Engineering Materials Sessional PDF

Engineering Materials Manual
Index
Experiment Experiment Name Page
No No.
01 Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in 02-14
Aggregate
02 Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete 15-37
Specimens
03 Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement 38-57
Mortars (Using2-in. or (50-mm) Cube
Specimens.
04 Method of Test For Resistance To Degradation 58-61
of Coarse Aggregate By Abrasion And Impact
In The LOS ANGELES Abrasion Machine
05 Design based Problem & Solution 62-69
06 Sieve Analysis of Fine And Coarse Aggregates 70-74

AASHTO T 27
07 Specific Gravity And Absorption Of Coarse 75-80
Aggregate fop for AASHTO T 85
08 Specific Gravity And Absorption Of Fine 81-94
Aggregate
Lecture Denoted by Engr. Mahfuzul Haque Page 1

Experiment No: 1
Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate
AASHTO Designation: T 19M/T 19-00 (2004)
ASTM Designation: C 29/C 29M-97 (2003)
1. SCOPE
1.1. This test method covers the determination of bulk density (―unit
weight‖) of aggregate in a compacted or loose condition, and
calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates
based on the same determination. This test method is applicable to
aggregates not exceeding 125 mm (5 in.) in nominal maximum size.
Note 1—Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe
the property determined by this test method, which is weight per unit
volume (more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).
1.2. The values stated in either inch–pound units or acceptable metric
units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for a
specification with which this test method is used. An exception is
with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the
metric values are the standard as stated in M 92. Within the text,
inch–pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be
used independently of the other, without combining values in any
way.
1.3. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and
equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1. AASHTO Standards:
M 92, Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes
M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials
T 2, Sampling of Aggregates
T 84, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
T 85, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
T 121, Mass per Cubic Meter (Cubic Foot), Yield, and Air Content
(Gravimetric) of Concrete
T 248, Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
2.2. ASTM Standards:
C 29/C 29M, Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate
C 125, Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C 670, Preparing Precision Statements for Construction Materials
D 123, Terminology Relating to Textile Materials
E 11, Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1. Definitions—definitions are in accordance with ASTM C 125
unless otherwise indicated.
3.1.1. Bulk density, n—of aggregate, the mass of a unit volume of
bulk aggregate material, in which the volume includes the volume of
the individual particles and the volume of the voids between the
particles. Expressed in kg/m3(lb/ft3).

3.1.1.1. Discussion—units of mass are the kilogram (kg), the pound

(lb), or units derived from these. Mass may also be visualized as
equivalent to inertia, or the resistance offered by a body to change of
motion (acceleration). Masses are compared by weighing the bodies,
which amounts to comparing the forces of gravitation acting on them.
ASTM D 123.
3.1.2. Unit weight, n—weight (mass) per unit volume. (Deprecated
term—used preferred term bulk density.)
3.1.2.1. Discussion—the term weight means the force of gravity
acting on the mass.
3.1.3. Weight, n—the force exerted on a body by gravity. (See also
mass.)
3.1.3.1. Discussion—weight is equal to the mass of the body
multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity.
Weight may be expressed in absolute units (newtons, poundals) or in
gravitational units (kgf, lbf),
For example: on the surface of the earth, a body with a mass of 1 kg
has a weight of 1 kgf (approximately 9.81 N), or a body with a mass
of 1 lb has a weight of 1 lbf (approximately 4.45 N or 32.2 poundals).
Since weight is equal to mass times the acceleration due to gravity,
the weight of a body will vary with the location where the weight is
determined, while the mass of the body remains constant. On the
surface of the earth, the force of gravity imparts to a body that is free
to fall an acceleration of approximately 9.81 m/s2(32.2 ft/s2). ASTM
D 123.
3.2. Descriptions of Terms:
3.2.1. Voids, n—in unit volume of aggregate, the space between
particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid mineral matter.

3.2.1.1. Discussion—voids within particles, either permeable or

impermeable, are not included in voids as determined by T 19M/T 19.
4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1. This test method is often used to determine bulk density values
that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions
for concrete mixtures.
4.2. The bulk density also may be used for determining mass/volume
relationships for conversions in purchase agreements. However, the
relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling
unit or stockpile and that achieved in this method is unknown.
Further, aggregates in hauling units and stockpiles usually contain
absorbed and surface moisture (the latter affecting bulking), while this
method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.
4.3. A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids
between the aggregate particles based on the bulk density determined
by this method.
5. APPARATUS
5.1. Balance—The balance shall have sufficient capacity, be readable
to 0.1 percent of the sample mass, or better, and conform to the
requirements of M 231.
5.2. Tamping Rod—A round, straight steel rod, 16 mm (5/8in.) in
diameter and approximately 600 mm (24 in.) in length, having one
end rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod.
5.3. Measure—A cylindrical metal measure, preferably provided with
handles. It shall be watertight, with the top and bottom true and even,
and sufficiently rigid to retain its form under rough usage. The
measure should have a height approximately equal to the diameter,
but in no case shall the height be less than 80 percent nor more than

150 percent of the diameter. The capacity of the measure shall

conform to the limits in Table 1 for the aggregate size to be tested.
The thickness of metal in the measure shall be as described in Table
2. The top rim shall be smooth and plane within 0.25 mm (0.01 in.)
and shall be parallel to the bottom within 0.5º (Note 2). The interior
wall of the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface.
Table 1—Capacity of Measures
Nominal Maximum Size of Capacity of Measurea
Aggregate
mm in. L (m3) ft3
12.5 ½ 2.8 (0.0028) 1/10
25.0 1 9.3 (0.0093) 1/3
37.5 1½ 14 (0.014) ½
75 3 28 (0.028) 1
112 4 1/2 70 (0.070) 2½
150 6 100 (0.100) 31/2
a
The indicated size of measure shall be used to test aggregates of a
nominal maximum size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual
volume of the measure shall be at least 95 percent of the nominal
volume listed.
Note 2—The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.25 mm (0.01 in.)
feeler gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm
(1/4in.) Or thicker plate glass laid over the measure. The top and
bottom are satisfactorily parallel if the slope between pieces of plate
glass in contact with the top and bottom does not exceed 0.87 percent
in any direction.

5.3.1. If the measure also is to be used for testing for bulk density of
freshly mixed concrete according to
T 121, the measure shall be made of steel or other suitable metal not
readily subject to attack by cement. Reactive materials, such as
aluminum alloys are permitted, where as a consequence of an initial
reaction, a surface film is formed which protects the metal against
further corrosion.
5.3.2. Measures larger than nominal 28-L (1-ft3) capacity shall be
made of steel for rigidity, or the minimum thicknesses of metal listed
in Table 2 should be suitably increased.
Table 2—Requirements for Measures
Capacity of Measure Bottom Upper 1 1/2in. or 38 mm of Walla Remainder of Wall
Less than 11 L 5.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm
11 to 42 L, incl 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mm
Over 42 to 80 L, incl 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mm
Over 80 to 133 L, incl 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mm
Less than 0.4 ft3 0.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.10 in.
0.4 ft3 to 1.5 ft3, incl 0.20 in. 0.20 in. 0.12 in.
Over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3, incl 0.40 in. 0.25 in. 0.15 in.
Over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3, incl 0.50 in. 0.30 in. 0.20 in.
a
The added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained
by placing a reinforcing band around the top of the measure.
5.4. Shovel or Scoop—A shovels or scoop of convenient size for
filling the measure with aggregate.
5.5. Calibration Equipment—A piece of plate glass, preferably at least
6 mm (1/4in.) thick and at least 25 mm (1 in.) larger than the diameter
of the measure to be calibrated. A supply of water pump or chassis
grease that can be placed on the rim of the container to prevent

leakage.
6. SAMPLING
6.1. Obtain the sample in accordance with T 2, and reduce to test
sample size in accordance with T 248.
7. SAMPLE
7.1. The size of sample shall be approximately 125 to200 percent of
the quantity required to fill the measure, and shall be handled in a
manner to avoid segregation. Dry the sample of aggregate to
essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at 110 ± 5ºC (230 ±
9ºF).
8. CALIBRATION OF MEASURE
8.1. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a
piece of plate glass in such a way as to eliminate bubbles and excess
water.
8.2. Determine the mass of water in the measure using the balance
described in Section 5.1.
8.3. Measure the temperature of water to determine its density from
Table 3, interpolating if necessary.
Table 3—Density of Water

Temperature
ο ο
C F kg/m3 lb/ft3
15.6 60 999.01 62.366
18.3 65 998.54 62.336
21.1 70 997.97 62.301
23.0 73.4 997.54 62.274

23.9 75 997.32 62.261

26.7 80 996.59 62.216
29.4 85 995.83 62.166
8.4. Calculate the volume, V, of the measure by dividing the mass of

water required to fill the measure by its density. Alternately, calculate
the factor for the measure (1/V) by dividing the density of the water
by the mass required to fill the measure.
Note 3—For the calculation of bulk density, the volume of the
measure in acceptable metric units should be expressed in cubic
meters, or the factor as 1/m3. However, for convenience the size of
the measure may be expressed in liters (equal to m3/1000).
8.5. Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year or whenever
there is reason to question the accuracy of the calibration.
9. SELECTION OF PROCEDURE
9.1. The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall be used only
when specifically stipulated.
Otherwise, the compact bulk density shall be determined by the
rodding procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size of
37.5 mm (1 1/2in.) or less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregates
having a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm (1 in.) and not
exceeding 125 mm (5 in.).
10. RODDING PROCEDURE
10.1. Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the
fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the tamping rod
evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the measure two-thirds full
and again level and rod as above. Finally, fill the measure to
overflowing and rod again in the manner previously mentioned. Level

the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such

a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse
aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below
the top of the measure.
10.2. In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike the
bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second and third
layers, use vigorous effort, but not more force than to cause the
tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer of aggregate.
Note 4—In rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate, it may not be
possible to penetrate the layer being consolidated, especially with
angular aggregates. The intent of the procedure will be accomplished
if vigorous effort is used.
10.3. Determine the mass of the measure plus contents, and the mass
of the measure alone and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg (0.1
lb).
11. JIGGING PROCEDURE
11.1. Fill the measure in three approximately equal layers as
described in Section 10.1 compacting each layer by placing the
measure on a firm base, such as a cement-concrete floor, raising the
opposite sides alternately about 50 mm (2 in.), and allowing the
measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a sharp, slapping
blow. The aggregate particles, by this procedure, will arrange
themselves in a densely compacted condition. Compact each layer by
dropping the measure 50 times in the manner described, 25 times on
each side. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a
straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger
pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids
in the surface below the top of the measure.

of the measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg (0.1
lb).
12. SHOVELING PROCEDURE
12.1. Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop,
discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed 50 mm (2 in.)
above the top of the measure. Exercise care to prevent, so far as
possible, segregation of the particle sizes of which the sample is
composed. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a
straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger
pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids
in the surface below the top of the measure.
of the measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg (0.1
lb).
13. CALCULATIONS
13.1. Bulk Density—Calculate the bulk density for the rodding,
jigging, or shoveling procedure as follows:
M= (1) or,
M= (G-T) ×F (2)
Where:
M = bulk density of aggregate, kg/m3 (lb/ft3);
G = mass of aggregate plus the measure, kg (lb.);
T = mass of the measure, kg (lb.);
V = volume of measure, m3 (ft3); and
F = factor for measure, m–3(ft–3).
13.1.1. The bulk density determined by this method is for aggregate in

an oven-dry condition. If the bulk density in terms of saturated-
surface-dry (SSD) condition is desired, use the exact procedure in this
method, and then calculate the SSD bulk density by the following
formula:
Where:
MSSD = Bulk density in SSD condition, kg/m3(lb/ft3); and
A = absorption, percent, determined in accordance with T 84 or T 85.
13.2. Void Content—Calculate the void content in the aggregate using
the bulk density determined by either the rodding, jigging, or
shoveling procedure, as follows:
Voids%=
Where:
M = Bulk density of aggregate, kg/m3(lb/ft3);
S = Bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined in accordance with
T 84 or T 85; and
W = Density of water, 998 kg/m3(62.3 lb/ft3).
14. REPORT
14.1. Report the results for bulk density to the nearest 10 kg/m3
(1 lb/ft3) as follows:
14.1.1. Bulk density by rodding,
14.1.2. Bulk density by jigging, or
14.1.3. Loose bulk density.

