National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage

Asia Cooperation Program on Conservation Science

Republic of Korea

Training Course, 1st April to 31st August, 2017

Final Report on Scientific Analysis and

Conservation Treatment on Stone Cultural
Heritage

Submitted by

MS KHIN SAW WIN

Department of Archaeology and National Museum

Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture

Republic of the Union of Myanmar

Acknowledgement
Firstly, I would like to acknowledge the support of ACPCS program in the
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (NRICH) of Korea for the 2017 Asia
Cooperation Program on Conservation Science which gave me opportunity to attend the
Scientific Program on Conservation for Cultural Heritage. It has two sessions; one is 1st,
April, 2017~ 30th, June, 2017 for three months participants and the other is 1st, April,
2017~ 31st , August, 2017 for five months participants. I have attended five months
session.

I sincerely thank go to Dr. Choi Maeng-Sik, Director General of NRICH and Ms.
Yu Jae Eun (Director of Restoration Technology Division), Program Director of our
training within the program. They have invited me to this training.

And grateful thanks go to Union Minister, Director General, Deputy Director

General, Director, Deputy Director and head of office of the Ministry of Religious Affairs
and Culture, Department of Archaeology and National Museum, who have sent me to this
ACPCS 2017 training course.

Especially I would like to thank my teacher Mr. Lee Tae-Jong (Conservation

Science Center), Dr. Lee Myeong-Seong (Conservation Science Division), Ms. Park Hee-
jeong, Mr. Cho Ha-Jin and Ms. Chae Seung-A, who have taught me basic method for
scientific stone conservation. And I would like to thank Ms. Choi Myoung-Ju, who has
taught me how to identify stone samples and explained the scientific stone analysis
process.

And I would like to specially thank to ACPCS teacher of Dr. Lee Jae-Sung
(Conservation Science Center), who has taught and explained general metal conservation
to us.

My deepest thanks go to ACPCS teams, Ms. Jeong So Young (Senior Officer of

ACPCS & OTTP, Ms. Lee Joo Hee (Bonnie Lee) (Coordinator of International Training
Programs of ACPCS & OTTP), Ms. Choi Tae Joung (TJ) (Coordinator of International
Training Programs of ACPCS & OTTP), Mr. Ryoo Kwang Hyung (Coordinator) and Ms.
Jeong Boram (Coordinator), who are helpful, kind and have good guidance, translation,
supervision for our report. And they also give me necessary information from the start to
the end of ACPCS training course. And I would like to thank all of other teachers and
staffs of NRICH.

Finally, I thank my colleagues, ACPCS training participants, who are Ms. Ainur
Sautbelova from Kazakhstan, Mr. Enkhbayar Ganbold and Mr. Shinebat Lkhagvasuren
from Mongolia, Ms. Sineth Oum from Cambodia, Ms. Yin Nyein Aye from Myanmar,
Mr.Bumpa Dorji from Bhutan and Ms. Gracile Celine Roxas from Philippines.

During my stay in Korea, I have got a lot of knowledge and experience from
them. They provided support and management such as giving basic supplies, helping,
protecting and looking after our health condition. I really enjoyed and found interest in
Korea people’s life style and culture. So I will never forget all of teachers of ACPCS,
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (NRICH) Organization. I’m very glad to
have been invited to ACPCS, 2017 Training Course.
 Content
Acknowledgement

Introduction

1. General Introduction and Lectures

2. Stone Culture Heritage from Bagan area

3. Myazedi Stone Inscription

4. Sandstone Culture Heritage from Bagan Archaeological Museum

5. Scientific Analysis practical of sandstone sampling from Bagan Archaeological

Museum

5.1 Subject of the study

5.1(a) Sample No.10 BM-04

5.1(b) Sample No.12 BM-06

5.1(c) Sample No.15 BT-01

6. Methods of Sampling Scientific Stone Analysis

6.1 Polarizing Microscope

6.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

6.3 Processing of Sampling Scientific Stone Analysis

6.3 (a) Taking photo documentation

6.3 (b) Preparation cutting and drying

6.3 (c) Moulding

6.3 (d) Consolidation

6.3 (e) Polishing

6.4 Classification of Sediments

6.4 (a) Result of the sample

 6.5 Measuring temperature by using Infrared Thermography

7. Basic Scientific Stone Conservation Methods

7.1 Scientific stone conservation methods (Joining)

7.2 Scientific stone conservation methods (Filling)

7.3 Black tape testing

8. Ultrasonic device using for stone heritage

8.1 Ethyl Silicate (KSE 300)

8.2 Consolidation measuring by Ultrasonic device for stone heritage

9. Beopcheonsa Temple site

10. Basic Scientific Stone Conservation workshop

10.1 Taking photo for Documentation

10.2 Scientific stone conservation methods (Dry cleaning)

10.3 Scientific stone conservation methods (Wet cleaning)

10.4 Laser cleaning method

11. Checking condition surface of the stone by using Scalar device

12. Checking condition surface of the stone by using Magnetic Susceptibility Meter

13. XRF Analyzer

14. Study Trips

Conclusion

Bibliography
Introduction

The National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (NRICH) conducted the Asia
Cooperation Program on Conservation Science (ACPCS) to facilitate and promote the
regional cooperation in the conservation of cultural heritage among Asian countries. This
course is promoted to provide participants with an opportunity to study and work
together, also to share a knowledge and experience in conservation field. In this 2017
(ACPCS) training has been divided into two parts. These are three months session and
five months session. I have attended five months training session. This training is very
important for our museum to learn scientific conservation, knowledge and experience for
cultural heritage. Within the training program I have learned not only scientific stone
conservation but also practical on methodologies for stone sampling scientific analysis by
using various kind of machines.

This report is about not only practice on scientific stone sampling analysis of
cultural heritage from Bagan museum but also scientific stone conservation training
course in the scientific research laboratories at the National Research Institute of Cultural
Heritage (NRICH) in Daejeon. And also in this training, I have got experience and
knowledge for their lecture on theories, methodologies in Korean conservation,
restoration, analysis, archaeological architectural structure and so many field trips to
study Korean history, culture, archaeological and architectural structure.

