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Optimal Allocation of Renewable DG Sources in Distribution Networks

Considering Load Growth

Conference Paper · February 2017

DOI: 10.1109/MEPCON.2017.8301340

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 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference ( MEPCON), Menoufia University, Egypt, 19-21 December 2017
Optimal Allocation of Renewable DG Sources in
Distribution Networks Considering Load Growth
Hussein Abdel-mawgoud Salah Kamel
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Aswan University, 81542 Aswan, Egypt
hussein.abdelmawgoud@yahoo.com,skamel@aswu.edu.eg
Abstract— The annual increasing of load demand in electrical
distribution networks leads to line congestion, decreasing the bus
voltages below the acceptable limits and increasing the active and
reactive power losses. However, renewable distributed generation
(DG) has received increasing attention due to that growing in
load demand. This paper presents a hybrid method based on
moth-flame optimization (MFO) algorithm with loss sensitivity
factor (LSF) to assign the optimal location and size of renewable
DG units including solar (PV) and wind (WTG) based DG for
minimizing the power losses taking into account the effect of
annual load growth. The performance of this developed method
is tested on IEEE 69-bus branch distribution system by
comparing the results with other optimization techniques, the
obtained results illustrate significant reduction in power loss,
improvement in system voltage and increasing the distribution
system capacity.
Keywords— Distributed Generation; Optimization; Senestivity;
Distrbution system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The load growth in distribution system is a natural
phenomenon, but it possesses huge challenge for planning
engineer to make the system adaptable for load growth without
violating service quality. The capacity of distribution system
must be increased to be able to carry the annual load growth by
installing a new substation or expanding the existing substation
capacity. Installing a new substation is very expensive, but
increasing the capacity of the existing substation can be
obtained by adding a distributed generation (DG) closer to the
heavy load centers. Due to environmental benefits that limits
the greenhouse emissions, renewable distributed generation
such as PV and WTG is better than fossil fuel based DG.
Optimal number and size of DG at optimal location affects the
performance of distribution system in power loss, energy cost
and system voltage profile. The types of DG can be categorized
as follows [1]:
Type A: DG produces an active power only.
Type B: DG produces active and reactive powers.
Type C: DG produces reactive power only.
Type D: DG produces an active power and consumes
reactive power.
There are many techniques have been carried out to obtain
the optimal location and size of DG in RDS such as analytical
techniques [3], [4] heuristic and meta-heuristic methods. Most
optimization algorithms are based on numerical linear and
nonlinear programming methods. The meta-heuristic
optimization algorithms are widely used for providing practical
978-1-5386-0990-3/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Mohamed Ebeed Abdel-Raheem Youssef
Faculty of Engineering, Sohag Faculty of Engineering, South
University, Sohag, Egypt Valley University
mohamedebeed11@gmail.com A.Yousaf@eng.svu.edu,eg
solutions to the problems of electric power system where these
methods have highly searching ability. Several meta-heuristic
optimization techniques are used to determine the optimal
sizes and locations of DG in distribution network such as
artificial bee colony (ABC) [6], genetic algorithms (GA)[7],[8],
cuckoo search algorithm(CSA)[9], modified teaching learning
based optimization (MTLBO) [10], ant lion optimization
(ALO) algorithm [11], backtracking search (BSA)algorithm
[12], Differential Evolution (DE) [13], flower pollination
algorithm (FPA) [14].
In this paper, two types of DG units including PV and
WTG based DGs are embedded in distribution system
optimally for minimizing the power losses. The effect of
annual load growth is determined without and with inclusion of
DGs where the bus voltages and the line currents are assigned.
A sensitivity analysis is used to determine the most candidate
location for the effective installation of DG in RDS and to
reduce the search agent of optimization techniques [11-15].
Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm was proposed
by S. Mirjalili et. al. [16]. MFO algorithm is an inspired from
the transverse motion of moth-flame in natural. In this paper
the optimal locations and sizes of DGs are determined using a
hybrid method including MFO algorithm and loss sensitivity
index.
The organization of this paper is as follows: Section II
addresses the problem formulation that includes the objective
functions and the system constraints. The sensitivity analysis
are explained Section III. The MFO algorithm is represented
Section IV. The simulation results and discussion based on
standard test systems are illustrated in Section V. Finally, the
conclusions of this work are presented in Section VI.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The representation of two nodes in RDS is shown in Fig. 1.
It is assumed that the annual growth in system loads will be
calculated in proportion to the initial loads at predetermined
growth rate as follows [17]:
( ) = (0) × (1 + ) (1)
( ) = (0) × (1 + ) (2)
where, is the annual growth rate in system loads while
represent the year number. ( ) and ( ) are the active and
reactive power load at any year, respectively. Also (0)
(0) are the initial active and reactive power load at base year
(y=0).
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 The active and reactive power can be calculated in
backward direction from the last node as shown from Fig. 1 as = ( − ) (11)
follows:
+ where k is number of buses and is the reference voltage
= + ( )+ (3) that commonly equals to 1 p.u. The integration of renewable
| |
DG sources into the radial distribution system for reducing the
+ total power loss, improving the voltage profile and enhancing
= + ( )+ (4) the voltage stability index simultaneously. The generalized
| |
objective functions can be formulated as follows:
The voltage magnitude can be calculated as
follow:
= ( ( )) (12)
= − 2( + )
+ (5) where, is number of branches in RDS.
+ + The operating constraints in RDS must be taken in to
| |
account when applying the optimization algorithm for
i i+1 determining the optimal DG installation as follows:
Pi+jQi rJ+jxJ Pi+1+jQi+1 A. Equality constraints
IJ The equality constraints are related to the active and
reactive power flow constraints that can be evaluated as
follows:

