Chapter 5

1. At RTP (25℃ , 1 atm), 1 mole of a gas occupies 24 dm3 volume

2. At STP (0℃ , 1 atm), 1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 dm3 volume
3. Review stoichiometric relationships
4. Review balancing equations
5. Stoichiometric exercise: Find volume of one reactant and mass of the product needed to react with
given moles of second reactant.

CQD 1. [G]
a. When 4.00 mol of Fe react with excess chlorine gas, what mass of FeCl3 will be produced?
[Fe = 56.0; Cl = 35.5]

b. What volume of chlorine at STP reacts with 4.00 moles of Fe?

6. Stoichiometric exercise: problem with excess and limiting reagent

CQD 2. Potassium carbonate, K2CO3, reacts with hydrochloric acid, HCl, to produce carbon dioxide,
CO2, water, H2O, and potassium chloride, KCl. What volume of carbon dioxide, at RTP, will be
produced when 0.552 g of potassium carbonate react with 0.632 g of hydrochloric acid? [K = 39.0; C; =
12.0; O = 16.0; H = 1.00; Cl = 35.5], VM = 24 dm3 mol-1.

Ex. 1 If 2.4 g of Mg react with 4.48 dm3 of chlorine at STP, what is the mass of MgCl2 formed?

CQD 3. [G] Hydrogen gas, H2, reacts with carbon monoxide gas, CO, to produce methanol, CH3OH, as
shown in the following reaction.
2H2 + CO → CH3OH

When 0.50 tons of H2 gas reacts completely with CO gas, the amount of methanol produced was 3.0
tons. Calculate the percentage yield. [H = 1.00; C = 12.0; O = 16.0]

Ex. 2 In the equation 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g), 3 mol of H2(g) are mixed with excess N2. When
equilibrium was established, 1.0 mol NH3(g) was present. The theoretical yield and actual yield are
respectively

a) 2 mol and 1 mol NH3(g).

b) 1 mol and 2 mol NH3(g).
c) 1 mol and 0.5 mol NH3(g).
d) 3 mol and 2 mol NH3(g).
e) 0.5 mol and 1 mol NH3(g).

7. Stoichiometric exercise: Find mass of a product from given mass of reactant.

Ex. 3 How many grams of nitric acid, HNO3 can be produced from 2.8 g of nitrogen, N2?

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8. It is not always necessary to write a complete balanced equation to solve a stoichiometric
exercise. It is enough to work out the relation between the two chemicals in question.
For eg. 8H2SO4 produces 1S8
1N2 produces 2HNO3
1S8 produces 8SO2
1N2 produces 2HNO2
1S8 produces 8SO3

CQD 4. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, can be produced from sulfur, S8, according to the following chemical
equation.
S8 ( s ) + 12O 2 ( g ) + 8H 2 O ( l ) → 8H 2SO 4 (l)

How many kilograms of H2SO4 can be produced from 8.00 kg of S8? [H = 1.00; S = 32.0; O = 16.0]

9. Stoichiometric exercise: Find heat produced given mass of reactant.

CQD 5. According to the equation below, how much heat is produced by burning 16.0 g of sulfur?
[S = 32.0]
S8(s) + 8O2(g) → 8SO2(g) ΔH = – 297 kJ/mol SO2

10. Stoichiometric exercise: Find mass of reactant needed to produce a given mole of product.

CQD 6. According to the equation below, what mass of S8 produces 1.00 mol of SO2(g)? [S = 32.0]
S8(s) + 8O2(g) → 8SO2(g)

CQD 7. Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen gas to form sulfur trioxide as shown in the following
chemical equation. 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)
What volume of SO2(g) at STP will produce 8.00 g of SO3(g)? [S = 32.0; O = 16.0], VM = 22.4
dm3 mol-1.