In 1902, Mr.Taw Sein Kho, Superintendent of the former Epigraphic Office, who
was collected stone inscription and archaeological objects around Bagan area. In Bagan
most of the ancient pagodas and temples are damaged by earthquake in 1975.
Archaeological department collected many antiquities over ten thousand objects and
stored them in the museum. There are metallic, sandstone, bronze, earthen, stucco, glaze,
wooden, lacquer and cloth painting, etc. In the early Bagan period 11th Century A.D
mostly, sandstone raw material was used for statues. Bagan museum have collected so
many sandstone objects. Thus, Bagan Archaeological museum needs to do scientific
conservation for sandstone objects.

Started from the year 2013 to 2015 OTTP training by National Research Institute
of Cultural Heritage was given to Bagan Archaeological Museum. We have experienced
conservation of metal and stone objects. In 2016, we cooperated with NRICH’s
Researchers for Joint Analysis Project for sampling. In this OTTP training, I attended
stone conservation as a participant and also joined research on stone conservation
treatment observation. It has main joint researched which are Myazedi stone inscription
and other stone sculptures.

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 Korea Culture Heritage Foundation supported many valuable equipment and
machine for Bagan Archaeological Museum. And KCHF (Korea Cultural Heritage
Foundation) supported building storage rooms and Laboratory in Bagan Museum at the
basement. And NRICH also supported OTTP workshop training and equipment, machine
and chemical on scientific analysis conservation for metal and stone. So our museum
needs scientific conservation for cultural heritage. I have got opportunity to attend the
2017 Asia Cooperation Program on Conservation Science (ACPCS) which is organized
by National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (NRICH) in Daejeon, Republic of
Korea.

2
1. General Introduction and Lectures

(1) Inorganic Material Analysis

(2) Conservation & Restoration for Stone Cultural Heritage

(3) Research on Artistic Heritage

(4) Conservation of Korean Paper Cultural Heritage

(5) Study of Archaeological Artifacts

(6) Chemical Basic on Conservation

(7) Conservation of Metal Artifacts

(8) Conservation of Cultural Heritages & Archaeological Science Research for Organic

Residues Analysis

(9) Process of Analyzing Metal objects

Lecture class

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2. Stone Cultural Heritage from Bagan area

Bagan is one of the richest archaeological sites in South-East Asia. Bagan is

situated in the bend of the Ayeyarwaddy river, Nyaung Oo District, Mandalay Division,
in the central part of Myanmar.

The Bagan dynasty was inaugurated by King Thamudarit. There were altogether
55 Kings who ruled in Bagan. Amount of them, king Anawrahtta is the founder of the
first Myanmar’s empire. Beside he laid the foundation for the establishment of Theravada
Buddhism in Myanmar by the spiritual leadership of Maha Thera Shin Arahan. Bagan
was such an ancient city that thrived from 11th to 13th Century A.D covering 1300 years.

Bagan area encompassed is stretch of 20 square miles about 4440 ancient

monuments and buildings were situated in this area. At present, a total of 3122 ancient
buildings are already recorded in which are included such buildings of pagodas, stupas,
temples, ordination hall, monasteries, and learning caves. Inside as well as outside of
these building are still existing remains art of work from Bagan period such as mural
painting, stone carving, stucco carving, glaze relief plaque, terracotta and architectural
design of Bagan period. Among them, 4 ancient monuments are built by sandstone. These
are Shwezigon pagoda, Kyauk Gu cave, Nan hpaya and Thitbyinnu bell pillars, which are
built in between Bagan period 11th to 13th Century A.D.

View of Bagan

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 Shwezigon Pagoda

The pagoda is standing between old Bagan and Nyaung Oo . It was commenced by King
Anawrahtta but not completed until the reign of King Kyansittha (1084-1113).

Shwezigon Pagoda built by sandstone

Look at sandstone under the terraces In a stone slab to look at the reflection of

Hti with water

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Kyauk Gu Temple (Cave Temple)

This temple, situated two miles to the east of Nyaung Oo, is a structure of unique
architecture. It consists of three receding terraces built of stone and brick against the
precipitous side of a deep ravine. The ground store contains a large hall with a high
entrance archway projecting on the north. Two huge stone pillars support the roof in the
center. These pillars as well as the perforated windows and pilasters, the door jambs, the
frieze and the dado are decorated with fine carvings. The first store may be assigned to
late 11th century, where the two upper stories are attributed to Narapatisithu (1174-1211).

Front of entrance gate

Walls are decorated with stone carving

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 Nan Hpaya Temple

Nanhpaya Temple is close behind Manuha Temple south of old Bagan City. It was built
by King Manuha’s grand-nephew, Prince Naga Thaman in 11th Century A.D. It was built by
stone bricks.

Nan Hpaya Temple Sandstone carving inside the temple

Floral design of the wall

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3. Myazedi Stone Inscription

In Myanmar, the stone inscriptions, inscribed with Pyu, Mon and Myanmar
Languages, have been found all over the country since proto-historic time. During the
Bagan Era, there have been discovered a lot of stone inscriptions with various languages
medium. These inscriptions had documented what those people recorded, wished and
cursed what they donated for Buddhist religious merit and deed in Myanmar and the other
countries.

Myazedi quardrilingual stone inscription, located in Bagan Historic city, is unique

and significant Myanmar history, religion and culture in 12th century A.D are written on it
was the inscription inscribed in A.D 1113. They are described with four languages, such
as Pyu, Mon, Myanmar and Pali, on each of the faces. Myazedi stone inscription is the
earliest Myanmar language document chronological date. It is also very rare inscribed
pillars of quardrilingual inscription. It firmly identified the authenticity and writing
document in 12th century A.D. That stone inscription was discovered at Myazedi Pagoda
near Myingaba village in Ancient Bagan City in 1886-87. This is also known as Myazedi
inscription by the name of that pagoda.

There are two such inscriptions. These two inscriptions are identical and set up by
Prince Rajakumar of the Bagan period. Therefore they are well known in Myanmar
history as Myazedi stone inscription, or Kubyaukkyi stone inscription or Rajakumar stone
inscription.

These two Myazedi inscription stone pillars were discovered by Dr E.

Forchhammer, Professor of Pali at the Rangoon Collage and Government Archaeologist
at Myinkaba, a small locality quite near to Bagan, in 1886-87. The better preserved pillar
(Pillar A) was found near the Myazedi pagoda, quite close to it, on the north, in front of a
small ruined square temple, in which the remnants of a seated Buddha may still be seen. It
was in the good state of preservation and removed to the Bagan Museum, near the
Ananda temple in 1904. It was removed again to the new octagonal archaeological
museum in 1979. Finally, in 1998, it is placed and displayed in the recent Bagan
Archaeological Museum.

