DataFrame

 DataFrame is a Two-Dimensional labelled data structure like a table of MySQL.

 It contains rows and columns, i.e. has both a row and column index.
 DataFrame object can store 2D heterogeneous data.

FEATURES OF DataFrame

 Columns can be of different types of data such as numeric, string, Boolean etc.
 Size of data is mutable. ( rows / columns can be increased or decreased )
 DataFrame values / data are mutable ( can be changed any time )
 Labelled axes ( both row and column have index )
 Arithmetic operations on rows and columns. . Column Indexes
 Indexes may constitute of numbers / strings or letters

Name Class Section Roll_No

Row Indexes
0 Rahul X A 25
1 Vijay X B 34
2 Mukesh X A 20
3 Meghna X A 45
CREATION OF DataFrame

 Syntax: –

pandas.DataFrame(data, index, columns)

data Data can be ndarray, series, list, dictionary, another DataFrame.

Row levels (Row index values). If indexes are not specified, by default takes values from 0 to n-1, where
index
n is total number of rows.
Column levels (Column index values). If indexes are not specified, by default takes values from 0 to n-1,
column
where n is total number of columns.

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 CREATING AN EMPTY DataFrame

 DataFrame() method is used to create an empty DataFrame.

 print (DataFrame_name/object) to display the DataFrame.
 Syntax:
import pandas as pd
DataFrame_object = pd.DataFrame()

 Example:

/// columns and index are empty as no arguments has been passed to DataFrame() method ///

 DataFrame can be created using:  Lists

 Series
 Dictionary
 NumPY ndarray

 CREATING DataFrame FROM LISTS

 List is passed as an argument to DataFrame() method and gets converted into DataFrame elements.
 Columns and Index are automatically created. By default starts from 0 if no index values are provided.

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 Example:

Column label

Index

 CREATING DataFrame FROM NESTED LISTS

 Example:

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 CREATING DataFrame FROM SERIES

 CREATING DataFrame FROM SINGLE SERIES

 When a single series is used to create a DataFrame, the elements of the series becomes column in the DataFrame.

 CREATING DataFrame FROM MULTIPLE SERIES

 When two or more series are provided as argument to a DataFrame, the elements of the series becomes the rows of the
resultant DataFrame.

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 BEST WAY TO CONVERT MULTIPLE SERIES INTO DATAFRAME
 To create a resultant dataframe from multiple series, Create Series using dictionary and convert the created series into a
dictionary which is passed as an argument to the DataFrame() method along with the column labels.
 Example:

 CREATING DataFrame FROM DICTIONARY

 Dictionary can be passed as an input data to create a dataframe.

 The dictionary key by default are taken as column names.
 Ways to create a DataFrame using dictionary are:
 Dictionary of list
 Dictionary of series
 List of dictionary

 CREATING A DataFrame USING DICTIONARY OF LISTS ( Lists inside Dictionary  DataFrame )

 Create a dictionary of lists with its elements. All the keys of the dictionary becomes the column names of the DataFrame and
the Values from lists in dictionary becomes rows of dataframe.

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 CREATING A DataFrame USING DICTIONARY OF SERIES ( Series  Dictionary  DataFrame )
 A dictionary of series can also be used to create a DataFrame.

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 Can also create a DataFrame from a dictionary of series by directly passing the values to the dictionary using Series() method.

 CREATING A DataFrame USING LIST OF DICTIONARY ( Dictionaries inside List  DataFrame )

 Creating a DataFrame using list of multiple dictionary. Dictionary keys are converted into columns names and values as rows of
DataFrame.

/// NaN (Not a Number) is automatically added for missing values ///

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 CREATING A DataFrame USING NUMPY NDARRAY

SORTING DATA IN DataFrame

 sort_Values()  Used to sort data present inside the DataFrame.

 Syntax:
DataFrame_Object.sort_Values(by=[Column_Name] , ascending=True/False)

 Have two arguments:

o Sorting field ( Column Name ). by keyword defines the name of the column based on which the data is to be
sorted.
o Order of Sorting ( ascending = True / False )
 By default data are sorted in ascending order.
 Ascending=True ( Data sorted in ascending order ), Ascending=False ( Data sorted in descending order )

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ADDING A NEW ROW IN DataFrame

 loc[] method is used to add new row to a DataFrame.