11. Stoichiometric exercise: Find V of reactant needed to produce a given mass of product.

Ex. 4 What volume of SO2(g) at STP will produce 8.0 g of SO3(g)? 2SO2(s) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)

12. Stoichiometric exercise: Find V of product needed to produce a given mass of reactant.

CQD 17. The metal zinc, Zn, reacts with acid to release hydrogen gas, H2.
What volume of hydrogen gas would be produced at room temperature and pressure when 3.27 g of Zn
react completely with excess sulfuric acid? [Zn = 65], VM = 24 dm3 mol-1

13. Stoichiometric exercise: Find volume of air needed to produce a given mole of product.

CQD 8. What volume of air at STP should react with SO2(g) to produce 1.0 mol of SO3(g)? VM = 22.4
dm3 mol-1.

14. Stoichiometric exercise: Application on PV = nRT

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CQD 9. Sulfur dioxide is produced from combustion of sulfur as shown in the following chemical
equation.
S8 ( s ) + 8O 2 ( g ) → 8SO 2 (g )
a. What mass of sulfur will produce 200 mol of pure SO2? [S = 32.0]
b. What volume will 200 mol of pure SO2 gas occupy at 273°C and 2.00 atm?
R = 22.4 / 273 dm3.atm/K.mol.

15. Stoichiometric exercise: Find V of air needed to react with given volume of reactant.

CQD 10. Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen gas present in air to form sulfur trioxide as shown in the
following chemical equation. 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)
What volume of air at 25°C and 1.00 atm will react with 200 mol of pure SO2 at the same conditions, to
produce SO3? R = 0.082 dm3 atm/K mol.

16. Molar Concentration exercises

CQD 11. Concentrated H2SO4 is 98% pure. How many moles are found in 50 g of this solution?

CQD 12. Concentrated H2SO4 is 98% pure. Its density is 1.84 g/cm3. How many moles are found in 100
cm3 of this acid?

CQD 13. Find the molar concentration of commercial hydrochloric acid if it is 36.5% by mass is pure
and has a density of 1.20 g/cm3.

CQD 14. [G]

a. What volume of commercial sulfuric acid is needed to prepare 1.00 L of 1.00 M sulfuric acid?
[Commercial sulfuric acid has a concentration of 18.4 M]

b. If we take 50. mL out of a 0.60 M NaCl solution and add to it 50. mL of distilled water, what will the
concentration of the solution become? Assume volumes to be additive.

𝑪𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
17. Dilution exercises: Application on [ ]𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑽𝑽𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

Ex. 5 If we take 50ml of solution out of a 0.60 M NaCl solution and add to it (a) 50ml of distilled water,
or (b) 100ml of distilled water, what will the concentration of the solution become, in each case?

18. Stoichiometric/molarity exercise: Find V of acid needed to react with a given mass of reactant.

CQD 15. Carbon is oxidized by sulfuric acid as shown in the following chemical equation.

C + 2H 2SO 4 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O + 2SO 2

What volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (18.4 M) would be consumed to oxidize 24 g of carbon?

19. Stoichiometry of acid-base titrations

CQD 16. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is neutralized by potassium hydroxide, KOH.

What volume of 0.50 M H2SO4 is needed to neutralize 40. mL of 0.50 M KOH?

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20. Pressure of gas collected over water = P atmosphere – P water at the same temperature.

Ex. 6 Magnesium reacts with HCl to give 45 ml of hydrogen gas on a day when the room temperature
was 18°C and atmospheric pressure was 758 mm Hg. If the vapor pressure of water at 18°C is 10.0 mm
Hg, find the pressure of the hydrogen gas ( no calculator allowed)

21. Find empirical formula (simplest formula) of an organic compound given its percentage
composition

CQD 20. [G] A hydrocarbon is 75 percent by mass carbon. Find its empirical (simplest) formula.
[C = 12.0; H = 1.00]

22. Find mass of elements of hydrocarbon given percentage composition by mass and mass of
compound.

Ex. 7 A hydrocarbon (containing only carbon and hydrogen) is 20% hydrogen by weight. How many
grams of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen do 100g of the compound contain? (No calculator allowed).

