e ch aracteristic feamre is th at
th ese are lo^ tilon —s p e c i e . TCiey fim ly attach to th e h ost
as th ey h ave typical h ost attach ment system wh ich prevents
th e h ost grooming.
In
1. : Biting and sucking, both types of lice affect'th e h ost..
2. Th e lice causes constant irritation'. Th e animals self inflict th e
area leading to th e fomiation of wounds. Th e w ou nd- ^ y be
affected by th e seconda^ bacterial infection. T h e. condition
becomes complicated.
3- Sometimes th is w ound is affected by th e myiasis causing fly.
4. All th ese conditions lead to th e loss of milk production and th e
body weigh t goes down.
5. In h uman beings foe lice cause skin th ickness in th e roaming
persons V a g a b o n d d isease o r H o b o d fceree).
D isease t^ m srn ssio n
P o ly pi^ spinu lo sa transmits Haemo barto nella muris.
■H aem ato pinu s su is transmits Swine pox in pig, ^^ry th ro zo o n
-suis..
Tricho factte canis transmits D ipylidiu m caninu m in h uman.
Lino gnathu s seto sus transmits D ipetalo nema reco nditu m
* U n d e r la b o ra to ry co n d itio n lice h a v e b e e n in fe cte d ^ t h b o v in e
A naplw m a organisms and Demiatomycosis
^2 | Veterinary Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

C on trol
1. Hygiene sh ould b e maintained.
2. Overcrowding sh ould be avoided.
3- Wool of sh eep sh ould be sh eared routinely.
4. Insecticidal agents sh ould be applied routinely after detection
of th e lice infection-. Th e following msecticidal agents sh ould
be applied .
a. Coumaph os
b. Famph ur
c. Crufomate
d. Dich lorvos
e. Trich lorph on
f. Meth oxych lor
g. Malath ion
h . Cypermeth rin
i. Ivermectin
C l^ s :. ARACHNIDA
Th e members h aving veterinary importance coming under th is
class are ticks and mites. Oth ers are scorpions and spiders.
Several orders are under th is class. Th ese are Acarina,
Scopionidea, Pedipalpea, Araneidea
Of th ese orders th e most important order to be dealt with is
Acarina
O rde r - ACARINA
T h e m e m b e rs co m in g u n d e r this o rd e r a re ca lle d a s tick s a n d
m ite s. .

Suborde rs .
Ixodoide a (H a rd a n d so ft tick s)
S a r c o p f f l i o ^ u e s (M ite s)
M e s o s t i ^ ^ t a (G a m a sid m ite s)
T r o ^ A i ^ d b ^ m e s (F m it p e sts)
Suborde r — Ixo d o id e a
U n d e r this s u b o rd e r th e re a r e tw o fa m ilie s
Ixo d id a e
A rg a s id a e

b odida e
1. Th ese are called h ard ticks.
2. Body is h ardwith th ick plates
or ridges
3. Mouth parts are clearly visible
as th ese are anterodorsally
present. In many ticks th ere is
presence of posterior festoons
wh ich are th e notch ed
appearances h aving taxonomic
importance.
4. Eyes are eith er present or
absent but wh en present, th ese
are located at th e sides of th e
lateral area of scutum.
5. Dorsal scu^m . is present in
both male and female wh ich is
th e key to sexual dimorph ism.
Th e scutum covers only th e
anterior th ird of th e female
wh ereas it covers th e wh ole
surface in th e male. Th erefore,
th e size of th e scutum is
important in th e identification of
th e male and female.
6. Th e respiratory apparatus or
th e spiracles are two in number
and situated at posterolateral
margin of th e fourth coxae.
■7. Mating occurs on th e h ost
itself.
8. Th rough out th e entire period
of th e life cycle only one
nymph stage is found.
9. Th e h ard ticks feed on th e
h ost for a number of
consecutive days.
10. Th ese ticks feed on th e h ost 10. Th e ticks feed on th e h ost
until th eir full engorgement.
^ ap ter 6 ■ Arteo pcxte | 483
1. Th ese are called soft ticks.
2. Th ese are leath ery ticks with
tough texture.
3. Mouth parts are not visible from
outside as th ese areas are present
in th e anteroventral surface.
Posterior notch or th e festoons are
absent.
4. Normally th e eyes wh en present
are in th e supra ca ^d folds above
th e legs.
5. In both male and and female th e
scutum is absent.
6. Th e respiratory apparatus or th e
spiracles are two in number and
situated at posterolateral margin of
th e th ird coxae.
7. Mating does not occur on th e
h ost but th is occurs outside of th e
h ost.
8. Th rough out th e entire period of
th e life cycle several nymph stages
are found.
9. Th e soft ticks take th eir meal for
few minutes.
intermittently.
^ ] V e te ^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a G to ce

SOCT OTCKS
1. Argasids are soft leath ery ticks.
2. Sexual differentiation is sligh t. In larva, capimlum is visible
from outside but in nymph and adult, capitulum is not visible
from outside.
3. Eyes may or may not be present. W h en eyes are present, th ey
are located in th e supracoxal folds above th e legs.
4. In th e Argasidae th ere are several nymph al stages.
5. Th e soft ticks suck th eir h osts several times but th e h ard ticks
suck th e h osts continuously for several days.
6. Th e soft ticks are primarily nocturnal.
G e ne ra
OtoBius
O rnitho do ro s
A ^ as
G E ^ S - OTOBIUS
P re v a le nc e
Th ese are prevalent in North ern and south ern America, South
Africa and British Colombia etc. Th e ticks are also reported from
India.
S p ecies
0 . m egnini
C om m on na m e - Spinose ear tick
A nim us affected - Cattle, h orses and dogs but oth er h osts are
affected like sh eep, goats and donkeys etc.
S ^ e n t m orp h ology
1. Th e most identifying ch aracter is th e prersence of. a constriction
on th e middle part of th e body.
2. Th e larva is rough ly sph erical in sh ape.
3. In th e n ^ p h innumerable spines are present on th e body.
4. Th e adults are ch aristically fiddle-sh aped h aving a constriction
at th e middle.
 ^ a p tC T 6 ■ ^ ^ ^ p ^ k | 4^

Biology
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ge s
• Egg
• Larva
• Nymph (2 n ^ p h a l stages)
• Adult
D e s c rip tion
1. H a tch ing of th e eggs de p e nds on th e e nvironm e nta l
temperature.
2. Th e h exapod larvae h atch out from th e eggs.
3. Th e larva reach es th e skin of th e ear of th e animals wh ere
th ese engorge. After foil engorgement th e la ^ a e enter into a
quiescent ph ase.
4. Th en th e larvae enter a n octapod nymph stage a t th e ear.
5- ‘ Two n^ p h a l stages occur during'its life span.
6. Th e n ^ p h is sprny a nd fo r w hich nym ph is c ^ e d
spinose e a r tick. 1
7. ' Th e'ny m ph s attach to th e earskin and undergo engorgement.
,8. After foil engorgement th e nymph s drop from th e h ost and
enter th e cracks and crevices wh ere th ey transform into th e
adult stage.
E c o n o ^ c im p orta n ce
Th ough th e ticks do not transmit any path ogen th ey cause
direct damage to th e h ost particularly to th e ears, ear drums etc.
■Th e ticks itself, .wax and debries can ch oke, th e canal of th e ear.
Th e ear drum may burst and fois invites th e secondary bacterid
infection.
g e w s- ow m tom R O s
P re va le n ce
Th ese are mainly prevalent in Africa, h owever, th e, ticks are
fo u n d in N orth A m e rica , R o c ^ M oun ta in s a n d P a cific sta te s.

Spe cie s
O. m o ubata
O. savignyi
 ] V e te r a^ Paraatblo ^ at a Glrnce

Omithodoros moub ata

C om m on n^ ne - Eyeless tampan
I de n ^ ^ ^ ^ c h ^ ^ t e r
1. Body is soft and mammilated.
2. Outer surface bears several serated edges of different sizes.
B i ol o^
D e v e lop m e nt^ s t ^ e s
• Egg
• Larva .
• Nymph (4 nymph al stages)
• Adult
D e s c rip tion
1. Th e eggs are laid on th e sand and h atch with in a w eek arid
th e larvae come out.
2. Th e main ch aracters of th e larvae is th at th e larvae do riot
feed.
3. larvae th en transfom into n ^ p h after a few days.
4. ^ e num ber of nymph al stages is variable and four nymph al
stages are required for th e formation of male tick and five
nymph al stages are required for th e fomiation of female ticks.
5. Th e n ^ p h attacks th e h ost and suck blood and drop on th e
ground and becomes adult.
B i on o^ c s
1. ^ e O. m o u bata is very resistant against starvation and th ese
ticks can survive for a long period w ith out any food.
2. Wax coating present on th e cuticle is forth er protected by a
cement layer wh ich prevents loss of body fluid.
M e dic i v e t e r i n^ ^ im p ortanc e
1. O. m o ubata is th e vector of Bo n&Ua du tto ni, a causative agent
of African relapsing fever.
2. O. savignyi is th e ey ed tampan wh ich affect fowl, camel and
man etc.
G E ^ U S —^ R G A S
P r e v ^ e nc e
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution. A jg ^fw sic u sax e mosdy
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ Arfo ro po ik | 487

prevalent in th e tropical countries

Spe cie s
A. p e n c il
A. m iniatiw
A. radiatu s
G e n e ^ m o ^ h o lo g ica l fe a ta re
Oval to pe a r-sha pe d in outline.
2. Wh en th e ticks are unfed, th ese look pale yellow in colour.
Th ese become darker w h en th ey are fed.
. 3. Outer margin is sh arp.
B i ol o^
D e ve lopm e nt^ s^ g e s
• Egg
• Larva
• Nymph (2 nymph al stages).
• Adult
D e scrip tion
1. Th e eggs are laid by th e female in th e Cracks, tree h oles and
crevices and oth er similar sh eltered spots.
2. Larvae h atch out of th e eggs after a few weeks.
3. Larvae attach to th e h osts.
4. Th en after fell engorgement th e larvae drop on th e ground
and moult to become nymph . Th ere occurs two nymph al stages.
5. Th e nymph attacks th e h ost and engorge. Th e nymph drops
on th e ground and transfomi into adult after one moulting.
B io n o rn cs
Feeding h abit is nocturnal.
E co n o rn c m p o rta n ce
Th e important path ogens transmitted by th e ticks are Bo melia
ansenna, Ae& ptianella pu llo nm and Anaplasm a m arinate.
- K O D r o^
G e ne ra
Ixo des
488 | V etem a^ PMasito lo ^ at a GlOTce

Bo o philus
Haemaphysalis
R hipictyhalm
H yalo m m a
A m blyo m m a
Rhipicento r
A po no m m a
D erm acento r
In th is, book five important genera will be dealt with .
^ n e r a l ch a ra cte r
1. ■ Th e sh ape of th e h ard ticks varies in accordance w ith th e
engorgement, ^ e unengorged ticks are rough ly elliptical with
tapering anterior end.
2. Th e main ch aracteristic feamre of h ard tick is th e presence of
h ard ch itinous sW e ld o r scu ^rn. Th is scutum causes sexual
dimorph ism. On th e male tick th e scutum covers th e w h ole
dorsal surface wh ereas on th e female tick it covers only th e
anterior th ird of th e w h ole surface.
3. In some h ard ticks e n a m d- ^ e coloured areas are present
wh ich are called as orna te ticks. In some ticks th is coloured
areas are absent. Th ese are called as inornate ticks.
4. Eyes may b e present and w h en present th ere is one pair
wh ich is situated at th e lateral margin of th e scutum.
5. ^ e mouth parts are situated anteriorly and are visible from
th e dorsal aspect. ' ‘
On th e basis of th e life cycle th e ticks (h ard) h ave been placed
into th ree groups as following :
One h ost tick : Larva, nymph and adult occur on th e same h ost.
^ o h o st tick : Larva moults to n ^ p h on one h ost. Th e nymph
a fte r e n g o rg e m e n t d ro p s On th e g ro u n d . T h e n th e n y m p h a g a in
moults to adult after one moulting on th e ground, ^ e adult attacks
anoth er h ost. - ' J
h ost tick : 'Th ree h osts are required for every -mstar. Each
instar drops on th e grourid after engorgement and moult on th e
ground. ■
 ^aptCT 6 ■ | ^9

Genus - Ixo des

Sp e cie s
I. ricinu s
I. penu lcatu s
I. scapularis
I . r ic in u s
Pre va le n ce .
Th ese are. mostly found in Asia, Algeria, •South ern Africa,
Europe, Australia, California etc. _
Com m on na m e - Castor bean tick
G e n e t m o ^ h o lo g ica l fe a ta re
1. ^ e sh ape.of th e tick. is.like th e castor bean and th at’s wh y
th ese ticks are called as th e castor bean ticks. Coxa-I. bears a
spine.
2. Th e ticks are small and momate.
3. Th ese ticks are eyeless.
4. Festoons are also absent.
5. Th ese ticks are prostriate as foe anal groove suraounds th e
anus anteriorly.

