—_. 21" Century Unit 1 * Literature is a written record of thoughts and feelings. Types of Literature © Oral Literature- the literature of, when men did not yet have much ¢¢ about permanent preservation ... ¢ Written Literature- gets its form from the use of pen by literary genius. Reason why people write: * For self-expression To spread knowledge and information © To pass on ideas and values © To impart truth, accuracy, and evaluatuion. LITERARY STANDARDS Qualities: * Permanence- it stand through the ages and still opens new world of meaning and experience. ¢ Universality- appeals to anyone, anywhere, anywhere, anytime forever relevant. * Artistry -appeals to our aesthetic sense of sense of beauty. ‘* Intellectual value -stimulates our thought. Spiritual value -inspires our brings out moral values making us better persons. * Style -it is marked with the peculiar way in which the writer sees life, forms his/her ideas, and expresses them distinctly. © Suggestiveness -appeals to our emotions, stirs our imagination, feeling, move us deeply and evokes visions ... Prose is discourse that follows the usual conversation Which uses sentences forming paragraphs to express ideas, feelings and actions. Division of prose 1. Fiction -author’s imagination. a) Short story -one or more characters, one plot and one signle impression. b) Novel -is a true to life story. ©) Play -scripted story on stage. 4) Legend -is narrative about origin of man, place ... ¢) Fable -Is narrative where the characters are animals and inanimate objects. 2.Non-fiction a) Essay ~is an attempt to express the viewpoint and opinion of the writer. © Formalessay * Informal essay b) Oration -formal treatment of subject ©) Biography -life account of a person writtem by another person. 4) Autobiography -the author writes his own life account. ©) News -report of expected and unexpected events. f) Letters 8) Diaries and journals Poetry combines the sound and meaning of language to create and expresss ideas/feelings. 1. Narrative -tells stories a) Epics -adventurs of epic heroes and divine forces. b) Ballads narrative poems intended to be sung. 2. Dramatic poetry -tells stories then ou=ne or more act out the poem. 3. Lyric poetry -short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts. a) Haiku -575 b) Ode -high praises and noble feelings. ) Elegy -meditation on life and death. 4d) Sonnet -14 line lyric poem. ) Song -lyric poem intended to be sung. Imagery -language creats in the mind. Figurative language -more colorful, suggestive, Powerful and therefore exciting.Figures of speech a 2. Unit 2 |. Personification -human qualitis . Synecdoche -part of an object . Metonymy -term connected with - Hyperbole -deliberate exagg * Oxymoron -two normally contradictory Simile -explicit or direct cor Metaphor -implified or indi subject. uses as and like. humans. whole. represent the object. words. . Parodox -seems untrue, but on close examination proves to be true. - Allusion -casual reference;borrowing familiar phtrases from the bible, history or literature. ). Irony -contrast, a discrepancy between the expected and what actually happens, - Onomatopoeia -use of words havid and sound that imitates what the denote. - Litotes -used to affirm by negating its opposite. . Apostrophe direct address to someone absent;inanimate objetct;ideas. }. Alliteration -repetition of the initial consonant. Assonance -repetition of the middle vowel ‘sound. - Consonance —“slant” thyme. Both consonant occurred at the end, Lesson 1 PRE-SPANISH CULTURE Is characterized by: ’. Ey - Legends -about the origin of a thing, location or name, + Folk tales -about life, adventure, love, horror where one can derive lessons about life, ics -a series of heroic achievements of events. Biag ni Lam-ang of the ilocanos is the adventures of the prigous epic here, Lam ang, ing of the Manobos is a three-part epic; Pahmara-invocation Kepu’unpuun-a narration of the past. Sengedurog- an episode complete in itself Sandayo -hero with the same name... Aliguyon-tells