‭Introduction‬

‭The‬ ‭objective‬ ‭of‬ ‭this‬ ‭project‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬ ‭develop‬ ‭a‬ ‭new‬ ‭view‬ ‭and‬ ‭organization‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭case‬
‭study through which you can reach it, in a more sustainable and safe way.‬

‭In‬‭this‬‭project‬‭we‬‭will‬‭analyze‬‭a‬‭large‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭notions‬‭seen‬‭in‬‭class‬‭by‬‭using‬‭some‬
‭input‬ ‭data‬ ‭characterized‬ ‭by‬ ‭some‬ ‭maps‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭specific‬ ‭zone‬ ‭in‬ ‭which‬ ‭we‬ ‭will‬‭study‬‭many‬
‭intersections‬‭that‬‭could‬‭be‬‭simple‬‭or‬‭more‬‭complicated‬‭in‬‭fiction‬‭of‬‭the‬‭area.‬‭In‬‭order‬‭to‬
‭realize‬ ‭this,‬ ‭the‬ ‭utilization‬ ‭of‬ ‭SUMOpy‬ ‭will‬ ‭be‬ ‭important‬ ‭because‬ ‭of‬ ‭its‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭in‬
‭performing many data that coils allow us to analyze our chosen area.‬

‭1.‬ ‭Identification of the zone‬

‭For‬ ‭this‬ ‭study‬ ‭after‬ ‭many‬ ‭possible‬ ‭choices‬ ‭in‬ ‭different‬ ‭countries‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭different‬
‭nationalities‬ ‭in‬ ‭our‬ ‭group‬ ‭we‬ ‭chose‬ ‭to‬ ‭identify‬ ‭an‬ ‭area‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭city‬ ‭of‬ ‭Bologna.‬ ‭This‬
‭strategic‬ ‭choice‬ ‭allows‬ ‭us‬ ‭to‬ ‭analyze‬ ‭the‬ ‭traffic‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭roads‬‭leading‬‭to‬‭the‬‭busiest‬‭and‬
‭most‬‭important‬‭places‬‭such‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Hospital‬‭of‬‭Bologna,‬‭the‬‭city‬‭center‬‭in‬‭addition‬‭to‬‭the‬
‭Football Stadium.‬

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 ‭Once‬ ‭we‬ ‭identify‬ ‭the‬ ‭area‬ ‭we‬ ‭choose‬ ‭three‬‭particular‬‭intersections‬‭that‬‭we‬‭consider‬
‭the most important in order to better understand the data that we will analyze further.‬

‭So, our choices are shown in the following photos‬

‭●‬ ‭1st intersection ( near Hospital) :‬

‭●‬ ‭2nd intersection :‬

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‭●‬ ‭3rd intersection :‬

‭●‬ ‭4rd intersection :‬

‭●‬

‭Our‬ ‭choice‬ ‭is‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭importance‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭zones‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭city‬ ‭knowing‬ ‭that‬ ‭it‬
‭represents‬ ‭the‬ ‭most‬ ‭frequented‬ ‭areas‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭city‬ ‭and‬ ‭so‬ ‭the‬ ‭flow‬ ‭will‬ ‭need‬ ‭continuous‬
‭improvements in order to ameliorate the efficiency of roads and to reduce congestions.‬

‭Our‬ ‭case‬ ‭study‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬‭famous‬‭area‬‭in‬‭the‬‭city‬‭center‬‭of‬‭Bologna,‬‭a‬‭core‬‭spot‬‭for‬‭the‬‭buses‬

‭and the people that use public transportation.‬

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‭2.‬ ‭Modifications on the zone (eliminate useless nodes/links)‬