 Syntax:
DataFrame_object.loc[index] = new_value(s)

 Example:

 Cannot use this method to add a row of data with already existing (duplicate) index value (label). In such case, a row with this
index label will be updated / modified.
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 Adding a row with lesser values than the number of column in the DataFrame it will results in a ValueError.
 DataFrame.loc[] method can be used to change the data values of a row to a particular value.
 Example:

 SETTING / CHANGING ALL VALUES OF A DataFrame TO A PARTICULAR VALUE

 Syntax:
DataFrame_object[:]= any particular value

 Example:

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ADDING A NEW COLUMN IN DataFrame

 Syntax:
1
DataFrame_object[new column label] = new_value(s)
 Example:

 Assigning values to a new column label that does not exist will create a new column at the end.
 If the column already exists in the DataFrame then the existing column values are updated.
 We can change the data of entire column to a particular value in a DataFrame.
 Syntax:
DataFrame_object[column_label] = new_value

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 CREATING A NEW COLUMN USING insert() METHOD.

 By using insert() function, we can add a new column to the existing DataFrame at any position / column index.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object.insert(n, new_column_name,[data], allow_dupliactes=False)

n : index of the column where the new column is to be inserted

new_column_name : new column to be inserted
[data] : lists of values to be added to the new column

 Example:

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DELETING ROWS AND COLUMNS FROM A DataFrame
 drop() method is used to delete rows and columns from a DataFrame.
 Syntax:
DataFrame_object.drop(labels, axis=0/1, inplace=True)

labels : name of the labels to be dropped

axis : axis 1 means column / axis 0 means row

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 If the DataFrame has more than one row / column with the same label, the drop() method will delete all the matching rows /
columns from it.

 USING THE del KEYWORD

 It will delete the entire column and its contains from the DataFrame.
 Syntax:
del DataFrame_object [ column_label ]

 USING THE pop() METHOD

 It will delete the column from a DataFrame by providing the name of the column as an argument. It will return the deleted
column along with its value.

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 Syntax:
DataFrame_object.pop( column_label )

RENAMING COLUMN NAME IN DataFrame

 SYNTAX TO CHANGE THE NAME OF A SINGLE COLUMN:

DataFrame_object.columns=[new_column_name]
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 SYNTAX TO CHANGE THE NAME OF MULTIPLE COLUMNS:

 Using rename() function

 Used to change names of specific columns as well as can be used to change as many column names we want.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object.rename(columns=d, inplace=True)

d : d is a dictionary and the keys the columns to change and the values are the new names for these columns.
inplace = True : attribute of rename() to change column names in place.

 Example:
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RENAMING ROWS NAME IN DataFrame

 Using rename() function

 Used to change names of specific row as well as can be used to change as many rows names we want.
 Syntax:

dataframe_object.rename(index=d, inplace=True)

d : d is a dictionary and the keys the index to change and the values are the new names for these indexes.
inplace=True : attribute of rename() to change row names in place.

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 Example:

RENAMING ROWS / COLUMNS NAME USING AXIS ATTRIBUTE OF RENAME FUNCTION IN DataFrame

 Syntax:

dataframe_object.rename(d, axis=rows / columns, inplace=True)

d : d is a dictionary and the keys the columns / rows to change and the values are the new names for these columns / rows.
axis : can be ‘rows’ / ‘columns’ ( to rename either rows or columns )
inplace=True : attribute of rename() to change row names in place.

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RETRIEVING AND ACCESSING ROWS / COLUMNS FROM DataFrame

 ACCESSING DataFrame ELEMENT THROUGH INDEXING

 Two ways of indexing DataFrame:
 Label / Index based indexing
 Boolean indexing.