Discovering of Pillar ‘B’, it is so interesting and remarkable. The story of Pillar

‘B’ is as follow; ‘the other pillar, which contains replicas of the formers inscription, was
badly broken; Forchhammer recovered two pieces of upper half within the precincts of
the Kubyaukkyi temple. The third piece completing the upper part was discovered, in
1904, in the surrounding wall of the Myazedi platform. The lower half was found in an
erect position near a small old building, closed to the Myazedi. All these pieces were
badly weathered and a large proportion of the letters had disappeared, but the remains are

8
beautifully clear. After the restored of several portion it was erected on the platform of the
Myazedi pagoda. This pillar was designated as ‘B’.

The one ‘A’ on display at the Bagan Archaeological Museum is a square pillar of
sand stone which is measurement high is 138 cm, width is 36 cm and thickness is 36 cm.
The one (‘B’) on the platform of Myazedi Pagoda has the two sides which are wider than
the other sides.

Myazedi stone inscription is unique and irreplaceable in the world. It is an original

establishment. The authenticity of the collection of Myazedi stone inscription is not in
doubt. That inscription was inscribed by Prince Rajakumar who was a son of King
Kyansittha ruled in Bagan Empire from AD 1086-1112. It expressed accurate
chronological date of historic Bagan era in Myanmar. It is also proving the clarification of
contradict between the date of reigned the Bagan Dynasty as well as ascending the throne
of King Kyansittha. Moreover, it is also identified with confusing between writing
chronicles, document and other historical resources. It is one of the earliest writing
documents in Myanmar language as well as using the quadrilingual languages in
Myanmar and Southeast Asia region. It is one of the most favourable evidence for
studying the various aspects in ancient history of Myanmar.

Myazedi stone inscription was inscribed by Prince Rajakumar in AD 1113. It was

confirmed with evidence for paleographic system, form and content which reveals the
documents was written in 12th century. The document reflects the socio-economic,
technology, political situation and religion in 12th century AD in Myanmar.

The Prince Rajakumar was the son of King Kyansittha and Thanbula’s consort. In
fact Kyansittha exiled because of political crisis, he met and married with Thanbula who
was a daughter of Kyaungphyu village head man. When King Kyansittha gained the
throne of Bagan, Thanbula was raised as queen and the son as prince Rajakumar and lord
of seven District of Dannyawadi hill regions. In circumstance, the King had already
chosen his grandson (by another queen) Alaungsithu to be his immediate successor to the
throne, prince Rajakumar could not become heir apparent. Though prince Rajakumar
missed the chance of succession, he harboured no grudge against his father but proved a
good faithful son observing filial duties. When the father grew old and was about to die of
ripe age, prince Rajakumar made a golden Buddha image and enshrined it in Kubyaukkyi
temple. He donated the three villages of slave that Kyansittha give to him, to this temple
and his merit, wishes and curses were inscribed on the stone. These are mainly actors in
describing the stone inscription.

Myazedi stone inscription is identified as the oldest Myanmar prose writing and
literature. That inscription is indicated to significance and rare evidence of entirely

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language and literature, Buddhist religion, socio- economic status and cultural identity of
Myanmar in 12th century AD.

Myazedi ( Rajakumar ) Quadrilingual Stone Inscription was submitted on 31st

March 2014 to UNESCO for inscription on the Memory of the World International
Register.

Upon the recommendation of the International Advisory Committee of the

Memory of the World Programme, at its twelfth meeting held in Abu Dhabi Emirates

( from 4 to 6 October 2015 ), the Director General has endorsed the Myazedi (Rajakumar)
Quadrilingual Stone Inscription on the Memory of the World International Register.

Myazedi (Rajakumar) Quadrilingual Stone Inscription, the one ‘A’ on display at the
Bagan Archaeological Museum in Showroom of Bagan Period Literature
10
 Myazedi Pagoda Gubyaukkyi Temple

Myazedi (Rajakumar) Quadrilingual Stone Inscription, the one (‘B’) on the platform of

Myazedi Pagoda

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Stone Inscription of Pyu Language Stone Inscription of Mon Language

Stone Inscription of Myanmar Language Stone Inscription of Pali Language

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4. Sandstone heritage from Bagan Archaeological Museum

Bagan Archaeological Museum has collected many ancient stone inscriptions and various
type of sculptures, which have been collected since 1902. Most of the early Bagan period,
people used stone raw materials for inscriptions, monuments, religious sculptures etc. The
stone materials were carried from not only Tuyin hill but also from central part of
Myanmar. There are many sandstone in Bagan due to the situation and location from the
Tuyin hill not far from Bagan about 7 miles. There are quarries at Tuyin hill from which
stone brick were carried by human chains to the construction site of Shwezigon Pagoda at
Bagan. Pious devotees lined up a 7 miles distance and stone brick were passed on by
hands till they reached the site. Fossilized prints of leaves found between some lithic
layers prove the age of Tuyin hill to be 25 million years. Some of these fossilized prints
are on display in the courtyard of the museum. Thus, we need to work scientific
conservation for our stone heritage. So this training is a good chance for our museum
objects from Bagan Archaeological Museum. This training is a chance to identify which
minerals are in the stone of our heritage with Polarizing Microscope and X-Ray Powder
Diffraction (XRD).

Bagan Archaeological Museum

Stone Heritage from Bagan Archaeological Museum

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5. Scientific Analysis practical of sandstone sampling from Bagan Archaeological

Museum

5.1 Subject of the study

8 specimens were brought for scientific stone analysis from Bagan Archaeological
Museum. Among them I have a chance to analyze 3 stone samples practically. These are
samples No.10 BM-04 and No.12 BM-06 are taken out from different Buddha statues
which are collected from Bagan Museum. And sample No.15 BT-01 is also taken out
from stone inscription pillar which is collected from old Bagan Museum (1904).

