Exercise 1.

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1. Show equation x7 + 4 = 0 has a root in the interval (−2, 0).

2. Find all the interval(s) contains the root(s) of the equation sin(x) =
x2 − 2.
√
3. Sketch the function y = x2 − 1 and y = x on the same set of √ axes.
Hence, deduce the interval(s) where the solution of the equation x −
x2 + 1 = 0 located.

4. Sketch the function f (x) = x − 3 and g(x) = ln x, x > 0 and find the
interval(s) where the root(s) of the equation x − 3 − ln x = 0 lie.

5. Use Newton’s Method to determine x2 correct to 2 decimal places for

the given function with the given initial value, x0 .

a. f (x) = x sin x − x3 + 1, x0 = 1
b. f (x) = x2 − 3 − ln x, x0 = 2.0

6. Newton’s equation y 3 − 5y + 1 = 0 has a root near y = 2. Starting with

y0 = 2, compute y1 , y2 , and y3 correct to 2 decimal places, the next
three Newton-Raphson estimates for the root.

7. Use Newton’s Method to find the root of 2 − ex−3 = 0, accurate to 2

decimal places, that lies in interval (3.6, 3.7).

8. Sketch the function f (x) = x3 −x2 +3 and confirm that there is a simple
root between x = −2 and x = −1. Obtain the value of estimation,
correct to 2 d.p.

Answer Exercise 1.1

1. Show equation x7 + 4 = 0 has a root in the interval (−2, 0).
Solution
f (x) = x7 + 4
f (−2) = (−2)7 + 4 = −124 < 0
f (0) = (0)7 + 4 = 4 > 0
f (−2) < 0andf (0) > 0, So, there is a root in this interval.

1
2. Find all the interval(s) contains the root(s) of the equation sin(x) =
x2 − 2.
Solution
Let, g(x) = sin x and h(x) = x2 − 2.

2
1.5
1 x2 − 2
0.5
sin x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2

Graphs of g(x) and h(x) are intersect in the interval (−2, −1) and (1, 2).

√
3. Sketch the function y = x2 − 1 and y = x on the same set of √ axes.
Hence, deduce the interval(s) where the solution of the equation x −
x2 + 1 = 0 located.
Solution √
Let, g(x) = x and h(x) = x2 − 1.

2
 2
1.5 x2 − 1
√
1 x
0.5

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
Graphs of g(x) and h(x) are intersect in the interval (1, 2).

4. Sketch the function f (x) = x − 3 and g(x) = ln x, x > 0 and find the
interval(s) where the root(s) of the equation x − 3 − ln x = 0 lie.
Solution
Let, g(x) = ln x and h(x) = x − 3.
2

ln x

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

−1.5
x−3

−5
Graphs of g(x) and h(x) are intersect in the interval (0, 1), (4, 5).

5. Use Newton’s Method to determine x2 for the given function and given

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 value of x0 .
a. f (x) = x sin x − x3 + 1, x0 = 1
Solution
f ′ (x) = x cos x + sin x − 3x2
0.8415
x1 = 1 − −1.6182 = 1.52
−0.9938
x2 = 1.52 − −5.8553 = 1.35
b. f (x) = x2 − 3 − ln x, x0 = 2
Solution
f ′ (x) = 2x − x1
x1 = 2 − 0.3069
3.5
= 1.9123
x2 = 1.912 − 0.00753.3
= 1.910

6. Newton’s equation y 3 − 5y + 1 = 0 has a root near y = 2. Starting

with y0 = 2, compute y1 , y2 , and y3 , the next three Newton-Raphson
estimates for the root.

Solution
f (y) = y 3 − 5y + 1
f ′ (y) = 3y 2 − 5
y0 = 2
y1 = 2 − −1 7
= 2.1429
y2 = 2.1429 − 0.12574
8.77606
= 2.1286
0.00156
y3 = 2.1286 − 8.59281 = 2.1284

7. Use Newton’s Method to find the root of 2 − ex−3 = 0, accurate to

three decimal places, that lies in interval (3.6, 3.7).
Solution
f (x) = 2 − ex−3
f ′ (x) = −ex−3
x0 = 3.65
0.08446
x1 = 3.65 − −1.91554 = 3.6941
x2 = 3.6941 − −2.00191 = 3.6932x3 = 3.6932 − −0.00011
−0.00191
−2.00011
= 3.6932

8. Sketch the function f (x) = x3 − x2 + 3 and confirm that there is a sim-

ple root between x = −2 and x = −1.Obtain the value of estimation,

4
 correct to 2 d.p.