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 SELECTING OR ACCESSING ROWS / COLUMNS FROM A Dataframe USING iloc() and loc() method.

 loc() method – label based indexing

 Syntax:
DataFrame_object.loc[column_name / row_labels]

 When a single row label / column label is passed, it returns the row / column as series

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 To read more than one row / column from a DataFrame, a list of row labels / column names are used. [ [ ] ]

 iloc() method – index based indexing

 i stand for integer, which signifies that this command shall return a numeric values denoting the row and column range.
Displays all rows and columns of the DataFrame.
 Syntax:
DataFrame_object.iloc[row_indexes, column_indexes]

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Here, [:] - signifies all rows
[0,2] - indicates 0th and 2nd index columns

Here, [:] - signifies all rows

[1:4] - indicates range of columns

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 METHODS FOR SELECTING OR ACCESSING COLUMNS FROM A Dataframe

 Using the format of square brackets followed by the name of the column passed as a string value.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object[column_name]

 Using dot notation.

 Syntax:
DataFrame_object.column_name

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 ACCESSING SINGLE VALUE FROM A Dataframe ( USE OF ATTRIBUTE .at AND .iat )
 iat[] – Index based access.
 Used to access the single values from DataFrame by their row and column number.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object.iat[row_number, column_number]

row_number and column_number – indexing starts from 0 , so to select the values

from the nth row/column, the row/column number should be n-1.

 at[] – Label based access

 Used to access the single values from DataFrame by their row label and column name.
 Syntax:
DataFrame_object.at[row_label, column_name]

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 SELECTING OR ACCESSING ROWS / COLUMNS FROM A Dataframe USING SLICING
 Slicing allows retrieval of records as per the range defined with the DataFrame object.
 Used to select a subset of rows / columns from a DataFrame.

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 BOOLEAN INDEXING
 Boolean means a binary variable that can represent either of the two states – True (indicated by 1) or False (indicated by 0).
 In Boolean indexing uses actual values of the data in the dataframe rather than their row/column labels.
 The Boolean index of the Dataframe can be assessed by using the functions .loc[] and .iloc[]. The argument passed to
these functions is a Boolean value (True or False).

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 In order to access a DataFrame with a Boolean index, create a DataFrame in which index contains a Boolean values (‘True’ or
‘False’).
 Example

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 FILTERING ROWS IN DataFrame USING BOOLEAN VALUES

 In DataFrame, Boolean values (‘True’ or ‘False’) can be associated with indexes and can be used to filter rows using
DataFrame_object.loc[] method.
 Can use True for the rows to be shown and False for rows to be hide / omit.

HEAD() AND TAIL() FUNCTION

 head() function is used to get the first n rows from the object based on position. By default, it displays the first 5 rows.
 tail() function is used to get the last n rows from the object based on position. By default, it displays the last 5 rows.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object.head / tail (n)

/// Here, n is the number of rows to be extracted

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COMBINING / CONCATENATION / JOINING OF DATAFRAMES

 concat() function is used to combine or concatenate two or more DataFrames on the basis of rows (row-wise , axis=0) or
columns (column-wise, axis=1).
 We can use concat()method when two DataFrames have similar structure.
 Syntax:

panda.concat(objs, axis=0, join=‘outer’, join_axis=None, ignore_index=False)

objs – Multiple DataFrames to be combine / join / concatenate.

axis – {0,1}, default 0. row_wise then axis=0, column_wise then axis=1
join – {‘inner’, ‘outer’}, default is ‘outer’. outer for union and inner for intersection.
join_axis – list of Index objects.
ignore_index – Boolean (True/False), default False. If True, do not use the index values on the
concatenation axis. The resulting axis will be labelled 0, n-1.

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Here, ignore_index=True will ignore row labels from both the dataframes and the resultant dataframe shall adjust
the index automatically.

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MERGE OPERATION IN DATAFRAMES

 merge() function is used to join / merge DataFrames.

 Syntax:
panda.merge(objs, on=‘column values’, left_on=‘column values’, right_on= ‘column values’)

Here: on  used in situation when the merge is done on the basis of common column
left_on / right_on  used in situation when merge is done on the basis of different columns in the DataFrame.
The argument “left_on” is to be specified for the left DataFrame and the “right_on” for the right DataFrame name.

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append() METHOD IN DATAFRAMES

 append() method is used to join / merge DataFrames.