Fig. 126. Ix odes ricinus

^ e ^ de
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ge s
• Egg
• Larca
' 490 | , P M ^ to lo ^ at a Glance

• ' Nymph (2 nymph al stages)

• ■ Adult
D e scrip tion
1. It is a th ree-h ost tick. In th is life cycle, th ree h osts are required.
2. ^ e female tick lays th ousands of eggs. After a few weeks th e
larvae h atch .
3- ^ e n th e larvae attack th e h ost and take th e blood meal, ^ e r
fall engorgement th e larvae drop on th e ground.
4. In th e same manner oth er two h osts are requiredfor completion
of th e entire life cycle.
E con om ic im p o r^ n ce
1. Ixo des ricinu s transmits th e path ogens of red w ater fever,
Bab& id di^ ^ e m , B. bo ^ etc,
2. Pyaemic bacteria- Staphyllo co ccus au reu s
3. Co rnelia bu rnetii
4. Anapfasm a m a^inale
^O O P H U U S
P re v a le n ce
^ e s e are mostly prevalent in Asia, Amerira, Australia, India,
Africa and. Eth iopia.
G e ne ^d m o rp h o lo ^ e ^ fe a tu re s'
1. Th ese are brevirostrate. Palps are sh ort and- ridged.
2. Th e ticks are small.
3. Anal groove is absent in female and less prominent in male.
4. Simple eyes are present.
•5. Basis capitulum is h e x ^ o^ d dorsally.
6. First coxa is b ffld.'
M p o ^ n c e . s p e c ie s -
Bo o pbilm m icm plu s - Tropical cattle tick
B. anriu latm - North American tick
B. deco lo ratus - Blue tick
B. calcaratu s
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ A r^ro po ^ | 4W.

B i ol o^
1. Th is tick is one-h ost tick.
2. Th e female lays more th an ^ o th ousands eggs.
3. Th e eggs h atch and th e larvae come out.
4. ' Th e la ^ a e get ready to attack th e h ost.
5. Th e larvae feed on th e h ost fof a few days and th en get
moulted to become th e nymph .
6. ^ e nymph feeds on th e h ost like th e lawae and gets moulted
to becom e th e adult.
E c on o^ c im p orta nc e
^ e following sp are transmitted by th is tick
1. Babesiaspp
2. A napl^ m a spp
3. Bo m elia spp
4. C o rnell spp
GEW S
P re v a le nc e
Th ese are mostly prevalent in Asia,. Africa, South America
Australia and Europe etc.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. ^ e s e are brevirostrate.
2. Small in size. Mouth parts are also sh ort.
3. R e c t a ng^ ^ basis capirnlum.
49 2 | Pwr^ito lo ^ at a Glrace

4. Salient ch aracteristic feature is palpal segments. Th e second

palpal segment is very ch aracteristic as th is segment causes
la te ^ . projection wh ich projects beh ind th e margin of th e
basis capitulum.
5- Oth er palpal segments appear in such a way th at th ey take a
triangular sh ape.
6. Eyes are absent.
7. Festoons are present wh ich are rectangular areas separated by
grooves found around th e posterior margin.
8. Female spiracle is ovoid or comma sh aped. Male spiracle is
ovoid.

Haemaphysalis leachi leachi

H. Ityo ris
H. lo ngico rnte
H. humero sa
B i ol o^
I. ^ e s e are mainly th ree-h ost ticks.
2. ^ e female lays large number of eggs.'
3. After h atch ing th e larvae corns out.
4. ^ e larvae get ready to attack th e h ost.
5. W i^m a w eek or more th e larvae are felly engorged.
6. ^ e n th e larvae drop on. th e ground. With in 3 weeks or more
th e larvae get moulted to become th e nymph .
7. Th e nymph s th en attack anoth er h ost and start feeding.
8. W ith in a w e e k th e ny m p h s a re e ngorge d. A fter full
engorgement th e nymph s fell on th e ground.'
 ^tapter 6 ■ A rto o p o ^ | 4 ®

9. After 3 weeks or more th e nymph s also moult to become th e

adult.
10. Th en th e adults attack anoth er h ost.
Econo^dc to p o^ an ce
Th e following path ogens are transmitted by th e ticks:
1. ■B ab& iatfjp'
2. ne ile ria spp
3. Co xietta spp
4. Rickettsia spp
G E W S ^ m iP IC E P ^ U .U S
P re v a le n c e
^ e s e are cosmopolitan in dish ibution.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol ^ ^
1. Primary distinguish ing feature is th e colour of th e tick wh ich is
reddish or blackish brown.
2. Th e ticks are brevirostrate.
3. Th e ticks are inornate.
4. Dorsally basis capitulum is h e x ^ on ^ .
• 5. Eyes and festoons are present.
6. First coxa bears a pair of strong spurs.

hexagonal basis
capitulum
scutum

festoon

Fig. 129 . Rhipicephalus sp p

^ n p o ^ a n t' s p e c ie s
Rhipictyhahte sangu ineu s - ^feee-h ost tick
R. appendiculM us - Th ree-h ost tick
R. ^^^rf-Tw o-h ost tick
494 • | Paraato lo ^ at a Glance

Biology o f R . san gu in eu s
1. Th ousands of eggs are laid by th e female, ^ e r a month or
more th e eggs h atch . After h atch ing th e larvae come out.
2. Th e larvae attack th e h ost.
3. Th e larvae engorge with in few days.
4. After fall engorgement th e larvae drop on th e ground and get
m oulted to become th e nymph after 1 w eek or more.
5. ' ^ e nymph attack anoth er h ost and engorge with in 1-2 weeks.
6. Th e nymph drop on th e ground and moult ^ e r 2 weeks or
more.
7. Th e adult attack anoth er h ost.
E conom ic m p o^ n c e ; % e following path ogens are transmitted.
1. Bab& ia of dog (Babesia canis, B. w gel$
,2 . B. caballi, B. equ i
3. Co xiella bu rnetii
4. Rickefaia spp, Anaplasm a m a^ inale ■
5. Hutyato zo o n spp
6. Bo n'elia spp
G E W S ^T JU O M JW L
P re v a le n ce
^ e s e are mostly prevalent in Asia, Mrica, Europe and USSR.
S ^ e n t m o^ h ol o^
1. Moufa parts me long and th ese ticks are called as longirostrate.
2. ^ e basis capitulum.is ch aracreristic wh ich is s u b ^ a n ^ ^ a r
dorsally.
3. Eyes are present.
4. Presence of festoons and o^ m e nta tion are variable wh ich
may be present or may be absent.
5. First coxa is bifid.
M p o^ n t sp ec ie s
H yalo m m aplu m biu m plu m biu m (H. m arginatu m )
H. detritu m m au retanicu m
H. ^ c av atu m
H . dro m edani
 6 ■ ^ ^ ro p o & | 495

Fig. 130. H^lo mma spp.

^ ^ de
1. Th e eggs are laid by th e female.
2. Hatch ing occurs with in two m onk's or more. -
3., Th e larva attacks th e h ost and engorges with in a week. ■
4. After engorgem ent th e larvae fell on th e ground, ^ e n th e
larva moults to become nymph with in 1- 2 weeks.
5- ny mph attacks anoth er h ost and engorges with in 1 w eek
or more.
■6. ^ e n th e ny m ph drops on th e ground and moults to become
adult after 2 weeks or more.
7. Th e adult attacks anoth er h ost.-
8. Th us th e 3-h ost life cycle is completed.
- D em acento r
1. Th ese are ornate ticks.
2 . ' First coxa is bifid.
3. EyeS are present.
4. Festoon is present,
t o p o ^ ^ t Species - D. andeno ni-
D. nitens
D. v a^ bilw
D. reticu fafas
Im p orta n ce
Many path ogens are transmitted by th ese ticks:
496 | Veterinaty Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

: Bab& ia tf)p
Anaplasm a spp
Co rnelia spp
^ n u s - Am blyo m m a '
Hoste - Domestic and wild mammals
S ^ e n t m orp h olo^ "
1. Th e ticks are medium-sized.
2. Palps and h ypostomes are large, comparable to H yalo m m a
spp.
3. Eyes are present.
4. Th ese ticks are festoonated.
Sp e cie s
A. variegatum (v ^ e g a te d tick)
A. am ericanu m (lone sta r tick)
A. bebraeu m (b ont tick)
G e nera l p a tte rn of Hffe ^ d e of tick

Fig. 131. General life cycle of hard tick. 1 Female tick'; 2. 3. Lana;
A - Adult., N - Nymph; L - Lana; ND - Nymph drops; L D - Lana drops

G enera l ca w e d b y A e tick
1. ^ ^ noy a nc e —Continuous irritation causes restlessness of th e
tick wh ich indirectly causes h arm to th e general h ealth of th e
animals.
2. P e ne tr a tion e ffe ct : Th e ch elicerae are used to tear th e
epid^m is and th e tissues of th is penetration site is digested
by salivery secretion resulting in lesion formation.
 ^ ap t a 6 ■ ^ ^ o p o d s | 497

3- F orm a tion of h y a lta e s h e a & s After attach ment of th e tick

with h os t’s skin a typical sh eath deposited by lipoprotein and
glycoprotein surrounding th e h ^ os tom e wh ich tigh ten it so
- th a t th e tick is not easily dislodged. C utaneous tissues
surroundingth e sh eath transform intoa h omogenous zone wh ich
is followed by depositon of collagen due to p of ^ r ne ^ a tion
of te op oc o^ ^ e n.
4. Local t i s ^ e re a tion : In th e affected area th e neutroph ils
infiltrate and release th e enzymes ( c o^ ge n ^ e p r ot e ge )
present in neutroph ils and cause necrosis. Th is results in
vasodilation and h aemorrh age. Subsequently vesicles are formed
due to presence of eosinoph il and basoph il.
5. e f f r c t : Th e initial lesion due to attach ment causes
marked ^toly'sis. Th e w eigh t of th e tick pull out th e damaged
• tissue.
& - Continuous blood sucking by large number of
ticks causes anaemia to th e animals.
7. T ick p ^ ^ y s i s - It is a very dangerous condition caused by
th e tick. Th ere may be assending flacid type of paralysis due
to toxic materials released by th e tick wh ich are inoculated
during blood meals. Ixo des spp play predom inant role for
causing th is conditions. R bipic^h ah tf and D erm acento r also
cause paral^is. Some soft ticks i.e. A rg aspe^icite many also
cause tick paralysis. Th is ultimately cause death of th e animal
due to respiratory paralysis. Both sensory and motor nerves
along with neuromuscular junctions are affected by th is toxin.
Th e toxin inh ibit th e action of Ach wh ich results in flacid
paralysis. Th e mech anism of tick paralysis h as not been vividly
studied. However it is presum ed th at th e ticks release a
ne urotrop ic to^ m wh ich affect th e nervous system. Paralysis
is site dependent (limbs, neck, vertebral groove wh ich are
nearer to th e proximity of spinal cord, brain etc.
8. Tick to^ c os is - Th e adult ticks donate toxin to th e- animals
wh ich cause disease. Many persons confose tick paralysis a nd.
tick toxicosis are same as th ese two are caused by toxin. But
tick toxicosis is different and th e same manifest in different,
ways, ^ e toxin involved h ere is not neurotroph ic. General
toxicosis include different sy m ptom i.e. weakness, prostration,
giddyness etc. ^ e animals may be died if a large number of
ticks infect th e animals.
498 ] Vetertaary Parasito lo ^ at a G l^ e