PL,i+jQL,i PL,i+1+jQL,i+1 + ()= ( )+ () (13)

Fig. 1. Single line diagram of a radial distribution system.

where, and are resistance and reactance of the branch + ()= ( )+ () (14)
J between buses and + 1, respectively. and are the
active and reactive powers flow through the branch J, where and are the active power and reactive powers
respectively. and are the voltage magnitudes of bus i that is drawn from the reference bus, respectively.
and bus i + 1, respectively. The active and reactive power flow ( ) and ( ) are the active and reactive load system at
with installation of DG at bus i+1 can be give as follows: any year respectively. is number of branches in electric
distribution network. is number of DG units.
+
= + ( )+ − (6) B. Inequality constraints
| |
(1) Bus voltage constraints
+ The bus voltage must be kept within acceptable
= + ( )+ − (7)
| | operating limits between the minimum voltage ( )
and the maximum voltage ( ).
The active and reactive power losses can be determined as
shown: ≤ ≤ (15)
(2) DG sizing limits
+
( ) = (8) (16)
| | ( )≤ ( )+ ()
+
( ) = (9)
| | (17)
( )≤ ( )+ ()
The voltage stability index is an important index to
determine where system is vulnerable or not. can be , ≤ , ≤ , (18)
calculated as follows [18]:
, ≤ , ≤ , (19)
( ) = | | − 4( − )
(10)
− 4( + )| | The output power of DG is to be kept within operating
limits between , and , hat represent the minimum
where ( ) is the voltage stability index at bus n+1. and maximum active reactive power of DG, respectively. Also
It should be high in order to improving the voltage profile
the power factor of DG must be kept between , and
can be achieved by minimizing the voltage deviations as
follows: , that represent the minimum and maximum power
factor of DG, respectively.
(3) Line capacity limits