Solution
Rewrite f (x) into g(x) = x3 and h(x) = x2 − 3.
2
x3
x2 − 3

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−1.5

−5 Graphs of g(x) and

h(x) are intersect in the interval (−2, −1). So, there is a root in this
interval.

f (x) = x3 − x2 + 3
f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 2x
x0 = −1.5
From the grph, we chose x0 = −1.5seems close to the root.
x1 = 1.5 − −2.625
9.75
= −1.2308
−0.3794
x2 = −1.2308 − 7.006 = −1.1767
x3 = −1.1767 − −0.0139
6.5073
− 1.1746
−0.0003
x4 = −1.1746 − 6.4883 = −1.1746

Exercise 1.2
1. Find the first two approximations using Euler’s method for the initial
dy
value problem dx = y + 2 cos x, y(1) = 2, starting at x = 1 with step
size h = 0.1. Correct to 3 decimal places.

2. Use Euler’s method with step size 0.2 to estimate y(1.0) , where is the
solution of y ′ = y + xy, y(0) = 1. Correct to 3 decimal places.

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3. Given the initial value problem dy
dt
= 3 − 2t − 0.5y with y(0) = 1,
approximate the value of y(0.5). Use 5 steps. Correct to 3 decimal
places.
dy
4. Given the differential equation dx = yt with y(1) = 2 estimate y(1.5)
using Euler’s method with five equal steps. Correct to 3 decimal places.
dy
5. Given the differential equation dx = x + 2 and y(0) = 3. Find an
approximation for y(1) by using Euler’s method with two equal steps.
Correct to 2 decimal places.
dy 1
6. Given the differential equation dx = x+2 and y(0) = 1. Find an approx-
imation of y(1) using Euler’s method with step size, h = 0.5. Correct
to 2 decimal places.
dy
7. The curve passing through (2, 0) satifies the differential equation dx =
4x + y. Find an approximation to y(3) using Euler’s method with step
size, h = 0.2. Correct to 3 decimal places.

8. Assume that f and f ′ have the values given in the table. Use Euler’s
method with two equal steps to approximate the value of f (4.4). Cor-
rect to 3 decimal places.
x 4 4.2 4.4
f ′ (x) -0.5 -0.3 -0.1
f (x) 2

Answer Exercise 1.2

1. Find the first two approximations using Euler’s method for the initial
dy
value problem dx = y + 2 cos x, y(1) = 2, starting at x = 1 with stepsize
h = 0.1
solution
x f (x) f ′ (x)
1 2 3.0806
1.1 2.3081 3.2153
1.2 2.6296

2. Use Euler’s method with step size 0.2 to estimate y(1.0) , where is the
solution of y ′ = y + xy, y(0) = 1.

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 solution
x f’(x) f(x)
0 1 1
0.2 1.2 1.44
0.4 1.488 2.0832
0.6 1.9046 3.0474
0.8 2.5141 4.5254
1.0 3.4192

3. Given the initial value problem dy

dt
= 3 − 2t − 0.5y with y(0)=1, ap-
proximate the value of y(0.5). Use 5 steps.
solution
t f(t) f’(t)
0.0 1.0000 2.5000
0.1 1.2500 2.1750
0.2 1.4675 1.8663
0.3 1.6541 1.5729
0.4 1.8114 1.2943
0.5 1.9408

4. Given dy
dt
= yt with y(1)=2, estimate the value of y(1.5) using 5 steps.
solution
h = 0.1
t f(t) f’(t)
1 2 0.5
1.1 2.05 0.5366
1.2 2.1037 0.5704
1.3 2.1607 0.6017
1.4 2.2209 0.6304
1.5 2.2839

dy
5. Given the differential equation dx = x + 2 and y(0) = 3. Find an ap-
proximation for y(1) by using Euler’s method with two equal steps.
solution
x f(x) f’(x)
0 3 2
0.5 4 2.5
1 5.25