Stone samples and list of the samples from Bagan Archaeological Museum

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5.1 (a) Sample No.10 BM-04

Serial Number : 1
1. Identification : Buddha Image
2. Accession Number : Sa-137
3. Name of the Site : Bagan
4. Condition : Upper section of back slab, top of the nose
and right pinkie are missing
5. Original Location :
6. Material : Sand stone
7. Technique : Hand carving
8. Size (Height, width, thickness & weight) : 80 x 45.7 x 25.4 cm
9. Special Identification :
10. Date or Period : 11th to13th Century A.D
11. Published reference (if any) :
12. Detail Description : Buddha Bhumisparsa Mudra with back slab on
the Lotus throne
13. Acquisition method :
14. Acquisition date :
15. Current location : Basement, Bagan Archaeological Museum
16. Donor :
17. Collector/excavator :
18. Collection/excavation date :

15
5.1 (b) Sample No.12 BM-06

Serial Number : 2
1. Identification : Buddha Image
2. Accession Number : 664/97
3. Name of the Site : Bagan
4. Condition : Fair, forehead, nose, left heel of the hand and
Lotus throne are missing
5. Original Location : Le- Yar Pagodas Group
6. Material : Sand stone
7. Technique : Hand carving
8. Size (Height, width, thickness & weight) : 119.5 x 71 x 40 cm
9. Special Identification :
10. Date or Period : 13th Century A.D
11. Published reference (if any) :
12. Detail Description : Buddha Bhumisparsa Mudra, on the Lotus
throne
13. Acquisition method :
14. Acquisition date :
15. Current location : Basement, Bagan Archaeological Museum
16. Donor :
17. Collector/excavator :
18. Collection/excavation date :

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5.1 (c) Sample No.15 BT-01

Serial Number : 3
1. Identification : Stone Inscription
2. Accession Number : 138 (Ka) Bottom part
3. Name of the Site : Bagan
4. Condition : Piece of bottom part
5. Original Location :
6. Material : Sand stone
7. Technique : Hand carving
8. Size (Height, width, thickness & weight) : 80.5 x 74 x 42 cm
9. Special Identification :
10. Date or Period :
11. Published reference (if any) :
12. Detail Description : Front site and left site face on seven lines and
right side face on eight lines ancient Mon
language
13. Acquisition method :
14. Acquisition date :
15. Current location : 1904 Old Bagan Museum
16. Donor :
17. Collector/excavator :
18. Collection/excavation date :

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6. Methods of Sampling Scientific Stone Analysis

We made thin-sections of the specimens, to identify them under the polarizing

microscope and X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) as follows.

6.1 Polarizing Microscope

Polarized light microscopy can mean any of a number of optical microscopy

techniques involving polarized light. Simple techniques include illumination of the
sample with polarized light. Directly transmitted light can, optionally, be blocked with a
polarizer orientated at 90 degrees to the illumination.

The polarizing microscope is used in geological studies for geological specimens.

This type of microscope differs from the normal one by using a polarized light, in which
the light waves vibrate in two direction.

Testing under the Polarizing Microscope

6.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)

First step, after cleaned and cut the samples, we kept in the drier oven 110 degrees
about 24 hours. Before grinding the sample, we needed to wash mortar with water and a
dryer. And then we started to grind the sample. Some samples were kept for extra.
Powdering is one of the methods in order to analyze composition inside the inorganic
minerals for understanding more specifically. And then we can check the mineral of stone
minerals by using X-Ray Diffraction. Stone sample grind became very fine powder. We

18
kept in the each bottle with sample number. After the process, the mortar should be
washed with Ethyl Alcohol and used dryer to keep clean and dry condition.

Keeping in the drier Pounding the sample Cleaning solution for mortar

oven (110 degrees)

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique which is primarily

used for identification of a crystalline material and can provide information about the
composition mineral.

Determination of an unknown requires the material such as an instrument for

grinding, and a sample holder. We obtained a few tenths of a gram of the material, as pure
as possible. And then, we grind the sample to fine grained powder, to minimize pieces
inducing extra strain which can offset peak positions of XRD data and to randomize
orientation for analyzing mixed phases easily. For this process, we followed this
procedure. First, the powder sample was placed into a sample holder. And then the
powder sample was pressed with the glass to make its upper surface flat. Second, the
sample holder with the powder the sample was packed into a sample container. Between
the sample holder and the sample container, double sticky tape should be attached to fix.

The geometry of an X-ray diffract meter is such that the sample rotates in the path
of the collimated X-ray beam at an angle Theta while the X-ray detector is mounted on an
arm to collect the diffracted X-ray and rotates at an angle of 2 Theta. The instrument used
to maintain the angle and rotate the sample is termed a goniometer. For typical powder
patterns, data is collected at 2 Theta from~5 degree to 80 degree, angles that are preset in
the X-ray scan. We used 5-50 degree for stone sample.

19
 Results are commonly presented as peak position at 2 Thera and X-ray counts
(intensity) in the form of a table. Intensity is either reported as peak height intensity, that
intensity above background.

An analyzer is a person or device that analyses given data. It examines in detail

the structure of the given data and tries to find patterns and relationships between parts of
the data. An analyzer can be a piece of hardware or a computer program running on a
computer.

Packing of fine powder into a sample holder and flat upper surface with a slide glass.

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)

6.3 Processing of Sampling Scientific Stone Analysis

6.3(a) Taking Photos for Documentation

Firstly, we made the list of our objects from the documentation record and
identification color of the stone objects by naked eye. And then, before sample analysis
we need to take photos for documentation record widely and normally with scale bar.
And then, we described type, size, color of sample.

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 Sand stone sample and list of the sample

Taking photos for documentation

6.3(b) Preparation cutting and drying

In this case, before cutting, we needed to clean the sample with iron brush to
remove pollutant from organic and inorganic materials with water. And then we need to
choice the cutting plane with a saw. Under the saw, we need to fill the machine with
water until it reaches the teeth of the saw. After cutting with saw to obtain flat surface of
the sample, we got two pieces and kept in the drier oven to be dried 110 degrees for 24
hours.

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 Process of cleaning, cutting and keeping in the drier oven

6.3(c) Moulding

Myanmar samples are small and weak. So we need to make molding cups. Firstly,
Epofix Resin 25g and Epofix Hardener 3g are mixed without the bubbles. And then
Release Agent coated molding cups. After that, sample should be put in the molding cup
with using epoxy resin (Epofix Resin 25g and Epofix Hardener 3g). Finally, keep it at
room temperature to dry about 24 hours.