the adventures of. aliguyon, Labaw donggon -passionate exploits of the son of a goddess alunsina. D. Myths -orgin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture. E. Folk songs- are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature. Other Epigrams -laws or rules on good behaviou Riddles-measured line with rhymes, 4-12 Chant -witcheraft or enchantment. Maxims -rhyming couples of 5,6 or 8 syllables. Sayings -teasing or giving remarks Salawikain(saying) -do not have hidden meaning, * Kundiman-song of love/serenade songs. Kumintang -war/battle song Dalit -worship song Oyayi -lulltaby song Suliranin -worker/laborer * Talindaw eee Lesson 2 SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898) A. Spanish influences on Philippine Literature... B. The first books. * Doctrina Cristiana * Nuestra Senora del Rosario * Libro de los Cuatro Post Primeras de Hombre * Ang Barlaan at Josephat © The passion * Urbana at Felisa * Ang mga dalit kay Maria C. Folk songs D. Recreational plays+ Tibag means to excavate, + Lagaylay -for the pil Sorsogon. * Cenaculo -re-enact the death of Jesus Christ. Ci (chanted like the passion) Hablada(more dignified © Panuluyan -in search for deliver the baby jesus. * Salubong -the meeting of jesus Christ and his mother, Carillo or shadow playing Zarzuela -father of drama, Sainete -musical comedy Moro-moro -during town fiestas to entertaii + Karagatan -a poetic contest where a ritual performed. ‘+ Balagtasan -poetic joust or contest of skills in debate. ‘+ Dung-aw — free verse by a bereaved person beside the corpse of the dead. eee Lesson 3 AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910-1946) * Period of apprenticeship(1910-1930) + Period of emergence(1920-1930) Jose Garcia Villa knows as the “Poet Of The Century” Short stories * Dead stars by paz Marquez Benitez + The small key by Paz Latorena * Footnote to Youth by JGV Novels * Child of sorrow by Zoilo Galang Newspapers + Elnuevo dia by Sergio osmena 1900 * Elgrito del pueblo Pascual Poblete 1900 (pg.20-22) log Literature "agalog Short stories © Golden stories 1936 * Golden stories of 50 batikang kwentista (1939) Writers © Pedro bukaneg -(father of ilocano literature) * Claro caluya -(Prince of Ilocano poets) © Leon Pichay ~(known as the best bukanegero) * Juan Crisostomo Soto ~(father of Kapampangan literature) * Aurelio Tolentino (translated ...) + Eriberto Gumban ~(father of visayan literature) * Magdalen Jalandoni ~(wrote tunuksan isa c: bulaklak) JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) Tribune and the Philippine review Pessimistic and bitter “voice of freedom” Jose ma Hernandez. ~ Panday pira Francisco Soc Rodrigo -pula sa puti Clodualdo del Mundo -bulaga Julian Cruz Balmaceda -sino ba kayo? ... Haiku(575) and tanaga(17syllables and allegorical in meaning) Carlos P. Romulo an outstanding writer. He won Pulitzer prize. «New Philippine Symphony is the first all- filipino orchestra. July 1942 PHILIPPINE LITE IN THE POSR WAR- CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1945-PRESENT) ee ee eee The rebirth of freedom (1946-1970) “struggle of mind and spirit”Eng LESSON 1 “Piggy bank’ turle dies after swallow’ by Judith Vonberg, CNN 4 Reading is define as a cognitive process decoding symbols to arrive ar meaning. ‘Reading is a thinking process. THE READING PROCESS. L__ Pre-reading stage -this allows the reader to activate background knowledge, preview the text, and develop a purpose for reading. Il. During reading -reader makes predictions as he/she read and then confirms or revises the predictions, IIE After reading -allows the reader to retell the story, discuss the elements of a story, answer questions and compare it to other text. + Comprebension -is an intentional, active, and interactive process that occurs throughout the reading process. a) Vocabulary knowledge -must be able to understand the vocabulary used by the writer. b) Text comprehension -puts together the vocabulary and diff. comprehension strategies to develop and