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 The current flow through the branches in RDS must be kept , , ⋯
within acceptable operating limits as follows: , ⋯ ,
= (23)
≤ i = 1,2,3,…,nb (20) ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
, ,
, , … ,
where, , is the maximum acceptable current of branch i. Step 3 : Calculate the objective function value in term of
moths
III. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS =[ ……… ] (24)
The loss sensitivity analysis is provided to find the Step 4 : Sort the moths according to their objective
appropriate nodes for DG installation in RDS that based on function value to obtain flames matrix as:
sensitiveness of buses. Sensitiveness of buses can be , , ⋯
determined by studying the change in active power loss with , ⋯ ,
respect to change in power injection at various nodes. The loss = (25)
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
sensitivity factor (LSF) is applied to reduce the search agent of …
, , ,
optimization techniques and simulation time of program. LSF Step 5 : The fitness values in term of flames can be
can be evaluated from (8) as follows: represented as:
(, ) 2 =[ ……… ] (26)
= = (21) Step 6 : Update the moth positions with respect to the
| |
flame using logarithmic spiral function as follows:
These values are given from the base case load flow and they = − (27)
are ordered in descending order. Then normalized voltages are _ = cos(2 ) + (28)
obtained by dividing the base case voltage by 0.95. If the = × ( − 1) + 1 (29)
values of these voltages are less than 1.01, with high values of
, they can be considered as high candidate buses for DG = −1 − (30)
installation [11]. where,
IV. MOTH-FLAME OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM : The i-th moth.
: The j-th flame.
MFO technique is a very effective algorithm that is an : The spiral function.
inspired from the transverse motion of moth-flame in natural. : The distance of the i-th moth for the j-th flame.
In night, the moths fly in straight line for long distance with a b: Constant value.
fixed angle to the moon light, as the moon is so far from the : Random number in the range [-1, 1].
moths Naturally, moths fly in deadly spiral path around nearest : Maximum number of iteration.
light source as shown in Fig. 2. : The current iteration.
The flame number are reduced with iteration in the last
searching process for enhancing the searching process by the
moths and compelling them to focus their searching on the
global solution as follows:
. = − × (31)
where, is the maximum number of flames. The
sensitivity analysis is used to determine the high potential
buses for allocation the DG for minimizing the search space of
moth flame algorithm. The steps for inclusion of DG source by
the proposed method can be summarized as follows:
Fig. 2. Spiral navigation of moth around the artificial light.
(1) Read line and bus system data, and bus voltage limits.
The MFO algorithm can be defined as a population based (2) Execute the power flow and calculate LSF then
algorithm. Moths represent the search agents and the flames determine the appropriate buses for DG inclusion.
represent the best position of moths which obtain so far. The (3) Define the parameters of MFO includes , ,
implementation of MFO can be taken in to steps as follows:
, , and the system constraints.
Step 1 : randomly generates an initial population of (4) Initialize the first population of moths (locations and
solutions within the upper and lower limits of control sizes of DGs), randomly. Run load flow and calculate
variables as follows: the objective function of each moth.
( , )= ∗ ( ( , ) − ( , )) + ( , ) (22) (5) Sort the moths from best to worst based on their
where n is number of moths and d is number of variables objective functions which represents the flames matrix.
(dimension). (6) Update the moth positions related to flames according
Step 2 : The generated solutions are the moths which can to (28).
be represented as: (7) Update the number of flame according to (31).
(8) Calculate the objective function of the updated moths
by running the load flow.

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 (9) Repeat Steps from 5 to 8 until the stopping criteria is The bus voltages and line currents due to annual growth in
achieved. system load demand through five years are investigated. The
(10) Obtain the best flame (optimal locations and sizes of bus voltages and line currents without incorporating DGs are
DGs) and its objective function. illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6. From Fig. 5, it is observed that the
system voltages decrease with the annual growth of load
V. SIMULATION RESULTS demand and the minimum voltage reduced from 0.90919 p.u at
A standard 69-bus RDS is applied to verify the base year to 0.86325 p.u at fifth year. Moreover, the buses
effectiveness of the proposed technique. A program code for voltages are reduced under the minimum allowable limits after
optimal installation of renewable DGs by the proposed first year. Referring to Fig. 6 it is obvious that the branches
technique is implemented using MATLAB 2015. The 69-bus current increase with annual load growth where the branches
system a total active power load demand of 3.801MW and a current increase more than the accepted limits. Hence, the
total reactive power load demand of 2.694MVAR in the base system can't withstand the annual growth.
year (at y = 0). The configuration of system is illustrated in Fig.
3. The line and bus system data of RDS are presented in
[18].The base KV and base MVA of the 69-bus system are
12.66KV and 100MVA, respectively. After load flow, the total
value of active and reactive power loss without DG installation
in the base year are 0.225001MW and 0.102198MVAR,
respectively. The minimum voltage is 0.90919 p.u at bus 65.
This paper presents the optimal single and two DG location of
PV and WTG based DGs using the proposed hybrid MFO
algorithm to minimize the power loss of distribution system
under annual load growth. The operating constrains in RDS
with MFO parameters are listed in Table I. Fig.4 shows the
LSF for 69-bus system at base year. After load flow and LSF Fig.5. Bus voltage under annual load growth without inclusion DGs.
calculation, the appropriate buses for DG installation are 57,
58, 61, 60, 59, 15, 64, 19, 2, 16, 63, 20, 62, 25, 24, 23, 26, 27,
18, 27, 18 and 22.
45 44 43 42 41