9. S w e ^ g sickness : Th is is also a kind of tick toxiosis. Th is

condition h as been recorded in African country, ^ e symptoms
comprise h ypersecretion (lacrymation, salivation etc). All types
of mucous membrane become inflamedresulting in conjuctivitis,
ph aryngitis, rh initis, vaginitis etc.
10. T ick p y a e ^ ra - Th is occurs in toe sh eep. Exisitingtick infection
causes suppurative lesions due to secondary bacterial infection
wh ich precipitate th is condition.
11. In itia tion o f ste & e - Th e long-term tick infection causes
formation of lesions on th e skin wh ich is attracted by th e blow
flies. Th e flies lay larval and cause strike.
7. T ra n s^ ssio n o f p ^ to^ e n s
Protozoa - B a^ ias p p , tte ile ria spp
Bacteria - Pasteurelto tuto renste
Virus - Virus of KFD (Kasyanur Forest Disease),
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Nairobi
sh eep disease, louping ill etc.
Rickettsia - Anaplasm a marginale, Rickettsia co no ri
etc.
T r e a toe nt of Tick S e c t i on
Name of Name of Final Application
acaricide group concentration
BHC Ch lorinated 0.18-0.25% Dipping or
h ydrocarbon spraying
DDT Do 3-5% Do
Dieldrin Do 0.25-0.50% Do
Toxaph ene Do, 2.5-5% Do
Malatoion Organoph osp 5% Do
h orus
compound
Coumaph os Do 0.60% Do
Croto^^>h os Do 2,5% Spraymg
Cypemieth rine Synth etic 0.1% Spraying
pyrith roid
Carbaryl Carbamates 0.7% Dipping and
spraying
* S om e com m ercially ava ila b le acaricidal agne ts a r e A suntol (C oum a p h os), B utox
(de lta m e th rine ), Buta carb (c a rb a m a te )'e tc .
 6 ■ ^ to o p o ^ _| 4 ^

c o n s o l o f ticks
1. M e ch a m c^ eUm ina tion : Th is is done by taking th e ticks
from th e affected h osts and killingby burning. It is only possible
if scanty number of ticks are present on th e h ost. Mass control
is not possible by th is.
2. C h e r nc ^ co n tro l : ^Ws is done by application of different
acaricidal agent.
Note : Use of acaricidal agents is done by
i. Spray
ii. Dipping
iii. Pour on etc
3. Use o f re pe H a nta: Different repellants could be used. Indalone
h as been proved to h ave repellant action against th e ticks.
4 . E c o k ^ c d co n tro l :
a . D e fore sta tion :"Ms cause reduction os sylvicolour ticks.
b. L rc a toie d ha bita te : Interior of stables, sh ed kennels,
poultry h ouses sh ould be subject to acaricidal exposure.
Proper flooring, sealing of cracks and crevices sh ould be
done.'
c. W tid a n im ^ : Wfld ^m ivores and oth er animals wh ich
act as th e source of tick sh ould be eliminated.
d. Rodente : Burrowingrodents sh ould be eradicated. In th e
burnows th e ticks take sh elter.
■e . plou ^ ^n g : ^ e pasture sh ould be plough ed to
elim inate th e adult and different stages of ticks. Th e
parasites get buried into th e soil and oth ers die due. to
unfavourable condition. Th e area could be titiv a te d so
th at th e pasture w ould be free from any new infection.
£ s p e ^ ta g : Th e animals are not allowed in th e
pasture for long period so th at th e ticks will get died due
to starvation.
g. b^^m ig : Th e pastare could be burnt so th at th e
adult ticks and th e developmental stages get died.
5* Tick b re e ding s T h is ty p e o f c o n tro l is v irtu a lly u n d e r re s e a rc h .
Some works w ere carried out to produce sterile tick by selective
breeding of th e ticks. Crossing betw een Bo o pbilus micro plus
and B. annu to tu s produe sterile male and h ybrid females. Th e
5OT | V e te r m ^ y P a i ^ i t ol o^ a t a G lrnce

h ybrid females are capable of production of male sterile for -

few back corss generation..
6. B io lo g ic^ c o n tto l :Many works h ave been carried out on
use of fee namral enemies of ticks for biological control, ^ e
_importance example is H uvterellus wh ich is an i x odi p h ^ ^
fly wh ich lay eggs on th e nymph s of tick. T h e larvae come
out from th e eggs and enter th e ny mph and gradually eat up
th e ticks. Ants and birds (B u phagm sp) are th e natural predators
of ticks.
1„ ^ n e tic resistan ce : Some animals are tick-resistant. Zebus
and Zebu x taurine crosses are natural tick-resistant animals.
Braman and zebu x sh orfeorn taurine cross are infected less.
Th ese tick -resistant animals can be used for fam ing.
8 . Lm m uno lo ^c^. c o n tr o Effol: rts h ave been made to produce
th e vaccine against th e ticks. Th is is done by use of th e
concealed native tick gut antigen and recombinant protein.
Tick and ^ .v ac are ^ o such vaccine prepared from a
defined antigen BM 86.
9 . P h ero m o n e :Ph eromone with acaricide is more effective
th an use of acaricide with out ph eromone.
^ n titick i^rn.uno pro phylax fc
A series of works h ave been done in th e field of antitick
vaccination. Th e attempts wh ich h ave been made towards production
of vaccine is as following
1. antigen : Many workers tried to immunize th e animals
by using th e larval, antigen.Before immunoprotection studies
th ey immunoch arized th ese antigens. Many workers reported
variable protection level but in th e field no vaccine is available
by using th e larval antigen.
2. Adult antigen : As h as been mentioned above many works
h ave been carried out by different workers using th e adult
antigen. Th e adult antigen are as following
a. Adult w h o le tick ^ tig e n : Th e research workers tried
to immunize th e animals by using wh ole somatic antigen.
But significant level of p rotection w h ich could b e
universally acceptable for use in th e field condition is
not available.
 6 ■ ^ te o p o ^ | , 5M..

b. "^fao le tick antigen : S i ^ a r works were carried,

out to immunize th e animals by using.th e wh ole tick gut
antigen. Result was satisfactory . Th e w ork ers w e re
encouraged to produce th e vaccine by using th e tick gut,
antigen. But all proteins present in th e tick gut are not
immunodominant. Th at’s w h y th ey search ed for th e most
immunodominant antigen of gut of tick,
c. ^ ^ fie d tick antigen :T h e workers found out th e.
most immunodominant proteins in th e tick gut by Western
blot tech nique, ^ e y developed th e purification protocol
for isolation of large amount of purified protein. Bm 86
and Bm 91 are tw o candidate proteins of B o o philu s
m icro plu s tick gut. In th e similar way many candidate
proteins (immunodominant proteins), w ere isolated from
different ticks.. Th e workers are still sticked to th eir work.
d. Reco ^^fo ant antigen : It h as been possible;to prepare
a large amount of immunodomiant proteins by recombinant
DNA tech nology. Th e target gene subjected to expression
of immunodominant protein is taken out from th e wh ole
genome and th e piece of gene is recombined with th e
plasmid or oth er vectors and inserted into th e fecherechia
co li, Pichia pasto ris etc for expression of th e required
protein, ^ e n th e specific protein is isolated by specific
protocol. Twovaccines using Bm 86 were commercialized
in Australia and Cuba. Th e vaccines are TickGard and
Gavac.
3, Pro tein o f gfand: Some persons tried to immunize
th e animals by using th e- salivary proteins and got considerable
protection. More and more w ork is required for development
of potent vaccine. Th e w ork in th is direction is still in progress.

Subo rder - Trombidiformes

Th e members coming under th is suborder are called c h i^ e r
mites, h aw et mites and oth er mites.

Tro m bicu lidae

D em o dicidae
 502 | Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

‘ D e m odicida e
Genus - D em o dex
G E W S ^ > E M O D tt
P re va le n ce
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution.
D. canis
D. bo vis
D. o vte
D. fo U icu lo m m
Id en ^ ^ m g ^ ^ rac te r
1. Th e body is elongated and somewh at ,cylindrical in sh ape.
2. Th e body is broadly divided into th ree parts ^ e h ead, th orax
and abdomen
3. Th e h ead contains one h ypostome, a pair of ch elicerae and a
pair of palp.
4. , At th e ventral aspect of th e th orax th ere is presence of four
pairs of legs wh ich are ^ ^ m p y ^ d sh ort.
5. abdom en is elongated, striated and pointed posteriorly.•

B i ol o^
D e v e lo p m e n t sta ge s
• Egg
• Larca
• Nymph (2 nymph al stages)
 ^ t a p t e r 6 ■ A r ^ r op oite |

• Adult
D e scrip tion
1. ' Th ere are two nymph al stages - protony mph and deutonymph ,
2. Th e female mites deposit th eir eggs in th e h air-follicle and
sebaceous gland.
3. After h atch ing th e larva comes out. Larva transforms to th e
nymph .
4. Along with th e sebaceous material th e larvae and nymph s
come to th e outlet of th e h air follicle and get m atured th ere.
P a & oge n e sis
1. T h e'disease mainly occurs in th e young animals w h ich are
debilitated due to severe h yponutritive condition wh ich reduces
th e immunity. Th e animals pick up th e infection by direct
contact. All th e initial inflammatory clinical features occur as
eryth ema and swelling etc. Th e initial ph ase is called

female male

Fig. 1 33. L ife c yc le o f D e m o d e x sp p .

5M | PMaMto lo ^ at a G to ce

f o^ n w h ich is ch aracterized by distension of h air follicle,

h yperkeratosis, th ickening of skin, h yperpigmentation, alopesia
etc. Th e colour, of skin becom es coppery red. Th ereafter
formation of th e p ^ ^ e s occurs, ^ i s is pastule form of th e
disease. Th e condition occurs due to secondary bacterial
invasion. Th e pustules get ruptured and pus comes out from
th e pasm les. Th e crusts w h ich are com m on ch aracteristic
feamres is due to th e dtying of th e exudate material.
2. Th e affected area increases in size gradually leads to afflict
ffle wh ole body.
D fegnosis
Clinical signs are suspective. But th ere is requirem ent of
differential diagnosis. Test of th e s ^ scrapping is ffle confirmative
diagnostic test of th e case. Th e skin is scrapped by an aseptic
scalpel blade. Th e scrapping sh ould be continued till blood woozes
out. .Th e material is preserved in th e 5% formalin or 70% alcoh ol
for fumre examination.
^ e formalin or th e alcoh ol sh ould be wash ed by repeated
centrifo^tion and decantation.
^ e n th e material is boiled in 10% KOH solution. Th e boiling
sh ould be in controlled manner so th at th e material sh ould not be
digested completely.
T re a tm e n t
1. T op ical a p p lic a tion of asc a b iol (B enzy l b e nz oa te ) in.
concentration of 10% is found to be effective.
2. Tetmosol
3. Ivemiectin in injectable form and oral formulation.
C on trol
1. Treatment
Im m unological control - Reports are avaible on im m une
response to D e m o de tpp.
Suborde r - Sarcoptifomies
- Sarcoptidae
P sorop tid a e
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ Arftro po ds | 505

P rev alen ce
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution.

Fig. 134. Sarco ptesscabiei

D e m od e x S arc op te s .
1. Th ese are follicular mites i.e. 1. Th ese are ’Sarcoptic mange
Dog follicle mite (D em o de mite’ or ’scabies mite’.
cani^, Cattle follicle mite (D.
ho vis), h orse follicle mite "CD.
equt) and h og follicle mite (D.
phyllo ides).
2. Th ey are usually 100-400 ^ 2. Th e female may reach upto
long. 600 pm.
3. Body is distinctly divided into 3. Th orax is absent
h ead, th orax and abdomen
4. Body is elongated, cigar 4. Body is globose.
sh aped
5. Th e mites cause demodectic 5. Th e mites cause sarcoptic
mange. Th ey cause mange in mange.
dog wh ich is farth er aggravated
by Staphylo co ccus tyo genes.
Th is condition is called as ’red
mange’
 5^ | V e t e ^ ^ ^ B a r a r itolo^ a t a G lrnce

D & n od e x S arc op te s
6. Bell-sh aped suckers 6. Bell-sh aped suckers are
(caruncles) are absent in legs. present in legs.
7. All four pairs of legs cross th e 7. Last two pairs of legs do not
margin of th e body. cross th e margin of th e body.
8. Legs are stubby and situated 8. Legs are sh ort, 1st two pair
in close aposition. and last two pair of legs are
situated distantly.
9- Abdomen is elongated and 9. Fine folds and ^ooves are
striated. present on th e dorsol surface of
th e mites.

Species - Sarcoptes scab iei

Host - Th ere is wide range of h ost. ^ domestic animals and man.
- I de n ^ ^ n g c h ^ ^ r te r
1. Th e body is globular in appearance.
2. Four pairs of legs are present.
3. O n th e dorsal surface of th e mites th ere is presence of many
scal& andridges wh ich are of important taxonomic ch aracteristic
of th e organism for identification.
4. Bell-sh aped suckers are present in l a and 2nd pair of legs in
females and 1st, 2nd ^ d 4th in male.
^ de
D e v e lo p m e n t s^ g e s
• Egg
• Larva
• Nymph (several n^ p h a l stages)
• Adult
D e ^ r ip tion
1. Th e female lays th e eggs in th e tunnel formed by th e organisms.
Wittan 3-5 days th e eggs h atch and th e la ^ a e come out.
2. N um erous m oulting pockets are form ed and th e larvae
transform into n^ p h s .
3. Several nymph al stages are produced. Th e adults are formed
from th e terminal nymph stage.
 ^ ap t o 6 ■ ^ ^ tao p o ^ | 5^

Pa thogenesis
1. Th e infection starts from formation of eryth ema wh ich leads to
forn papule. Itch ing and scratch ing aggravate th e condition
forth er.
2. Th e papules th en rupture and th e affected area is filled with
e ^ da te s .
3. Later on, th e layer of th e exudates, is dried and th e dry crusts
are formed.
4. ^ e skin becomes th ickened, wrinkled. Hairs fall down.
C nernifocoptes
Pre va le nce
Th ese are cosmopolitan in distribution.
Species
C. m u tans - Causes ‘sca fy le g'‘of-poultry. % e mites cause lesion
on th e legs wh erefrom th e exudates come out and th e skin becomes
foickened. Th e scales are detach ed from- th e area,
C. gaUinae - causes ‘de p ^ ^ dng ite h ’of poultry. Th e mites affect
•th e sh aft of th e feath ers, ^ e area becomes i^am e'd. Th e continuous
■imitation caused by th e mite results in itch ing. Th e birds pluck th e
feath ers by th eir beaks or foe feath ers automatically fall down.
N otoe d H s
Th ey are similar to Sarco ptes TCie ch araceteristic morph ological
feature is foat th e pedicels are not segmented. Oth er feamres are
are presence of suckers, bristles on leg. Th e important species is
N o to edns cati w h ich occurs mainly in cats. Rabbit may also be
affected occasionally. Th ey affect ear, neck, face, legs etc wh ere
foey burrow th e skin causing mange like lesion.