23. Hygroscopic liquid: is a liquid that absorbs water from the surrounding air. For example,
Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4(l).
24. Deliquescent solid: is a solid that absorbs water from surrounding air. For example: potassium
hydroxide, KOH(s), calcium chloride, CaCl2 (s) and sodium chloride, NaCl (s)

Ex. 8 Which of the following is true?

a.CO2(g) is deliquescent. b. KOH(s) is deliquescent.

c.H2SO4(l) is hygroscopic. d.NaCl (s) is hygroscopic.
e.CaCl2 (s) is deliquescent. F.NaCl (s) is deliquescent

25. Determining the empirical formula of an organic compound from mass of water and carbon
dioxide produced from combustion of the compound.
When an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen burns, its carbon atoms
become carbon dioxide, and its hydrogen atoms become water vapor. If we determine the mass of
carbon dioxide and water vapor produced, we can calculate how much carbon and hydrogen were in
the sample. The mass of oxygen can be determined by subtraction.

CQD 18. A sample of 4.40 g of an organic compound, CxHyOz, is burned. The only products of burning
are CO2 and H2O. The mass of water vapor produced was 3.60 g and the mass of carbon dioxide
produced was 8.80 g. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. [C = 12.0; H = 1.00; O = 16.0]

Ex. 9 6.60 g of an organic compound are burned. The only products of burning are CO2 and H2O. The
mass of water vapour produced was 7.20 g and the mass of carbon dioxide produced 5.90 g. Determine
the empirical formula of the compound

26. Determining molecular formula of a compound given empirical formula and molar mass of the
molecular formula

CQD 19. [G] The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O and its molar mass is 60 g/mol. Find the molecular
formula of the compound. [C = 12.0; H = 1.00; O = 16.0]

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Ex. 10 The empirical formula of a compound is C2H7N. If the molar mass of the compound is 135 g/mole.
Find the molecular formula.

CQD 21. [T]

During a lab session, students were asked to prepare hydrated magnesium sulfate by adding an excess of
dilute sulfuric acid to magnesium oxide. Actual
Theoretical
Each student was handed a different mass of magnesium oxide.

excess H 2SO4
MgO  → MgSO 4 .7H 2 O
=M f 40.3
= M f 120.4
At the end of the experiment, each student dried and weighed the crystals obtained.
Which student produced the highest percentage yield of hydrated magnesium sulfate?
Actual
mass of magnesium mass of crystals Theoretical %
oxide used / g produced / g
A 5.0 9.5 14.9 63.8
B 10.0 24.0 29.8 80.5
C 16.0 35.8 47.8 74.8
D 24.0 46.6 71.7 64.9
E 36.0 56.7 52.7
107.6

CQD 22. [T]Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 is used as fertilizer.

It is produced from ammonia and sulfuric acid as shown in the chemical equation.

2NH 3 + H 2SO 4 → (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium sulfate produced from 680 g of ammonia, NH3, using the
following steps. The relative formula mass of ammonia Mr = 17.

a) Calculate the moles of NH3 in 680 g.

b) Deduce the number of moles of (NH4)2SO4.
c) Calculate the Mr of (NH4)2SO4.
d) Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium sulfate produced.

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CQD 23. [T]
a. The relative atomic mass of an atom is given by comparing the mass of that atom against a standard
atom.
i. What is the symbol of the standard atom? Include its mass number.
ii. Ammonia has relative molecular mass, Mr of 17 and lithium fluoride has a relative formula
mass, Mr of 26.
A student claims that the term ‘relative molecular mass’ can be used for both compounds,
ammonia and lithium fluoride.
Do you agree with him? Explain your reasoning.

b. A 0.174 g of gas X has a volume of 72 cm3 at room temperature and pressure.

i. How many moles of gas X in 72 cm3? VM = 24 dm3 mol-1.

ii. What is the relative molecular mass of gas X?
iii. It is found that gas X is a hydrocarbon of empirical formula C2H5.
Find the chemical formula of gas X. Show your work. [C = 12.0; H = 1.00]

c. A 12 g of an oxide of iron is produced from burning 8.4 g of iron.

Calculate the empirical of this oxide of iron. [Fe = 56.0; O = 16.0]

d. Another oxide of iron has the empirical formula of Fe3O4.

One molecule of this oxide of iron contains six atoms of iron.
Deduce the molecular formula of the oxide.

