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    Tanima Dey
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    3rd sem

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    4 views2 pages

    3rd Sem

    Uploaded by

    Tanima Dey

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 2
    om mcueR ALGEBRA 4.18, Characteristic equation, “Let A be an mem me over 8 Geld Fh det (A ~ 2%) i aa to be the characters polynorsl of A and is denoted by Wis). The ‘ation (2) = 0 ie said to be the sharmotertic equation of Let A= (ay) Thon @ (2) = on an oom meas" F128 Fee where ey = (=1)" and ep = (-1)"-" fm, of the principal minors of A St onder # Tn particulary = (=1)"-"aus + dao gg) = (=1)"? trace A, aod eo = det “The degree of the characteristic equation a sme as tho order ofthe matrix A and the coelcinte are salace belonging to F. [Note thatthe determinant ofthe ubmatsx ofan ien matric obtained ‘yy deleting Hh f5th goth rows and ythgth, - m-th colina, a prencrpl minor af ordar of A] ‘Theorem 4.15.1, Cayley-Hamllton theorem. very square matrix antisite own characteris equation ‘The theorem states that iA be an nxn mutex and the charnteretie polyoma of A be aa” Fests tt ey then cod HELA egly = O ‘Proc Lat A be an mxm mattx, Thon det (A~ fq) = eye +e.2-1 “héy. A ~ fan i a matrse polynomial in 7 of dogre 1 and adj (A ~ {yz} e'a matne polynoulal in of degree m1, since each element of 58) (A "21,) (ie 4 cofctor of an element ofthe matric A Iya) lo polynomial in 2 of degree n 1 at sost. Let al (A — Ip) = Baa! + Bye? 4+ By (A= 22fg)- 0dj (A=2%y) =fet (A214) In 808 (AnTya) Bye 1 B22 t Bat) = C08 46,3" bead or, ACBaat 4 Bye? )— (Bie Bie bob Bat) = (eade}e” + (ily) ++ (els). Bquating coctcints of lke powers of, we have where esc By ‘yporon spaces 208 By = ols ABy—B. = ale ABL— By = cole ABya Bt = Soitne AB = eal ‘Prosmltiplying the celationa by AY, AY, AT? As fy teapectively and adding, we have pA" 1 e\A™o1-t oot Gy 1A 4 Gud = Os ‘This complctes the proof. ‘Cayley-Hasilton theoram gives n method of computing A~* when A se enom-singlac matrix ‘et the charsetaratle oquation of A be cya" bee" 4-04 =O ‘By Cayley Harlin theorem, A 4 e482 + hen Eale =O. Since oy = det A 7 0,65! exit x P. Multiplying by ~e,%, we have weateeat eat l ts HeqeaA)~ In =O on tN GOAN EF GAP EA oo Eyl) Am Fa From the defition and uniquenees of an inverse it follows that Ars egHeod™ tt eyd™ at begat) "Tis A! ig expressed os a polysemlal in A with solar cooficants Wecked Baamplen 1. Us Cpr Hamitonteorem ona A~4 whew a= (3 1) ora = 7247 =0, By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, AY-74+1h = 0 oF, AAT) = Ty oF, FACA~ 7h) = fy Bison a= —Hea—7h)=4( 3h) ‘The characteristic equation of A i | ig Ce Hanon tren fi whee A= ( ‘The charactoriatc equation of A i 2? ~ 22 +10. By Cayley Hamilton theorem, AP —2A-¢ [yO on, AXA = AT Therelow AP Aba at A AW A? AM OAD tag we te 4° = 04-0 (4) 4.14. Matric polynomials. a 2 Let us‘consider a 2x2 matrix A=( ™+2+1 2° +22 +c 472743 whose clements are Teal polynomials in z. A can be expressed as the polynomial in z ou 10\.. 1 2 10 (3 a)en(o f)e*(t Z)er(3 8) whose coefficients are-real matrices of order 2 x 2. Such a polynomial is said to be a matric matric polynomial is the degree of the consti degree appearing in the matrix A. In general, if A be annx 7 matrix whose elements are real (complex) polynomials in z, then A can be expressed as a matric polynomial whose coefficients are n x 7 real (complex) matrices. Two matric polynomials F(z) and Gfx) whose coefficients are matri- ces of the same order over the same field are said to be equal if they have the same degree and the coefficients of like powers of x be equal matrices. Let F(x) = Ap + Ayr +--- + A,27, G(z) = Bo + Big +--+ Byx™ be two matric polynomials whose coefficients are Square matrices of the same order over the same field. Then the sum F(x) + G(a) and the product F'(x)G(z) are defined by F(z) + G(x) (Ao + Bo) + (Ai + Bi) +--+ + (Am + Bm)2™ +Amiit™ tl +---+ Ane", ifm

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