^ e v a l e nc e
^ e s e are cosmopolitan m distribution.
Genus
Pso ro ptes
Oto dectw
5^ | Barasito lo ^ at a Glance

Cho rto ptes

Species
P so ro p^ o ris- Sh eep
P. natalensis- Cattle and Zebu
P. equ i -H orse
P cu nicu li - Rabbit
Of th ese spp P,. orn is taportent,
Po ms
D is e ^ e c ona t i on - Sh eep scab

Fig. 135. Psoroptes ovis

te r c op te s P s or op te s

1. Body is $obose. 1. Body is oval.

2. Bell-staped suckers are present
in th e ^rei of 1st,- 2ndand 4“ pair of
legs in males and 1a and 2ndpairs
of legs in females. Remaininglegs
end in bristles.
3. Legs are sh ort
4. Tarsal suckers h ave pedicels
wh ich are not jointed.
5- Th e species are not h ost specific. 5. Th e species are h ost specific.
6. Th ese are bunowingmite
7. Th ere is no specification of
occunence of th ese mites in sWn
with h airs or wool.
2. Pedicels m males are found in
1st, 2ndand 3rf pair of legs and in
females pedicels are found l sl, 2nd
and 4* pair- of legs.
3. Le^ are long
4. Tarsal suckers h ave jointed
pedicels.
6. Th ese are non bumowingmite
7. Th ese mites mostly occur in th e
skin with dense h airs or wools.
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ Ar& ro po ^ | 5TO

I d e n t^ m g character
1. Sh ape is oval
2, Th e pedicels are jointed wh ich are present at tarsal suckers.
Itf e ^ c l e
adult

5®
m

laroa

Fig. 136. Life cycle o f Pso ro ptes avis

P athog enesis

Pso wptes cause sh eep-scab. Th e path ologiral features are

as following:
1. ^ e mites affect th e skin and th e primary inflam m ato^ feature
occurs as is found in oth er cases. Small yellowish papules
develop in primary stage. Th e papules th en rupture. Local
inflammatory lesions occur comprising th e escape of semm.
510 Parasito lo ^ at a Glmce

2. Th e exudate coagulates and' dries up. Th is leads to formation

of pale yellow crusts.
3. Th e base of th e wool becomes loosen and fell.
4. Self-infliction by th e sh eep aggravates th e condition.
C ontr ol
T re a tm ^ t
Described earlier as in case of oth er mites
^ ^ m unologic a l
1. Crude antigen (less immunogenic)
2. FI antigen (partially purified) ^ confer significant protection.
3. Use of 16 kDa allergen, designated as P so o f l a s vaccine
candidate.
4. U se of h y droly tic'e ndop rote inase of Pso ro ptes w h ich is
cath epsin D-like aspartic: proteinase.
5- G IutatM one S ^ - ^ s f e ^ e as a candidate antigen. ■
6. Recombinant vaccine using protein Pso oil.
G enus - Oto dectes
Species -O . cyno fa
TCiese mites cause e a r mange or otodectic mange
- C ho no pt^
Species - Cho no ptes bo ^
Th ese mites cause ‘itch y leg’ or ‘foot m ange’ in th e cattle,
h orse etc. Th e mites affect th e leg of h orse and root of tail of foe
cattle. In untreated cases th e area of infection spreads.
OF l^ ^ G E
1. Emulsion of Benzyl benzoate (20%)
2. Use of Tetmosol soap Qfetraeth y lth ^ram monosulph ide 5%)
^ e antaals are provided with th e bath , by th is soap and th en
left for 24 h ours.
3. 0.016-0.03% Hexach lororcyloh exane (dipping/spray in^
4. Ivermectin - S/C injection at a dose of 200 pg / Kg body
weigh t.
 Qiapter 6 ■ Ar&ro po ds | 511

D a ^ ftg e o f an d U d e b y e c t o p ^ ^ i t i c i^ e c tio n
■ Th is is needless to mention th at skin and h ide of animals h ave
commercial value. Next to meat and milk th e economic item of th e
animals is h ide or skin. But due to ectoparasitic infection th e h ide is
devaluated. Th e im portant parasites wh ich are responsible for
degradation of'skin quality are ticks, lied and myiasis causing flies,
^ e laryae of H ^o derm a bo vis and H. lineatnm cause deterioration
of skin quality resulting in economic, loss.. Th e larvae of blow-flies
cause strike in sh eep wh ich cause depreciation of skin value. Th e
strike wh ich cause fois condition are poll strike, breech strike etc.
Apart from th is, th e ticks directly damage th e skin. Th e lesion
caused by th e tick is aggravated by secondary bacterial infection.
Many myiasis causingflies alsoset up th e base for secondary bacterial
infection. Different arth ropods cause allergic reaction in th e, skin
due to H ^ ^ r e e ns iti^ .ty -1 reaction. Th e saliva of many arth ropods
act as th e h apten wh ich binds with th e skin collagen of- th e h ost -
resulting in th e allergic reaction. Prolong allergic reaction cause
tissue damage wh ich cause miliary dermatitis. Th e affected area
may be farth er a ^ ra va te d by th e secondary bacterial infection.
Squamous and pusmlar form of skin lesion is caused by Demo dex
infection. Mites are serious problem for causing loss of skin quality.
512 | V ete^ ^ ty Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Q U ES'nO M ^E : ^.^ffiO PO D S
“m U E ’ OR ‘E ^ E ’
1, Adult female flies of S im u liu m spp can disperse long distance
from th eir breeding places.
2. .Am blyo m m a am encanu m is called as bont tick.
3- Ano pheles spp sit on th e surface forming an acute angle.
4. ‘False gid’ is one of th e important signs caused due to
o vis infection.
5. Anth roph ilic mosquitoes feed on animals.
G. Aj’g as persicitf transmits Bo -nelia ansenna and Aegyptianelte
pu llo nim .
7. Autogenous flies require bood meal for l a gonotropic cycle. '
8. Bacteria of Ch olera (Vibrio cho lwae) is transmitted by M m ca
sp.
9. Basis capitulum of H yalo m ma sp is h exagonal dorsally.
10. Bimodal or diurnal t ^ e of activity occurs in most of th e Tabanid
. flies.
11. Butacarb is an acaricidal agent.
12. Ch aracteristic palmate h airs' are present on. th e abdom en of
Ano phelw mosquitoes.
13. Cnemido co ptes m u tans causes ‘scaly leg ‘of poultry.
14. Grassh oppers act as th e intermediate h ost of D ipetalo nem a
reco nditu m .
15. Culico ides flies are also called as black flies.
16. Dark and twiligh t is preferred by Tabanid fly.
17. Different Leish manial parasites are transmitted by Ph lebotomid
flies.
18. D irqftlaria im m itis is transmitted by Aed& mosquitoes.
19- D rm acento r an d^ o n i is an inornate tick.
20. E la eo p h o ra sch n eid eri
is tra nsmitted by Ta ba nid flies.
21. F annia cu nicu lam is called as Little h ouse fly.
22. Phlebo to mus flies are also called as punkies.
23- F e s too^ are present in th e h ard ticks.
24. First coxa of Hyalo m ma is bifid.
 ^tapter 6 ■ Arthro po d | 513

25. Gastero philus intestinal fc lay th eir eggs at or near th e forelegs

or sh oulders of h orse.
26. Glo ssina flies are. brown or tan in colour.
27. Graber’s organ is present terminally in th e larva of Tabanus.
28. H aem ato pinu ssu is transmits Epetythro zo o n suis.
29. -Head of Melo phagus o vinu s is stiffly attach ed w h ich is sligh tly
movable.
30. H ypo derm a bo vis larva is found attach ed in th e spinal canal
and epidural, fat.
31. In C u lex mosquitoes palmate h airs are absent.
32. In Endopterygota, only a part of wings develop internally and
rest-develop externally..
33. In general, th e antennae of flea are th ree segmented.
34. In soft ticks, scutum is present.
35. In female h ard ticks scutum' cover th e w h ole body.
36. In S im u liu m flies th e segments of th e antennae are globular in
' sh ape.
37. In Tabanu s th e proboscis h angs down.
-38. In th e larva o f Ano pheles mosquitoes siph on tube is present.
39. In th e pupa of Culex narrow breath ing, trumpet is p resent..
40. Ixo des ricinu s is called as castor bean tick.
41. Leuco cyto zo o n sm ithiin turkey is transmitted by S imulium.
venu stu m , S.slo sso nae and S. m endio nale.
42. Larval segments of Tabanus bear flesh y tubercles.
43. Leuco cyto zo o n sim o ndiis transmitted by Phlebo to mus fly.
44. Lino gnathu spedalis is called as wing louse.
45. Lipeu m s capo nis is called as h ead'louse of poultry.
46. Many spines are,present in th e larval segments of H ^o derm a.
47. M elo phagm o vius is goat ked and tick fly.
48. Members of Orth optera are called as fleas.
49. M eno po n gallinae are called as h ead louse of poultry.
50. M usca flies are- bluish grey coloured.
51. Nirobi sh eep disease is transmitted by tick.
52. Oncho cerca gibso ni is transmitted by Tabanus latipes.
514 j V ete^ ^ ^ P araato lo ^ at a G t e e

53- O rnitho do ro s ino u bata is th e , vector of B o 'nelia du tto ni, a

causative agent of african relapsing fever.
54. O rnitho do ro s m o u bata is called as spinose ear tick.
55. Palps of Bo o phttusare long and ridged.
56. Culico ides flies are also called as owl midges.
57. Pigmented coloured'areas are present in th e wings of S to m o ^s
fly-
57. .Polio virus is distributed by Mitsca flies .
58. Cyclops act as-th e intermediate h ost of D ipylidiu m caninu m ,.
59. R h ipic^h alu s everts is a th ree h ost tick ■
60. Rictu laria sp is transmitted by cockroach es. >
61. Sexual differentiation of Argasid ticks is sligh t.
62. S im u liu m flies are called as breeze flies:
63- Soft ticks suck blood intermittently.
64. S to mo xysflies are also called as stable flies.
65. Culico ides flies are also called as h orse flies in some places .
66. Tetrameres am ericana is transmitted by grassh opper.
67. Th e antenna of Glo ssina is trisegmented.
68. Th e eggs of Culico ides are ch aracteristically bent.
69. Th e larva of S im u liu m fly is h our-glass sh aped.
70 . ' Some lice are laterally compressed.
71. Th e members of Hymenoptera are th e dragon flies.
72. ^ e members of Odonata are dragon flies.
73- Th e members of Reduviidae are called as bi cudo.
74. Hard and soft ticks are under Ixodoidea.
75. Th e naiad and adult stage of dragon fly act as th e intermediate
h ost of Parago nim u s westermanii.
76. Th e pupa of Phlebo to mus fly is exarate type.
77. stable flies are h aving th e te nde n^ to breed on th e dung
and urine contaminated with th e straw.
78., Th e veins of th e wings are aggregated at th e anterior part of
th e wings of Tabanus flies.
79. Th e wings of Glo ssina are scissor- like w h ich remain open
during rest.
 ^ ap t a 6 ■ ^ -to o p o ^ | 515

80. TickGard h as been prepared by using Bm91 antigen.

81. Tree h oles, salt marsh es are th e preferable area, w h ere th e
mosquitoes prefer to lay th e eggs.
82. Trino to n anseris is called as goose body louse.
83. Trypano so ma gam biense is transmitted by Culico idm fly.
84. Trypano so ma co nfu su m is transmitted by S im u liu m fly. .
85. Trypano so ma bntcei is th e causative agent of surca.
86. Trypano so me evansi is transmitted by Tabanus fly.
87. Tu ngapenetrans is also called as sand flea.
88. Virus of louping ill is transmitted by tick.
89. Virus of equine infectious anaemia is transmitted by Tabanus
fly.
90. Virus of Yellow fever of man is transmitted by Ano pheles
mosquitoes.
91. Warble stage of H )po derm a found in oesoph agus.
92. Yersiniapestis is transmitted by Echidno phaga gallinacea.