‭The‬‭first‬‭step‬‭after‬‭importing‬‭the‬‭area‬‭in‬‭the‬‭software‬‭is‬‭to‬‭eliminate‬‭all‬‭the‬‭edges‬‭and‬
‭elements‬‭that‬‭will‬‭complicate‬‭and‬‭delay‬‭our‬‭simulation‬‭and‬‭at‬‭the‬‭same‬‭time‬‭it‬‭is‬‭required‬
‭to‬ ‭preserve‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬ ‭skeleton‬ ‭formed‬ ‭by‬ ‭our‬ ‭chosen‬ ‭intersections,‬ ‭this‬ ‭operation‬ ‭is‬
‭needed‬ ‭to‬ ‭eliminate‬‭the‬‭edges‬‭that‬‭do‬‭not‬‭contribute‬‭to‬‭the‬‭overall‬‭traffic‬‭flow‬‭ar‬‭maybe‬
‭have‬‭a‬‭negligible‬‭influence‬‭on‬‭it,‬‭so‬‭by‬‭doing‬‭it‬‭we‬‭can‬‭focus‬‭more‬‭in‬‭detail‬‭in‬‭the‬‭zones‬
‭chosen where we need more meaningful analysis.‬

‭after elimination:‬

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 ‭So,‬ ‭now‬ ‭we‬ ‭can‬ ‭see‬ ‭an‬ ‭easier‬ ‭network‬ ‭in‬ ‭which‬ ‭we‬ ‭maintain‬ ‭our‬ ‭zones‬ ‭without‬
‭affecting‬ ‭the‬ ‭traffic‬ ‭simulation‬ ‭too‬ ‭much,‬ ‭so‬ ‭we‬ ‭preserve‬ ‭only‬ ‭the‬ ‭principal‬ ‭roads‬ ‭that‬
‭conduit to the three zones opt for.‬

‭3.‬ ‭Create adequate zones for OD matrix‬

‭In‬‭this‬‭part‬‭we‬‭identify‬‭the‬‭three‬‭zones‬‭for‬‭the‬‭OD‬‭matrix‬‭that‬‭we‬‭mentioned‬‭before,‬
‭so,‬ ‭we‬ ‭choose‬ ‭the‬ ‭roads‬ ‭that‬ ‭lead‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬‭Airport‬‭and‬‭Hospital‬‭zone,‬‭the‬‭City‬‭center‬‭and‬
‭the‬‭Saragozza‬‭district.‬‭We‬‭have‬‭assumed‬‭several‬‭elements‬‭to‬‭create‬‭the‬‭zones.‬‭We‬‭noticed‬
‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭area‬ ‭around‬ ‭the‬ ‭hospital‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭airport‬‭is‬‭an‬‭important‬‭space‬‭with‬‭businesses‬
‭and‬ ‭residential‬ ‭buildings,‬ ‭so‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭essential‬ ‭to‬ ‭consider‬ ‭this‬ ‭area‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭O/D‬ ‭matrix.‬‭In‬
‭addition,‬‭this‬‭road‬‭is‬‭an‬‭important‬‭axis‬‭as‬‭it‬‭gives‬‭access‬‭to‬‭the‬‭road‬‭leading‬‭to‬‭Modena.‬
‭However,‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬‭south‬‭of‬‭the‬‭road‬‭(several‬‭streets‬‭further‬‭on)‬‭we‬‭noticed‬‭the‬‭presence‬‭of‬
‭Via‬ ‭Tolmino,‬ ‭which‬ ‭is‬ ‭an‬ ‭important‬ ‭axis‬ ‭giving‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Renato‬ ‭Dall'Ara‬ ‭football‬
‭stadium‬ ‭area‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭municipality‬ ‭of‬ ‭Casalechio‬ ‭di‬ ‭Reno.‬ ‭The‬ ‭final‬ ‭area‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭town‬
‭center.‬ ‭For‬ ‭this‬ ‭zone‬ ‭we‬ ‭have‬ ‭assumed‬ ‭that‬ ‭few‬ ‭people‬‭travel‬‭outside‬‭the‬‭town‬‭to‬‭work,‬
‭for‬‭example.‬ ‭This‬‭means‬‭that‬‭outbound‬‭flows‬‭from‬‭this‬‭area‬‭will‬‭be‬‭low,‬‭but‬‭the‬‭opposite‬
‭can‬‭be‬‭said‬‭for‬‭inbound‬‭flows:‬‭some‬‭people‬‭work‬‭in‬‭the‬‭shops‬‭in‬‭the‬‭town‬‭center,‬‭and‬‭they‬
‭account for a large proportion of the flows in the O/D matrix.‬