understanding of the text. READING STRATEGIES. * Skimming -process of speedy reading for general meaning. Cenral main points. © Scanning -finding particular words or phrases that are relevant to your current task. © Detailed reading and note taking ~enccourage and active engagement w/ the text as well providing a useful record of reading... * Making ineferences -the ability of understanding implicit messages conveyed by a writer. * Drawing conclusions -reading strategy that gives the reader an experience to explore after reading the text. Thesis statement -a sentence that bears the main idea of an article or an essay. LESSON 2 “The profundity of thinking small” -by Edilberto M. Alegre (pg27) Academic text — is a written material in an organized way and in a specifi manner. ‘ Transition words -also knows as “signal words” that the writer employ in the academic text can help the reader identify what organization| pattern. ORGANIZATION PATTERNS > Definition — explains the meaning of new word or phrases, Ex. Is, refers to, can be » Classification -divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics. Ex. Classified as, comprises, is composed of > Chronological order -the sequence in which events occur in time. » Process -the order in which things are done or how things work. Ex.after that, last, finally > Order of importance -ideas in order of priority or preference. Ex. Less, more, primary, next > Spatial order -physical location or poition in space. > Cause and effect -how one or more things cause or are related to another. » Comparison and contrast — similarities and differences among ideas theories, concepts, objects, or person. > Listing/enumeration -organizes list of information. > Statement and clarification -information explaining a concept or idea will follow. » Summary -a condensed review of and idea or piece of writing is to follow. > Generalization and example — provides example that clarify a broad, general statement. » Addition -indicates that additional information will follow. Ex. Furthermore Structure of academic text L Aim -the totality of the text and the components. What you intend to achieve in yout study. I, Research questions -specific questions that will enable you to reach your aim. II. Introduction IV. Body -ideas, concepts and results are discussed in the body of the academic text. Unified, coherent and cohesive. V. Methods and materials -what you have done in order to accomplish your aim and to address the research question, Results -the use of graphical aids can definitely aid readers in understanding the result.Discussion -this it now the int results. Conclusion -is not a brief repetition results; it is expressing the implicatis study. Vin. Critic paper (p.45) LESSON 3 Knowing how to live alone (pg.47) * Research -is the systematic investigation and study of materials,sources, etc. in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Summarizing -it is condensing the source material in just few lines. Paraphrasing and summarizing -taking ideas, words or phrases form a source and crafting the into new sentences within writing. ‘> Paraphrasing -using own words to express someone else’s ideas while still preserving the original ideals. TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING * + * Selection -essential to select major idea, key words and phrases, special terms and interpretaions. * Rejection -a process of removing unnecessary data. + Substitution-synthesis; combining several sentences into one sentence. Outlining -identify the significant details you need to include and eliminate the irrelevant ones. Lesson 4 “a country not even his own” — by Ma Ceres P. Doyo (pg. 69) Reaction, review or critiques paper — weighs, assesses and judges both the merits as well as the weaknesses of apiece. Citation Styles APA (American psychological assoc.) MLA(Modern language assoc.) The Chicago manual of Style ASA (American sociological assoc.) ACS (American Chemical assoc.) KANN ¥ The Vancouver system Fact -it can be proven for accuracy