14.2. Report the results for void content to the nearest one percent as
follows:
14.2.1. Voids in aggregate compacted by rodding, percent,
14.2.2. Voids in aggregate compacted by jigging, percent, or
14.2.3. Voids in loose aggregate, percent.
15. PRECISION AND BIAS
15.1. The following estimates of precision for this method are based
on results from the AASHTO
Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) Proficiency Sample
Program, with testing conducted by this method and ASTM C 29.
There are no significant differences between the two methods. The
data are based on the analyses of more than 100 paired test results
from 40 to 100 laboratories.
15.2. Coarse Aggregate (bulk density):
15.2.1. Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator standard
deviation has been found to be 14 kg/m3(0.88 lb/ft3) (1S). Therefore,
results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on
similar material should not differ by more than 40 kg/m3(2.5 lb/ft3)
(D2S).
15.2.2. Multi-Laboratory Precision—The multi-laboratory standard
results of two properly conducted tests from two different laboratories
on similar material should not differ by more than 85 kg/m3(5.3
lb/ft3) (D2S).
15.2.3. These numbers represent, respectively, the (1S) and (D2S)
limits as described in ASTM C 670. The precision estimates were
obtained from the analysis of AMRL proficiency sample data for bulk
density by rodding of normal-weight aggregates having a nominal
maximum aggregate size of 25.0 mm (1 in.), and using a 14-L (1/2-

ft3) measure.
15.3. Fine Aggregate (bulk density):
15.3.1. Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator standard
results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on
similar material should not differ by more than 40 kg/m3(2.5 lb/ft3)
(D2S).
15.3.2. Multi-Laboratory Precision—The multi-laboratory standard
results of two properly conducted tests from two different laboratories
on similar material should not differ by more than 125 kg/m3(7.8
lb/ft3) (D2S).
15.3.3. These numbers represent, respectively, the (1S) and (D2S)
limits as described in ASTM C 670. The precision estimates were
obtained from the analysis of AMRL proficiency sample data for
loose bulk density from laboratories using a 2.8-L (1/10-ft3) measure.
15.4. No precision data on void content are available. However as the
void content in aggregate is calculated from bulk density and bulk
specific gravity, the precision of the voids content reflects the
precision of these measured parameters given in Sections 15.2 and
15.3 of this method and in T 84 and T 85.
15.5. Bias—The procedure in this test method for measuring bulk
density and void content has no bias because the values for bulk
density and void content can be defined only in terms of a test
method.

Experiment No: 2
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of compressive strength of
cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded cylinders and drilled
cores. It is limited to concrete having a unit weight in excess of 50
lb/ft3(800 kg/m3).
1.2 The values stated in English units are the standard.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and
problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever
uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
Warning: Means should be provided to contain concrete fragments
during sudden rupture of specimens. Tendency for sudden rupture
increases with increasing concrete strength (Note 1).
Note 1: The safety precautions given in the Manual of Aggregate and
Concrete Testing, located in the Related Materials section of Volume
04.02 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, are recommended.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes which provide
explanatory material.
These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 AASHTO Standards

R 39 – Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the

Laboratory
T 23 – Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
T 24 – Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of
Concrete
T 231 – Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
2.2 ASTM Standards
C 873 – Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders
Cast in Place in Cylindrical Molds
C 1231 – Practice for Use of Unbounded Caps in Determination of
Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete Cylinders
E 74 – Practice for Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for
Verifying the Load Indication of Testing Machines
1
This FOP is based on AASHTO T 22-11 and has been modified per
WSDOT standards. To view the redline modifications, contact the
WSDOT Quality Systems Manager at 360-709-5412.
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 This test method consists of applying a compressive axial load to
molded cylinders or cores at a rate which is within a prescribed range
until failure occurs. The compressive strength of the specimen is
calculated by dividing the maximum load attained during the test by
the cross-sectional area of the specimen.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Care must be exercised in the interpretation of the significance of
compressive strength determinations by this test method since
strength is not a fundamental or intrinsic property of concrete made
from given materials. Values obtained will depend on the size and
shape of the specimen, batching, mixing procedures, the methods of

sampling, molding, and fabrication and the age, temperature, and
moisture conditions during curing.
4.2 This test method is used to determine compressive strength of
cylindrical specimens prepared and cured in accordance with Methods
T 23, T 24, T 231, and ASTM C873.
4.3 The results of this test method are used as a basis for quality
control of concrete proportioning, mixing, and placing operations;
determination of compliance with specifications; control for
evaluating effectiveness of admixtures and similar uses.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machine – The testing machine shall be of a type having
sufficient capacity and capable of providing the rates of loading
prescribed in Section 7.5. As a minimum, the machine should be
capable of achieving 170 percent of the design strength.
5.1.1 Verify calibration of the testing machines in accordance with
Method T 67 except that the verified loading range shall be as
required in Section 5.3.2. Verification is required under the following
conditions:
5.1.1.1 At least annually, but not to exceed 13 months.
5.1.1.2 On original installation or immediately after relocation.
5.1.1.3 Immediately after making repairs or adjustments that affect
the operation of the force applying system or the values displayed on
the load indicating system, except for zero adjustments that
compensate for the mass (weight) of tooling, or specimen, or both.
5.1.1.4 Whenever there is reason to suspect the accuracy of the
indicated loads.

5.1.2. Design – The design of the machine must include the following
features:
5.1.2.1 The machine must be power operated and must apply the load
continuously rather than intermittently, and without shock. If it has
only one loading rate (meeting the requirements of Section 7.5), it
must be provided with a supplemental means for loading at a rate
suitable for verification. This supplemental means of loading may be
power or hand operated.
5.1.2.2 The space provided for test specimens shall be large enough to
accommodate, in a readable position, an elastic calibration device
which is of sufficient capacity to cover the potential loading range of
the testing machine and which complies with the requirements of
Practice E 74.
Note 2: The types of elastic calibration devices most generally
available and most commonly used for this purpose are the circular
proving ring or load cell.
5.1.3 Accuracy – The accuracy of the testing machine shall be in
accordance with the following provisions:
5.1.3.1 The percentage of error for the loads within the proposed
range of use of the testing machine shall not exceed ± 1.0 percentof
the indicated load.
5.1.3.2 The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified by
applying five test loads in four approximately equal increments in
ascending order. The difference between any two successive test
loads shall not exceed one third of the difference between the
maximum and minimum test loads.
5.1.3.3 The test load as indicated by the testing machine and the
applied load computed from the readings of the verification device

shall be recorded at each test point. Calculate the error, E, and the
percentage of error, Ep, for each point from these data as follows:
E=A–B
Ep = 100(A – B)/B
Where:
A = load, lbf (kN) indicated by the machine being verified; and
B = applied load, lbf (kN) as determined by the calibrating device.
5.1.3.4 The report on the verification of a testing machine shall state
within what loading range it was found to conform to specification
requirements rather than reporting a blanket acceptance or rejection.
In no case shall the loading range be stated as including loads below
the value which is 100 times the smallest change of load that can be
estimated on the load indicating mechanism of the testing machine or
loads within that portion of the range below 10 percent of the
maximum range capacity.
5.1.3.5 In no case shall the loading range be stated as including loads
outside the range of loads applied during the verification test.
5.1.3.6 The indicated load of a testing machine shall not be corrected
either by calculation or by the use of a calibration diagram to obtain
values within the required permissible variation.
5.2 The testing machine shall be equipped with two steel bearing
blocks with hardened faces (Note 3), one of which is a spherically
seated block that will bear on the upper surface of the specimen, and
the other a solid block on which the specimen shall rest. Bearing faces
of the blocks shall have a minimum dimension at least 3 percent
greater than the diameter of the specimen to be tested. Except for the
concentric circles described below, the bearing faces shall not depart
from a plane by more than 0.001 in (0.025 mm) in any 6 in (150 mm)

of blocks 6 in (150 mm) in diameter or larger, or by more than 0.001

in (0.025 mm) in the diameter of any smaller block; and new blocks
shall be manufactured within one half of this tolerance. When the
diameter of the bearing face of the spherically seated block exceeds
the diameter of the specimen by more than 0.5 in (13 mm), concentric
circles not more than 0.031 in (0.8 mm) deep and not more than 0.047
in (1 mm) wide shall be inscribed to facilitate proper centering.
Note 3: It is desirable that the bearing faces of blocks used for
compression testing of concrete have a Rockwell hardness of not less
than 55 HRC.
5.2.1 Bottom bearing blocks shall conform to the following
requirements:
5.2.1.1 The bottom bearing block is specified for the purpose of
providing a readily machinable surface for maintenance of the
specified surface conditions (Note 4). The top and bottom surfaces
shall be parallel to each other. Its least horizontal dimension shall be
at least 3 percent greater than the diameter of the specimen to be
tested. Concentric circles as described in Section 5.2are optional on
the bottom block.
Note 4: The block may be fastened to the platen of the testing
machine.
5.2.1.2 Final centering must be made with reference to the upper
spherical block when the lower bearing block is used to assist in
centering the specimen. The center of the concentric rings, when
provided, or the center of the block itself must be directly below the
center of the spherical head. Provision shall be made on the platen of
the machine to assure such a position.
5.2.1.3 The bottom bearing block shall be at least 1 in (25 mm) thick
when new, and at least 0.9 in (22.5 mm) thick after any resurfacing

operations, except when the block is in full and intimate contact with
the lower platen of the testing machine, the thickness may be reduced
to 0.38 in (10 mm).
Note 5: If the testing machine is so designed that the platen itself can
be readily maintained in the specified surface condition, a bottom
block is not required.
5.2.2 The spherically seated bearing block shall conform to the
following requirements:
5.2.2.1 The maximum diameter of the bearing face of the suspended
spherically seated block shall not exceed the values given below:
Diameter of Test Specimens in Maximum Diameter of Bearing

(mm) Face in (mm)
2 (50) 4(105)
3(75) 5(130)
4(100) 6.5(165)
6(150) 10(255)
8(200) 11(280)
Note 6: Square bearing faces are permissible, provided the diameter

of the largest possible inscribed circle does not exceed the above
diameter.
5.2.2.2 The center of the sphere shall coincide with the surface of the
bearing face within a tolerance of ± 5 percent of the radius of the
sphere. The diameter of the sphere shall be at least 75 percent of the
diameter of the specimen to be tested.

5.2.2.3 The ball and the socket shall be designed so that the steel in
the contact area does not permanently deform when loaded to the
capacity of the test machine. (Note 7).
Note 7: The preferred contact area is in the form of a ring (described
as preferred ―bearing‖ area) as shown on Figure 1.
5.2.2.4 The curved surfaces of the socket and of the spherical portion
shall be kept clean and shall be lubricated with a petroleum-type oil
such as conventional motor oil, not with a pressure type grease. After
contacting the specimen and application of small initial load, further
tilting of the spherically seated block is not intended and is
undesirable.
5.2.2.5 If the radius of the sphere is smaller than the radius of the
largest specimen to be tested, the portion of the bearing face
extending beyond the sphere shall have a thickness not less than the
difference between the radius of the sphere and radius of the
specimen. The least dimension of the bearing face shall be at least as
great as the diameter of the sphere (see Figure 1).
5.2.2.6 The movable portion of the bearing block shall be held closely
in the spherical seat, but the design shall be such that the bearing face
can be rotated freely and tilted at least 4 degreesin any direction.
5.2.2.7 If the ball portion of the upper bearing block is a two-piece
design composed of a spherical portion and a bearing plate, a
mechanical means shall be provided to ensure that the spherical
portion is fixed and centered on the bearing plate.

Schematic Sketch of a Typical Spherical Bearing Block

Figure 1
5.3 Load Indication
5.3.1 If the load of a compression machine used in concrete testing is
registered on a dial, the dial shall be provided with a graduated scale
that is readable to at least the nearest 0.1 percent of the full scale load
(Note 8). The dial shall be readable within 1 percent of the indicated
load at any given load level within the loading range. In no case shall
the loading range of a dial be considered to include loads below the
value that is 100 times the smallest change of load that can be read on
the scale. The scale shall be provided with a graduation line equal to
zero and so numbered. The dial pointer shall be of sufficient length to
reach the graduation marks; the width of the end of the pointer shall
not exceed the clear distance between the smallest graduations. Each
dial shall be equipped with a zero adjustment which is easily
accessible from the outside of the dial case, while observing the zero

mark and dial pointer, and with a suitable device that at all times until
reset will indicate to within one percent accuracy the maximum load
applied to the specimen.
Note 8: As close as can reasonably be read is considered to be 0.02 in
(0.5 mm) along the arc described by the end of the pointer. Also, one
half of a scale interval is close as can reasonably be read when the
spacing on the load indicating mechanism is between 0.04 in (1 mm)
and 0.06 in (2 mm). When the spacing is between 0.06 and 0.12 in (2
and 3 mm), one third of a scale interval can be read with reasonable
certainty. When the spacing is 0.12 in (3 mm) or more, one fourthof a
scale interval can be read with reasonable certainty.
5.3.2 If the testing machine load is indicated in digital form, the
numerical display must be large enough to be easily read. The
numerical increment must be equal to or less than 0.10 percent of the
full scale load of a given loading range. In no case shall the verified
loading range include loads less than the minimum numerical
increment multiplied by 100. The accuracy of the indicated load must
be within 1.0 percent for any value displayed within the verified
loading range. Provision must be made for adjusting to indicate true
zero at zero load. There shall be provided a maximum load indicator
that at all times until reset will indicate within 1.0 percent system
accuracy the maximum load applied to the specimen.
5.4 Provide a means for containing fragments in the event of
explosive rupture of the cylinders during testing.
6. Specimens
6.1 Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter of a
cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same cylinder by more
than 2 percent (Note 9).