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 dy 1
6. Given the differential equation dx = x+2 and y(0) = 1. Find an ap-
proximation of y(1) using Euler’s method with step size, h = 0.5.
solution
x f(x) f’(x)
0 1 0.5
0.5 1.25 0.4
1 1.45
dy
7. The curve passing through (2, 0) satifies the differential equation dx =
4x + y. Find an approximation to y(3) using Euler’s method with step
size, h = 0.2.
solution
x f(x) f’(x)
2 0 8
2.2 1.6 10.4
2.4 3.68 13.28
2.6 6.336 16.736
2.8 9.6832 20.8832
3.0 13.8598

8. Assume that f and f ′ have the values given in the table. Uue Euler’s
method with two equal steps to approximate the value of f (4.4).
solution
x 4 4.2 4.4
′
f (x) -0.5 -0.3 -0.1
f (x) 2 1.9 1.84

REVIEW EXERCISE CHAPTER 1

Instruction: Correct all the answers to three decimal places. Unless stated
in the question

1. By sketching the function f (x) = x − 1 − sin x show that there is a

simple root near x = 2. Use two iterations of the Newton-Raphson
method to obtain a better estimate of the root.

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2. Sketch the function f (x) = x3 − x2 + 3 and confirm that there is a
simple root between x = −2 and x = −1. Use x0 = −2 as an initial
estimate to obtain the value to 2 d.p.

3. The forth-degree polynomial

f (x) = 3x4 − 2x3 + 7x2 − x − 5
has two real zeros, one in (−0.7, −0.6) and the other in (0.8, 0.9). At-
tempt to approximate these zeros using the Newton-Raphson method.

4. The equation 2x2 −3+ex = 0 has two solutions x1 and x2 . Use Newton-
Raphson method to approximate the solution with the following initial
extimation.

a. x0 = −1
b. x0 = 1
c. x0 = 0
√
5. f (x) = x3 + 2x − 1 + 3x − 10.

a. Show that one of the solutions for f (x) = 0 is in the interval

(1.5, 1.6).
b. Find f ′ (x)
c. Using x0 = 1.55 as a first approximation, apply the Newton-
Raphson method, to find the root of f (x) = 0 to 3 decimal places.

6. Using Euler’s method with stepsize of h = 0.25, find an approximate

dy
value of y(1), given that dx = x + y and y(0)=1.

7. For the initial condition y(0) = 3, using Euler’s method with a step
size h = 0.1 to estimate the value of y at x = 0.5 for y ′ − 2xy = 1.

8. Find the first two approximations using Euler’s method for the differ-
dy
ential equation dx = 2y, y(1) = 2, starting at x = 1 with h = 0.1.

9. Suppose y changes with time t according to the equation y ′ = 1 + 2y ′ .

(a) What is the rate of change of y when y = 0?

(b) Suppose when t = 0, y = 3. Use Euler’s method with step size
h = 0.5 to estimate y(1).

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Answer Review Exercise
1. By sketching the function f (x) = x − 1 − sin x show that there is a
simple root near x = 2. Use two iterations of the Newton-Raphson
method to obtain a better estimate of the root.
solution
Rewrite f (x) into g(x) = sin x and h(x) = x − 1.

sin x

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x−1

−1.5

Graphs of g(x) and h(x) are intersect in the interval (1, 2). So, there
is a root in this interval.
f (x) = x − 1 − sin x
f ′ (x) = 1 − cos x
n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 2 0.0907 1.4161
1 1.9360 0.0019 1.3571
2 1.9346 0.0000
x2 = 1.9346

2. Sketch the function f (x) = x3 − x2 + 3 and confirm that there is a

simple root between x = −2 and x = −1. Use x0 = −2 as an initial
estimate to obtain the value to 2 d.p.

solution
Rewrite f (x) into g(x) = x3 and h(x) = x2 − 3.

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 2

x3

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x2 − 3

−1.5

Graphs of g(x) and h(x) are intersect in the interval (−2, −1). So,
there is a root in this interval.
f (x) = x3 − x2 + 3
f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 2x
n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 -2 -9 16
1 -1.4375 -2.0369 9.0742
2 -1.2130 -0.2564 6.8404
3 -1.1756 -0.0065 6.4969
4 -1.1746 0.0000
root is −1.17.