36 37 38 39 40 65 64 63 62 61 60

47 48 49 50 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

51 52 68 69
28 29 30 31
66 67 27 26 25 24 23 22 Fig. 6. Branch current under annual load growth without inclusion DG
35 34 33 32
Inclusion of DGs is mandatory for diminishing the effects
Fig. 3. The 69-bus system diagram. of annual load growth. The proposed method that include the
LSF and the MFO is employed two determine the optimal sizes
and locations of single and two types of DGs (PV, WTG). It
should highlight that the optimal locations of DGs are selected
to be at the same locations in the subsequent years moreover
the maximum total capacity of DGs are selected to equal than
total load demands of base year(0th year). Table 2 shows the
obtained results including the optimal sizes, locations of DGs,
active power loss, , and . The optimal location for
inclusion a single DG is the 61th bus while the optimal location
Fig. 4. LSF value for the 69-bus system of inserting the two DGs are 17th bus and 61th bus. From Table
2, it is commonly observed that incorporating the DGs
Table I THE USED PARAMETERS.
optimally using the proposed can minimize the active power
Maximum iteration 100 loss and enhance the voltage profile and diminish the
Search agents No. 50 congestion of lines. Fig.7 and Fig.8 show the bus voltages with
annual growth rate in system load ( ) 0.075
inclusion a single and two PVs where the minimum voltages at
DG sizing limits 0≤ ≤ 3 MW
Power factors limits 0.65 ≤
,
5th year equal to 0.955 p.u and 0.97 p.u by inclusion single and
, ≤ 1
Voltage limits 0.90 ≤ ≤ 1.05 p. u two PV, respectively. Fig.9 and Fig.10 show the branches
400 A current with inclusion a single and two PVs. From these
figures, it evident that the branches current are reduced with

1239
incorporating the PV type to be at accepted limits and the
maximum branches current are reduced to 387.6 A and 358.4 A
at 5th year by inclusion single and two PV, respectively.
Incorporating WTG based DG can minimize the power loss
and enhance the voltage stability as depicted in Table II.
with inclusion a single and two WTG based DGs. From these
figures, it evident that the branches current are reduced with
incorporating the WTG type to be at accepted limits and the
maximum branches current are reduced to 283.49 A and
233.68 A at 5th year by inclusion single and two WTG,
respectively. Thereby, the obtained results related to branches
current by incorporating two WTG are better than inclusion
single WTG based DG. Moreover, the best results are obtained
by inclusion of WTG over the PV type.

Fig.7. Bus voltage with inclusion single PV.

Fig.11. Bus voltage with inclusion a single WTG.

Fig.8. Bus voltage with inclusion two PV.

Fig.12. Bus voltage with inclusion two WTG.

Fig.9. Branch current with inclusion single PV.

Fig.13. Branch current with inclusion single WTG.

Fig.10. Branch current with inclusion two PV.

Fig.11 and Fig.12 show the bus voltages with inclusion a

single and two WTG based DG. It is clear that minimum
voltages are enhanced considerably at their accepted limits for
all years. It is also noticed that the obtained results by inclusion
of two WTG based DG are better than single WTG related to
voltage profile. Fig.13 and Fig.14 show the branches current Fig.14. Branch current with inclusion two WTG.