Note 9: This may occur when single use molds are damaged or
deformed during shipment, when flexible single use molds are
deformed during molding, or when a core drill deflects or shifts
during drilling.
6.2 Neither end of compressive test specimens when tested shall
depart from perpendicularity to the axis by more than 0.5 degrees
(approximately equivalent to 0.12 in in 12 in (3 mm in 300 mm). The
ends of compression test specimens that are not plane within 0.002 in
(0.050 mm) shall be sawed, ground, or capped in accordance with T
231 to meet that tolerance or if the ends meet the requirements of A6,
then neoprene caps with steel controllers may be used instead of
capping. The diameter used for calculating the cross-sectional area of
the test specimen shall be determined to the nearest 0.01 in (0.25 mm)
by averaging two diameters measured at right angles to each other at
about mid-height of the specimen.
6.3 The height of the cylinder shall be determined to 0.01 in. The
mass of the cylinder shall be determined to the nearest 0.1 lb or better.
7. Procedure
7.1 Compression tests of moist-cured specimens shall be made as
soon as practicable after removal from moist storage.
7.2 Test specimens shall be kept moist by any convenient method
during the period between removals from moist storage and testing.
They shall be tested in the moist condition.
7.3 All test specimens for a given test age shall be broken within the
permissible time tolerances prescribed as follows:

Test Age Permissible Tolerance

12 h ± 0.25 h or 2.1%
24 h ± 0.5 h or 2.1%
3 days + 2 h or 2.8%
7 days + 6 h or 3.6%
28 days + 20 h or 3.0%
56 days + 40 h or 3.0%
90 days + 2 days 2.2%
Note: The 28-day compressive break may be extended by up to 48

hours if the scheduled 28-day break falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or
Holiday. The Regional Materials Engineer must authorize the time
extension in writing.
7.4 Placing the Specimen Place the plain (lower) bearing block, with
its hardened face up, on the table or platen of the testing machine
directly under the spherically seated (upper) bearing block. Wipe
clean the bearing faces of the upper and lower bearing blocks and of
the test specimen and place the test specimen on the lower bearing
block.
7.4.1 Zero Verification and Block Seating – Prior to testing the
specimen, verify that the load indicator is set to zero. In cases where
the indicator is not properly set to zero, adjust the indicator (Note 10).
Prior to the spherically-seated block is being brought to bear on the
specimen, rotate its movable portion gently by hand so that uniform
seating is obtained.
Note 10: The technique used to verify and adjust load indicator to
zero will vary depending on the machine manufacturer. Consult your
owner’s manual or compression machine calibrator for the proper
technique.
7.5 Rate of Loading – Apply the load continuously and without shock.

7.5.1 The load shall be applied at a rate of movement (platen to

crosshead measurement) corresponding to a stress rate on the
specimen of 35 ± 7 psi/s(0.25 ± 0.05 MPa/s) (Note 11). The
designated rate of movement shall be maintained at least during the
latter half of the anticipated loading phase.
Note 11: For a screw driven or displacement-controlled testing
machine, preliminary testing will be necessary to establish the
required rate of movement to achieve the specified stress rate. The
required rate of movement will depend on the size of the test
specimen, the elastic modulus of the concrete, and the stiffness of the
testing machine.
7.5.2 During application of the first half of the anticipated loading
phase, a higher rate of loading shall be permitted. The higher loading
rate shall be applied in a controlled manner so that the specimen is not
subjected to shock loading.
7.5.3 Make no adjustment in the rate of movement (platen to
crosshead) as the ultimate load is being approached and the stress rate
decreases due to cracking in the specimen.
7.6 Apply the compressive load until the load indicator shows that the
load is decreasing steadily and the specimen displays a well-defined
fracture pattern (Figure 2). For a testing machine equipped with a
specimen break detector, automatic shut-off of the testing machine is
prohibited until the load has dropped to a value that is less than 95
percent of the peak load. When testing with unbounded caps, a corner
fracture may occur before the ultimate capacity of the specimen has
been attained. Continue compressing the specimen until the user is
certain that the ultimate capacity has been attained. Record the
maximum load carried by the specimen during the test and notes the
type of fracture pattern according to Figure 2. If the fracture pattern is
not one of the typical patterns shown in Figure 2, sketch and describe

briefly the fracture pattern. If the measured strength is lower than

expected, examine the fractured concrete and note the presence of
large air voids, evidence of segregation, whether fractures pass
predominantly around or through the coarse aggregate particles, and
verify end preparations were in accordance with Practice T 231 or
Practice C1231.
Note WSDOT 1: The test loading should be stopped when 80% of the
loading capacity of the testing machine has been reached. Record the
maximum load achieved and note that the sample was not taken to
failure as it exceeded the safe working limits of the testing machine.
8. Calculation
8.1 Calculate the compressive strength of the specimen by dividing
the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test by the
average cross-sectional area determined as described in Section 6and
express the result to the nearest 10 psi (0.1 MPa).
8.2 If the specimen length to diameter ratio is 1.75 or less, correct the
result obtained in Section 8.1by multiplying by the appropriate
correction factor shown in the following table (Note 11):
L/D: 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00
Factor: 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.87
(Note 11)
Use interpolation to determine correction factors for L/D values
between those given in the table.
Note 11: Correction factors depend on various conditions such as
moisture condition, strength level, and elastic modulus. Average
values are given in the table. These correction factors apply to
lightweight concrete weighing between 100 and 120 lb/ft3(1,600 and
1,920 kg/m3) and to normal weight concrete. They are applicable to
concrete dry or soaked at the time of loading and for nominal concrete

strengths from 2,000 to 6,000 psi(15 to 45 MPa). For strengths higher

than 6,000 psi(45MPa), correction factors may be larger than the
values listed above x.
8.3 Calculate the average compressive strength of the set of
specimens to the nearest 10 psi or 0.1MPa.
Average Compressive Strength =
Where:
CS1= Compressive Strength of Specimen 1
CS2= Compressive Strength of Specimen 2
Calculate the density of the specimen to the nearest 1 lb/ft3 (10
kg/m3) as follows:
Density =
Where:
W = mass of specimen, lb (kg)
V = volume of specimen computed from the average diameter and
average length or from weighing the cylinder in air and submerged,
ft3(m3)
9. Report
9.1 Report the following information:
9.1.1 Identification number.
9.1.2 Diameter (and length, if outside the range of 1.8D to 2.2D), in
inches or millimeters.
9.1.3 Cross-sectional area, in square inches or centimeters.
9.1.4 Maximum load, in pounds-force or Newton.
9.1.5 Compressive strength calculated to the nearest 10 psi or

0.1MPa.
9.1.6 Average compressive strength for the set of specimens
calculated to the nearest 10 psi or 0.1 MPa.
9.1.7 Type of fracture, if other than the usual cone (see Figure 2).
Sketches of Types of Fracture

Figure 2
9.1.8 Defects in either specimen or caps.

9.1.9 Age of specimen.
9.1.10 Report the density to the nearest 10 kg/m3(1 lb/ft3).
10. Precision and Bias
See AASHTO T 22 for precision and bias.
WSDOT has added Appendix A and it is an excerpt of ASTM C1231-
00 sections 1 through 7.
Appendix A
A1. Scope
A1.1 This practice covers requirements for a capping system using
unbounded caps for testing concrete cylinders molded in accordance
with Practice C 31/C 31M or C 192/C 192M. Unbounded neoprene

caps of a defined hardness are permitted to be used for testing for a

specified maximum number of reuses without qualification testing up
to a certain concrete compressive strength level. Above that strength,
level neoprene caps will require qualification testing. Qualification
testing is required for all elastomeric materials other than neoprene
regardless of the concrete strength.
A1.2 Unbounded caps is not to be used for acceptance testing of
concrete with compressive strength below 1500 psi (10 MPa) or
above 12,000 psi (85 MPa).
A1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall be
regarded as standard. SI units are shown in brackets. That values
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents.
Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other,
without combining the values in any way.
A1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 4.
A2. Referenced Documents
A2.1 ASTM Standards
C 31/C 31M – Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Field2
C 39 – Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens2
C 192/C 192M – Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory2
C 617 – Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens2
D 2000 – Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive

Applications3
D 2240 – Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness4
A3. Terminology
A3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
A3.1.1 pad, n – An unbounded elastomeric pad.
A3.1.2 unbounded cap, n – A metal retainer and an elastomeric pad.
A4. Significance and Use
A4.1 This practice provides for using an unbounded capping system
in testing hardened concrete cylinders made in accordance with
Practices C 31/C 31M or C 192/C 192M in lieu of the capping
systems described in Practice C 617.
A4.2 The elastomeric pads deform in initial loading to conform to the
contour of the ends of the cylinder and are restrained from excessive
lateral spreading by plates and metal rings to provide a uniform
distribution of load from the bearing blocks of the testing machine to
the ends of the concrete or mortar cylinders.
A5. Materials and Apparatus
A5.1 Materials and equipment necessary to produce ends of the
reference cylinders that conform to planeness requirements of Test
Method C 39 and the requirements of Practice
C 617. This may include grinding equipment or capping materials and
equipment to produce neat cement paste, high strength gypsum
plaster, or sulfur mortar caps.
A5.2 Elastomeric Pads

A5.2.1 Pads shall be ½ ± 1⁄16 in (13 ± 2 mm) thick and the diameter
shall not be more than 1⁄16 in (2 mm) smaller than the inside diameter
of the retaining ring.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregate sand is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee C09.61 on Testing Concrete for Strength. Current
edition approved January 2000. Published April 2000. Originally
published as C 1231-93. Last previous edition C 1231-99.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.02.
3
4
A5.2.2 Pads shall be made from polychloroprene (neoprene) meeting
the requirements of Classification D 2000 as follows:
Shore A Durometer Classification D 2000 Line Call-
Out
50 M2BC514
60 M2BC614
70 M2BC714
The tolerance on Shore durometer hardness is ± 5. Table 1provides

requirements for use of caps made from material meeting the
requirements of Classification D 2000, above.
A5.2.3 Other elastomeric materials that meet the performance
requirements of qualification tests in Section 8are permitted.
A5.2.4 Elastomeric pads shall be supplied with the following
information:
A5.2.4.1 The manufacturer’s or supplier’s name.
A5.2.4.2 The Shore A hardness.
A5.2.4.3 The applicable range of concrete compressive strength from

Table 1or from qualification testing.
A5.2.5 The user shall maintain a record indicating the date the pads
are placed in service, the pad durometer, and the number of uses to
which they have been subjected.
A5.3 Retainers shall be made of metal that will prove durable in
repeated use (Note 1). The cavity in the metal retainers shall have a
depth at least twice the thickness of the pad. The inside diameter of
the retaining rings shall not be less than 102 percent or greater than
107 percent of the diameter of the cylinder. The surfaces of the metal
retainer which contact the bearing blocks of the testing machine shall
be plane to within 0.002 in (0.05 mm).
The bearing surfaces of the retainers shall not have gouges, grooves,
or indentations greater than 0.010 in (0.25 mm) deep or greater than
0.05 in2(32 mm2)in surface area.
Note 1: Retainers made from steel and some aluminum alloys have
been found acceptable. Steel retaining rings that have been used
successfully with ½ in (13 mm) neoprene pads are shown in Figure 1.
Retainer design and metals used are subject to the performance and
acceptance requirements of Section 8.
A6. Test Specimens
A6.1 The specimens shall be either 6 by 12 in (150 by 300 mm) or 4
by 8 in (100 by 200 mm) cylinders made in accordance with Practices
C 31/C 31M or C 192/C 192M.
Neither end of a cylinder shall depart from perpendicularity to the
axis by more than 0.5° (approximately equivalent to ⅛ in in 12 in (3
mm in 300 mm). No individual diameter of a cylinder may differ from
any other diameter by more than 2 percent.