1. A broad transverse dark band is present on th e wings of

2. Abdominal segments of pupa of __________ bear projections

called pupal asters.
3. Air filled floats are present on eith er side of. th e eggs of

4. Am blyo m m a variegatum is called a s _____________ tick

5 . ___________ transmits Plasm o dium vivax, th e causative agent
of h uman malaria.
6. Application of paris green mixed with kerosene oil on th e
surface of th e water is a common and easy practice to control
of ______________ .
7. Arista is plumose both dorsally and ventrally i n _____________
8. ' Babesia bigem ina is transmitted by ■_______ ________
9. Basis capimlum of ____________is h exagonal.
10. Basis capitulum of H yalo mma is _____________ dorsally.
11. Body of th e flea i s ____________ compressed .
516 1 Parasito lo ^ at a Gl^ice

12. Ceph aloph aryngeal skeleton is found in larva of ________

13- Cheilo spim ra ham ulo sa is transmitted by ___________
14. ___________ ___________ acte as th e intermediate h ost of
D itylidiu m caninu m .
15. is called as h ead louse of p ou l^ .
16. flies are called as no —see -urns.
17. , 2l causative agent of allergic dermatitis
of h orses particularly found in Queensland area.
18. Cutaneous myiasis is caused b y ___________ ___________
19. Dipetalo nema pentans, a h uman filarial worm is transmitted
by -----------------
20. D iro fito ria im m itis is transmitted by mosquitoes.
21. Eastern and Western equine enceph alitis. is transmitted by
m osquitoes.
22. Entamo eba histo lytica is transmitted by ^
23- Feeding of , fly is mainly nocturnal.
24. First coxa of Rhiphilus h as two __________
25. Functional ocelli are present i n ___________
26. lay th eir eggs around th e nose and
t intermandibular region.
27. G o n^lo nem a pu lchnim is transmitted by ______________
28. H abro nem a sp is transmitted b y __________ _________
29. H aem o pro teu s m eleagridis in turkey s is transm itted by

30. Hopping type of fligh t is found in flies.

31. Larva of is attach ed on th e submucosa of
oesoph agus.
32. In th e palps are less th an h alf of proboscis .
33- In Endopte^gota th e wings develop in a very
ch aracteristic manner.
34. In general, th e antennae of flea are segmented.
35. In ticks, scutum is present.
36. In h ard ticks scutum cover th e w h ole body.
37. In flies th e segments of th e antenna are globular
in sh ape .
 ^tapter 6 ■ Arttiro po ^ | 517

38, In fly th e proboscis h angs down.

39. In th e larva of mosquitoes siph on tube is absent.
40. In th e pupa of ,________ : mosquitoes narrow breath ing
trum pet is present.
41. is called as castor bean tick,
42. in turkey is transmitted by S im u liu m
venustum , S slo sso nae and S. m endio nale.
43. Larvae of Diptera i s _____________
44. tarval segments of Tabanus bear fle sh y________ ;___
45. ___________ _________is, transmitted by S im u liu m m ^ le s i
and S. annaticu m .
46. _________ ___________ _ .is called as foot louse.
47. __________ ____________ is called as wing louse of 'p oul^ :
48. Many ________ are present in th e larval segm ents of
H ypo derm a.
49. ____________ _____________ is sh eep ked or tick fly.
50. Members of are called as fleas.
51. are called as sh aft louse of poultry.
52. Nirobi sh eep disease is transmitted b y __________
53. Oncho cercagibso ni found in th e connective tissue of foe cattle
is transmitted b y ___________ .
54'. is th e vector of Bo rrelia du tto ni ,a
causative agent of African relapsing fever.
^5. ______________________ is called as spinose ear tick.
'56.' Palps of ____________ are sh ort and ridged:
57. flies are also called as owl midges.
58. P igm ented c oloure d areas are p re sent in th e w ings of

59. ’ Polio virus is transmitted b y ____________

60. __________ ____________act as th e interm ediate h ost of
D ipylidiu m caninu m
61. R h ipic^h alu s ^ s is a , h ost tick
62. Rictu laria sp is transmitted b y __________
63. Sernal differentiation of ________ ticks is sligh t.
518 | Veterinary Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

64. flies are called as black flies.

65. ticks suck blood intermittently.
66 . __ flies are also called as stable flies.
67. __ are also called as h orse fly.
.
68 Tetrameres am encana is transmitted b y ________
69. Th e antenna of __________ is trisegmented.
70. Th e __________ are dorsoventrally flattened.
71. Th e members of Hymeno ptera are th e bees.
72. ^ e members of __________ • are biting lice.
73. Th e m em bers of . are cockroach es and grass
h oppers.
74. Th e members of ________ are called as cone nosed
bugs.
75. Th e members under Sarco ptifo rmes are__________
76. T^pano so m a rho dhesiense causative agent of Mrican sleeping
sickness are transmitted by _________ flies.
77. Th e second palpal segment of ________ _ form lateral
projection.
78. Th e th ird segment of antenna of Tabanu s h a s_________
annulations.
79- Th e wings of. are sh ort but broad and h ave neith er
scales nor h airs.
80. Th e wings of S im u liu m flies bear few
81. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is an antitick vaccine.
82. Tricho factis canis transm its __________ in h uman.
83­ ______________ ________ is transmitted b y S to m o ^s fly.
84. - ___________ _____________ is transmitted by G lw sina flies.
85. Trypano so ma co ngo lense is transmitted b y _________ flies.
86 . Trypano so ma rho desiense is transmitted b y ____________ fly.
87. Tunga p e n e tran s is a lso ca lle d a s ____________
8 8. Vermipsylla cheo pis is also called as ___________flea.
89- Virus of Bovine leukem ia is transmitted by ______
fly-
90. Virus of h og ch olera is transmitted by
 ^ ap te r 6 ■ ^ ^ ro p o d s | 519

91. Viruses of Eastern equine enceph alitis is transm itted by

--------------- fly ■ .
92. Wings of Phlebo to mus flies a r e _____________ in sh ape.
93. Xeno psylla cheo pis occurs i n _____________
nC K APPROPm.TC ^ S ^ R -
A peculiar smell of bug is due to a ch emical secreted by-
a. apical gland b. cystogenous gland
c. stink glands d. none .
Am blyo m m a hebraeum is called as
a. variegated tick c. loan star tick
c. blue tick d. bont tick.
A candidate antigen of H fflo derm a is
a. -Hypodermin A b. H y podem in z
c. Hypodermin L d. none
A ^ as persicu s is
a. rectangular sh aped b. oval sh aped
c. cylindrical sh aped d. none
Babesia canis is transmitted by
a. R bipictybalu s sp b. Bo o philus micro plus
c. - H yalo m m a sp d. none
6. Basis capitulum of Haemaphysalis is
a. rectangular b. square
c. h exagonal d. none
7. Benzyl benzoate is used for treatment of,
a. tick infestation b. ■mange
c. both d. none
8. Ch aracteristic golden and silver coloured h airs are present on
th e body of
a. Culico ides flies b. S im u liu m flies
c. Phlebo to m u s d. none
9- C nem idocop tes gallin ae ca u s e s
a. scaly leg of poultry b. depluming itch of poultry
c. both d. none
5M | V ete^ ^ ^ ParM ito lo ^ at a G to ce

10. C teno c^halides felis acts as th e intem ediate h ost of

a. Dipbyllo bo thrium to tu m b. D i^ lidiu m caninu m
c. both d.' none
11. Culico ides flies are called as
a. no -see -ums ' b. fflth fly
c. crane fly -d. none
12. Cutaneous myiasis is caused by
a. Go stero phylus intestinal& b. Rhino estm s pu fyu rensU
c. H ypo derm a lineatu m d.- none
13- Different blow flies cause
a. facultative myiasis b. obligatory myiasis
c. fofo d. ' none
14. D iro fito ria im m itte ,h eart worm of dog. is transmitted by
a. Ano pheles mosquitoe • b. C u l^ mosquitoes
c. both d. none
15. D iro filana is transmitted by some
■a. Tabanid flies • b. Ano phelw mosquitoes
c. G u l^ mosquitoes d. none
16. Echidno phaga gallinacea is called as
a. neck - t i ^ t flea b. stick - tigh t flea
c. S ^ d flea d. none
17. Female Ano pheles lay th eir'eggs
a. in day time time on water
- b. at nigh t time on water
c. bofo in day and and n i ^ t time on water
18. Fimt' coxa of Bo o philiw is
. a. bffid. b. trifid'
c. spurred . d. clubbed
19. G as^m philu s.intestinalis causes
a. gastric myiasis b. intestinal myiasis
c. both d. ■none
20. ■Gavac is an
a. antitick vaccine . b. antimite vaccine
c. antfflea vaccme d. none
 ^ ta p te r 6 ■ 521

21. Go nio co tes gallinae are called as

a., wing louse b. h ead louse
c. . fluff louse d. ' body louse
22. H aem ato pinw eu tysternu s is called as .,
• a. long nose louse b. . . sh ort nosed louse,
c. b ody louse d. - none
23. H ^o derm a are also called as
a. warble ■fly b. cattle grub
c. both . ■d. ■ none
24. In between th e eyes of Oestrus om
a. black pits are present'
• b. yellow pits are present-
c. red pits are present
' d. orange pits are present
25. In case of male h ard ticks , scutum
a. cover th e w h ole body
b. h alf of th e body
c. one th ird of th e body
d. none
26. In Pango nia th e proboscis is
a. vety long and projected
b. very sh ort and projected
c. very sh ort and h ang down
d. very long ^ d h ang down
27. In Sarco ptes mites ,b'ell s ^ p e d suckers are present in
a. 1st and 2ndpair of legs in female
b. 2ndand pair of legs in fem ale'
c. l a .and 4th pair of legs in female
28. In S im u liu m flies th e segments of th e antenna are
a. globular in sh ape
b. punctated in sh ape
c. kidney in sh ape
d. none
5^ ]' V e te m ^ P M ^ to lo ^ at a GIotcc

29- In S to m ^ ^ s flies th e arista is plumose '

a. dorsally
b. ventrally
c. h alf dorsally
30. In sucking lice, th ickened black areas are present on eifoer
sides of abdominal segments wh ich are called as
a. paratergal bands b. paratergal plates
c. paratergal pad d. spiny pad
31. In Tabanu s th e proboscis is sh ort and
a. h angs down b. projected forward
c. twisted d. • none
32. In th e 9th abdominal segment of flea a specific structure is
present called
a. sensilium b. pygidium
c. bofo d. none
33. In th e larva of A no phel^ mosquitoes
a. siph on tube is absent
b. siph on tube is present
c. siph on tube may be occasionally present
34. In th e pupa of Ano phelw breath ing trumpet is present wh ich
is
a. broad type b. narcow type
c. l i s t e d type d. clubbed
35. Intermediate h ost of Habro nema sp and Raillietina sp is
a. M usca sp ' b. Sto mo ty>ssp
c. bofo d. none
36. In teo des sp anal groove sorround th e anus
a. posteriorly b. anteriorly
c. laterally
37. fa:o d& ncinu s is called as
a. castor bean tick b. blue tick
c. bonttick d. variegated tick
 6 ■ M ^ r op ^ k | 525

38. Japanese B enceph alitis is transmitted by

a. C u l^ mosquitoes b. Ano phelw mosquitoes
c. both d. none
39. KFD (Kasyanur Forest Disease •) is transmitted by
a. mite b. tick
c. flea d. mosquitoes
40. Leishm ania sm ithi in turkey is transmitted b y ’
a. S im u liu m venu stu m b.- ■S im u liu m slo sso nae
c. S im u liu m m eridio nale d. all
41. Larvae of Diptera is
a. apodous b. bipodous
b. both d. none-
42.Larvae of H y ^ ^ ^ m ia is rough ly
a. barrel-like b. dum bell like
c. i fedle sh aped d. h our glass sh aped
43. tarval segments of 'Tabanus fly bear
a. flesh y tubercles ■b. ■ ' cartilaginous tubercles
c. both d. none
44. Leuco cyto zo o n anatu is transmitted by •
a. S im u liu m venm tu m b. . S im u liu m slo sso nae
c. S im u liu m m ^ dio nate d. none
45. Leuco cyto zo o n cau lfayi in ch ickens is transmitted by
' a. S im u liu m fly b. CuHco ides fly ' '
c. ' Phlebo to mus fly d. Tabanus fly
46. Leuco cyto zo o n sim o ndiis transmitted by
a, S im u liu m n t^ lw i b. S im u liu m dnnaticu m
c. toth d. none
47. Ligh t intensity and temperature h as great role on th e activity
of th e
a. Tabanu s fly b. C u lico ifas fly
c. both d. none
48. Lino gnathu s o villus is called as
a. sh eep face louse b. cattle face louse
c. goat face louse d. none
524 | to aslto lo ^ r at a G to ce

49. Lino gnathu s pedalis is- called as.

a. foot louse b. leg louse
c. both d. none
50. Lino gnathu s vitu li are "called as
a. sh ort nosed louse b. long nosed louse
c. tapered nosed- louse - d. none
51. Lipeu nfs capo nte is called a s '
a. wing louse of poultry b. body louse of poultry
c. h ead louse of poultry d. none
52. Larvae of Gfarnna fly remain in th e uterus and take nourish m
from th e secretion of th e
a. uterine gland b. malpigian gland
c. intestinal glands d. none
53. Lo a lo a is transmitted by '
a. . Chryso ps fly b. Tabanm fly
c. S to m o ^s fly d. none
54. Many spines are present in th e larval segmente of-
a. H ypo ^& m a■fly b. Musca fly
c. S to m o ^ s fly d. none
55. M elo phagia o vinu s is
a. wingless flies b.wmged fly
c. occasionally winged fly
56. M elo phagus o vinu s is a,
a. pernianent- ectoparasite
b. temporary ectoparasite
c. facultative' ectoparasite
57. M elo phagiti o vinus-is
a. sh eep ked b. tick fly
c. bofo d. none
58. Members of Hemiptera are
a. bugs b. cockroach es
c. grassh opper d. none
 (^ .p te r 6■ 525

