The improved YOLO v5 network provides better accuracy and recognition rates for

vehicle targets in high-speed scenarios, making it suitable for practical

applications in traffic video intelligent monitoring systems.

The Flip-Mosaic algorithm contributes to reducing false detections caused by

occlusion by enhancing the network's perception of small targets. It involves the
following steps:

1. Randomly selecting three images from the dataset for each image.
2. Randomly selecting flattening points (x, y) in a blank image and dividing it
into four parts.
3. Processing the composited pictures by flipping them left and right and up and
down, while maintaining the original data. Random noise is also introduced to
enhance the network model's discriminating force on small target samples and
improve the model's generalization.

By applying the Flip-Mosaic algorithm, the accuracy of vehicle detection is

improved, and the false detection rate is reduced, particularly for occluded
targets. This algorithm helps the network better recognize and detect small
targets, even in challenging traffic scenarios.

SOURCES:
- Page 1: "Real-Time Vehicle Detection Based on Improved YOLO v5" by Yu Zhang et
al.

The Flip-Mosaic algorithm is used to enhance the perception of small targets in the
network for real-time vehicle detection. It is specifically designed to reduce the
false detection rate caused by occlusion. The algorithm involves the following
steps:

1. For each image in the dataset, three random images are selected from the
dataset.
2. Flattening points (x, y) in a blank image are randomly selected. The blank image
is divided into four parts, and the excess parts are discarded. This process is
shown in Figure 12.
3. The composited images are processed using three random operations to achieve a
homogeneous distribution. The images are flipped horizontally and vertically, and
some random noise is introduced to enhance the network model's ability to detect
small target samples and improve its generalization.

The purpose of the Flip-Mosaic algorithm is to improve the accuracy of vehicle

detection in different traffic scenarios. By enhancing the network's perception of
small targets and reducing false detections, the algorithm helps in achieving more
reliable and efficient real-time vehicle detection.

The improved YOLO v5 network for real-time vehicle detection incorporates several
methods to enhance its performance. Here is a detailed explanation of each method:

1. Data Enhancement: The input vehicle images undergo data enhancement techniques
such as random scaling, cropping, and arrangement. The traditional YOLO v5 uses
mosaic data enhancement, where the input images are randomly manipulated and
stitched together to improve the detection of small targets.

2. Picture Size Processing: The input images are resized to a uniform size before
being fed into the model for inspection. The initial set sizes are typically 460 ×
460 × 30. This resizing ensures consistency in the input dimensions and facilitates
better detection accuracy.
3. Automatic Adaptation Anchor Frame: The YOLO v5 network utilizes anchor boxes to
improve the detection speed. Instead of manually selecting anchor boxes, the
network employs K-means clustering on the dimensions of the bounding box to obtain
better prior values. This adaptation of anchor frames enhances the accuracy of the
detection algorithm.

4. Flip-Mosaic Data Enhancement: This method specifically addresses the false

detection rate caused by occlusion. The Flip-Mosaic algorithm is applied to enhance
the network's perception. It significantly improves the recognition rate of similar
small targets, making it more suitable for real-world applications.

These methods collectively contribute to the improved performance of the YOLO v5

network in real-time vehicle detection, enhancing accuracy and reducing false
detections.

"SUVs" stands for Sport Utility Vehicles, and "Family Sedans" refers to mid-size or
full-size cars designed to accommodate families comfortably. Here's a brief
explanation of each:

1. **SUVs (Sport Utility Vehicles):**

- **Type:** SUVs are a type of vehicle that combines features of both a
traditional passenger car and off-road capabilities.
- **Design:** They often have a higher ground clearance, a robust chassis, and a
boxy design. Many SUVs are designed with an emphasis on versatility, offering ample
cargo space and the option for all-wheel or four-wheel drive.
- **Usage:** SUVs are popular for their spacious interiors and the ability to
handle various terrains, making them suitable for families, outdoor activities, and
those who may need to tow trailers or boats.

2. **Family Sedans:**
- **Type:** Family sedans are a category of passenger cars designed for
families, typically characterized by a comfortable and spacious interior.
- **Design:** They typically have four doors, a separate trunk compartment, and
a more streamlined design compared to SUVs. Sedans prioritize passenger comfort and
fuel efficiency.
- **Usage:** Family sedans are ideal for everyday commuting and family trips.
They are known for their smooth rides, fuel economy, and ease of maneuverability.

In summary, SUVs are versatile vehicles with off-road capabilities, suitable for
various purposes including family use, while family sedans are designed primarily
for comfortable and efficient commuting with a focus on passenger comfort. The
choice between an SUV and a family sedan often depends on individual preferences,
lifestyle, and specific transportation needs.