Note 2: One method of measuring the perpendicularly of ends of

cylinders is to place a try square across any diameter and measure the
departure of the longer blade from an element of the cylindrical
surface. An alternative method is to place the end of the cylinder on a
plane surface and support the try square on that surface.
A6.2 Depressions under a straight edge measured with a round wire
gage across any diameter shall not exceed 0.20 in (5 mm). If cylinder
ends do not meet this tolerance, the cylinder shall not be tested unless
irregularities are corrected by sawing or grinding.
Cylinder Shore A Qualification Maximum
Compressive Durometer Tests Required ReusesA
Strength, psi Hardness
(MPa)
1500 to 6000(10 50 None 100
to 40)
2500 to 7000(17 60 None 100
to 50)
4000 to 7000(28 70 None 100
to 50)
7000 to 70 Required 50
12000(50 to 80)
Greater than Not Permitted
12000 (80)
A
Maximum number of reuses. Will be less if pads wear, crack or split
(Note 6).
Requirements for Use of Polychloroprene (Neoprene) Pads
Table 1

A7 Procedure
A7.1 Unbounded caps are permitted to be used on one or both ends of
a cylinder in lieu of a cap or caps meeting Practice C 617, provided
they meet the requirements of Section 5.
A7.2 Examine the pads for excessive wear or damage (Note 6).
Replace pads which have cracks or splits exceeding ⅜ in (10 mm) in
length regardless of depth. Insert the pads in the retainers before they
are placed on the cylinder (Note 3).
Note 3: Some manufacturers recommend dusting the pads and the
ends of the cylinders with corn starch or talcum powder prior to
testing.
Note 4: Caution: Concrete cylinders tested with unbounded caps
rupture more violently than comparable cylinders tested with bonded
caps. As a safety precaution, the cylinder testing machine must be
equipped with a protective cage. In addition, some users have

reported damage to testing machines from the sudden release of

energy stored in the elastomeric pads.
A7.3 Center the unbounded cap or caps on the cylinder and place the
cylinder on the lower bearing block of the testing machine. Carefully
align the axis of the cylinder with the center of thrust of the testing
machine by centering the upper retaining ring on the spherically
seated bearing block. As the spherically seated block is brought to
bear on the upper retaining ring, rotate its movable portion gently by
hand so that uniform seating is obtained. After application of load, but
before reaching 10 percent of the anticipated specimen strength,
check to see that the axis of the cylinder is vertical within a tolerance
of ⅛ in in 12 in (3.2 mm in 300 mm) and that the ends of the cylinder
are centered within the retaining rings. If the cylinder alignment does
not meet these requirements, release the load, check compliance with
Section 6.1, and carefully reenters the specimen. Reapply load and
recheck specimen centering and alignment. A pause in load
application to check cylinder alignment is permissible.
A7.4 Complete the load application, testing, calculation, and reporting
of results in accordance with Test Method C 39.
Note 5: Because of the violent release of energy stored in pads, the
broken cylinder rarely exhibits conical fracture typical of capped
cylinders and the sketches of types of fracture in Test Method C 39
are not descriptive. Occasionally, unbounded capped cylinders may
develop early cracking, but continue to carry increasing load. For this
reason, cylinders must be tested to complete failure.

Experiment No: 3
Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using2-
in. or (50-mm) Cube Specimens.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the compressive strength
of hydraulic cement mortars, using 2-in. or (50-mm) cube specimens.
Note 1: Test Method C 349 provides an alternative procedure for this
determination (not to be used for acceptance tests).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 Values in SI units shall be obtained by measurement in SI units or
by appropriate conversion, using the Rules for Conversion and
Rounding given in Standard IEEE/ASTM SI 10, of measurements
made in other units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1 AASHTO Standards:
M 85 Portland Cement
M 152 Mixing Rooms, Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic
Cement
M 201 Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used
in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes

M 240 Blended Hydraulic Cements

M 295 Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use
in Concrete
M 302 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete
and Mortars
R11 Recommended Practice for Indicating Which Places of Figures
Are to be Considered Significant in Specified Limiting Values
T 105 Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
T 162 Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of
Plastic Consistency.
2.2 ASTM Standards:
C 91 Masonry Cement
C 349 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement
Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure)
C 670 Practices for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test
Methods for Construction Materials
C 778 Specifications for Standard Sand 2
C 1005 Specification for Weights and Weighing Devices for Use in
Physical Testing of Hydraulic Cements
C 1157 Hydraulic Cement
C 1328 Plastic (Stucco) Cement
C 1329 Mortar Cement
IEEE/ASTM SI 10
Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The
Modern
Metric System
3. SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD
3.1 The mortar used consists of one part cement and 2.75 parts of
sand proportioned by mass. Portland or air-entraining portland
cements are mixed at specified water/cement ratios. Water content for
other cements is sufficient to obtain a flow of 110 ± 5 in 25 drops of
the flow table. Two-inch or (50-mm) test cubes are compacted by
tamping in two layers. The cubes are cured 24 hours in the molds and
stripped and immersed in lime water until tested.
4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of determining the
compressive strength of hydraulic cement and other mortars and
results may be used to determine compliance with specifications.
Further, this test method is referenced by numerous other
specifications and test methods. Caution must be exercised in using
the results of this test method to predict the strength of concretes.
5. APPARATUS
5.1 Standard Masses and Balances, shall conform to the requirements
of ASTM C 1005. The balance device shall be evaluated for precision
and bias at a total load of 2000g.
5.2 Glass Graduates, of suitable capacities (preferably large enough to
measure the mixing water in a single operation) to deliver the
indicated volume at 20°C. The permissible variation shall be ±2 mL.
These graduates shall be subdivided to at least 5 mL, except that the
graduation lines may be omitted for the lowest 10 mL for a 250-mL
graduate and for the lowest 25 Ml of a 500-mL graduate. The main
graduation lines shall be circles and shall be numbered. The least
graduations shall extend at least one seventh of the way around, and

intermediate graduations shall extend at least one fifth of the way

around.
5.3 Specimen Molds, for the 2-in. or (50-mm) cube specimens shall
be tight fitting. The molds shall have not more than three cube
compartments and shall be separable into not more than two parts.
The parts of the molds when assembled shall be positively held
together. The molds shall be made of hard metal not attacked by the
cement mortar. For new molds the Rockwell hardness number of the
metal shall be not less than 55 HRB. The sides of the molds shall be
sufficiently rigid to prevent spreading or warping. The interior faces
of the molds shall be plane surfaces and shall conform to the
tolerances of Table 1.

2 in. Cube Molds 50-mm Cube Molds
Parameter New In Use New In Use

Planeness of <0.001 in. <0.002 in. <0.025 mm <0.05 mm
Sides
Distance 2 in. ± 2 in. ± 0.02 50 mm ± 50 mm ±

Between 0.005 in. in. 0.13 mm 0.50 mm
Opposite
Sides
Height of 2 in. ± 2 in. ± 0.01 50 mm ± 50 mm ±

Each 0.001 in. in. 0.25 mm 0.25 mm
Compartment to -0.005 in to -0.015 in. to -0.013 to -0.38 mm
mm
Angle 90 ± 0.5° 90 ± 0.5° 90 ± 0.5° 90 ± 0.5°

Between
Adjacent
FacesA
Notes:
A Measured at points slightly removed from the intersection.
Measured separately for each compartment between all the interior
faces and the adjacent face and between interior faces and top and
bottom planes of the mold.
Permissible Variations of Specimen Molds

Table 1
5.4 Mixer, Bowl and Paddle, an electrically driven mechanical mixer
of the type equipped with paddle and mixing bowl, as specified in T
162.

5.5 Flow Table and Flow Mold, conforming to the requirements of M

152.
5.6 Tamper, a non-absorptive, nonabrasive, non-brittle material such
as a rubber compound having a Shore A durometer hardness of 80 ±
10 or seasoned oak wood rendered non-absorptive by immersion for
15 min in paraffin at approximately 392°F or (200°C), shall have a
cross section of about½ by 1 in. or (13 by 25 mm) and a convenient
length of about 5 to 6 in. or (120 to 150 mm). The tamping face shall
be flat and at right angles to the length of the tamper.
5.7 Trowel, having a steel blade 4 to 6 in. (100 to 150 mm) in length,
with straight edges.
5.8 Moist Cabinet or Room, conforming to the requirements of
Specification M 201.
5.9 Testing Machine, either the hydraulic or the screw type, with
sufficient opening between the upper bearing surface and the lower
bearing surface of the machine to permit the use of verifying
apparatus. The load applied to the test specimen shall be indicated
with an accuracy of ± 1.0%. If the load applied by the compression
machine is registered on a dial, the dial shall be provided with a
graduated scale that can be read to at least the nearest 0.1% of the full
scale load (Note 2). The dial shall be readable within 1% of the
indicated load at any given load level within the loading range. In no
case shall the loading range of a dial be considered to include loads
below the value that is 100 times the smallest change of load that can
be read on the scale. The scale shall be provided with a graduation
line equal to zero and so numbered. The dial pointer shall be of
sufficient length to reach the graduation marks; the width of the end
of the pointer shall not exceed the clear distance between the smallest
graduations. Each dial shall be equipped with a zero adjustment that is
easily accessible from the outside of the dial case, and with a suitable

device that at all times until reset, will indicate to within 1 percent
5.9.1 If the testing machine load is indicated in digital form, the
numerical display must be large enough to be easily read. The
numerical increment must be equal to or less than 0.10 percent of the
full scale load of a given loading range. In no case shall the verified
loading range include loads less than the minimum numerical
increment multiplied by 100. The accuracy of the indicated load must
be within 1.0 percent for any value displayed within the verified
loading range. Provision must be made for adjusting to indicate true
zero at zero load. There shall be provided a maximum load indicator
that at all times until reset will indicate within 1 percent system
Note 2: As close as can be read is considered 1/50in. or (0.5 mm)
along the arc described by the end of the pointer. Also, one half of the
scale interval is about as close as can reasonably be read when the
spacing on the load indicating mechanism is between 1/25in. or (1
mm) and1/16in.or (1.6 mm). When the spacing is between 1/16in. or
(1.6 mm) and ⅛ in. or (3.2 mm), one third of the scale interval can be
read with reasonable certainty. When the spacing is ⅛ in. or (3.2 mm)
or more, one fourth of the scale interval can be read with reasonable
certainty.
5.9.2 The upper bearing shall be a spherically seated, hardened metal
block firmly attached at the center of the upper head of the machine.
The center of the sphere shall lie at the center of the surface of the
block in contact with the specimen. The block shall be closely held in
its spherical seat, but shall be free to tilt in any direction. A hardened
metal bearing block shall be used beneath the specimen to minimize
wear of the lower platen of the machine. To facilitate accurate
centering of the test specimen in the compression machine, one of the
two surfaces of the bearing blocks shall have a diameter or diagonal
of between 70.7 mm [2.83 in.] (See Note 3) and 73.7 mm [2.9 in.].
When the upper block surface meets this requirement, the lower
bearing surface shall be greater than 70.7 [2.83 in.]. When the lower
block bearing surface meets this requirement, the diameter or
diagonal of upper block bearing surface shall be between 70.7 and
79.4 [2.83 and 3⅛ in]. When the lower block is the only block with a
diameter or diagonal between 70.7 and 73.7 mm [2.83 in and 2.9 in.],
the lower block shall be used to center the test specimen. In that case,
the lower block shall be centered with respect to the upper bearing
block and held in position by suitable means. The bearing block
surfaces intended for contact with the specimen shall have a Rockwell
hardness number not less than 60 HRC. These surfaces shall not
depart from plane surfaces by more than 0.013 mm [0.0005 in.] when
the blocks are new and shall be maintained within a permissible
variation of 0.025 mm [0.001 in.].
Note 3: The diagonal of 2-in. or (50-mm) cube is 2.83 in. (70.7 mm).
6. MATERIALS
6.1 Graded Standard Sand:
6.1.1 The sand (Note 4) used for making test specimens shall be
natural silica sand conforming to the requirements for graded standard
sand in ASTM C 778.
Note 4: Segregation of Graded Sand — The graded standard sand
should be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, since
variations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the
consistency of the mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be
exercised to prevent the formation of mounds of sand or craters in the
sand, down the slopes of which the coarser particles will roll. Bins
should be of sufficient size to permit these precautions. Devices for
drawing the sand from bins by gravity should not be used.

7. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

7.1 Temperature— The temperature of the air in the vicinity of the
mixing slab, the dry materials, molds, base plates, and mixing bowl,
shall be maintained between 68 and 81.5°F or (20 and 27.5°C). The
temperature of the mixing water, moist closet or moist room, and
water in the storage tank shall be set at 73.5°F or (23°C) and shall not
vary from this temperature by more than ± 3°F or ( ± 1.7°C).
7.2 Humidity— The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not
less than 50 percent. The moist closet or moist room shall conform to
the requirements of M 201.
8. TEST SPECIMENS
8.1 Make two or three specimens from a batch of mortar for each
period of test or test age.
9. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN MOLDS
9.1 Apply a thin coating of release agent to the interior faces of the
mold and no absorptive base plates. Apply oils and greases using an
impregnated cloth or other suitable means. Wipe the mold faces and
the base plate with a cloth as necessary to remove any excess release
agent and to achieve a thin, even coating on the interior surfaces.
When using an aerosol lubricant, spray the release agent directly onto
the mold faces and base plate from a distance of 6 to 8 in. or (150 to
200 mm) to achieve complete coverage. After spraying, wipe the
surface with a cloth as necessary to remove any excess aerosol
lubricant. The residue coating should be just sufficient to allow a
distinct fingerprint to remain following light finger pressure (Note 5).
9.2 Seal the surfaces where the halves of the mold join by applying a
coating of light cup grease such as petrolatum. The amount should be
sufficient to extrude slightly when the two halves are tightened
together. Remove any excess grease with a cloth.