59. Members of Siph onaptera are called as

a. bugs b.' cockroach es
c. grassh opper d. none
60. Members of. Siph unculata are.
a. sucking lice b. biting lice
c. both ■ d. . none
6 l. M enacanthu s stram ineu s are called as
a. body louse q f poultty b. wing louse of poultty
c. h ead louse of poultry d. none
62. M eno po n gallinae zre called as
a. body louse of poultry ' b. wing louse of poultry
c. h ead louse of poultry d.- sh aft louse of poultry ,
63. Most species of mosquitoes are
a. nocturnal b .' diurnal
c. crepuscular ' d.' norte'
64. M u sca do m&stica is called as
a. Non -biting filth fly b. h ouse fly
c. both d. • . none
65. Musca flies are
a. dark coloured b. bluish grey coloured
c. reddish grey coloured- d. none
66. M u scina stabu lam is called as
a. Non -biting filth fly b. h ouse fly '
c. False stable fly i d. none
67. Nasal myiasis is caused by
a. O & tm s o ^ b. R h ino ^tm s pu tyu rens
c. both d.' none
68. Nairobi sh eep disease is transmitted by
a. tick- b. mite
c. flea d. fly
69. Oestnis o ris cause •
a. obligatory myiasis b. facultative myiasis
c. both d. none
526 Parasito lo ^ at a O aK e

70. Oestrus o visis called as

a. nasal b ot fly b. sh eep nasal fly
c. boto. d. none
71. Oncho cercagibso ni found m th e connective tissue of th e cattle
is transmitted by
a. Culico ides pu ngens b. Oncho cerca cew icatn
c. bofo •d.. none
72. Th e stmctUre support th e larvae of Glo ssina fly to remain m
th e uterus is
a. ch oreoth ete b. Graber’s organ
c. Joh nton’s organ d. none
73. Ornitho do ro s savignyi is th e
a. eyeless tampan b. ey ed tampan
c. seed tampan d. none
74. O rnitho do ro s m o ubata fe called as
a. eyeless-tampan b . . ey ed tampan
c. seed tampan d. none
75. O to bius m egnini is called as
a. spinose ear tick b. blue tick
c. lone star, tick d. bont ti^ .
76, Otyispimra paw o m rn is.transmitted.by
a. cockroach es b. ■ grassh opper
c. dragon fly d. beetle
77. ih eep scab is caused by
a. Pso ro ptes o vis b. - P so re^ate o vis
c-. both d. none
78. Palps of Bo o philite are
a., sh ort and ridged b. long and ridged-
c. flat and ridged d. sh ort but w iA out ridges
79., Pedicels are not jointed m
a D e m o de sp b Sarco ptw sp
c. Both d. none -.
 6 ■ | SH

80. Phlebo to mus flies are also called as

a. owl midges b. sand flies
c. bofo d. none
81. Physalo ptera sp is transmitted by
a. cockroach es b. grassh opper
c. dragonflies d. all
82. Pigmented coloured areas are present in foe wings of
a. Culico ides fly b. S im u liu m fly
c. M usca fly d. $to mo xys fly
83. Plasm o diu m gattinaceu m is transmitted by
a. C id^ mosquitoes b. Aedes mosquitoes
c. both d. none
84. Plasm o diu m gallinesiu m is transmitted by
a. C id^ mosquitoes b. Ano phe,f e mosquitoes
c. both d. none
85. P o l^ ltw spinu lm a ttansmits
a. Haemo barto nella m ivm b. Y eninia pestes
c. both d. none
86. Pso o U is a vaccine randidate of
a. Pso ro ptes o vis b. f t o rergates o vti
c. both d. none
87. P id^ initans act as th e intermediate h ost of
a. D itylidiu m caninu m b. D iphllo bo thrium latu m
c. bofo d. none
88. Pupa of mosquitoes are
a. square sh aped b. comma sh aped
c. bofo d. none
89. Pupa of Tabanus is
a. obtectate type b. • coarctate t ^ e
c. exarate type d. none
90. R b ip ic^ h alu s evens is- a
a. one h ost tick b. two h ost tick
c. th ree h ost tick d. none
5^ | Paraato lo ^ at a

91. ' R h ipictyhahx appendicu to tu s is a.

a. one h ost tick b. tw o h ost tick-
c. th ree h ost tick d. none
92. R hipictyhalu s sangu ineu s is
a. one h ost tick b. two h ost tick
c. th ree h ost tick d. none
Rictu laria sp is transmitted by
a. cockroach es b. grassh opper
c. dragonflies d. all
94. S etaria cetvi is transmitted by
a. Musca fly b. Ano pbetes mosquitoes
c. both d. none
95. Several knife - like sylets are present in th e mouth parts of
a. Culico ides fly b. S im u liu m fly ■
c. Phlebo to m ix fly d. S to m o ^s fly
96. Sexual differentiation of Argasid ticks is
a. absent ' b. sligh t
c. h igh
97. S im u liu m flies are called also as
a .. buffalo gnate b. potu fly
c. biting midges d. none
98. So ft ticks suck blood .
a. intermittently b. continuously
99. S pirnra sp is transmitted by
a. cockroach es b. grassh opper
c. dra go^ ie s d. all
100. S to mo xysflies are also called as
a. Musca b. stable flies
c. h orse fly d. breeze fly
101. Sto mo xys flies are
a. brownish grey coloured'
b . bluish grey coloured
c. reddish grey coloured
d. wh itish grey coloured
 ^ ap ter 6 ■ ^ ^ r o p o ^ | 529

102. Tabanu s flies are also called as

a. h orse fly b. breeze fly
c. bofo d. none
103. Tabanu s larvae are
a. carnivorous b. canibilistic
c. both d. none
104.Tetmosol is used for treatment of
a. mange . b. flea infestation
. c. lice infestation d. tick infestation
105. Tetrameres am ericana is transmitted by
a. cockroach es b. grassh opper
c. dragonflies d. all
106. m e abdomen of Sarco pbaga is ch equered with alternation of
a. dark and grey spots b. w h ite and blue spots
c. orange and black spots d. none
107. Th e antenna of Glo ssina fly is
a. trisegmented b. bisegmented
c. quardrisegmented
108. Th e antennae of flea are placed in th e deep ^ oov e wh ich is
called
a. antenal fossae b. antenal spurs
c. paratergal plate d. tibial pad
109. eggs of Culico ides are ch aracteristically
a. banana- sh aped b. cucumber seed sh aped
c. dumbbell sh aped d. ■h ammer, sh aped
llO .T h e eyes of soft ticks are present in th e
a. supracoxal folds b. lateral margin of scutum
c. ch eleceriae d. basis capitulum
l l l . m e larva of S im u liu m fly is
a. h our-glass sh aped b. h orse sh oe sh aped
c. h alf m oon sh aped d. Mdney sh aped
112. Proleg is present in
a. C u lico ifas fly b. S im u liu m fly-
c. Pblebo to mus fly d. Sto mo tyrsfly
530 | V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a G tace

113. Th e lice are

a. dorsoventrally flattened b. laterally compressed
c. both d. none
114. Th e members of Cimicidae are called as
a. kissing bugs b. Assasin bugs
c. both d. none
115. Th e members of Coleoptera are th e
a. beetle b. dragonfly
c. grassh oper d. cockroach
116. Th e members of Hymenoptera are
a. , bees b. lice
c. flea d. none
117. Th e members of Malloph aga are
a. biting lice - b.
c. bofo d. none
1 1 8/ ^ e members of Odonata are
a. beetle b. dragonfly
c. grassh oper d. cockroach
119- members of Orth optera are
a. cockroach es b. grass h oppers
both d. none
1 2 0 / ^ e members of Reduviidae are called as
a. assasin bugs b. kissing bugs
c. both d. none
121. Th e members of Reduviidae are called as
a. ' bi cudo b. assasin bugs
c. kissing bugs d. all
122. Th e .members under feodoidea are called as
a. h ard ticks b. soft ticks
c. both d. none
123-Th e members under Sarcoptiformes are
a. mites b. tick
c. both d. none
 t t ap t o 6 ■ A rfeo p o ^ j 531

124. Th e m outh of adult Oestms o ris is

a. non functional b. fonctional
c. occasionally functional
125. Th e naiad and adult stage of dragon fly act as th e intem ediate
h ost of
a. Pro stho go nimus pw llu cidw
b. Parago nim us w& term anii
c. O ptitho K his tenu ico llti
d. all
126. Tiypano so m a gam biense and T. rho d&iense, causative agent
of ^ ric a n sleeping sickness are transmitted by
a. Glo ssina flies b. Ano pheles mosquitoes
c. Culex mosquitoes d. none
127. Th e pupa of Melo phagus o vinu s is
a. ch estnut brow n coloured b. c h e ^ red coloured
c. majenta coloured d. m oon beam coloured
128.^ e pupa of P hkbo to m u s fly is
a. exarate type b. obtectate ty pe
c. coarctate ty pe .
129 second palpal segment of H aemaphysalfc sp form
a. lateral projection b. anterior projection
c. posterior projection d. none
130. ^ e soft ticks are p r ior ity ■
a. noc t a ^ l b. biomodal
c. diurnal d. crepuscular
131. members of Reduviidae are called as
a. cone nosed bugs b. •, assasin bugs
c. kissing bugs d. all
132. ^ e th ird segment of antenna of Tabanu s h as
a. four annulations b. two annulations
c. th ree annulations d. six annulations
133. Th e th ird segment of antenna of G lo ^ina fly is
a. h our-glass sh aped b. h orse sh oe sh aped
c. h alf moon sh aped d. pea -p od sh aped.
532 | Veteraaiy Pw asito lo ^ at a Glance .

134.Th e veins of th e wings are aggregated at th e- anterior part of

th e wings of
a. Hippo bo sca fly b. Tabanu s fly
c. S to m o ^ s fly d. M u sca fly
135.Th e wings of Glo ssina fly h ave
a. h atch et -sh aped discal cell
b. bay onet sh aped discal cell
c. h ammer sh aped discal cell
d. none
136. " ^ e wings of Glo ssina fly remain
a. folded during rest b. open'during rest
c. divergent during rest d. none
137.Th e wings of S im u liu m flies bear
a, few h airs .b. few scales
c. few bristles d. none
138. Th orax of S im u liu m flies is
a. h umped b. unifomi
c. slender d. twisted
139-TickGard h as been prepared by using
a. Bm86 antigen b. Bm 91 antigen
c. Bm 65 antigen d. B ^ 91 antigen
liQ .H ypo dem m lineatu m causes
a. gastric myiasis b. cutaneous myiasis
c. nasal myiasis
141. Tricho dectis canis transmits
a. D ipylidiu m caninm n in h uman
b. D iphyllo bo thrium latu m in h uman
c. Echino co ccus granulo sus
d. none
142. Trino to n anseris is called as
a. goose body- louse b. goose wing louse
c. goose h ead louse d. goose sh aft louse
 ■Qapte* 6 ■ M tao p o fe. | 533

143. Trypano so ma equ inu m is transmitted.by

a. Tabanm fly b. ' S to mo xys fly •
c. both d. none
144. Trypano so ma gam biense is transmitted by
a. Glo ssina fly b. Tabanm fly
c. both d. none
144. T^pano so m a evansns transmitted by
a. Glo ssina fly b. Tabanu s fly
c. both d. none
145. Tu ngapenetrans is also called,as
a. Ch igoe b. jigger
c. both d. none
146. Sand flea is
a. Tungapenetrans b. Echidm phagagallinacea
c. Xeno psylla cheo pis d. none
147. Vesicular stomatis is transmitted by
a. S im u liu m vittatu m b. S im u liu m . no tatu m
c. bofe d. none-
148. Virus of louping ill is transmitted by
a. tick b. mite
c. lice d. flea
149- Virus of bovine leukemia is transmitted by
a. S to m o ^s fly b. Tabanu s fly
c. bofe d. none
150. Virus of Dengu fever of man is transmitted by
a. Ano pheles mosquitoes b. Aedes mosquitoes
c. both d. none
151. Virus of equine infectious anaemia is transmitted by
a. S to m o ^s fly b. Tabanu s fly
c, both ' d. none
152. V ^ s of h og ch olera fe t r a ns i t e d by
a. S to m o ^ s fly b. Tabanu s fly
c. both d. none
SM | P a r a s i tol o^ a t a G lrace

153. Virus of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is transmitted by

a - lick' b. mite
c. lice d. flea
154. Virus of Yellow fever of man is transmitted by
a. Ano phelm mosquitoes b. Aedes mosquitoes
c. both d. none
155. Viruses of Eastern equine enceph alitis is transmitted by
a. S to m o ^ s fly b. Tabanus fly
c. both d. none
156. Warble stage of Hypo derma sp is found in
a. skin b. oesoph agus
c. epidural fat d. spinal cord
157. Wings of Phlebo to mus flies are
a. lanceolate sh aped b. oval sh aped
c. rectangular sh aped d. bean sh aped
158 . Y ^iniapestu s,a causative agent of bubonic plague is transmitted
by
a. Xeno psylla chm pm b. Spilo psylla cu nicu li
c. both d. none
 ^tapter 6 ■ Arftro po ds | 535