3. The forth-degree polynomial

3x4 − 2x3 + 7x2 − x − 5
has two real zeros, one in (−0.7, −0.6) and the other in (0.8, 0.9). At-
tempt to approximate these zeros using the Newton-Raphson method.
solution
f (x) = 3x4 − 2x3 + 7x2 − x − 5
f ′ (x) = 12x3 − 6x2 + 14x − 1

n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 -0.7 0.5363 -17.856
1 -0.6700 0.0178 -16.6812
2 -0.6689 0.0000

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 When f (p) = 0.0000 then p is a root.So, -0.6689 is a root.

n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 0.7 -2.2357 9.976
1 0.9241 0.6632 16.2836
2 0.8834 0.0273 14.9574
3 0.8816 0.0000
0.8816 is another root

4. The equation 2x2 −3+ex = 0 has two solutions x1 and x2 . Use Newton-
Raphson method to approximate the solution with the following initial
extimation.
solution
f (x) = 2x2 − 3 + ex
f ′ (x) = 4x + ex

a. x0 = −1
n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 -1 -0.6321 -3.6321
1 -1.1740 0.0658 -4.3870
2 -1.1590 0.0005 -4.3223
3 -1.1589 0.0000
Root=-1.1589

b. x0 = 1
n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 1 1.7183 6.7183
1 0.7442 0.2126 5.0818
2 0.7024 0.0053 4.8282
3 0.7013 0.0000
Root=0.7013

c. x0 = 0

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 n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 0 -2 1
1 2 12.3891 15.3891
2 1.1949 3.1592 8.0831
3 0.8041 0.5290 5.4512
4 0.7073 0.0289 4.8575
5 0.7013 0.0001 4.8217
6 0.7013
Root=0.7013
Remark: From this exercise, you can see that, if correctly choose
an initial, we can obtain the root with less steps.

√
5. f (x) = x2 + 2x − 1 + 3x − 10.

a. Show that one of the solutions for f (x) = 0 is in the interval

(1.7, 1.8).
b. Find f ′ (x)
c. Using x0 = 1.75 as a first approximation, apply the Newton-
Raphson method, to find the root of f (x) = 0 to 3 decimal places.

solution

√
a. f (x) = x2 + 2x −q 1 + 3x − 10
3
f (1.7) = (1.7) + 2(1.7) − 1 + 3(1.7) − 10 = −0.1661 < 0
q
f (1.8) = (1.8)3 + 2(1.8) − 1 + 3(1.8) − 10 = 0.5374 > 0
Since f (1.7) < 0 and f (1.8) > 0, so there is a root in the interval
(1.7, 1.8).

b. f ′ (x) = 2x + √ 1
2x−1
+3

n x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 1.75 0.1833 7.0714
c.
1 1.7241 0.0016 7.0282
2 1.7239 0.0000

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6. Using Euler’s method with stepsize of h = 0.25, find an approximate
dy
value of y(1), given that dx = x + y and y(0)=1.
solution
x y y’
0 1 1
0.25 1.25 1.5
0.5 1.625 2.125
0.75 2.1563 2.9063
1 2.8828
7. For the initial condition y(0) = 3, using Euler’s method with a step
size h = 0.1 to estimate the value of y at x = 0.5 for y ′ − 2xy = 1.
solution
y ′ = 2xy + 1.
x f (x) f ′ (x)
0 3 1
0.1 3.1 1.62
0.2 3.262 2.3048
0.3 3.4925 3.0955
0.4 3.8020 4.0416
0.5 4.2062 5.2062
8. Find the first two approximations using Euler’s method for the differ-
dy
ential equation dx = 2y, y(1) = 2, starting at x = 1 with h = 0.1.
solution
x f (x) f ′ (x)
1 2 4
1.1 2.4 4.8
1.2 2.88
9. Suppose y changes with time t according to the equation y ′ = 1 + 2y
and y = 3 when t = 0.
(a) What is the rate of change of y when y = 0?
(b) Suppose when t = 0, y = 3. Use Euler’s method with step size
h = 0.5 to estimate y(1)
solution
dy
(a) Rate of change of y = dt
when y = 0 is y ′ = 1 + 2(0) = 1.

14
(b) Use Euler’s method with step size h = 0.5 to estimate y(1)
t f (t) f ′ (t)
0 3 7
0.5 6.5 14
1.0 13.5

15