9.3 After placing the mold on its base plate (and attaching, if clamp-
type) carefully remove with a dry cloth any excess oil or grease from
the surface of the mold and the base plate to which watertight sealant
is to be applied. As a sealant, use paraffin, microcrystalline wax, or a
mixture of three parts paraffin to five parts rosin by mass. Liquefy the
sealant by heating between 230 and 248°F or (110 and 120°C). Effect
a watertight seal by applying the liquefied sealant at the outside
contact lines between the mold and its base plate.
Note 5: Because aerosol lubricants evaporate, molds should be
checked for a sufficient coating of lubricant immediately prior to use.
If an extended period of time has elapsed since treatment, retreatment
may be necessary.
Note 6: Watertight Molds —The mixture of paraffin and rosin
specified for sealing the joints between molds and base plates may be
found difficult to remove when molds are being cleaned. Use of
straight paraffin is permissible if a watertight joint is secured, but due
to the low strength of paraffin it should be used only when the mold is
not held to the base plate by the paraffin alone. A watertight joint may
be secured with paraffin alone by slightly warming the mold and base
plate before brushing the joint. Molds so treated should be allowed to
return to the specified temperature before use.
10. PROCEDURE
Note: For Field fabrication of grout cubes, follow WSDOT Test
Method 813.
10.1 Composition of Mortars
10.1.1 The proportions of materials for the standard mortar shall be
one part of cement to 2.75 parts of graded standard sand by mass. Use
a water-cement ratio of 0.485 for all Portland cements and 0.460 for
all air-entraining Portland cements. The amount of mixing water for

other than Portland and air-entraining Portland cements shall be such

as to produce a flow of 110 ± 5 as determined in accordance with
Section 10.3 and shall be expressed as mass percent of cement.
10.1.2 The quantities of materials to be mixed at one time in the batch
of mortar for making six and nine test specimens shall be as follows
in Table 2:
No. of Specimens
6 9
Cement, g 500 740
Sand, g 1375 2035
Water, mL: 242 359
Portland (0.485)
Air-entraining 230 340
portland (0.460)
Other (to flow of 110 -- --
± 5)
Mixing Proportions for 2-in. Cubes

Table 2
10.2 Preparation of Mortar:
10.2.1 Mechanically mix in accordance with the procedure given in T
162.
10.3 Determination of Flow:
10.3.1 Carefully wipe the flow-table top clean and dry, and place the
flow mold at the center. Place a layer of mortar about 1 in. or (25 mm)
in thickness in the mold and tamp 20 times with the tamper. The
tamping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure uniform filling of

the mold. Then fill the mold with mortar and tamp as specified for the
first layer. Cut off the mortar to a plane surface, flush with the top of
the mold, by drawing the straight edge of a trowel (held nearly
perpendicular to the mold) with a sawing motion across the top of the
mold. Wipe the table top clean and dry, being especially careful to
remove any water from around the edge of the flow mold. Lift the
mold away from the mortar 1 min after completing the mixing
operation. Immediately, drop the table through a height of ½ in. or (13
mm) 25 times in 15 seconds. Using the calipers, determine the flow
by measuring the diameters of the mortar along the lines scribed in
the table top, adding the four readings. The total of the four readings
from the calipers equals the percent increase of the original diameter
of the mortar.
10.3.2 For Portland and air-entraining Portland cements, merely
record the flow.
10.3.3 In the case of cements other than Portland or air-entraining
Portland cements, make trial mortars with varying percentages of
water until the specified flow is obtained. Make each trial with fresh
mortar.
10.3.4 Immediately following completion of the flow test, return the
mortar from the flow table to the mixing bowl. Quickly scrape the
bowl sides and transfer into the batch the mortar that may have
collected on the side of the bowl and then remix the entire batch 15
seconds at medium speed. Upon completion of mixing, the mixing
paddle shall be shaken to remove excess mortar into the mixing bowl.
10.3.5 When a duplicate batch is to be made immediately for
additional specimens, the flow test may be omitted and the mortar
allowed to stand in the mixing bowl 90 seconds without covering.
During the last 15 seconds of this interval, quickly scrape the bowl

sides and transfer into the batch the mortar that may have collected on
the side of the bowl. Then remix for 15 seconds at medium speed.
10.4 Molding Test Specimens:
10.4.1 Complete the consolidation of the mortar in the molds either by
hand tamping or by a qualified alternative method. Alternative
methods include but are not limited to the use of vibrating table or
mechanical devices.
Order of Tamping in Molding of Test specimens

Figure 1
10.4.2 Hand Tamping-Start molding the specimens within a total
elapsed time of not more than 2 min and 30 seconds after completion
of the original mixing of the mortar batch. Place a layer of mortar
about 1 in. or (25 mm) (approximately one half of the depth of the
mold) in all of the cube compartments. Tamp the mortar in each cube
compartment 32 times in about 10 seconds in 4 rounds, each round to
be at right angles to the other and consisting of eight adjoining strokes
over the surface of the specimen, as illustrated in Figure 1. The
tamping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure uniform filling of
the molds. The 4 rounds of tamping (32 strokes) of the mortar shall be
completed in one cube before going to the next. When the tamping of
the first layer in all of the cube compartments is completed, fill the
compartments with the remaining mortar and then tamp as specified
for the first layer. During tamping of the second layer bring in the
mortar forced out onto the tops of the molds after each round of
tamping by means of the gloved fingers and the tamper upon
completion of each round and before starting the next round of
tamping. On completion of the tamping, the tops of all cubes should
extend slightly above the tops of the molds. Bring in the mortar that
has been forced out onto the tops of the molds with a trowel and
smooth off the cubes by drawing the flat side of the trowel (with the
leading edge slightly raised) once across the top of each cube at right
angles to the length of the mold. Then, for the purpose of leveling the
mortar and making the mortar that protrudes above the top of the
mold of more uniform thickness, draw the flat side of the trowel (with
the leading edge slightly raised) lightly once along the length of the
mold. Cut off the mortar to a plane surface flush with the top of the
mold by drawing the straight edge of the trowel (held nearly
perpendicular to the mold) with a sawing motion over the length of
the mold.
10.4.3Alternative Methods—Any consolidation method may be used
that meets the qualification requirements of this section. The
consolidation method consists of a specific procedure, equipment and
consolidation device, as selected and used in a consistent manner by a
specific laboratory. The mortar batch size of the method may be
modified to accommodate the apparatus, provided the proportions
maintain the same ratios as given in Section 10.1.2.
10.4.3.1 Separate qualifications are required for the following
classifications:
10.4.3.2 Class A, Non-air Entrained Cements—For use in concrete.
Refer to M 85, M 240 and ASTM C 1157.
10.4.3.3 Class B, Air-entrained Cements—For use in concrete. Refer
to M 85, M 240 and ASTM C 1157.
10.4.3.4 Class C, Masonry, Mortar and Stucco Cements—Refer to

ASTM C 91, C 1328, and C 1329.
10.4.3.5 An alternative method may only be used to test the cement
types as given in Section 10.4.3.1 above, for which it has been
qualified.
10.4.3.6 It can also be used for Strength Activity Index determinations
for fly ash and slag, refer to M 295 and M 302, provided the
alternative method has qualified for both Class A and Class C
cements.
10.4.4Qualification Procedure—Contact CCRL to purchase cement
samples that have been used in the Proficiency Sample Program
(PSP). Four samples (5 kg each) of the class to be qualified will be
required to complete a single qualification (See Note 7).
10.4.4.1 In one day, prepare replicate six-cube or nine-cube batches
using one of the cements and cast a minimum of 36 cubes. Complete
one round of tests on each cement on different days. Store and test all
specimens as prescribed in the sections below. Test all cubes at the
age of seven-days.
10.4.4.2 Tabulate the compressive strength data and complete the
mathematical analyses as instructed in Annex A1.
10.4.5Re-qualification of the Alternate Compaction Method:
10.4.5.1 Re-qualification of the method shall be required if any of the
following occur:
• Evidence that the method may not be providing data in accordance
with the requirements of Table 2.
• Results that differ from the reported final average of a CCRLPSP
sample with a rating of three or less.

• Results that differ from the accepted value of a known reference

sample with established strength values by more than twice the multi-
laboratory 1s percent values of Table 2.
Before starting the re-qualification procedure, evaluate all aspects of
cube fabrication and testing process to determine if the offending
result is due to some systematic error or just an occasional random
event.
10.4.5.2 If the compaction equipment is replaced, significantly
modified, repaired, or has been recalibrated, re-qualify the equipment
in accordance with Section 10.4.4.
Note 7: It is recommended that a large homogenous sample of cement
be prepared at the time of qualification for use as a secondary
standard and for method evaluation. Frequent testing of this sample
will give early warning of any changes in the performance of the
apparatus.
10.5 Storage of Test Specimens — Immediately upon completion of
molding, places the test specimens in the moist closet or moist room.
Keep all test specimens, immediately after molding, in the molds on
the base plates in the moist closet or moist room from 20 to 24 hrs
with their upper surfaces exposed to the moist air but protected from
dripping water. If the specimens are removed from the molds before
24 hrs, keep them on the shelves of the moist closet or moist room
until they are 24 hrs old, and then immerse the specimens, except
those for the 24-hr test, in saturated lime water in storage tanks
constructed of non-corroding materials. Keep the storage water clean
by changing as required.
10.6 Determination of Compressive Strength:
10.6.1 Test the specimens immediately after their removal from the
moist closet in the case of 24 hrs specimens, and from storage water

in the case of all other specimens. All testspecimens for a given test
age shall be broken within the permissible tolerance prescribed as
follows in Table 3:
Test Age Permissible Tolerance
24 hrs ± ½ hr
3 days ± 1 hr
7 days ± 3 hr
28 days ± 12 hr
Testing Time tolerances

Table 3
If more than one specimen at a time is removed from the moist closet
for the 24-hr tests, keep these specimens covered with a damp cloth
until time of testing. If more than one specimen at a time is removed
from the storage water for testing, keep these specimens in water at a
temperature of 73.4 ± 3°F or (23 ± 2°C) and of sufficient depth to
completely immerse each specimen until time of testing.
10.6.2 Wipe each specimen to a surface-dry condition, and remove
any loose sand grains or incrustations from the faces that will be in
contact with the bearing blocks of the testing machine. Check these
faces by applying a straightedge (Note 8). If there is appreciable
curvature, grind the face or faces to plane surfaces or discard the
specimen. A periodic check of the cross-sectional area of the
specimens should be made.
Note 8: Specimen Faces —Results much lower than the true strength
will be obtained by loading faces of the cube specimen that are not
truly plane surfaces. Therefore, it is essential that specimen molds be
kept scrupulously clean, as otherwise, large irregularities in the
surfaces will occur. Instruments for cleaning molds should always be
softer than the metal in the molds to prevent wear. In case grinding

specimen faces is necessary, it can be accomplished best by rubbing

the specimen on a sheet of fine emery paper or cloth glued to a plane
surface, using only a moderate pressure. Such grinding is tedious for
more than a few thousandths of an inch (hundredths of a millimeter);
where more than this is found necessary, it is recommended that the
specimen be discarded.
10.6.3 Apply the load to specimen faces that were in contact with the
true plane surfaces of the mold. Carefully place the specimen in the
testing machine below the center of the upper bearing block. Prior to
the testing of each cube, it shall be ascertained that the spherically
seated block is free to tilt. Use no cushioning or bedding materials.
Bring the spherically seated block into uniform contact with the
surface of the specimen. Apply the load rate at a relative rate of
movement between the upper and lower platens corresponding to a
loading on the specimen with the range of 200 to 400 lbs/s (900 to
1800 N/S). Obtain this designated rate of movement of the platen
during the first half of the anticipated maximum load and make no
adjustment in the rate of movement of the platen in the latter half of
the loading especially while the cube is yielding before failure.
Note 9: It is advisable to apply only a very light coating of a good
quality, light mineral oil to the spherical seat of the upper platen.
11. CALCULATION
11.1 Record the total maximum load indicated by the testing machine,
and calculates the compressive strength as follows:
fm = P/A (1)
Where:
fm = compressive strength in psi or (MPa),
P = total maximum load in lbf or (N), and

A = area of loaded surface in 2 or (mm 2).

Either 2-in. or (50-mm) cube specimens may be used for the
determination of compressive strength, whether inch-pound or SI
units are used. However, consistent units for load and area must be
used to calculate strength in the units selected. If the cross-sectional
area of a specimen varies more than 1.5 percent from the nominal, use
the actual area for the calculation of the compressive strength. The
compressive strength of all acceptable test specimens (see Section 12)
made from the same sample and tested at the same period shall be
averaged and reported to the nearest 10 psi (0.1 MPa).
12. REPORT
12.1 Report the flow to the nearest 1 percent and the water used to the
nearest 0.1 percent.
Average compressive strength of all specimens from the same sample
shall be reported to the nearest 10 psi (0.1 MPa).
13. FAULTY SPECIMENS AND RETESTS
13.1 In determining the compressive strength, do not consider
specimens that are manifestly faulty.
13.2 The maximum permissible range between specimens from the
same mortar batch, at the same test age is 8.7 percent of the average
when three cubes represent a test age and 7.6 percent when two cubes
represent a test age (Note 10).
Note 10: The probability of exceeding these ranges is 1 in 100 when
the within batch coefficient of variation is 2.1 percent. The 2.1
percent is an average for laboratories participating in the portland
cement and masonry cement reference sample programs of the
Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory.