through observation or concrete references. Opinion -expresses what author believes or thinks.Ex. more, better, most, and least. (pg: 79) Lesson 5 1. Formalist criticism -approach regards literature as “a unique forms of humans knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.” All the elements necessary for understanding the work. 2. Biographical or historical criticism -aims to comprehend a literary work by probing as the social, cultural etc. 3. Gender criticism -how sexual identity influences the creation of literary text. i) Masculinist approach- advocate by poet Robert bly; focuses on the desire to work with men’s issues. ii) Feminist approach -correct the imbalance of sexes by analyzing and combating patriarchal attitudes. 4. Psychological criticism -the form of the material is influences by psychoanalysis of Simund Freud Sociological criticism -literary piece in the cultural, economic and political.context. Marxist criticism -focusing on the ideological content of literatuture, 6. Moral/Philosophical approach -focuses on themes, views of the world, morality, philosophies of the author. 7. Mythological criticism —“the recurrent universal pattern underlying most literary works.” LESSON 6 (pg.127) * + Concept paper — is a summary of project or an issue that depicts the interests. “Rationale -explains the purposes why you need to undertake that thesis proposal. “ Conceptual framework -your guide in working on your idea. © Mind map -a list of words; used to connect in order to make a clear definition. + Hypothesis -expected output in the course of conducting your study.FILIPINO ARALIN 1 A. Mga gabay sa pagbabasa at teksto 1. Pagsusuri sa kabuuan ng 2. Pagtutukot sa pangkalahat istraktura ng teksto 3. Pagbasang muli ng artikulo 4, Pagsusuri at pagtataya ng tel B. Tatlong paraan ng panghihiram 1, Kuninang kataumbas na salita. kastila at baybayin sa filipino. 2. Pagbabaybay ayos sa palabaybayang F. 3. Hiramin nang buo ang salita. Aralin 2 Tekstong humanidades -hango sa salitang “humanos” (tumulong sa ta0). ariaé 1 Cramit na valiba § Masinin : cada! Niladaman, lnpermsjen aha fin Musika, arkdickilie: pitta, sayaw, all Literature o panitikan. Sa pamumuhay, sa lipunan at pamahalaan. Pag-aa pode Gini 4 Pormal impormal na wika. PAMBANSA =? ee — | PAMPANITIKAI LALAWIGANIN COLLOQUIAL BALBAL, ARALIN 3 Tekstong siyentipiko -tekstong hango sav] pananaliksik sa agham; Chemistry, Physics, Biology. Penal Gene: medicine es Re -paglalahad, paglalarawan 0 pangangatwiran. -pormal ang mga salita. Aralin 4 Agham Panlipunan- nasgsusuri sa pag-uugnay ng tao at ng kapaligiran. 7 ee -aaral mula sa antropolohiya,arkeolohiya, jomiks, pulitika, pamahalaan, sikolohiya at yolohiya. ~Anyong teknikal -obserbasyon * Sosyolohiya -pag-aaral ng mga alituntunin ng li at mga proseso. _ * Ekonomiks -pag-aaral sa paglikga, pamamahagi at pagkonsumo ngkalakal. =—SOSOS=~S~*S Teksto (pg.15-20) YUNIT 2 ARALIN1 + Pagsusulat -lundayan ng lahat ng iniisip, aac, allalayon st pengangarap ng to Y Paksa -pangkalahatang iniikutan ng isang teksto. ais aaie inahtid no Su v Layuni -tumutugon sa tanong na “bakit. ako magsusulat?” ¥ Wika -uri ng wikang gagamitan at ang paraan ng paggamit nito. ¥ Kombensyon -estilo n; karaniwan sa mambabasa ¥ Kasanayang pampa; a. Analisis -kaisipang mahalaga b. Lohika -mabisang pangangatwiran ¢. Imahinasyon -malikhain at kawili-wiling kaisipan. Y Kasanayan sa pagbuo -maisulat and buong piyesa na taglay and kasiningan, v Kabatiran sa prosudyor ng pagsulat -wastong baybay, pagbabantas at tamang pagkasunod-sunod. HULWARAN NG PAGSUSULAT wgsulat na > Paghibigay-depinisyon -kung ano ang Jarangan at katangian ng isang salita. > Pag-iisa-isa -ideya ay isinasaayos nang pahakbang o batay sa kronolohika. > Hambingin at kontras -puntos na magkakatulad at magkakaiba. > Pagpapaliwanag -eleborasyon o paglilinaw ukol sa paksa. > Paghahalimabawa -halimbawa ng kaisipan 0 bagay na kahawig.ARALIN 2 MGA HAKBANG SA PAGSULA® 1. Pagbuo ng pangunahing pinakaluluwa ng isang sulatin, 2. Pagbuo ng balangkas -un: salita. . Pangangalap ng datos - mga impormasyon o datos. |. Unang pagsulat -huwag muna lubos ng pansin ang mga tuntunin, . Pagrerebays at pag-eedit -upang higit na mas maging maayos ang kabuuan ng sult. 6. Muling pagsulat -upang higit na mapahusay. 