Epofix Hardener Epofix Resin Release Agent

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 Processing mould of the sample

6.3 (d) Consolidation

One piece was kept in the drier oven to be tried (110) degrees for (24) hours. It
was put on the oil paper with sample number. And then we needed to consolidate the
surface of the sample using (5%) Paraloid B 72 mixed with Acetone (95%). Surface of
the sample until fully fill into have slight.

Second step was over sandstone using 10% Paraloid B 72 mixed with Acetone
90% until gloss of sample.

Keeping in the air tight drier oven for consolidation

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6.3 (e) Polishing

After consolidation, we needed to cut surface of the sample with saw. And then, it
was polished with three kinds of metal powder and water was poured onto the various
kind of glass. Three kinds of metal powder are

600 iron polishing powder on the 600 flat glass

1200 iron polishing powder on the 1200 flat glass

3000 aluminum polishing powder on the 3000 flat glass

by doing step by step to get a smooth surface of the sample.

600 iron powder, 1200 iron powder and 3000 aluminum powder with water for grinding
24
And we used Araldite adhesive with clip to attach sample and Microscopic slide glass.
And then, the sample was attached to the Microscopic slide glass. And then we used
double tape to the mould under the Microscopic slide glass after attaching. Lastly, the
sample on the glass was cut with the saw again.

To attach sample with Microscopic slide glass by using Araldite adhesive with clip

25
 Final cutting with cover of glass mould and kept 24 hour to be dried

That sample of the surface polishing with

600 iron polishing powder on the 600 flat glass

1200 iron polishing powder on the 1200 flat glass

3000 aluminum polishing powder 3000 flat glass

26
The process was done step by step to get a smooth surface of the sample. Final thickness
of the sample should be 0.03 mm. And we should dry it in the dryer whose temperature
started at 27 degrees to 70 degrees until.

Grinding final step of polishing

27
 Thin section of the sample of thickness 0.03 mm

6.4 Classification of sediments

Terrigenous clastic sediments are made up of transported fragments derived from

the weathering of pre-existing igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. It is those
terrigenous sediments of intermediate grain size the coarser siltstones, sandstones and
finer conglomerates and breccias that are most usefully studied using the petrographic
microscope, since the grain types can be identified by this means.The principal
component grain type are quartz, feldspar and rock fragments. The matrix of such
sediments may be the fine-grained weathering products of the sources rocks, such as clay
minerals, or it may be a secondary cement.

The shape and roundness of the grain of terrigenous clastic rocks are important in
describing sedimentary textures. Categories of roundness for grains of high and low
sphericity are show.

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 Categories of roundness for grains of low and high sphericity

Categories of sorting for grains

6.4 (a) Result of the sample

Sample No.10 BM-04

According to the Polarizing Microscope and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), we

could identify minerals in the sample. Sample No.10 BM-04 was from Bagan
Archaeological Museum. It was a sand stone, which had gray color. It was taken from the
Buddha statue.

Under the Polarizing Microscope this stone sample was kinds of sedimentary rock
texture and fine-grained sandstone. It was consisted of with around four minerals. Quartz
mineral is most than consisted of other minerals around 75%. Quartz is the second most
abundant minerals in earth’s continental crust, behind of the feldspar. The Quartz grains
are single crystals. Rock fragment has 15% and it has not shape sediment with many
crystals. Feldspar mineral gain show around 5%. The grain showed a crystal twinning.
Muscovite mineral is 5%. It has sub-rounded shape and purple, rosy, gray, yellowish-
brown color.

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 According to the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) result, this stone have consisted
of five kinds of minerals. The first one is Quartz, which is higher than the other minerals.
And also others are Plagioclase, Alkali feldspar, Muscovite and Chlorite mineral.

Results of XRD sample / No.10 BM-04

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Results of Polarizing Microscope analysis / sample No.12 BM 06

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Sample No.12 BM-06

According to the Polarizing Microscope and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), we

could identify minerals in the sample. The sample No.12 BM-06 was from Bagan
Archaeological Museum. That one was also sand stone. It had yellow-gray color and this
sample was taken from Buddha statue.

Under the Polarizing Microscope, this stone sample was kinds of sedimentary
rock texture and fine-grained sandstone. Quartz mineral was 80% of composition of
grains. Mostly Quartz shapes are angular shapes. And Muscovite is consists of around
15% in this stone. Mica flakes show a preferential alignment in a texture. In this sample
chlorite mineral consists of around 5%.

According to the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) result, this stone have consisted
of five kinds of minerals. The first one is Quartz, which is higher than the other minerals.
And also others are Plagioclase, Alkali feldspar, Muscovite and Chlorite mineral.

Results of XRD sample / No.12. BM-06

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Results of Polarizing Microscope analysis / sample No.12 BM-06

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Sample No.15 BT-01

According to the Polarizing Microscope and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), we

could identify minerals in the sample. The sample No.15 BT-01 was from Bagan
Archaeological Museum (1904). That one was also sand stone and taken from inscription
piece of the bottom. It had light brown color.

Under the Polarizing Microscope, this stone was kinds of sedimentary rock texture
and fine-grained sandstone. This stone has composition mineral are Quartz, Mica, Rock
fragment and Chlorite mineral. And Mica mineral consisted was of around 10%. Rock
fragment contained around 15% show multiform grains of Quartz.

According to the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) result, this stone have consisted
of five kinds of minerals. The first one is Quartz which is higher than the other minerals.
And also others are Plagioclase, Alkali feldspar, Muscovite and Chlorite mineral.

Results of XRD sample / No.15 BT-01

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Results of Polarizing Microscope analysis / sample No.15 BT-01

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Infrared Thermography camera

Infrared Thermography camera is useful for measuring temperature of the cultural

heritage. It captures as a temperature distribution on a surface, and it can display as
visible information. Temperature can be measured from a distance without contacting an
object and in real time. Relative comparison of distribution of surface temperature can be
made over a wide area. And we can measure the temperature easily for a moving object.
Temperature of an object with drastic change or a phenomenon during a short period of
time can be measured.

Infrared Thermography Camera

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Stone Lantern of the Four Gardian Kings in Beopjusa Temple, Boeun

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7. Basic Scientific Stone Conservation

Stone artifacts are cut from rocks which are usually hard, reasonably inert, and
with a varying degree of porosity. They are classified by their manner of geological
formation which gives some idea of the degree of this hardness, stability, and porosity.
Sandstone are consists of quartz and feldspar welded together in case of the part cemented
by silicates, carbonates, or iron oxides can be attended by temperature and pressure.