13.3 If the range of three specimens exceeds the maximum in 13.2,

discard the result which differs most from the average and check the
range of the remaining two specimens. Make a retest of the sample if
less than two specimens remain after discarding faulty specimens or
discarding tests that fail to comply with the maximum permissible
range of two specimens.
Note 11: Reliable strength results depend upon careful observance of
all of the specified requirements and procedures. Erratic results at a
given test period indicate that some of the requirements and
procedures have not been carefully observed; for example, those
covering the testing of the specimens as prescribed in 10.6.2 and
10.6.3. Improper centering of specimens resulting in oblique fractures
or lateral movement of one of the heads of the testing machine during
loading will cause lower strength results.
14. PRECISION AND BIAS
See AASHTO T 106-09 for Precision and Bias.

Experiment No: 4
Method of Test for Resistance to Degradation of Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LOS ANGELES
Abrasion Machine
1. SCOPE
This method covers the determination of resistance to degradation of
coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact using the Los Angeles
testing machine.
2. RELEVANT DOCUMENTS
2.1 AASHTO T 96 Standard Method of Test for Resistance to
Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact
in the Los Angeles Machine
2.2 ASTM C131 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation
of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
Angeles Machine
2.3 ASTM C535 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation
of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
Angeles Machine
2.4 CSA-A23.2-16A Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
2.5 CSA-A23.2-17A Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine

3. PROCEDURE
Procedures of ASTM C131 and C535 shall be followed, except as
noted below, for the determination of degradation of coarse aggregate
by abrasion and impact using the Los Angeles testing machine.
4. EXCEPTIONS
4.1 SIEVES: Conforming to ASTM E11, except use 13.2 mm sieve
size instead of 12.5 mm.
4.2 Replace ASTM Standard Clause 5.4.1, with Table 1 as follows:
The abrasive charge, depending upon the grading of the test sample as
described in Table 2, shall be as follows:
Table 1
GRADING # OF SPHERES MASS, g
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4580 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 9 3740 ± 20
Table 2 - Gradation of Test Samples

SIEVE SIZE MASS OF INDICATED SIZES, g
PASSING RETAINED A B C D
37.5 mm 26.5 mm 1250 ±
25
26.5 mm 19.0 mm 1250 ±
25
*19.0 mm 13.2 mm 1250 ± 2500 ± - 2500 ±10
10 10
13.2 mm 9.5 mm 1250 ± 2500 ± - 1250 ±
10 10 10

* 9.5 mm 4.75 mm - - - 1250 ±

10
9.5 mm 6.7 mm - - 2500 ± -
10
6.7 mm 4.75 mm - - 2500 ± -
10
TOTAL 5000 ± 5000 ± 5000 ± 5000 ±
10 10 10 10
* Material previously separated into individual sizes shall be
recombined in proportion to the original or laboratory crushed
gradation.
5. USE OF LABORATORY CONTROL AGGREGATE
5.1 Every ten samples, but at least every week in which a sample is
tested, a sample of a reference aggregate shall also be tested. The
material shall be taken from a stock supply maintained by the
laboratory.
Note: The material selected by the laboratory may be calibrated
against a supply of Drain Brothers Stoney Lake Quarry stone. When
prepared to an 11-B grading, the mean loss of the Stoney Lake
Brothers Quarry standard reference aggregate is 26.0% (MERO-036,
2010). Individual test data should not normally be greater than 28.8%,
or less than 23.2%.
5.2 Control Chart Use: The percent loss of the last 20 samples of
reference material shall be plotted on a control chart in order to
monitor the performance of the laboratory.
6. REPORT
The report shall also include the following:
6.1 The percent loss of the reference sample, tested closest to the time
at which the aggregate sample was tested, to one decimal place.

6.2 The percent loss of the last 2 samples of reference material on a

control chart.

Experiment No: 5
Design based Problem & Solution
For the following example the sedimentation basin that is going to be
designed will be a rectangular sedimentation basin having the
specifications listed below:
• Rectangular basin
• Depth: 7-16 ft
• Width: 10-50 ft
• Length: 4 x width
• Influent baffle to reduce flow momentum
• Slope of bottom toward sludge hopper >1%
• Continuous sludge removal with a scraper velocity <15 ft/min
• Detention time: 4-8 hours
• Flow through velocity: <0.5 ft/min
• Overflow rate: 500-1,000 gal/day-ft2
• Weir loading: 15,000-20,000 gal/day-ft
Overview of Calculations
We will determine the surface area, dimensions, and volume of the
sedimentation tank as well as the weir length. The calculations are as
follows:
1. Divide flow into at least two tanks.

2. Calculate the required surface area.
3. Calculate the required volume.
4. Calculate the tank depth.
5. Calculate the tank width and length.
6. Check flow through velocity.
7. If velocity is too high, repeat calculations with more tanks.
8. Calculate the weir length.
1. Divide the Flow
The flow should be divided into at least two tanks and the flow
through each tank should be calculated using the formula shown
below:
Qc= Q / n
Where:
Qc= flow in one tank,
Q = total flow, n = number of tanks.
We will consider a treatment plant with a flow of 1.5 MGD. We will
divide the flow into three tanks, so the flow in one tank will be:
Qc= (1.5 MGD) / 3
Qc= 0.5 MGD
2. Surface Area
Next, the required tank surface area is calculated. We will base this
surface area on an overflow rate of 500 gal/day-ft2in order to design
the most efficient sedimentation basin.
The surface area is calculated using the following formula:

A = Qc/ O.R.
Where:
A = surface area, ft2
Qc= flow, gal/day
O.R. = overflow rate, gal/day-ft2
In our example, the surface area of one tank is calculated as follows:
A = (500,000 gal/day) / (500 gal/day-ft2)
A = 1,000 ft2
(Notice that we converted the flow from 0.5 MGD to 500,000 gal/day
before beginning our calculations.)
3. Volume
The tank volume is calculated just as it was for flocculation basins
and flash mix chambers, by multiplying flow by detention time. The
optimal detention time for sedimentation basins depends on whether
sludge removal is automatic or manual. When sludge removal is
manual, detention time should be 6 hours. We will considera tank
with automatic sludge removal, so the detention time should be 4
hours.
The volume of one of our tanks is calculated as follows:
V=Qt
V = (500,000 gal/day) (4 hr) (1 day/24 hr) (1 ft3/7.48 gal)
V = 11,141 ft3
(Notice the conversions between days and hours and between cubic
feet and gallons.)
4. Depth
The tank's depth is calculated as follows:
d=V/A
Where:
d = depth, ft
V = volume, ft3
A = surface area, ft2
For our example, the depth is calculated to be:
d = (11,141 ft3) / (1,000 ft2)
d = 11.1 ft
The specifications note that the depth should be between 7 and 16
feet. Our calculated depth is within the recommended range. If the
depth was too great, we would begin our calculations again, using a
larger number of tanks. If the depth was too shallow, we would use a
smaller number of tanks.
5. Width and Length
You will remember that the volume of a rectangular solid is
calculated as follows:
V=LWd
Where:
V = volume
L = length
W = width
d = depth
For our tank, the length has been defined as follows:

L=4W
Combining these two formulas, we get the following formula used to
calculate the width of our tank:
W=√
In the case of our example, the tank width is calculated as follows:
W=√
W=15.8 ft
The length is calculated as:
L = 4 (15.8 ft)
L = 63.2 ft
6 and 7. Flow through Velocity
Checking the flow through velocity is done just as it was for the
flocculation basin. First, the cross-sectional area of the tank is
calculated:
Ax= W d
Ax= (15.8 ft) (11.1 ft)
Ax= 175.4 ft2
Then the flow through velocity of the tank is calculated (with a
conversion from gallons to cubic feet and from days to minutes):
V = Qc/ Ax
V = (0.0000928 ft3-day/gal-min) (500,000 gal/day) / (175.4 ft2)

V = 0.26 ft/min
The velocity for our example is less than 0.5 ft/min, so it is
acceptable. As a result, we do not need to repeat our calculations.
8. Weir Length
The final step is to calculate the required length of weir. We will
assume a weir loading of 15,000 gal/day-ft and use the following
equation to calculate the weir length:
Lw= Qc/ W.L
Where:
Lw= weir length, ft
Qc= flow in one tank, gal/day
W.L. = weir loading, gal/day-ft
So, in our example, the weir length is calculated as follows:
Lw= (500,000 gal/day) / (15,000 gal/day-ft)
Lw= 33.3 ft
The weir length should be 33.3 ft.
Conclusions
Our plant should build a sedimentation tank which is 11.1 feet deep,
15.8 feet wide, and 63.2 feet long. This tank will have a surface area
of 1,000 ft2and a volume of 11,141 ft3. The flow through velocity will
be 0.26 ft/min. The weir length will be 33.3 ft.
Notes on Weir
Weir loading rate, Q/Lw, is important in rectangular tanks. A single
weir across the end of these tanks is considered too short to prevent
the influence of the approach current generated by the weir from
extending upstream into the settling zone, with possible disruption of

the flow pattern through the tank. The length of the weir can be
doubled by placing a collection trough in the tank at the surface just
before the end of the tank so that the water can flow into the trough
from both sides. If this is still insufficient for larger tanks, the
weir length can be increased by providing multiple suspended
weir troughs. Troughs usually take the shape of square fingers,
projecting into the tank for a short distance in the direction
facing the oncoming water flow.
Water can then flow into the troughs from all perimeters and the
length of the trough is greatly extended by these so-called "fingers".
The fingerstall connects to an end trough or the final end weir, from
where the water flows to the sand filters.

In circular radial flow tanks, the weir loading rate on a single

perimeter weir is usually within the normal range of values, so that
suspended weirs are not necessary for small circular tanks.
The water then runs over the weir into a collection trough all along
the whole perimeter of the tank.

Experiment No: 6
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates AASHTO T 27
SCOPE
The sieve analysis, commonly known as the gradation test, is a
basic essential test for all aggregate technicians. The sieve analysis
determines the gradation (the distribution of aggregate particles, by
size, within a given sample) in order to determine compliance
with design, production control requirements, and verification
specifications. The gradation data may be used to calculate
relationships between various aggregate or aggregate blends, to
check compliance with such blends, and to predict trends during
production by plotting gradation curves graphically, to name just a
few uses. Used in conjunction with other tests, the sieve analysis is a
very good quality control and quality acceptance tool.
NOTE: Accurate determination of material passing the No. 200 (75
µm) sieve cannot be made with this test alone. This test is
recommended to be used in conjunction with AASHTO T 11 to
determine the amount of material finer than the No.200 (75 µm) sieve.
SUMMARY OF TEST
A known weight of material, the amount being determined by the
largest size of aggregate, is placed upon the top of a group of nested
sieves (the top sieve has the largest screen openings and the screen
opening sizes decrease with each sieve down to the bottom
sieve which has the smallest opening size screen for the type of
material specified) and shaken by mechanical means for a period of
time. After shaking the material through the nested sieves, the
material retained on each of the sieves is weighed. The cumulative
method requires that each sieve beginning at the top be placed in a
previously weighed pan (known as the tare weight), weighed, the next

sieve's contents added to the pan, and the total weighed. This is
repeated until all sieves and the bottom pan have been added
and weighed.
Apparatus
Balance, general purpose class G2 (AASHTO M231). Sieves,
mounted on suitable frames, designed not to leak. Sieves shall
conform to AASHTO M92.
Mechanical sieve shaker, if used, must provide a vertical or
lateral and vertical motion to the sieve, causing the particles
thereon to bounce and turn so as to present different orientations to
the sieving surface. Sieve shakers must provide sieving thoroughness
within a reasonable time.
Oven, capable of maintaining 230 ± 9°F (110 ± 5°C). When
tests are performed in the field where ovens are not available, test
samples may be dried in suitable containers over open flame or
electric hot plates with sufficient stirring to prevent overheating.
Sample Preparation
Samples should be obtained in the field and reduced to test size in
accordance with AASHTO T 248. Samples are dried to a constant
weight in an oven set at 230 ± 9°F (110 ± 5°C), in an electric
skillet, or over an open flame. The original sample must be reduced to
a test sample size which falls within the minimum and maximum
weight in the following table.

WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLE

AGGREGATE SIZE MINIMUM MAXIMUM
No.1 68,000 g 90,700 g
No.2 11,300 g ---
No.5, No. 8, and 6000 g 8000 g
No.91
No. 9 4000 g 6000 g
No. 11 2000 g ---
No. 12 1000 g --
No.53 6000 g 8000 g
No.73 5000 g ---

B-Borrow: 1/2 in. 4000 g 6000 g
(12.5 mm), 1 in. (25.0
mm), 1½ in. (37.5
mm), & 2 in. (50
mm)
B-Borrow: No. 4 300 g ---

(4.75 mm) & No. 30
(600 µm)
Fine Aggregate 300 g ---
Procedure
1. Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1 g by total weight of sample.
This weight will be used to check for any loss of material after the
sample has been graded. Select suitable sieve sizes in accordance with
the specifications.
2. Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size from top to bottom and
begin agitating and shaking the sample for a sufficient amount of
time.