7. Huling pagrerebays at pag-eedit - akahuling pagrerebays at pag-eedit. 8. Pinal na pag-susulat -malinis na ang nakasulat. ARALIN 3 TIPS SA MABISANG PAGSULAT. . Napapanahon ang ideya . Orihinal na estilo Organisadong ideya |. Malinaw na layunin sa pagsulat . Payak at simpleng salita .. Gumamit ng bulet sa mga tiyak na salita 7. Isaalang-alang ang awdyens Aeeene ESTRATEHIYA . Webbing . Concept mapping . Cluster diagram 4. Nakabatay sa proseso ARALIN 4 URI NG SULATIN wee 1. Personal na sulatin -impormal 2. Transaksyunal-pormal at maayos and pagkakabuo 3. Malikhaing sulatin -pokus nito ay ang imahinasyon ng isang manunulat. Hal. (pg.29) ARALIN 5 ELEMENTO SA PAGBUO NG LIHAM a. Kalinawan -iwasang and mahaba at paliguy- ligoy na kaisipan, = mee e Kawastuhan -wastong pagbabantas, pagbabaybay at alituntuning gramatika. . Kabuuan ng mga kaisipan -buo at eksaktong impormasyon. |. Pagkamagalang . Kaiksian -maging diretso sa pagbabatid Pagkakakumbersasyunal -natural and pagpapahayag ng damdamin. Pagkamapitagan -isaalang-alang and damdamin at opinion ng makakatanggap. BAHAGI NG LIHAM 1, Pamuhatan -adres ng pinagmulan, pangalan ng tanggap, numero ng tel 2. Petsa -kung kalian ginawa anz liham 3. Patunguhan -pangalan ng taong tatanggap. 4, Bating panimula -angkop na pagbati ng ‘sumulat. 5. Katawan ng liham -mensahe at mga impormasyong nais ipabatid ng sumulat. 6. Bating pangwakas -magalang at mabisang paraan ng pamamaalam. 7. Lagda -pangalan ng lumiham BAHAGI NG LIHAM KORESPONDENSYA 8. Referens inisyal -titik lamang ito ng pagkakakilanlan sa taong nagdikta. 9. Enclosure o kalakip -kalakip na dokumento o kasulatan, 10. Paksa -ipabatid sa tatanggap ng liham ang layuin ng liham. 11. Atensyon layn -agarang pagtugon. 12. Binigyang-sipi/copy furnished -may iba pang taong nakatanggap ng liham. 13. Post-seript/pahabol -mensaheng nakalimutang banggitin. ISTILO NG LIHAM AT KORESPONDENSYANG LIHAM 1. Ganap na blak 2. Modifayd blak 3. May pasok(estilong indented)Pe LESSON L.1 Dance -is an performed by individuals or groups beings. (Krauss 1998) -it is a succession or arrangement of steps ... (Marshall 2007) -It is performed for several purposes such as entertainment. Ete (Marshall 2007) Characteristics Use of human body Extends through time Exists in space Exists in fore Accompanied by rhythm Serves to communicate Has movement style and form (santiago 2004) eee e eee DANCE FORMS 1. Folk dance -traditional dance of an indigenous society that reflect social recreational experience of peasantry in the society. 2. Ethnic dance -reveals the peculiar characteristics of specific tribes 3. Natural dance -most widely performed in a specific country; Carinosa and tinikling. 4. Creative dance -premier form of dance for the purpose of entertainment. 5. Gymnastic dance -interest most the skillful performers ; It it maintained bby strenuous movements. 6. Ballroom/social dance -the artistic and decent from of dance used for recreation purposes. 7. Recreational dance -performed for fun and entertainment. 8. Singing dance -combbination of dance steps and songs performed in rhythm. 9. Cheer dance -team physical activity using organized routines for the purpose of motivating. 10, Festival dance -event ordinarily celebrated by community and centering on some characteristic. LESSON 1.2 DANCE TERMINOLOGIES 1, Arms in lateral position -both arms at are in one side ... Brush -weight on one foot, hit the foot with the ball or eel .. 3. Bleking -to place the heel of the foot on the floor in front or across in front. 4. Cabeceras (Spanish origin);square formation, the couples occupying the width of the hall. “cabeceras” 5. Clockwise -like the motion of the hands of the clock . 6. Costados -the couple occupying the length of the hall are called “costados” or side pairs. 