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 Table II OPTIMAL SIZES AND LOCATIONS OF DGS AND CORRESPONDING KW LOSS, VSI AND PERCENTAGE REDUCTION IN POWER LOSS FOR IEEE 69-BUS SYSTEM
Growth No. Of different without with reduction
Optimal Location(KVA/P.F) (pu) (pu)
Year type of DG DG (KW) DG (KW) (%)
1-PV 61(1872.71/1) 2(0.99997) 27(0.96829) 64.6211 224.999 83.222 63.0122
2-PV 61(1781.5/1), 17(531.49/1) 2(0.99997) 65(0.97893) 66.0295 224.999 71.674 68.1447
Base 1-WT 61(2243.86/0.81) 2(0.99998) 27(0.97247) 65.7205 224.999 23.169 89.7026
(zero) year 2-WT 61(1875/0.8), 17(668.95/0.83) 2(0.99999) 65(0.98755) 67.0727 224.999 9.473 95.7898
1-PV 61(2017.699/1) 2(0.99997) 27(0.96584) 64.3724 263.714 96.536 63.3937
2-PV 61(1919.3/1), 17(572.36/1) 2(0.99997) 65(0.97738) 65.8858 263.714 83.083 68.4950
First 1-WT 61(2412.95/0.82) 2(0.99998) 27(0.97036) 65.5523 263.714 26.85 89.8185
year 2-WT 61(2000/0.8), 17(721.8289/0.83) 2(0.99998) 65(0.98605) 66.9798 263.714 11.259 95.7306
1-PV 61(2174.32/1) 2(0.99997) 27(0.96319) 64.1057 309.543 112.015 63.8128
2-PV 17(616.46/1), 61(2068.1/1) 2(0.99997) 65(0.97573) 65.732 309.543 96.332 68.8793
Second 1-WT 61(2594.87/0.81) 2(0.99998) 27(0.96808) 65.3719 309.543 31.123 89.9455
year 2-WT 61(2156.22/0.8), 17(775.42/0.83) 2(0.99998) 65(0.98522) 66.9138 309.543 12.896 95.8339
1-PV 61(2343.57/1) 2(0.99997) 27(0.96034) 63.81999 363.944 130.019 64.2749
2-PV 61(2228.9/1), 17(664.0749/1) 2(0.99997) 65(0.97397) 65.5674 363.944 111.723 69.3021
Third 1-WT 61(2790.59/0.82) 2(0.99998) 27(0.96561) 65.1784 363.944 36.085 90.0850
year 2-WT 61(2343.72/0.8), 17(830.16/0.83) 2(0.99998) 65(0.98500) 66.8727 363.944 14.369 96.0519
1-PV 61(2526.55/1) 2(0.99996) 27(0.95725) 63.5137 428.726 150.971 64.7861
2-PV 61(2402.7/1), 17(715.49/1) 2(0.99997) 65(0.97208) 65.3914 428.726 129.611 69.7683
Fourth 1-WT 61(3001.17/0.82) 2(0.99998) 27(0.96296) 64.9710 428.726 41.849 90.2388
year 2-WT 61(2556.22/0.8), 17(887.31/0.83) 2(0.99998) 65(0.98516) 66.8454 428.726 15.859 96.3009
1-PV 61(2724.48/1) 2(0.99996) 27(0.95392) 63.1856 506.156 175.37 65.3526
2-PV 61(2590.6/1), 17(771.036/1) 2(0.99996) 65(0.97006) 65.2032 506.156 150.41 70.2839
Fifth 1-WT 61(3227.77/0.82) 2(0.99998) 27(0.96009) 64.7487 506.156 48.549 90.4083
year 2-WT 61(2812.5/0.8), 17(944.6489/0.83) 2(0.99998) 65(0.98630) 66.8587 506.156 17.131 96.6155

VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the optimal locations and sizes of PV and
WTG based DG in RDS have been solved by a new hybrid
method with considering load growth. The hybrid method is
based on loss sensitivity factor (LSF) and moth flame
algorithm (MFO) where, determining the acceptable buses for
installing the DGs obtained by LSF while the optimal sizes
and locations obtained by MFO algorithm. The optimal PV
and WTG installation problem has been calculated for
minimizing the total active power loss. The effectiveness of
the proposed method was tested on standard IEEE 69-bus
distribution system taking in to account predetermined annual
gradual increase in distribution system load. The annual load
growth problem in distribution system has been indicated
including the voltage drop and the branches overloading. The
simulation results verified the effectiveness of incorporating
renewable DGs in load growth problem. Moreover, two DGs
installation (PV type or WTG type) give superior results when
compared to single DG installation. From results, it is
observed that the optimal installation of single and two types
of DGs using developed method has improved the operating
constrains of distribution system to withstand the load growth
by reducing the system power loss, increasing the system
capacity and improving the system voltage profile.
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