For coarse aggregate, the large tray shaker is most commonly

used (Figure 1). This device provides a clamping mechanism which
holds the sieve in place during agitation. Shakers of this make need to
be run 5 minutes for size 9 or larger and 10 minutes for sizes smaller
than size 9.
For fine aggregate, round 8" (203.2 mm) or 12" (304.8 mm) sieves are
commonly used (Figure 2). These sieves are self-nesting and
supported in a shaking mechanism at the top and bottom by a
variety of clamping and/or holding mechanisms. Small shakers of
this type require shaking times of 15 minutes to adequately grade the
fine aggregate sample.
NOTE: Every effort should be made to avoid overloading the sieves.

AASHTO defines overloading large sieves as weight retained in
excess of 2.5 times the sieve opening in in. (mm), as expressed in
gm/in.2(kg/m2). For fine aggregate, no weight shall be in excess of 4
gm/in.2(7 kg/m2).
3. Coarse Aggregates
After the material has been sieved, remove each tray, weigh each size,
and record each weight to the nearest 0.1 g. Be sure to remove any

aggregate trapped within the sieve openings by gently working from

either or both sides with a trowel or piece of flat metal until the
aggregate is freed. Banging the sieve on the floor or hitting the sieve
with a hammer will damage the sieve. The final total of the weights
retained on each sieve should be within 0.3% of the original weight of
the sample prior to grading. Particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm)
should be hand sieved. When passing large stones through sieves,
do not force the aggregate through the sieve openings.
4. Fine Aggregates
Weigh the material retained on each sieve size to the nearest 0.1 g.
Ensure that all material entrapped within the openings of the sieve are
cleaned out and included in the weight retained. This may be done
using brushes to gently dislodge entrapped materials. The 8 in. (203
mm) or 12 in. (304.8 mm) round sieves need to be handled with
special care due to the delicate nature of their screen sizes. As a
general rule, use coarse wire brushes to clean the sieves down through
the No. 50 (300 µm) sieve (Figure 3). Any sieve with an opening size
smaller than the No. 50 (300 µm) should be cleaned with a softer
cloth hair brush (Figure 4). The final total of the weights retained
on each sieve should be within 0.3% of the original weight of the
sample prior to grading.

Experiment No: 7
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate fop for
AASHTO T 85
Scope
This procedure covers the determination of specific gravity and
absorption of coarse aggregate in accordance with AASHTO T 85-10.
Specific gravity may be expressed as bulk specific gravity (Gsb), bulk
specific gravity, saturated surface dry (GsbSSD), or apparent specific
gravity (Gsa). Gsband absorption are based on aggregate after soaking
in water. This procedure is not intended to be used with lightweight
aggregates.
Terminology
Absorption – the increase in the mass of aggregate due to water being
absorbed into the pores of the material, but not including water
adhering to the outside surface of the particles, expressed as a
percentage of the dry mass. The aggregate is considered ―dry‖ when it
has been maintained at a temperature of 110 ±5°C(230 ±9°F) for
sufficient time to remove all uncombined water.
Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) – condition of an aggregate particle
when the permeable voids are filled with water, but no water is
present on exposed surfaces.
Specific Gravity – the ratio of the mass, in air,of a volume of a
material to the mass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at
a stated temperature.
Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa)– the ratio of the mass, in air,of a
volume of the impermeable portion of aggregate to the mass of an
equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.

Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb)– the ratio of the mass, in air, of a volume
of aggregate (including the permeable and impermeable voids in the
particles, but not including the voids between particles) to the mass of
an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) (GsbSSD) – the ratio of the mass, in air,
of a volume of aggregate, including the mass of water within the
voids filled to the extent achieved by submerging in water for 15 to 19
hours (but not including the voids between particles), to the mass of
an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
Apparatus
 Balance or scale: with a capacity of 5 kg, sensitive to 1 g.

Meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 231.
 Sample container: a wire basket of 3.35 mm(No. 6) or smaller
mesh, with a capacity of 4 to 7 L (1 to 2 gal) to contain
aggregate with a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm (1 1/2 in.)
or smaller; or a larger basket for larger aggregates, or both.
 Water tank: watertight and large enough to completely immerse
aggregate and basket, equipped with an overflow valve to keep
water level constant.
 Suspension apparatus: wire used to suspend apparatus shall be
of the smallest practical diameter.
 Sieves 4.75 mm (No. 4) or other sizes as needed, conforming to
AASHTO M 92.
 Large absorbent towel
Sample Preparation
1. Obtain the sample in accordance with the FOP for AASHTO T 2
(see Note 1).

2. Mix the sample thoroughly and reduce it to the approximate

sample size required by Table 1 in accordance with the FOP for
AASHTO T 248.
3. Reject all material passing the appropriate sieve by dry sieving.
4. Thoroughly wash sample to remove dust or other coatings from the
surface and re-screen the washed dry sample over the appropriate
sieve. Reject all material passing that sieve.
5. The sample shall meet or exceed the minimum mass given in
Table 1.
Note 1: If this procedure is used only to determine the Bulk Gsbof
oversized material for the FOP for AASHTO T 99 / T 180 and in the
calculations for the FOP for AASHTO T 224, the material can be
rejected over the appropriate sieve. For T 99 / T 180Methods A and
B, use the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve; T 99 / T 180 Methods C and D use
the 19 mm (3/4 in).
Table 1
Nominal Maximum Size* mm Minimum Mass of Test Sample, g
(in.) (lb)
12.5 (1/2) or less 2000 (4.4)
19.0 (3/4) 3000 (6.6)
25.0 (1) 4000 (8.8)
37.5 (1 1/2) 5000 (11)
50 (2) 8000 (18)
63 (2 1/2) 12,000 (26)
75 (3) 18,000 (40)
* One sieve larger than the first sieve to retain more than 10 percent
of the material using an agency specified set of sieves based on
cumulative percent retained. Where large gaps in specification sieves
exist, intermediate sieve(s) may be inserted to determine nominal
maximum size.
Procedure
1. Dry the test sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110 ±5°C
(230 ±9°F) and cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours.
Note 2: Where the absorption and specific gravity values are to be
used in proportioning concrete mixtures in which the aggregates will
be in their naturally moist condition, the requirement for initial drying
to constant mass may be eliminated, and, if the surfaces of the
particles in the sample have been kept continuously wet until test, the
15-to-19 hour soaking may also be eliminated.
2. Immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period
of 15 to 19 hours.
Note 3: When testing coarse aggregate of large nominal maximum
size requiring large test samples, it may be more convenient to
perform the test on two or more subsamples, and then combine the
values obtained.
3. Place the empty basket into the water bath and attach to the
balance. Inspect the immersion tank to ensure the water level is at the
overflow outlet height. Tare the balance with the empty basket
attached in the water bath.
4. Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large
absorbent cloth until all visible films of water are removed. Wipe the
larger particles individually.
Note 4: A moving stream of air may be used to assist in the drying
operation, but take care to avoid evaporation of water from aggregate
pores.
5. Determine the SSD mass of the sample, and record this and all
subsequent masses to the nearest 0.1 g or 0.1 percent of the sample
mass, whichever is greater. Designate this mass as ―B‖.

6. Re-inspect the immersion tank to insure the water level is at the

overflow outlet height. Immediately place the SSD test sample in the
sample container and weigh it in water maintained at 23.0 ±1.7°C
(73.4 ±3°F). Shake the container to release entrapped air before
recording the weight. Designate this submerged weight as ―C‖.
Note 5: The container should be immersed to a depth sufficient to
cover it and the test sample during mass determination. Wire
suspending the container should be of the smallest practical size to
minimize any possible effects of a variable immersed length.
7. Remove the sample from the basket. Ensure all material has been
removed. Place in a container of known mass.
8. Dry the test sample to constant mass in accordance with the FOP
for AASHTO T 255 / T 265 (Aggregate section) and cool in air at
room temperature for 1 to 3 hours. Designate this mass as ―A‖.
Perform calculations and determine values using the appropriate
formula below. In these formulas, A = oven dry mass, B = SSD mass,
and C = weight in water.
Bulk specific gravity (Gsb)
Gsb=
Bulk specific gravity, SSD (GsbSSD)
GsbSSD=
Apparent specific gravity (Gsa)
Gsa=
Absorption
Absorption=

Sample Calculations
These calculations demonstrate the relationship between Gsb,

GsbSSD, and Gsa. Gsbis always lowest, since the volume includes
voids permeable to water. GsbSSD is always intermediate. Gsais
always highest, since the volume does not include voids permeable to
water. When running this test, check to makesure the values
calculated make sense in relation to one another.
Report
 Results on forms approved by the agency
 Specific gravity values to 3 decimal places
 Absorption to 0.1 percent.

Experiment No: 8
Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
Modifies
AASHTO Designation: T 84-93 I
ASTM Designation: C 128-88
SCOPE
1.1This method covers the determination of bulk and apparent
specific gravity, 23/23°C(73.4/73.4°F), and absorption of fine
aggregate.
1.2 This method determines (after 15 h in water) the bulk specific
gravity and the apparent specific gravity, the bulk specific gravity on
the basis of weightof saturated surface-dry aggregate, and the
absorption as defined in AASHTO M 132.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and
problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever
uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
2.1 AASHTO Standards:
T 19 ―Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate‖
T 85 "Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
T 133 ―Density of Hydraulic Cement‖

T 142 ―Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate‖

M 231 ―Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials‖
T 255 "Total Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying"
2.2 ASTM Standards:
C 125 ―Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates‖
C 670 ―Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for
Test Methods for Construction Materials‖
E 1 ―Standard Specifications for ASTM Thermometers‖
2.3 NDR Standards:
T 2‖Sampling Aggregates‖
T 248‖Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate Testing Size‖
T 506‖Determination of the Free Moisture Content of Aggregate‖
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Bulk specific gravity is the characteristics generally used for
calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate in various
mixtures containing aggregate including Portland cement concrete,
bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or
analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Bulk specific gravity is also
used in the computation of voids in aggregate in AASHTO T 19 and
the determination of moisture in aggregate by displacement in water
in AASHTO T 142. Bulk specific gravity determined on the saturated
surface-dry basis is used if the aggregate is wet, that is, if its
absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the bulk specific gravity
determined on the oven-dry basis is used for computations when the
aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry.

3.2 Apparent specific gravity pertains to the relative density of the

solid material making up the constituent particles not including the
pore space within the particles that is accessible to water. This value
is not widely used in construction aggregate technology.
3.3 Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the weight
of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the
constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when it is
deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough
to satisfy most of the absorption potential. The laboratory standard
for absorption is that obtained after submerging dry aggregate for
approximately 15 h in water. Aggregates mined from below the water
table may have a higher absorption when used, if not allowed to dry.
Conversely , some aggregates when used may contain an amount of
absorbed moisture less than the 15 h soaked condition: For an
aggregate that has been in contact with water and that has free
moisture on the particle surfaces, the percentage of free moisture can
be determined by deducting the absorption from the total moisture
content determined by NDR T 255 by drying.
APPARATUS
4.1 Balance- conforming to the requirements of AASHTO M 231,
Class G2.
4.2 Pycnometer- a flask or other suitable container into which the fine
aggregate test sample can be readily introduced and in which the
volume content can be reproduced with±0.1 cm3. The volume of the
container filled to mark shall be at least 50 percent greater than the
space required to accommodate the test sample. A volumetric flask of
500 capacities or a fruit jar fitted with a pycnometer top is satisfactory
for a 500-g test sample of most fine aggregates. A Le Chatelier flask
as described in AASHTO T 133 is satisfactory for an approximately
55-g test sample.

4.3 Mold - A metal mold is in the form of a frustum of a cone with

dimensions as follows: 40 ± 3 mm inside diameter at the top, 90 ± 3
mm inside diameter at the bottom, and 75 ± 3 mm in height, with the
metal having a minimum thickness of 0.8 mm.
4.4 Tamper- A metal tamper weighing 340 ± 15 g and have a flat
circular tamping face25 ± 3 mm in diameter.
4.5 Thermometers - Calibrated liquid-in-glass, partial immersion of
suitable range with gradations to determine a temperature of 23 C ±
1°C and one to determine a temperature of 110° C ± 5°C.
SAMPLING
5.1 Sampling shall be accomplished in general accordance with NDR
T2.
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN
6.1 Obtain approximately 1.3 kg of minus 3/8-inch sieve fine
aggregate from the sample using the applicable procedures described
in AASHTO T 248. Discard the aggregate retained on the 3/8-inch
sieve.
6.1.1 Dry the sample in a suitable pan or vessel to constant weight at a
temperature of110 ± 5° C (230 ± 9° F). Allow it to cool to
comfortable handling temperature, cover with water and permit to
stand for a minimum of 15 hours.
6.1.2 As an alternative to Section 6.1.1, where the absorption and
specific gravity values are to be used in proportioning concrete
mixtures with aggregates used in their naturally moist condition, the
requirement for initial drying to constant weight may be eliminated
and, if the surfaced of the particles have been kept wet, the 15 hour
soaking may also be eliminated.