In this training, I learned how to conserve the stone heritage with theoretical and
practical methods. Through this process, I participated in restoring the Beopcheonsa
temple from Korea. It was carried from Wonju city to stone conservation workshop at the
National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. And scientific stone conservation
methods of joining and filling are practiced just with stone samples. Conservation
processes were as follows; placing the object, taking photo for documentation, dry
cleaning, wet cleaning, joining, filling and consolidation.

7.1 Scientific stone conservation method (Joining)

It is essential process to join fragments and to restore a lost part in order to know
the precise structure and detail of the artifacts. Adhesive that has used for joining parts of
stone heritage has general type and rapid type.

One of epoxy resin adhesive is Araldite rapid type, which is commonly used for
finishing touches. Adhesive should be applied thinly and spot by spot with disposable
spatula as bamboo sticks. In this process, the Araldite adhesive and hardener were mixed
at a ratio of one to one. It took (5) minutes to complete hardening but it should take (4~7)
days to attach it perfectly. If the Araldite was applied too much, the pore of stone could
be stuck and it could come out from the joint part. In case of stone heritage, rapid type
adhesive is used since the conservator should hold or fix well the fragment to the
damaged part until it is stably attached.

General type of epoxy is used only when facing surface of fragments closely fits
each other. To make this type of epoxy, it requires epoxy adhesive (10mm) and hardener
(5mm). According to the condition of the broken parts, Silica powder was mixed to fill
out the missing parts. For hardening, it took about one day and for perfect connection, it
needed (4~7) days.

38
Before joining Epoxy, Hardener and bamboo tools

Araldite adhesive are ratio 1 :1 to join

Process of the joining

39
Before joining Joining with Araldite

After joining

40
7.2 Scientific stone conservation method (filling)

After joining of the stone heritage, next step was the filling method. In this case,
we used epoxy adhesive, hardener, stone powder and Silica powder. They were used to
the facing surface of fragments which were fit able each other. Epoxy Adhensive (10mm)
and hardener (5mm) were mixed. And then, Silica powder whose color matched with
stone powder was mixed to fill out the missing parts. We filled crack of the stone heritage
using bamboo sticks which were sharp. This method was very useful for our stone
heritages, because actually Myanmar has hotter weather and higher temperature than
those of Korea.

Epoxy and Hardener Stone powder Silica powder

Processing of the filling

41
 Practical workshop to filling

7.3 Black tape testing

This Method is easy to check condition of the rock. When we use that way in the
heritage site, we should cut the 5cm piece of the tape and put it on the surface of the
heritage with this method and we can know which part is good or damaged.

Black tape testing

8. Ultrasonic device

Ultrasonic device is a useful measurement method for stone heritage. This

device offers measured values of paths length, perpendicular crack depth and surface
velocity. Optimized pulse shaping gives greater transmission range at lower voltage

42
levels. Before measuring, the Ultrasonic device should be zeroed using the calibration rod
on a regular basis and in particular we should check if the transducer frequency is
changed or if the cables are changed. The expected calibration value (us) is marked on the
calibration rod. A couple of the transducers to the calibration rod by applying couplant to
the transducers and both ends of the rod and pressing firmly together as shown.

This coupled with automated combination of the transmitter voltage and the
receiver gain ensures an optimum received signal level, ensuring accurate and stable
measurements.The waveform can be viewed either via an external oscilloscope
connection or directly on a connected PC screen. Full remote control capability completes
the package.

It has three kinds of transducer arrangement which are commonly used. Where
posible use the direct arrangement as this ensures the maximum signal transmission
between the transducers. The semi-direct arrangement is less sensitive than the direct, but
more sensitive than the indirect arrangement. The path length is the distance between the
centers of each transducer.The indirect method is particularly useful for determining
crack depth, surface quality or in the case when only one surface is accessible.

It is suitable not only for concrete and rock, but also for other materials such as
graphite, ceramics, wood, etc.

Using the Combination rod Ultrasonic device

Three transducer arrangements are commonly used

43
8.1 Ethyl Silicate (KSE 300)

Ethyl Silicate is an one–component acid ethylester based strengthener. The high

gel and deposit rate is highly penetrative with excellent to weathering. It can be used to
strengthen medium pored, absorbent and friable mineral building materials, preferably
sandstone. It can also be used to strengthen historical renders and joins. Stone with
pronounced swelling and shrinking properties caused by swelling capable clay materials
should be pretreated with Remmers Antihygro to reduce swelling. The stone should be
examined in Remmers’ laboratory.

Ethyl Silicate

8.2 Consolidation measuring by Ultrasonic device for stone heritage

The specific part of the stone which is severely weakened by fracture should be
consolidated necessarily to restore the tensile strength of the stone. Consolidation is a
process to reinforce the weakened material and to create a protective layer on the surface
of the stone heritage. In this process, solution for consolidation should be applied to the
surface of the stone with the brush, air brush etc.

Ultrasonic instrument is mainly used to measure the pulse velocity. It can check
weathering condition which part is more weathered. In this case, restoration for stone
heritage before consolidation measuring by Ultrasonic device. When we used Ultrasonic
wave at first, we pressed the rock with fixed power and we were divided into a group of
two.One person used the device and the other person wrote down measured figures. We
practiced with the stone sample, it was divided into four parts by 10 cm.10cm parts and
left out 5cm parts between each 10cm part. And we consolidated the 10cm parts using
silicic acid ethyl with a soft brush. The first part of the stone sample was applied once,

44
second part was applied twice, the third part was applied three times and the fouth part
was applied four times for consolidation frequency.Whenever we applied consolidation
material to the surface, we needed to wait for drying. Once we consoliadate the surface,
the effectivess materials will maintain for 3 years. After that, we have to consolidate
again.

Explaining about the Ultrasonic device

Measuring Recording

45
Ethyl Silicate Consolidation surface of the rock with Ethyl Silicate

Consolidation using by Ethyl Silicate

46
 Using Black tape

Using Black masking tape makes it clearer for marking sections, and we can
protect the section which does not need the application of consolidation.

After consolidation check using by Ultrasonic device

47
After consolidation, measurement with Ultrasonic device in the indirect ways.
compairing before and after consolidation.