E ^ s of worm parasite

1. of Fasciola spp 7. E^ of Toxocara spp

2. E^ of Amphistome 8. E^ of hook worm
3. E^ of Dicrocoelium spp 9. E^ of Strangle
4. fo Schistosoma 10. E^ of Trichuris spp
5. E^ of Schistosoma nasalis 11. E ^ o f Moniezia expansa
6/ E ^ o f Stron&loides 12. E^ of M. benedeni
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 Plate I M7

Plate 1. Fasciola gigantica (gross)

Plate 2. Fasciola gigantica

(microscopic)

Plate 3. Fasciolopsis buski (gross)

Plate 5. Gastrodiscoides
hominis (grass)

Plate 4. Gigantocotyle explanatum (gross)

Wate 6. temmphistomum sp
(micrrecopic)
538 I V e t e : ^ ^ ^ P a r a s itolo^ a t a G lance

Plate 11. Male Scistosoma sp (microscopic)

 Plates I 539

Plate 12. Segment of Moniezia sp Plate 16. Segment of Dipylidium

(gross) caninum (microscopic)

Plate 13. Coenurus gaigeri (gross) Plate 17. Head of Moniezia sp

(microscopic)

Plate 14. ^ tic e rc u s tenuicollis Plate 18. Segment of Moniezia

(gross) benedini (microscopic)
 I Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Plate 20. Gravid segment of

Raillietina sp (microscopic)

Plate 21. Mature segment of

Taenia (Note: side branches of
uterus)

Plate 22. Scolex, immature and

mature segmente of cestode

Plate 22. Part of Avitellina sp

(note: segmentation is
indistinct)
 Plates I Ml

Plate 24. Toxocara cati (ffoss) Plate 25. Haemonchus contonus

(gross;

Plate 27. Intestine extruded out of the round

worm
Plate 26. Ascarldia galli (gross;

Plate 28. Hind end of Dictyocaulus sp Plate 29. Hind end of Haemonchus
(note: boot shaped spicule) contonus (note: barbed spicule and
bura)
 I V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Plate 30. Initial schizont of Plate 31. Trypanosoma sp.

Theileria sp (Koch’s blue bodies)

Plate 32. Mosquito, (note: scales Plate 33. Culex female

in the win^)

Plate 34. Haematopinus sp.

Plate 35. Flea, Ctenocephalides sp.

 Plates I M3

Plate 36. Musca domestica Plate 37. Tabanus fly

Plate 38. Highly engorged hard tick Plate 39. Partially engorged hard tick

Plate 42. Larva of Oestrus ovis Plate 43. Beetle

^ I V ete^ ^ ^ Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Plate 45. Haemaph^alis sp.

Plate 44. Damalinia sp.

Plate 47. Mouth part of Musca sp.

Plate 46. Leg of Insect

Plate 48. Pupa (coarctate) Plate 49. Ornithodoros sp.

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This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Subject Index
A ^terygo ta 413
Aquatic plank 27
Ab enantparasite 7
Aquatic vegetatio n 24
afenent migration 236
A ^ ^ nida &2
Acanthoctyhala 472
Atgm &6
Acarina
Arg^idae 48 2, <&4
Accidental m yii^k
Awo w-headedwo rn 276
Accidentalparasite 6
Arthro bo t^ o ligo spo ra 262,29 0
Acquiredimmunity 67
Arthro po da 411
Active immunity 67
Arthro po ds 76, 411
Acimrn 225,301
Ascardmgalli m5
Acitartahamuka 301
AscaMMa 272
Acu -ari^e 229 ,3Q1
Ascarididae 273
Aedes 443 Ascam 273, 28 0
African sleeping sickne^ 379 , 452
Ascam equo rum 28 1
Alveo larEpithelialkatio n 257
Ascark lumbrico ides 273
Am bfawa 474
Ascarissuum 6
Am bl^m m a 49 6
Ascarcps ^7
Amo ebo tamia 176,1 77
Ascaro ps stro ngylina 29 7
Amo ebo taeniaspheno ^es 176,178
Assiminea 1<&
A ^ idte w 148
Austro co no ps 427
Anaplrnma 39 8 , 48 1, 49 1
Auto hetero xeno us parasite- 8
A n ^ k ism a m a ^ in a k 4m
Auto immunity 67
Antylo sto ma _ 49 , 225, 247, 249 Avitellina 18 8
Ancylo sto maduo denale 25,246,
B ■'
Ancylo sto matifae 246
Antylo sto mato idea 246 Babesia 48 , 358 , 362, 49 1, 49 3
Ancylo sto minae 247 Bab&iabigemina 359 ,360
Antylo stamum 250 Babesiacank 359
Animal asso ciatio n 2 Bab^iadivetgens 4m
A n o p h e 441, 443 Babesiamgeli 359
Ano pheltne M2 B a^iidae 3.58
Ano plo cephalaperfo lrnta . 18 1 Bacillus anthrrnk 425
Ano plo ctyhal^ae 178 Bacterial immunity m
Ano plo cephalidea 1~^ BalantMiMae 39 7
Anthro po philic 445 BalantMium 44,39 7
A ntibo dy 65 Balantidium co li 39 7,39 8
Antigen 65 Barber’s po le . ^3
Antigenicity 65 Barber's po le wo rm 263
Apico mplexa 333 Beetle 469
556 | Parasito lo ^ at aGlarce

Benign htmour 49 Chemotb rni0 71

Bilharziaworms 136 ChlonoKhti 119 ,120
Biliary ampb titomoste 127 Cb lonorchte sinenste 119 ,120
Binomrnl nomenclature 76 Chlonordte 122
Biological demlopment 32 Choanotaenrn 175,450
Bti&ualparasite 10 Chorioptes 510
Btesi rog 134 Ciliophora 397
Bithynia 122 Cim& 473
Bithyniatentoculata 145 Cittotaenia 186
Bivitellob ilha^ianairi m Cleopetra 1&
Btockfltes <&2 Clostridium o^ematiens no^i 110
Bloodflu te 136 Cnemidocoptes 507
Boophiidrw 475 CoccMte 336
Boophilus 4m Cocb roach 471
Boophilus annulatus 358 Coelozoic par&iW 10
Boophilm microplus 4^ Coenums 42
Boflhilus 491 C oenu^ cereb rals 201, m 2
Bormlm 491 Coleoptera 469)
Brachycwa 420 Commensal .4
Bradyzoites Commensalwm 3
Brown stomach worn 259 Concomitont immunity
Buffalognate 432 Coopena 261, 262
Bug 473 CoopeHapectinata. mi
Bulb us 2m Cotugnia 171
Bimostomum 253 Cotyfofa 210
Cotylophoron 126
C. V Cotylophoron cotylophontm im
Calliphora C^tetta 49 1,49 3
Callipho^M 459 G^iella b urnetii 4m
Calliphorinae Cm& immunity
Camb ams 150 Crnte antigen 65
Castor b ean tick C^ptopondidae &5
Cell mediated immunity 67 C^tosporidium &
CelliUarimmunity 69 ^ n oc ty h ali^ 415
ctyhalic v&icle 237 Ctenoctyhalitesfelte 172
Cer&opogoni^w 427 Culm: 440,443
G loria 41 Cidid^K
Ce^fcalalae &7
G&todes 41,159 Culicine
Cha^rtia 270 C u l i c o i 427, 429, 432
Chab er^ ovina 270 Cysti&rcoid &
Cb ei^p imra 301 Cysticercm 42
Chmlospirurahamulma 471 tystic&cus b ovte 24
 Subject Index | 557

Cystic^cus cellulo sae 19 7 ^acunculw 312

fragonfly 472
D ^ancuncuh^^ 312
^ m atinm 477,48 0 francunculw 313
Davainea 38 , 167, 169 frascb ia 2&>
Dauaineapmglo ttina 1^ frm chia m^mtoma 29 9 ,301
^ .m i n e ^ e 161 ^ ^ ap h ib
D am in^fea 161,162 DuMingtonto^^rans 241, ^ 9
tyftnitive ho st 12
E
M u sio nal parrnito ste 5
502,503 EaHh^^m 24
^ rm acen tor 49 5 Echinococcus 203
DicrvcoeliMae 114 tehinococcw granulosus
Dicrocoelium 1 1 4 ,1 1 7,1 2 2 tetoparettite 7
Dicrocoelium ciendnticum 114, 116 ^Hicb to 3^
D ic ^ c au lm ■ 255 Eimeito 335,339 ,344
Digenea 102 E im e^ teneUa 336
Digestive s^tem 37 Eim^idae 335
D i^M M ae 1 Enfammb Mae 3&
D ityididea 171 Endometritte ■ &9
D ioctop h ^ a 314 Endo^rmite 7
Dioctop hymatoi&a 314 Endop^ygota 413
Dioctophymidae 314 Enoplifa = 314
.^ fceta^ em a 308 ,311 Entamoeto 4 4 ,3 % 39 6
Dipetolonemap emtans 431 Entamoeb ah tetol^ ^ -.23, 395, 450
Dip etahnemareconditum 418, 48 1 Enterob ius vermiculaHs 25
^ h y ll^ m 210 E^^hm zoon sufe . &1
Dip hyllob o$riM& 210 Epileptic fit 214
Diphyllob othHum 39 ,210 fech^chto coli &0
Diphyllob othHum lafam . 210,211, Eu&stoda ' 161
212,213 tecretoty astern 37
D ip hm on^M a 39 2 teap t^^ ota 414, 470
Dipt&'a 419 ^^rnmental host 14
D ffiM i^ e 171 Eye^& tampan
Difo /lidium. 38 , 17.1
Dityilidiu m caninum 171,172, F
418 ,48 1 E. gigantica 103
D ir ofib ^ 304 F. hfyatica 103
D ir o fib^ 3 0 5 ,3 ^ Factdtotiw parasite 6
Diro fUariaimmitte 304, 445 Fanniacanicub m 450
D ty h a^ m 225,302 Fcttciob 50, 0&, 103, 108
Do mo ^rn 502 Ftttciolagigantica ■14,105
ttac u n c u l^ e 312 F^ciolah ^ tic a 6
K 8 .| P a^ ato lo ^ at a G to ce

FiKcioloidtt 113 Gongylonemapukhmm 13, 4 72

Fcteciolo^s magna 113 ttn ^ lon em a ve^cosum
Fasciolo^te 114 Goniodtt 474
Fcteciofopsti tyski 27,114 ^ lle t worm
Fitow. sanguinoknta ^^aulm conv^iusculus 127
Filanform Gfraulus conv^iuscvlus 128
^faritiae ■304
FUarioidea 304 H
Fifamidtt 271 H ab ron^a 29 9 ,450,451
Fikmtetem 271 Ha^knemamajus 301
^cb oe^m us 129 Hafron^namuscae 301
Ftechoederius cohholdi 131 Hc^^tyh^alte 49 1,49 2
Ftechoed^us elongatus 129 H ^ ^ ^ b ^ alk leachi leachi 492
Fteh& 23 H aem atom ^ ^ e 475
Fka 415 Haematomyzm 475
Fleshfly &9 Haematomyzus eltyhantte ■ ■ 475
Foifad worn 242 Haematophagusparasite 11
Ht^matopinUae 477
G
Haematopinus 477
Gafeern 2531 Haematopinus suti &1
^■mete - 44 Haemohartonetk rnwra •& 1
Gan^lonemap ukhmm h^moglob inum. • 363
Gape worm 242 Haemonchm49, 225, 261, 263, 267
G&tm>philw , 465,466 Httemo parrnites 11
^stw jp hilus intestinal fc <&5 Haemoprotms 356
Gmtmdiscotf& 131 Haemopmt^K columb ae 357, 459
Gasteodtecus 128 Haemopmteus m ekag^ is ^1
Gwtmdtecus a^p tiacu s 130 H aw o^ agic dkwhea 170
G m ^ th y ^ ■127,130 Haemon’h agicen^ritte 170
Gastrothyl^ cmmenifa ■ 1& Haemmporind . 3521
Gwdfa 392 Hair lung worn 272
Gtordrnmnte & Hamm&shapedhoofe 1&
Gkrdiakmb tia 393 Hard tick 4^
Gigantohilha^m m Hmrtmum 305
Gigantocotyk 1^ Helminthkp ar tite 12
Gigantocotyk ^planMum 128 H ^ip tera ■472
G^&ina 453, 454, 455 - H & rm aph ro ditepdrt^ite 10
G l(^na m^icomm &5 Hefa-a^fae 28 3.
Glossini^k 453 H ow afa 285
Gnathwtama . 302 H e^akkgallinam m 28 6:
Gnathostoma^inigerum 13 He^mgonic life ^ cle 39
ttath w tom a^ ^ - 302 Hetm-opb ^ hetwop h^s 24
Gon^tonema 225 He&ax enous p arasite 8
 Subjrct In d « | 559