Note 1: Values for absorption and for specific gravity in the saturated
surface-dry condition may be significantly higher for aggregate not
oven dried before soaking than for the same aggregate treated in
accordance with Section 6.1.1.
6.2 Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines, spread the
sample on a flatnonabsorbant surface exposed to a gently moving
current of warm air, and stir frequently to secure homogeneous
drying. If desired, mechanical aids such as tumbling or stirring may
be employed to assist in achieving the saturated surface-dry condition.
A hot plate maybe used to initially dry the sample, care being taken
not to dry any of the particles below the saturated surface dry
condition. Continue this operation until the test specimen approaches
a free-flowing condition. Follow the procedure in Section 6.2.1 to
determine whether or not surface moisture is present on the
constituent fine aggregate particles. It is intended that the first trial of
the cone test will be made with some surface water in the specimen.
Continue drying with constant stirring and test at frequent intervals
until the test indicates that the specimen has reached a surface-dry
condition. If the first trial of the surface moisture test indicates that
moisture is not present on the surface, it has been dried past the
saturated surface-dry condition. In this case, thoroughly mix a few
milliliters of water with the fine aggregate and permit the specimen to
stand in a covered container for 30 min. Then, resume the process of
drying and testing at frequent intervals for the onset of the surface-dry
condition.
6.2.1 Cone Test for Surface Moisture - Hold the mold firmly on a
smooth nonabsorbent surface with the large diameter down. Place a
portion of the partially dried fine aggregate loosely in the mold by
filling it to overflowing and heaping additional material above the top
of the mold by holding it with the cupped fingers of the hand holding
the mold. Tamp the fine aggregate into the mold with 25 light drops

of the tamper. Each drop should start about 5mm (0.2 in.)Above the
top surface of the fine aggregate. Permit the tamper to fall freely
under gravitational attraction on each drop. Adjust the starting height
to the new surface elevation after each drop and distribute the drops
over the surface. Remove loose sand from the base and lift the mold
vertically. If surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will
retain the molded shape. When the fine aggregate slumps slightly, it
indicates that it has reached a surface-dry condition. Some angular
fine aggregate or material with a high proportion of fines may not
slump in the contest upon reaching a surface-dry condition. This may
be the case if fines become airborne upon dropping a handful of the
sand from the cone test 100 to 150 mm on to a surface. For these
materials, the saturated surface-dry condition should be considered as
the point that one side of the fine aggregate slumps slightly upon
removing the mold.
Note 2: The following criteria have also been used on materials that
do not readily slump:
1. Provisional Cone Test- Fill the cone mold as described in Section
6.2.1except only use 10 drops of the tamper . Add more fine
aggregate and use10drops of the tamper again. Then, add material two
more times using 3 and2 drops of the tamper, respectively. Level off
the material even with the top ofthe mold, remove loose material from
the base; and lift the mold vertically.
2. Provisional Surface T est- If airborne fines are noted when the fine
aggregate is such that it will not slump when it is at a moisture
condition, add more moisture to the sand, and at the onset of the
surface-dry condition, withthe hand, lightly pat approximately 100 g
of the material on a flat, dry , clean,dark or dull nonabsorbent surface
such as a sheet of rubber, a worn oxidized,galvanized, or steel surface,
or a black-painted metal surface. After 1 to 3seconds, remove the fine
aggregate. If noticeable moisture shows on the testsurface for more
than 1 to 2 seconds, then surface moisture is considered tobe present

on the fine aggregate.
3. Colorimetric procedures described by Kandhal and Lee, Highway
ResearchRecord No. 307, p. 44.
4. For reaching the saturated surface-dry condition on a single-size
material thatslumps when wet, hard-finish paper towels can be used to
surface dry thematerial until the point is just reached where the paper
towel does not appearto be picking up moisture from the surfaces of
the fine aggregate particles.
PROCEDURES
7.1 Make and record all weight determinations to 0.1 g.
7.2 Partially fill the pycnometer with water . Immediately introduce
into the pycnometer500 ± 10 g of saturated surface-dry fine aggregate
prepared as described in Section 6, and fill with additional water to
approximately 90 percent of capacity . Roll, invert, and agitate the
pycnometer to eliminate all air bubbles (Note 3). Adjust its
temperature to 23 ± 1.7° C(73.4 ± 3°F), if necessary by immersion in
circulating water, and bring the water level in thepycnometer to its
calibrated capacity. Determine total weight of the pycnometer,
specimen, and water.
Note 3: It normally takes about 15 to 20 minutes to eliminate air
bubbles. Adding a few dropsof isopropyl alcohol, after removal of air
bubbles and just prior to bringing the water level toits calibrated
capacity, has been found useful in dispersing foam on the water
surface. Do notuse this procedure when using the alternative method
described in Section 7.2.1.
7.2.1 Alternative to Weighing in Section 7.2- The quantity of added
water necessary to fill the pycnometer at the required temperature
may be determined volumetrically using a burette accurate to 0.15

mL. Compute the total weight of the pycnometer, specimen, and

water as follows:
C = 0.9975 Va+ S + W
Where:
C = weight of pycnometer with specimen and water to calibration
mark, g,
Va = volume of water added to pycnometer, mL
S = weight of saturated surface-dry specimen, g, and
W = weight of the pycnometer empty, g.
7.2.2 Alternative to the Procedure in Section 7.2 - Use a Le Chatelier
flask initiallyfilled with water to a point on the stem between the 0
and the 1-mL mark. Recordthis initial reading with the flask and
contents within the temperature range of23 ± 1.7°C (73.4 ± 3F). Add
55 ± 5 g of fine aggregate in the saturated surfacedry condition (or
other weight as necessary to result in raising the water level tosome
point on the upper series of graduation). After all fine aggregate has
beenintroduced, place the stopper in the flask and roll the flask in an
inclined position,or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle so as to
dislodge all entrapped air, continuingunti no further bubbles rise to
the surface (Note 4). Take a final reading with theflask and contents
within 1°C (1.8°F) of the original temperature.
Note 4: When using the LeChatelier flask method, slowling adding a
small measured amount (not toexceed 1 mL.) of isopropyl alcohol,
after removal of air bubbles, has been found useful indispersing foam
appearing on the water surface. The volume of alcohol used must
besubtracted from the final reading (R2).

7.3 Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer , dry to constant
weight at a temperatureof 110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9F), cook in air at room
temperature and weigh.
7.3.1 If the Le Chatelier flask method is used, a separate sample
portion is needed forthe determination of absorption. W eigh a
separate 500 ± 10 g portion of thesaturated surface-dry fine aggregate,
dry to constant weight, and reweigh.
7.4 Determine the weight of the pycnometer filled to its calibration
capacity with water at23 ± 1.7°C (73.4 ± 3°F).
7.4.1 Alternative to Weighing in Section 7.4- The quantity of water
necessary to fillthe empty pycnometer at the required temperature
may be determinedvolumetrically using a buret accurate to 0.15 mL.
Calculate the weight of thepycnometer filled with water as follows:
B = 0.9975 V + W
Where:
B=weight of flask filled with water, g,
V=volume of flask, mL, and
W = weight of the flask empty, g.
BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY
8.1 Calculate the bulk specific gravity, 23/23C (73.4/73.4F), as
defined in AASHTO M 132 as follows:
Bulk sp gr = A / (B + S - C)
Where:
A=weight of oven-dry specimen in air, g,
B=weight of pycnometer filled with water, g,

C=weight of pycnometer with specimen and water to calibration

mark, g, and
S=weight of saturated surface-dry specimen, g.
8.1.1 If the Le Catelier flask method was used, calculate the bulk
specific gravity, 23/23°, as follows:
Bulk Sp. Gr. =
Where:
R1=initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask,
R2 =final reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, and
S1 =weight of saturated surface-dry specimen used in Le Chatelier
flask, g.
BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SATURATED SURFACE-DRY
BASIS)
9.1 Calculate the bulk specific gravity, 23/23°C (73.4/73.4°F), on the
basis of weight of saturated surface-dry aggregate as follows:
Bulk sp gr (saturated surface-dry basis) =S / (B + S - C)
9.1.1 If the Le Chatelier flask method was used, calculate the bulk
specific gravity,23/23°C, on the basis of saturated surface-dry
aggregate as follows:
Bulk sp gr (saturated surface-dry basis)
APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY
10.1 Calculate the apparent specific gravity, 23/23C (73.4/73.4F), as
defined in AASHTO M 132as follows:
Apparent sp gr =A / (B + A - C)

ABSORPTION
11.1 Calculate the percentage of absorption, as defined in ASTM C
125, as follows:
Absorption, % = [(S - A) / A] x 100
REPORT
12.1 Report specific gravity results to the nearest 0.01 and absorption
to the nearest 0.1percent.The appendix gives mathematical
interrelationships among the three types of specific gravities and
absorption. These may be useful in checking the consistency of
reported dataor calculating a value that was not reported by using
other reported data.
12.2 If the fine aggregate was tested in a naturally moist condition
other than the oven dried and15-hour soaked condition, report the
source of the sample and the procedures used toprevent drying prior
to testing.
PRECISON AND BIAS
13.1 The estimates of precision of this test method (listed in Table 1)
are based on results from the AASHTO Materials Reference
Laboratory Reference Sample Program, with testing conducted by this
test method and ASTM C 128. The significant difference between the
methods is that ASTM C 128 requires a saturation period of 24 ±4
hours, and T 84 requires a saturation period of 15 to 19 hours. This
difference has been found to have an insignificant effect on the
precision indices. The data are based on the analyses of more than
100 paired test results from 40 to 100 laboratories.
13.2 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable for
determining the bias for the procedure in T 84 for measuring specific

gravity and absorption of fine aggregate, no statement on bias is being

made.
A
These numbers represent, respectively, the (1S) and D2S) limits as
described in ASTM C 670. The precision estimates were obtained
from the analysis of combined AASHTO Materials Reference
Laboratory reference sample data from laboratories using 15- to 19-
hour saturation times and other laboratories using 24 ± 4 hours
saturation time. Testing was performed on normal weight aggregates,
and started with aggregates in the oven-dry condition.
B
Precision estimates are based on aggregates with absorptions of less
than
1 percent and may differ for manufacture red fine aggregates and fine
Aggregates having absorption values greater than 1 percent.
APPENDIX (No mandatory Information)
X1. Interrelationships between specific gravities and absorption as
defined in Methods T 84and T 85
X1.1 Let:

Sd =bulk specific gravity (dry-basis),

Ss =bulk specific gravity (SSD-basis),
Sa =apparent specific gravity, and
A=absorption in percent
Then:

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Engineering Materials Manual

06 Sieve Analysis of Fine And Coarse Aggregates 70-74

Lecture Denoted by Engr. Mahfuzul Haque Page 1

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3.1.1.1. Discussion—units of mass are the kilogram (kg), the pound

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3.2.1.1. Discussion—voids within particles, either permeable or

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150 percent of the diameter. The capacity of the measure shall

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Less than 11 L 5.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm

11 to 42 L, incl 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mm

Over 42 to 80 L, incl 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mm

Over 80 to 133 L, incl 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mm

grease that can be placed on the rim of the container to prevent

Table 3—Density of Water

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23.9 75 997.32 62.261

8.4. Calculate the volume, V, of the measure by dividing the mass of

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the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such

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13.1.1. The bulk density determined by this method is for aggregate in

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maximum aggregate size of 25.0 mm (1 in.), and using a 14-L (1/2-

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R 39 – Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the

shape of the specimen, batching, mixing procedures, the methods of

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of blocks 6 in (150 mm) in diameter or larger, or by more than 0.001

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Diameter of Test Specimens in Maximum Diameter of Bearing

Note 6: Square bearing faces are permissible, provided the diameter

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Schematic Sketch of a Typical Spherical Bearing Block

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Test Age Permissible Tolerance

Note: The 28-day compressive break may be extended by up to 48

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7.5.1 The load shall be applied at a rate of movement (platen to

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briefly the fracture pattern. If the measured strength is lower than

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strengths from 2,000 to 6,000 psi(15 to 45 MPa). For strengths higher

Average Compressive Strength =

9.1.5 Compressive strength calculated to the nearest 10 psi or

Sketches of Types of Fracture

9.1.8 Defects in either specimen or caps.

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caps of a defined hardness are permitted to be used for testing for a

D 2000 – Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive

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The tolerance on Shore durometer hardness is ± 5. Table 1provides

A5.2.4.3 The applicable range of concrete compressive strength from

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Note 2: One method of measuring the perpendicularly of ends of

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