Indirect measurement of before consolidation by Ultrasonic wave

No Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

1 1894 m/s 1706 m/s 1678 m/s 1799 m/s

2 1894 m/s 1664 m/s 1692 m/s 1832 m/s
3 1631 m/s 1751 m/s 1848 m/s 1996 m/s
4 1988 m/s 1799 m/s 1783 m/s 1957 m/s
5 1686 m/s 1502 m/s 1799 m/s 1832 m/s
6 1949 m/s 1751 m/s 1866 m/s 1919 m/s
Average 1840 m/s 1696 m/s 1778 m/s 1889 m/s

Indirect measurement of after consolidation with Ultrasonic wave

No Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

1 1927 m/s 1773 m/s 1773 m/s 1873 m/s

2 1821 m/s 1712 m/s 1805 m/s 1855 m/s
3 2004 m/s 1838 m/s 1890 m/s 1984 m/s
4 2024 m/s 1890 m/s 1838 m/s 1965 m/s
5 2045 m/s 1629 m/s 1773 m/s 1984 m/s
6 2024 m/s 2024 m/s 1838 m/s 2045 m/s
Average 1974 m/s 1811 m/s 1820 m/s 1951 m/s

Before and after consolidation ( different wave )

No Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

1 33 m/s 67 m/s 95 m/s 74 m/s

2 -73 m/s 48 m/s 113 m/s 23 m/s
3 373 m/s 87 m/s 42 m/s -12 m/s
4 36 m/s 91 m/s 55 m/s 8 m/s
5 359 m/s 127 m/s -26 m/s 152 m/s
6 75 m/s 273 m/s -28 m/s 126 m/s
Average 134 m/s 116 m/s 42 m/s 62 m/s

48
 Average of consolidation result: Before, After, Increase Ratio Percent

Average Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Before 1840 m/s* 1696 m/s 1778 m/s 1889 m/s
After 1974 m/s 1811 m/s 1820 m/s 1951 m/s
Ratio of Increase Percent 7.28% 6.78% 2.36% 3.28%
*m/s: measurement pulse velocity

Consolidation Treatment Result

(by Ultrasonic measurement)
2000

1900 7.28% 3.28%

7.28% 7.28% Before

m/s

1800 2.36% After

6.78%
7.28% Ratio of Increase
1700
7.28%

1600
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

49
9. Beopcheonsa Temple

Beopcheonsa Temple site location is Wonju city. In records such as Goryeosa

(History of the Goryeo Dynastry), Sinjeung dongguk yeoji seungnam (New Augmented
Survey of the Geography of Korea), and Dongmunseon (Anthology of Korean
Literature), Beopcheonsa was a mountain temple built in the late Silia period; it continued
to be remodeled during the Goryeo Dynasty. It was a famous temple of the
consciousness-only school of Buddhism (Beopsang Order), one of the two major schools
of Buddhism at the time together with the Avatamsaka school (Hwaeom Order),
flourishing under the leadership of monk Jeong Hyeon State Preceptor Jigwang, with the
patronage of the royal court, returned to Beopcheonsa upon retirement. The temple
thrived but was totally destroyed during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592.

The Stupa of State Preceptor Jigwang (National Treasure No.101), considered to

be the finest stupa in Korea, and the Stele for State Preceptor Jigwang (National Treasure
No.59) were erected in Beopcheonsa by King Munjong. Later the Japanese moved the
stupa to Gyeongbokgung Palace, but the sites of the stupa and stele and flagpole supports
remain. The four excavation from 2001 to 2004 revealed 19 building sites whose dates
span the Unified Silia up to Joseon, 3 well sites and remains of stone embankments, walls
and stairs as well as relics such as gilt-bronze standing Buddha and lotus pedestal
including all kinds of roof tiles and ceramics.

Thus, the temple site is important in the study of the history of Korean Buddhism.

Beopcheonsa Temple site

50
10. Basic Scientific Stone Conservation workshop

In this training, I learned how to conserve the stone heritage with practical
methods in the stone conservation workshop. I have got an opportunity to restore the
stone heritage of the Beopcheonsa Temple site from Wonju city at the National Research
Institute of Cultural Heritage of the stone conservation workshop room.

The crane was used to lift up the stone objects from the storage area to the work
place because most of the stone objects are too heavy.

Moving a stone object from the storage area to the work place

51
10.1 Taking photos for Documentation

Firstly, before conservation the photos of the object on each side were taken with
scale bar. And after conservation take the photo of the object on each side were taken
with scale bar.

Before conservation and after conservation taking photo for documentation

10.2 Scientific stone conservation method (Dry cleaning)

Cleaning is often one of the first steps to be used after a condition check which
has been completed. By removing the dirt, one can better see the condition of the
underlying stone. Cleaning may also serve in some circumstances to remove harmful
materials from the surface. After removal of stone crust, the persistence of a gypsum layer
bearing no airborne particles may indicate that the original surface has been preserved.

For dry cleaning, we used various sizes of brushes, hammers and air compressor
with chisel to clean the cement and dust on the surface of the stone heritage. Sometimes
we needed to use dental tools to remove small cement on the surface of the stone heritage.
And then we used bamboo sticks in one direction along the grain of the stone layer.

52
 Dry cleaning method for stone conservation

Sometimes adhesive was difficult to remove on the surface of the stone heritage.
In this case, dental tools, tweezers, scalpel and brush were used. At first, we had removed
the adhesive from the surface of the stone. In case of thick layer it was easy to be
removed. But, the thin layer was difficult to remove. So Acetone (solvent) was applied to
the thin part with brush to eliminate the thin layer of the adhesive. And then we cut it off
using dental tools, tweezers and scalpel.

53
 Stone object and some tools Removing adhesive

Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Acetone Using Acetone with brush

Removing adhensive surface of the stone heritage

10.3 Scientific stone conservation method (Wet cleaning)

This method is one of the basically methods of the scientific stone conservation.
When it came to cleaning stone, there was information we should know. The first thing
was to avoid dirt forcing further into pore, and the second was to avoid soluble salt
introducing into it.

Before initiating wet cleaning by manual, we needed various sizes of brushes,

tissue and pure water. In wet cleaning step, we applied enough water on the surface of the
54
stone, used plastic brushes with circle direction and then sprayed water which rinsed the
dust. Next we used the tissue absorbing the water to dry.