H^amiUdw 39 2 Ixo des rtcinm m 9 ,49 0

Hippo to scd ■457 ^ difae m7
Hippo bo scaequina 457 Ixo do ^m m2
Hippo to scifae 457 TT
Histo mo nw A.
39 1
Hteto mo nw meteagrtfte 28 5, 28 7, Kin&afragmino pho rea 39 7
39 1 Kineto plwtida 372
Hteto zo ic partite 9 kno tty gut 240
Ho bo dteewe mi
Ho mago nic life cycle 39 L
Ho o k m rm ■ 2m L. auricuto ^- 1<X
H o nefly 422 L. bulimo Mes urn
Ho stparasite telatio nship 32 L. luteo la im
Ho usefly 4m L. rnf&ceno s im
Humo ral immunity 67,69 Latent immunity m
H y^m m a 4& , 49 5 ^fehmania 3 ^ ,3 8 5
■Hyalo mmaplumbium tetehmanto (fo no vani 38 3
plumbium 4M Letihnmniatmpica 14,38 3
H y datU ^t m Leu co ^o zo o n 357
H^endhp/MMae 19 1 Leuco cyto zo o n cau l^tyi mi
H^meno tepK 159 , 160, 19 2 Leuco cyto zo o n simo ndi 435
H ^eno lpte nana 19 1,19 2 Lice 477
H )p^arm ite 9 Lino gnathi<fo e 477
H ^^par^ittem 4 Lino gnatbm 478
H ^ ^ pfaia m Lino gnathus seto stts mi
h p e ^ p h te pulmo nary Lipeunrn 474
o steo arthro pathy L i^u m s capo nis
Hypertmphy m Lu&lia mo
Hpo derma m3 Lungflufa im
H ^ d^ m a lineatum ms> Lung wo rm
I L ^nae a luteo la 130
L^.naeatm nw tu fa im
Immune wasio n 30
Immuno genicity 65 M
Indo plano rfa im Malignant tumo ur 49
Innate immunity 67 M albph^a 474
In^rnediate ho st 13 Mastigo pho ra 372
Intermittent partite 7 Mmhanical interference m
Internal ho st enviro nment 30 Meto nto , im
Internatio nal co de o f zo o lo gical Metephagus
no mencmute m M ena^nthm 474
Isch no ^a 474 Menacanthm steaminem -
Ixo fes - 48 7, 48 9 Meno po n 474
MO | Veterinary Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

MenopongaUinae ^0 Nematodims ^2
Menoponidae 474 Neop faia &
Merozoit^ & Newous tystem
Mesocestoides 207 Nodular worn. 237
Mesocestoides c ort 209
Mesocestoididae 207
u
Mesocetoides 209 Ob ligatotyparasite 5
Metab olic typ m duct 50 O tt^ ion alp ar tite 11
M etacerna^ 23,41 Odonam. 472
M etap teia & Oesophageal tumourworm m>5
Metrnfron&rlidae 271 Oesophagostomum 236,237, 238
M e^ tm n ^ loidea 271 Oes^tiae ^0
M et^tron^lm 271 Oesfax 460, 461
Metazoan p arasite 12 ^ ^ tm s ovis 460, 462
Milk Spot 275 Onchocerna 312
Mix ed immunity m Oncb oc^cagib soni 431
Moniezia 3 8 ,1 72 ,1 8 2 ,1 8 4 Onchocernifae 312
Moniezia&p an sa 13 Oncocwca 436
Monocwcomonadidae 391 One host tick
Monrnenous p ar ti t e 7 Oocyte , 2 3 ,4 3
Mosquito 442 ^tethomhiidae 119
Mouth foliar 237 Optethorcb te H 9 ,123
M uJ ^us 272 typ ortuntet p ar ti t e 9
MuUerim ctyilfate 2^ Omithob ilha^ia b omfordi 1&
Multicellularparmite 9 Omithodo ^ &5
Multicfys multictys Omithodoros moub ata
Musca 3M , 447 O rth op ia 470
Muscadom estic 1 ^ ,4 4 7,4 4 8 , Ostertagia 258, 261
449 , 450 O ste ^ ia 261
Muscidae &6 Otob im 4&
Muscinastob uHns 450 Otofect& 510
Muscinae. &7 O ^ u ctflu ke
Mutualtem 2 Owl m^ges 437
Mutualtit 2 O ^urifae 28 2
Oi^rnm 28 2
N
O^umitfea 28 2
Nasal b otfly P
Natural calamity 28
Natural host 14 P ara^ rta 3m
Necatonnae 247, 253 Paragonim^de i&
Nematb elminthes 75,227 Par^onimus i&
Nematocera 426 Paragonimm w es^ m an ii 23, 148,
Nematode 43, 225 149, 150
 Subject Index | 561

Paramp htitomatidae 124 Pl&modium malanae 353

Paramphrttomum 125 Plasmodium vivm 30, 48, 445
Part^caris equonim 281 Platyhelminthes 75, 101, 161
Parasitiasis 4 Plerocercoid 43
Parasitic antigen 65 Plerocercoid 213
Parasitic cyste 22 Pol)p arasitrtm 5
Parasitic e ^ s 22 Polffllw: spinulosa &1
Parasitic immunity 65 ,68 Preadaptation 29
Parasitic lawae 23 Predation ■ ■5
Parasitism 3 Predator 5
Parasitoid 5 Premunity &
Parasitoidism 5 Procercoid 43
Parasitological musical chair 2 & Prontostron^lus 272
Part^itosis 4 Prosthogonimidae 1&
Parataenic host 13 Prosthogonimus 145
Parthenogeneticp arasite 11 Prosthogonimuspellucidus l45,
Partial immunity <& 147 472
Passive immunity 67 Protostrongylidae 272
Pediculidae 478 Protozoa 43, 75, 331, 333
Pediculus 478 Protozoan p arasite 12
Periodic parasite- 7 Pseudolynchia 459
Peritonitis 146 Pseudolynchiacananensis 356
Permanent p arasite 6 Psoroptes 510
Pernicious anaemia 214 Psoroptes ovrt 508, 509
Philopteridae 474 Psoroptidae 507
Phleb otomus 38 4, 436, 43 7, 438 Ptychodidae 436
Phoront 4 Ptyclowhopb a ^6
Pb tb ints 478 Ptetygota 413
Physaloptera 303,472 Pulex 173
Pb ysalop terap raep utialrt 303 Punkies 428
Physaloptendae 303 Pyometra 38 9
Pb ysalopteroidea 302
R
Pb ysoctyb alw 29 7
Pimply gut 240 Raillietina 161, 166, 450
Pin worm 282 Raillietinacesticillw 163
Pin worm of fowl 28 7 Raillietinatetragona lte
Piroplrnmia 358 Recognition mechanrtm 30
Piroplasmida 358 Red lung worm 272
Pittugillar 134 Redia 41
Placentitits 38 9 Rtyroductive system 38
Pl^modiidae 352 Resewoir host 13
Plasmodium 352,355 Respiratory system 37
PtomodiumgaUinaceum ^5 Rhab ditida 28 7
562 | ' P araato lo ^ at a Glance

Rb ab ditiform Sp huncutota 477

M ab d ito^ a 2 8 7.Skin p enetration 24
Rhipictyhalus 4m Somatte antigen m
Rhipictyhalus sanguineus 493 S^iganoste 215
ffi^chop thirina 475 Spinose ear tick
Ricl&teia 493 Sp iw<^ca 2m*
Rictufaria 4& Spimcercasanguinolenta
c Spimmetra 215
Spintra 472
Salmonelfa 418 S p im ^ ^
Sandfli^ • 437 S p im m ^ a 2W
Sarcocystte 44,350 Sporadtep ar ti t e 7
Sarcocystte b ovifelte 350 Sp omzoea 333,334
Sarcotystte cm zi 350 Sporozoites
Sarcocystfc neurona 352 Sp read of p ar tite
Sarrndina 3& S^hyUoco<x .m 418
Sdrcommtigophora 3^ Staphyllococcm aureus 4 5 0 ,4 W
^■Kophaga 459 ,460 Stenrnenom p ar ti t e 8
Sarcophaginae 459 ^ p h an ofito^ 311
Sarcop ttt scab iei 505,506 S ^ h an u ^ fae 2m
Sarcop tifae 504,505 S tty h an u ^ . 2 2 5 ,2 m
Sarcoptiform.es 5(M S t^ ltiin g immunity &
Scalyl^ 507 S ti^ ia im
Schtitosoma 2 5 ,3 8 ,1 3 6,1 3 7 Stilesia htyatica 18 6,19 1
Schtetosoma mansoni 141 Stoma ch w orn 263
Schtetosoman^alte im Stom o^s 3 0 0 ,3 79 ,3 9 8 ,4 4 8
Schtetosomatidae 136 Streptococcus 418
Schtetosomosis m Stmb illocercus
SchizonU 44 Stron^M a 230
S e at^ r m m2 Stongyli^w 230
S^mentina ■114 ' Stron^Iotiea 230
tetoria 309 Strongyloi^ 3 9 ,2 8 7
Setanalab iatopapUlosa 311 Sfron^toM ^e 28 7
S e tan ^ e 3W Stmngylw 2 2 5 ,2 3 0 ,2 3 5
S b ^ ked 4m Stron^lus v u lgar -235
Shigelto 450 Sub ulura 28 7
S im u li^ ^ &2 Sub uiu^fae 28 7
Simuliot<&icoste 4 3 6 Sub ulumtim m3
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5M Veterinary Parasito lo ^ at a Glance

Unteewal p ar ti t e 10 Warttefly m
Unnatural host 14 Water 27
Wire worm X ,3
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Wohlfahrtia 460
Vagab ond dteeme &1 Worm p arasite 12
Vector 15 Wuche^na b ancmfti 49
Ventriculw
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m rm inom aneutysm 235
Vib rio cholerae 450 Y-shapedworm 242
Viral immunity m
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Visceral lawa migrants 281
Zoommtigophorea 372
W
Zoonotic p ar itie s 9
Warnteringp ar ti t e 11 Zoophilic ^5
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
VEtERINARY
PARASItOLOGY
Th e Se co n d e d itio n o f Th e Ve te rin ary Parasito lo g y at a g lan ce is a
sto re h o u se o f th e matte r o n th e su bje ct. Ho we ve r, th e bo o k h as be e n
writte n in su ch a simp le flo w th at it se e ks to g u id e th e re ad e r th ro u g h
an d in tro d u ce th e co u rse mate rial in a ve ry lu cid man n e r.
Th is e d itio n h as h ig h lig h te d man y immu n o lo g ical an d mo le cu lar
asp e cts co mp risin g re ce n t immu n o d lag n o stic te sts, re co mbin an t Brie f Co n te n
vaccin atio n , mo le cu lar d iag n o sis, mo le cu lar vaccin atioGe n , naned ral Ve te rin
mo le cu lar th e rap y (g e n e th e rap y). Th is bo o k will h e lp bo th th e UG
an d PG stu d e n ts. Parasito lo g y
A me ticu lo u s u se o f table s, p h o to g rap h s an d flo w ch arts e hmato
as be de en s
mad e fo r be tte r u n d e rstan d in g . Th e q u e stio n n aireCese sto ctio dn ewillsh e lp
stu d e n ts te st th e ir kn o wle d g e . Th e bo o k also se rve s Neas anmato
imp od rtane st
so u rce fo r th e co mp e titive e xams p re p aratio n . Th e PG stu d e n ts can
also bru sh th e ir kn o wle d g e th ro u g h th is bo o k at th e Pro timetoo zot th ae ir jo b
Arthd rowithp oth de s
p lace me n ts. Th is bo o k is a p re fe rre d re so u rce fo r all re late
fie ld o f Ve te rin ary Parasito lo g y.

Dr. S.C. M a n da l Is a Do c to ra l® Iro m In dia n Ve te rin a ry Re se a rc h In stitu te , Ba rie lly. He wa

re se a rc h le llo wsh ip by HRDG, Ne w De lh i He h a s qu a lifie d N a tio n a l Eligibility T e st (NET ) c o n du
At pre se n t h e is Asso c ia te Pro fe sso r, De pa rtm e n t o f Ve te rin a ry Pa ra sito lo gy. C o lle ge o t
An |o ro . Du rg. He wa s In c h a rge o t th e De pa rtm e n t lo r n in e ye a rs. He Is c re dite d wllh t
jo u rn a ls o f n a tio n a l a n d in te rn a tio n a l re pu te .
He Is a c o n tribu to r In th e po pu la r bo o k Pa lh o lo gy o t In fe c tio u s Dise a se o f Do me stic
Lu c kn o w. He is a Re se a rc h Edito r o t a n In te rn a tio n a l jo u rn a l, An im a l Sc ie n c e Re po r
Dr M a n da l Is th e re c ipie n t o f 'Ra sh triya G a u ra v Awo rc f lo r h is o u tsta n din g se rvic e , a c h ie
Is re c ipie n t o t ’Be st Artic le Awa rd' (to rn tAAVP He h a s a lso be e n se le c te d lo r T n te m a iio
Ga n dh i Stro ma n i Awa rd' a n d Be st C itte e n Awa rd'
He h a s be e n In du c te d a s a me m be r o t N a tio n a l Ac a de m y o f Ve te rin a ry Sc ie n c e . He h
In a c o u ple o t n a tio n a l pro je c ts. At pre se n t h e is C o -In ve stiga to r o t a DST pro je c t In th e

Pleise sandyo ur valued o rd e r to

Kh u sh n u ma Co mp le x. Base me n t. 7 Me e rabai Marg

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