‭zones on google maps:‬

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‭zones on SUMpy:‬

‭data for our zones on SUMpy‬

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‭Now,‬ ‭we‬ ‭focus‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭OD‬ ‭trips‬ ‭by‬ ‭making‬ ‭some‬ ‭assumptions‬‭on‬‭the‬‭trips‬‭in‬‭function‬‭of‬
‭the most important possible trips.‬

‭Due‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭problem‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭chosen‬ ‭area,‬ ‭the‬‭software‬‭does‬‭not‬‭allow‬‭us‬‭to‬‭perform‬‭the‬

‭simulations‬ ‭necessary‬ ‭to‬ ‭study‬ ‭this‬ ‭area,‬ ‭so‬ ‭we‬ ‭found‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭possible‬ ‭solution‬ ‭after‬ ‭the‬

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‭exchange‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭professor‬ ‭that‬ ‭eliminating‬ ‭some‬ ‭edges‬ ‭and‬ ‭recreating‬ ‭them‬ ‭by‬ ‭hand‬
‭can permit the software to better perform the results.‬

‭so,‬ ‭we‬ ‭re-edit‬ ‭this‬ ‭zone‬ ‭in‬ ‭order‬ ‭to‬ ‭simplify‬ ‭the‬ ‭simulation‬ ‭even‬ ‭if‬ ‭by‬ ‭doing‬ ‭this‬
‭procedure‬ ‭we‬ ‭delete‬ ‭many‬ ‭interesting‬‭intersections‬‭by‬‭replacing‬‭them‬‭with‬‭almost‬‭equal‬
‭ones.‬

‭created elements‬

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‭In‬‭this‬‭step‬‭we‬‭were‬‭forced‬‭to‬‭modify‬‭a‬‭little‬‭bit‬‭the‬‭edges‬‭by‬‭delete‬‭and‬‭recreate‬‭them‬‭due‬
‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭unknown‬ ‭problem‬ ‭in‬ ‭this‬ ‭zone,‬ ‭by‬ ‭changing‬ ‭this‬ ‭edges‬ ‭we‬ ‭can‬ ‭notice‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭real‬
‭result‬‭could‬‭vary‬‭a‬‭little‬‭bit‬‭knowing‬‭that‬‭each‬‭edge‬‭has‬‭a‬‭attributed‬‭length,‬‭speed‬‭limits‬
‭and‬‭capacity,‬‭and‬‭this‬‭consequently,‬‭influence‬‭the‬‭behavior‬‭of‬‭the‬‭simulated‬‭vehicles.‬‭So,‬
‭our modifications have to be as equal as possible to the original topology.‬

‭4.‬ ‭Find‬ ‭through‬ ‭multiple‬ ‭iterations‬ ‭the‬ ‭capacity‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭sub-system‬ ‭(visual‬
‭interpretation‬ ‭of‬ ‭simulation‬ ‭is‬ ‭NOT‬ ‭a‬ ‭valid‬ ‭justification‬ ‭to‬ ‭say‬ ‭capacity‬ ‭have‬ ‭been‬
‭reached:‬ ‭try‬ ‭finding‬ ‭a‬ ‭numerical‬ ‭way‬ ‭to‬ ‭identify‬ ‭that‬ ‭capacity‬ ‭have‬ ‭been‬ ‭met‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬
‭specific demand value).‬

‭In this step we perform many simulations in order to find the reach the capacity‬

‭We‬‭have‬‭to‬‭do‬‭many‬‭simulations‬‭and‬‭at‬‭the‬‭same‬‭time‬‭we‬‭add‬‭vehicles‬‭until‬‭we‬‭reach‬
‭the‬ ‭maximum‬ ‭capacity‬ ‭possible,‬ ‭for‬ ‭instance‬ ‭we‬ ‭can‬ ‭see‬ ‭if‬ ‭in‬ ‭an‬ ‭interval‬ ‭of‬ ‭time‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭green light it is not possible for all the vehicles to get off a specific road.‬

‭so‬ ‭we‬ ‭will‬ ‭perform‬ ‭an‬ ‭iterative‬ ‭simulation‬ ‭until‬ ‭we‬ ‭find‬ ‭the‬ ‭value‬ ‭that‬ ‭we‬ ‭consider‬
‭appropriate to the capacity of the route.‬