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CQD 24. [T]
a. Hydrogen gas is an essential chemical in many industries. It is usually produced by reacting methane
gas with steam.
catalyst
CH 4 (g) + 2H 2 O(g)  → CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 (g)

i. Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at room temperature and pressure if 1.2 dm3
of methane is consumed. Show your work.
ii. Another method to obtain hydrogen gas is by dehydrogenation an alkane.
The dehydrogenation of ethane is represented in the following equation.

The table below gives the bond energies. Calculate the energy change for a reaction to produce one mole
of hydrogen gas by following the steps shown.

bond C-H C-C H-H C=C

bond energy in kJ/mol 413 348 436 614

• Calculate energy needed to break bonds.

• Calculate energy released when bonds are formed.
• Calculate energy change of the reaction.

b. Hydrogen gas, H2, reacts with nitrogen gas, N2, to form ammonia, NH3.

i. What is the process for making ammonia called? Haber

ii. Write the chemical equation of this process. Use the sign to indicate the reaction is
reversible.
iii. Why high pressure and low temperature
At high are recommended
pressure in theposition
the equilibrium process will
of making
shift towards the place
ammonia? Explain your answer. of less gas moles in this case that would be the yield thus the yield
would increase. At low temperature the equilibrium position will shift
c. Ammonia is used to produce fertilizer ammonium phosphate
towards by reacting with phosphoric acid.
the exothermic

i. Why the reaction is classified as a neutralization reaction?

ii. Write a chemical equation of the reaction between ammonia and phosphoric acid.

d. Aqueous solution of ammonia is used to test metal cations.

i. A red-brown precipitate is formed upon the addition of an ammonia solution to an unknown

solution. Identify the ion present in the unknown solution.
ii. Copper(II) ions form a pale blue precipitate when aqueous solution of ammonia is added.
Write the net ionic equation of the reaction between aqueous ammonia solution and
copper(II) ions.
iii. What is the effect of adding excess solution of aqueous ammonia solution to the solution of
Cu2+?

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CQD 25. [T] Acids are classified as strong acids or weak acids. Nitric acid, HNO3, is an example of a
strong acid while methanoic acid, known as formic acid, HCOOH, is an example of a weak acid.

a. Both acids release H+ when dissolved in water.

i. Give a difference between strong acids and weak acids.

ii. Compare the conductivity of 100 mL of a 0.10 M aqueous solution of nitric acid to that of
an aqueous solution of formic acid of the same volume and concentration.

b. A student dips equal masses of magnesium lumps into two separate beakers. The two beakers contain
two different acids of the same volume and concentration. The first beaker contains an aqueous solution
of nitric acid while the second one contains an aqueous solution of formic acid.
A gas is released in both containers.

i. In which container the magnesium lumps take more time to dissolve?

ii. Knowing that the two experiments occur at rtp, compare the volumes of hydrogen gas
released from each beaker? Explain.

c. Nitric acid reacts with insoluble copper(II) oxide to produce copper(II) nitrate and water.

2HNO3 + CuO  Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

Find the mass of copper(II) oxide needed to react completely with 150.0 cm3 of 0.500 M nitric acid
following the given steps.

1. Calculate the number of moles of nitric acid present in 150.0 cm3 of 0.500 M nitric acid.
2. Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) oxide which would react with 150.0 cm3 of 0.500 M
nitric acid.
3. Calculate the relative formula mass of copper(II) oxide. [Cu = 64.0; O = 16.0]
4. Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide that would react completely with 150.0 cm3 of 0.500 M
nitric acid.

d. A student wants to prepare copper(II) nitrate salt crystals by adding to 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 M nitric acid
an excess of copper(II) oxide. After the reaction is complete, the student filters the resulting mixture and
rinses the residue.

i. What is the composition of the residue?

ii. Why is the residue rinsed?
iii. The student wants to obtain crystals of copper(II) nitrate from the filtrate. Name a process
to extract pure crystals of the salt from its solution.

e. A student mixes an aqueous solution of copper(II) nitrate with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide to produce copper(II) hydroxide.

i. What is the type of this reaction?

ii. What is the student’s observation? Include any color change.
iii. Write chemical equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.