In this case, special care was taken never to soak objects in water which drives dirt
into the pore.

Wet cleaning method for stone conservation

10.4 Laser cleaning

Some resin, oil, strains, dirt and paint are difficult to clean using by Laser cleaning
device. Laser cleaning represents the most important contribution of physics to the
conservation of cultural heritage. It can be used to remove such as resin, oil, strains, dirt,
paint, etc. from stone object without damaging the surface, even when the stone is
extremely friable. Laser device produces a highly directional beam of pure light and very
short pulses. The dirt particles absorb the energy of the laser much more rapidly than does

55
the material of the stone being cleaned. These dirt particles become very hot and expand
causing them to be ejected from the surface in form of a vapour.

The laser is mainly used for cleaning stone sculptures. Stone may be decayed in
certain environments. Ingrained dirt from burial or from atmospheric pollutants is
difficult and slow to remove by more conventional cleaning methods. So laser cleaning
method is the most useful for stone heritages.

Laser cleaning method for stone conservation

11. Checking condition surface of the stone by using Scalar device

This machine can check pollutant surface of the stone. Image is displayed on a
screen larger. The size is clearly indicated by scale and magnification is displayed. The
scale and magnification are displayed on the monitor and may be recorded on to the
image for future reference. May be used as an indication of the size of the object or to
clarify the magnitude used for image capturing. The unit is equipped with a 2X button to
zoom-in to check for proper focus and to view in more detail. It also comes with a focus
bar to indicate the degree of focus. These features allow anyone to capture sharp images
with ease.

56
 Check pollutant on the surface of the stone by using Scalar device

12. Checking the condition surface of the stone by using Magnetic Susceptibility

Meter

This device is also useful to check for the stone condition. Heritage Geophysics is
pleased to announce a new high sensitivity magnetic susceptibility meter called the SM-
30. It is designed for measurement of rocks and sediments with very low susceptibility,
yet is still autoranging through the full scale up to 0.1 SI units. If features a large 50mm
sensor that allows the instrument to measure the first 20mm of the surface. This deeper
penetration yields better readings from uneven surfaces. This device is easy to carry, easy
to use and sensitivity to measure most any sample of interest, the SM-30 is an
indispensable tool for every geologist.

Checking stone condition

57
13. XRF Analyzer

XRF instrument delivers fast and precise identification and analysis for elements
from magnesium to uranium depending on the objects. A weatherproof, dustproof ultra
rugged design.We conducted diverse analysis testing under severe operating condition.
That device is not only checking chemical data for metal objects but also being useful to
check for the stone.When we checked the stone with that device, one part needed to be
checked three times with alloy mode, geochem mode and soil mode.

Checking stone condition

14. Study Trips

ACPCS training program is five months course at National Research Institute of

Cultural Heritage (NRICH). During the course, I travelled with my colleagues to Natural
Heritage Center, Mireuksa Temple, National Museum of Korea, Gyeongbokgung Palace
and National Palace Museum, Gungnamji pond of Buyeo, Muryangsa Temple, Magoksa
Temple, Gongju National Museum, Muryeongwangnung Tomb (UNESCO World
Heritage Site). Moreover I have individual research to study visited Beopcheonsa Temple
site and Stone Lantern at Gaeseonsa Temple Site, Damyang. I had many opportunities to
visit and study Korea Cultural Heritage National Treasure, world heritage site and I have
been studied conservation Laboratory in National Palace Museum. The field trips gave
me experience and knowledge of Korea history and cultural heritage.

58
Natural Heritage Center Mireuksa Temple

Conservation room of National Palace Museum

Gyeongbokgung Palace

59
National Museum of Korea

Gungnamji pond of Buyeo

60
 Muryansa Temple

Magoksa Temple

61
Gongju National Museum

Muryeongwangnung Tomb

62
 Beopcheonsa Temple Site

Stone Lantern at Gaeseonsa Temple Site, Damyang

63
Conclusion

Conservation work is one of the important tasks for cultural heritage to remain
into the future time. In this training, I have already learned two parts, which are scientific
stone analysis of samples and scientific stone conservation. In 2017, eight stone samples
were brought from Bagan Archaeological Museum for sampling scientific stone analysis.
In Bagan Archaeological Museum, most of the stone heritages are in 11th to 13th century
A.D (Bagan period). During this training, I have got an oppounity of sampling scientific
stone analysis pratice with three samples from Bagan Archaeological Museum.The
samples were taken from Buddha statues and stone inscription pillar. That is a good
chance for our museum objects from Bagan Archaeological Museum. Now we knew the
identification of the stone samples. Most of the sand stones are consist of Quartz which is
more than other minerals.

In this report the second part is about scientific stone conservation, which is
partical to work National Treasure stone temple in Korea currently at conservation
scientific center of NRICH. Processes of conservation Methods photo documentation,
conservation cleaning methods (which are drying cleaning,wet cleaning, joining, filling),
before consolidation and after consolidation checking measurment by using Ultrasonic
device to know identification of the stone condition assessments.

So I have learned stone conservation with Theoretical and Practical knowledge.

Our museum needs to scientific conservation for cultural heritage. Former time we didn’t
work for conservation with our objects. Since 2013, On-Site Technical Training Program
has started from NRICH Korea. Now our museum has conservators who are going to
conserve museum objects. I have got good opportunity to attend the 2017 Asia
Cooperation Program on Conservation Science (ACPCS) which organized by National
Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (NRICH) in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. So this
training program is very much applicable for my current job. So I will fulfill my Ministry
requirement and concern as well as upgrade my own capacity and efficiency. I’ll share
my knowledge with our colleagues.

I hope to assure that this training will provide the participants to enhance their
technique in conservation of cultural heritage and build the network among participants
for future cultural co-operative and also will promote the capacity building of institution.

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Bibliography

1. bagan.travelmyanmar.net/ stucco.htm

2. www.myanmartours.us/ destination/bagan/ba. attraction /ky…

3. Bagan Myazedi: Stone Inscription

4. http://www.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/ select General Sear chDetail.do

5. The Elements of Archaeological Conservation

J.M. Cronyn

Contribution on marine material by W.S. Robinson

6. Atlas of sedimentary rocks under the microscope

A.E Adams, W.S. MacKenzie & C. Guilford

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