‭iterations‬‭...‬‭14‬‭times…‬‭in‬‭each‬‭and‬‭every‬‭iteration‬‭we‬‭have‬‭increased‬‭the‬‭flow‬‭of‬‭cars‬
‭(capacity) in order to achieve the full capacity of the road.‬

‭results‬

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‭After 14 iterations we have reached the full capacity of the road.‬

‭general comments‬

‭5.‬ ‭Extract useful results when sub-system is at capacity‬

‭we can extract from the fact that the sub-system‬

‭detailed comments on the result obtained‬

‭6.‬ ‭Repeat simulation at 2/3 of capacity and extract results for that simulation‬

‭for‬ ‭this‬ ‭case‬ ‭we‬ ‭can‬ ‭already‬ ‭anticipate‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭traffic‬ ‭will‬ ‭be‬ ‭more‬ ‭fluid‬ ‭but‬ ‭the‬
‭simulation could give us more details about what is going to happen in this case‬

‭simulation, photos, results….‬

‭explanation of the results‬

‭7.‬ ‭Compare results‬

‭comparison of the different results obtained‬

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‭Conclusion‬

‭In‬‭conclusion‬‭we‬‭mention‬‭some‬‭ideas‬‭that‬‭could‬‭improve‬‭the‬‭zone,‬‭the‬‭traffic‬‭congestion‬
‭especially‬ ‭in‬ ‭some‬ ‭hours‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭day,‬ ‭all‬ ‭this‬ ‭with‬ ‭taking‬‭into‬‭account‬‭the‬‭environmental‬
‭impact of these possible ameliorations.‬

‭So,‬‭to start the first idea could be….‬

‭simulation congestion‬

‭title: in this photo, we will focus to‬

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‭1)‬ ‭Network design and optimization: knowing that‬‭the road network in our SUMO simulation is well-designed‬
‭and optimized to handle traffic flow efficiently. We also know that some factors such as the number and placement‬
‭of intersections, road capacities, lane configurations, and traffic signal timings reduce the traffic congestion and‬
‭improve the traffic flow. In our case we had a problem at the edge, so we deleted some roads and junctions, and‬
‭we recreated them by hand, so this step has for sure modified the traffic system and created congestion.‬

‭2) Traffic signal optimization: Fine-tune the timing of traffic signals within the simulation. We can use SUMO's‬
‭built-in traffic light logic to coordinate signal timings, that improve traffic flow and reduce stop-and-go‬
‭conditions.‬

‭3)‬ ‭Public transportation integration: ensure that transit vehicles have priority at intersections, allowing them to‬
‭move smoothly through the network. By implementing transit‬
‭signal priority (TSP), we can help to reduce delays for buses and improve the hall traffic network.‬
‭4)Intelligent driver models:SUMO suggests many different models of individual drivers that differ from the‬
‭decision that each individual vehicle makes. We can experiment with different models of individual drivers to‬
‭finally choose the most realistic one by mixing between different models to reduce traffic congestion. The‬
‭parameters are like lane-changing decisions, car-following behavior and route choices.‬

‭5)Traffic management strategies: sumo is very useful to use different traffic management strategies in the‬
‭simulation, like reversible lanes, ramp metering, and congestion‬
‭pricing. These strategies can help to regulate traffic flow and maximize the use of road capacity.‬

‭6)Simulation scenarios and experiments: the very interesting point of sumo simulation is that we can set up‬
‭different scenarios and do experiments to see the impact of specific interventions and strategies. This can help us‬
‭to improve the experiments by changing some parameters, and testing some different traffic management‬

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‭strategies. Also we can evaluate the effects of infrastructure and increase of population density in the future, to‬
‭finally choose the better one.‬

‭In‬‭response‬‭to‬‭the‬‭congestion‬‭observed‬‭in‬‭the‬‭simulation‬‭and‬‭as‬‭a‬‭result‬‭of‬‭the‬‭width‬‭of‬‭the‬‭road,‬‭we‬‭can‬‭set‬‭up‬‭a‬
‭roundabout‬‭at‬‭one‬‭of‬‭the‬‭intersections.‬‭The‬‭purpose‬‭of‬‭this‬‭roundabout‬‭will‬‭be‬‭to‬‭improve‬‭traffic‬‭flow‬‭by‬‭limiting‬
‭the number of stops at the intersection due to the traffic lights.‬

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