7. Counterclockwise -the reverse direction of clockwise. 8. Cut -to displace quickly one foot to with the other. 9. Draw -to pull foot along the floor close to the other which has the weight of the body. 10. Free foot -the foot not bearing the weight of the body. 11. Free hand -the hand not placed anywhere 12. Gallop -is done by stepping right foot sideward. ideward right -could be done with the other foot and direction as well. 14, Hayon-hayon -visayan term; to place one forearm in front and the other at back of waist. 15. Hop -spring from one foot landing on the same foot in the place. 16. Inside foot -the foot nearest one partner. 17. Inside hand -the hand nearest one partner. 18, Jaleo -partners turn once around clockwise. 19. Kumintang -moving the hand from the wrist. 20. Leap -a spring from one foot landing on the other foot. 21. Opposite -the person standing across the set. 22, Outside foot -the foot away from one’s partner. 23, Outside hand -the hand away from one’s partner 24, Panadyak -to stamp in front or at the side. 25, Partner -girl to right and boy to the left. 26. Pivot -to tum with the ball,heel or whole foot. 27. Place -to put foot in a certain or desired positon. 28. Point -to touch the floor lightly w/ toes 2. 13.LESSON 1.3 BASIC ARM AND FEET POSITIONS, 29. Polka -spanish; from Germany/ 30. Salok -swing the arm downward upward passing in front of the body. 31, Saludo/bow -patterns w/the feet together bow to each other. 32, Sarok -cross the r foot in front of the Left. 33. Set -dance formation like a square or a unit. 34, Slide -to glide foot smoothly along the floor. 35, Stamp -io bring down the foot forcibly and nosily on the floor. 36. Step -to advance or recede by raising or moving one foot. 37. Supporting foot -the foot that bears the weight of the body. 38. Tap -to rap slightly w/ the ball or toe of the foot. 39, Walk -a series of steps. 40. Whirl -to make fast tums by executing small steps. CLASSIFICATIONS © Occupational dances -show movement of certain occupation,industry © Religious or ceremonial dances -done in connection with religious festivity/ceremonies.(santa clarang and putung) © Comic dances -a picture of funny movement for fun and entertainment. (kinoton and makongo) © Wedding dances -performed by newlywed couple. (panasahan) © Game dances -dance that has an element of play. (lubi-lubi and pabo) © Courtship dances -represent flirting, caress, loving (carinosa,hele-hele bago) © Festival dances -appropriate for fiesta celebrations or social gathering. (pandango) © War dance ~dance that depics imaginary combat or duel. (sagayan and palo-palo) 1. First position -Bend both arms at chest evels,elbows rounded,relaxed. 2. Second -open arms sideway, alittle below shoulder level,elbows rounded fingers. 3. Third position -raise the right arm sideward,elbows rounded, arm encircles overhead. 4. Fourth -right arm raised and encircles like the first position left arm raised overhead. 5. Fifth -raised both arms upward overhead. FOOT POSITION 1. First position -place heels together toes of both feet turned out. 2. Second -place the right foot sideward in line with the heel of the foot. 3. Third -draw the heel of the right foot to the instep of the left foot. 4, Fourth -place the right foot obliquely forward right toes pointing. 5. Fifth -draw the heel of your right foot to the toes of your left. DANCE STEPS (pg.20) DANCE FORMATION 1. Single-circle formation-one round is arranged. 2. Double-circle formation-two rounds of dancers. 3. Line formation -dancers stand side by side. (horizontal position) 4, Column formation ~dancers stand one behind the other. (vertical position) 5. Longway set formations -two iines of dancers. 