INGLESE TECNICO

Photovoltaic

The light of the sun has always been used to heat water or air in buildings.
But in recent times, mechanical or electrical system are used to transform
the light of the sun into usable energy, with photovoltaic system.

Photovoltaic cells are composed of a semiconductor material such as

silicon.
When a cell is hit by light, the electrons are forced to move in one
direction by an electrical device creating an electric current. Each cell
creates an electric field.

The basic components of a photovoltaic system are:

A structure, a panel, a storage system (battery), charge controllers, an
inverter, a generator and cables.

With the invert is possible to transform the direct current produced by

solar panels into alternative current used in our homes.

The excess energy produced can be storage in a battery. With the storage
system this energy, be used during the night or on cloudy days.
TRANSDUCER

The transducer convert one physical quantity to another physical quantity

or from energy into another.
Infact electrical transducers convert a physical quantities like sound into
electrical quantities.

There are two types of transducers:

- Input transducers or sensor
- Output transducers or actuators
Sensor convert physical events into electrical signals.
Transducer are so essesinsial in monitoring and control system.
 STORIA
BRITAIN UNDER VICTORIA

The first years of Victoria’s reign were a period of social reforms and
political development.

During these years there was a strong working-class movement calling for
social reforms.
The Great Reform Act in 1832 had extended the vote to all male
members of the middle class but had done little for the working class.
The movement of Chartism played an important role, drawing up the
People’s Charter in 1838, which called for social reforms and the
extension of the right to vote to all male members adults.

Another social reforms regulating factory life, like ten hours act of 1847,
wich limited working hours to ten a day for all labourers.

On a political level, the two main parties were the Liberals, formed from
the former whigs and the Conservatives, formed from the old Tories.

Social unrest did not prevent the increasing power of the middle classes
or the expansion of Industry and trade.
This was a period of great expansion in trade.
The most important and lucrative zone of influence for Britain was the
India.
There was a dangerous crisis in 1857 called Indian Mutiny when Indian
soldiers rebelled against their British commanders.
This rebellion was against the rule of British East India Company. This
Company was dissolved and India was administred directly by the British
government.
In 1858, The Queen promised them rights similar to English people.
The census of 1851 recorded half of the population living in towns, but
the majority of city poor lived in slum district.
With the two Housing Act were passed in 1851 to clean up the towns
which had been devasted by epidemics of cholera and typhoid carried by
polluted wated.
In the time were built a modern Hospital to regulate and control medical
education.
Were built a places of entrainment like public houses, parks and stadium.
And an institutional structure like prison, police station and school.
ELISABETH I

Elisabeth I became queen of a divided nation, the majority of which was

anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish.
She had a strong personality, intelligent and a passionate character.
As a queen, she faced many problems: marriage and succession, religion
division and domestic discontent.
She never married, but she used the possibility of marriage as a political
weapon.
She said that “The Queen was married to her people”, the country accept
this idea and began to make a cult of “ Virgin Queen”.
This adulation was the result of a propaganda campaign when the queen
became the symbol of nation’s destiny.
To demonstrate her power, she wore magnificent clothing with jewels.

Elisabeth saw Spanish as England’s enemy and rival.

Elisabeth had an active interest in the navy and ship-buildings
She secretly encouraged English sea captains in their piracy against
Spanish ships carring precius metal, tabacco and slaves.
In 1588 the Spanish decided to invade England and sent an armada of 130
galleons to the English channel, but the Spanish ships were slower than
English. The English ships are faster and armed with long-range guns.
Bad storm helped the English defeat the Spanish armada.
Elisabeth I had the supremacy of the sea.
THE ONU

The united nation is an international organization dedicated to

international peace and stability. It was founded after the second world
war in 1945.
Initially had just 51 member, today has 193 members.
The main principles were determined in San Francisco on April 1945.

The UN has 4 purposes:

- To maintain international peace and security
- To develop friendly relation
- To achieve international cooperation in solving international
problems, economic, cultural or social character
- To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations

The UN is divided into different bodies:

- General assembly, the main organ of UN
- Security council, the most powerful UN unit, mandate to keep
peace
- Economic and social council
- International court of justice
- The secretariat
THE NATO

The north Atlantic treaty organization is a military alliance of 30

country. It was formed after the second world war.
Each members of NATO has an ambassador.

NATO’s mission is to protect the stability of all country and members

against terrorism, war or mass destruction.

A key of the alliance was the ARTICLE 5 which states that “ an armed
attack against one ally is considered an attack against all allies”.

The founding members of NATO signed the North Atlantic Treaty on

1949.
NATO’s primary purpose was to defend members of nations from
threats by communist countries. The united states also wanted to
maintain presence in Europe and the US military protection gave
Europeans nations the safety needed to rebuilt after the Second World
war devastation.