6. Scattered formation -dancers stand anywhere they wish, individually or couples. FESTIVAL DANCES © Ati-atihan festival -oldest religious celebration in the country. Parafe filled with face-painted celeb ‘* Sinulog festival-(cebu); also known for hosting the county’s biggest raves. © Dinagyang festival -(Iloilo city); transforks into ‘one big street party. ‘© Panaghenga festival -kankanaey (“season of blooming”) Moriones festival -(Marinduque); the week-long celebration of St. Longinus, Moron-helmet worn. Aliwan festival-more of a competion than it is a fetival. Pintados festival (29" of June/tacloba city) - “show how filipinos want to be reminded to childlike. ‘Kadayawan Festival -“madayaw” -friendly ing which means good or beautiful. Festival (19 of oct/Bacolod city) - I masks, street dancing, electrical displays.+ ‘Simply, quantitative research is conoemed with numbers and relationship with events, Characteristics of Quantitative Research: 1. Objective - Seeks accurate measurement researchers now in advance what they are jooking for. The research questions are well defined for which the objective answers are 4. Numerical Data — Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented using tables, charts, graphs and figures that consolidate large number of data to show trends, relationships, or differences variables. among . 5. Large Sample Size — To arrive at a more re- dis- sample size, depending on how the charac- teristics of population are vary. }. Replication - Reliable quantitative studies ‘can be repeated to verfy or confirm the cor- rectness ofthe results in another setting Future Outcomes ~ By using complex math- ematical calculations and with the aids of computers, f then soenerios may be formu- lated thus predicting future result Strengths of Quantitative Research It is objective. Since it provides numerical data. . The use of statistical techniques facilitates so- phisticated analysis and allows you to com- prehend a huge amount of vital characters- tics of data The numerical date can be analyzed in a Quick and easy way. ‘Quantitative studies are replicable Weaknesses of Quantitative Research 1 Requires a large number of respondents. tis ‘assumed that the larger the sample Is, the ‘ore statistically accurate the findings are. Itis costly. The information contextual factors to help in- terpret the results or to explain varatons are usually ignored Many information are different to gather using structured research instruments. If not done seriously and correctly, data from ‘questionnaires may be incomplete and inac- curate. Kinds of Quantitative Research . Descriptive Research - This design is con- ‘cemed with describing the nature, character- istics and components of the poputation or a phenomenon. Correlational Research - It is systematic in- vestigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between and among variables without necessarily tvestoatng into causal reasons Daneainheee This kind of research aims to assess the effects, Impacts or out- ‘comes of practices, policies or programs. Survey Research ~ Used to gather infor- mation from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a popula- tion. enakaVariables - is a central concept in cad measurable characteristic that changes the value. Types of Variables + Continuous Variable - A variable that can take infinite number on the value ton that there is none of that varia be. > Discrete Variable — also known as has limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions. A dis- crete variable can be further categorized as’ nominal and ordinal: © Nominai Variable - is a variable ‘with no quantitative value. It has two ‘or more Categories but does not im- ply ordering of cases. © Ordinai Variable - is a variable that has two or more categories which can be ranked. s+ Dependent Variable - also called outcome variable is the result or effect of the changes brought about by another variable (usually In- dependent variable). % independent Variable ~ he cause variable oF the responsible for the conditions that act ‘on something else to bring about the changes. CHAPTER 1: The Problem and its Background * introduction = Conceptual/Theoretical Framework * Research Paradigm CHAPTER 5: Summary, Conclusion, and Recom- ‘mendations: + Summary of Findings = Conclusion * Recommendation