 It appends rows of the second DataFrame at the end of the first DataFrame. Columns not present in the first DataFrame are
added as new columns.
 Syntax:
DataFrame.append (objs)

Parameter used in append() function :

 sort=‘True/False’ ( True – To get the column labels appear in sorted order / False – To get the column labels appear
in unsorted order )
 verify_integrity=‘True/False’ ( True – raise an error if the row labels are duplicate. By default it is ‘False’. )
 ignore_index=‘True/False’ ( True – when we do not want to use row index labels, By default it is ‘False’. )

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MISSING DATA AND FILLING VALUES

 MISSING VALUES (NaN Not a Number) The values with no computational significance / Undefined values / Unavailable
values / values for which hasn’t entered any value.

 REPLACING MISSING VALUES BY 0 USING fillna() METHOD

 Synatx:
DataFrame_object.fillna(value)

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 REPLACING CONSTANT VALUE COLUMN-WISE

 Instead of 0, different values / any values can be given column-wise.

 Synatx:

DataFrame_object.fillna({column_name:constant_value})

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 INTERPOLATE VALUE

 Fills the missing values by copying the values from above adjacent cell (Top cell).
 Synatx:

DataFrame_object.fillna(method = ‘ffill’)

BINARY OPERATIONS ON DataFrame

 Combines two values to produce a new value.

 Pandas provides the methods add(), sub(), mul(), div(), radd(), rsub() for carrying out binary operations on
DataFrame.
 add() – Addition of two DataFrames
 sub() – Subtraction of two DataFrame
 mul() – Multiplication of two DataFrame
 div() – Division of two DataFrame
 radd() – Right side addition. Adds each element in the DataFrame with the corresponding element in the other DataFrame.
 rsub() – Right side subtraction. Subtracts each element in the DataFrame with the corresponding element in the other
DataFrame.

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ATTRIBUTES OF A DATAFRAMES
 Can access certain properties called attributes of a DataFrame by using that property with the DataFrame name.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object.Attribute name

 COMMON ATTRIBUTES RELATED TO DATAFRAME OBJECT

ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION
DataFrame_object.index
index
 Used to display / fetch row labels (index’s name).

DataFrame_object.columns
columns
 Used to display / fetch column labels.
DataFrame_object.axes
axes
 Used to fetch both index(row) and column names.
DataFrame_object.dtypes
dtypes
 Used to display datatypes of each column in the DataFrame.
DataFrame_object.size
size
 Display the size of the DataFrame, which is the product of the number of rows and columns.
DataFrame_object.shape
shape  Display DataFrame size with its shape. i.e. the number of rows and the number of columns of
the DataFrame.
DataFrame_object.ndim
ndim  Used to display the dimensions ( number of axes ) of the given DataFrame, whether it is 1D,
2D or 3D.

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 DataFrame_object.empty
empty  Used to display Boolean output in the form of True or False to find out if there is any empty or
missing value present in the DataFrame.

DataFrame_object.isna()
isna()
 Checks the presence of NaNs (Not a number) in DataFrame.

DataFrame_object.T
T(Transpose)
 Used to transpose the DataFrame i.e. rows becomes columns and columns become rows.

 Example

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ITERATIONS IN DATAFRAMES

 Accessing and retrieving each record one by one in a dataframe.

 Iteration on DataFrame which can be done using any of the two methods:
 iterrows()
 It represent DataFrame row-wise, record by record.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object.iterrows()

 iteritems()
 It represent DataFrame columns-wise.
 Syntax:

DataFrame_object.iteritems()

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 DATAFRAME ( IMPORTANT COMMANDS WITH SYNTAX AND DESCRIPTION )
COMMANDS DESCRIPTION
 Used to create DataFrame
 Syntax: DataFrame_object = pd.DataFrame(data, index, columns) /// DataFrame
 Syntax: DataFrame_object = pd.DataFrame() /// empty DataFrame.
 Syntax: DataFrame_object = pd.DataFrame(list, index, columns) /// DataFrame
with List, Nested Lists.
DataFrame()  Syntax: DataFrame_object = pd.DataFrame([Series], index, columns) /// DataFrame
with series / multiple Series.
 Syntax: DataFrame_object = pd.DataFrame(dictionary,index) /// DataFrame with
dictionary.
 Syntax: DataFrame_object = pd.DataFrame(array, index, columns) /// DataFrame
with NumPy array.
}

 Used to sort data present inside the DataFrame.

sort_values()  Syntax: DataFrame_Object.sort_values(by=[Column_Name] , ascending=True/False)
 Used to add new row in a DataFrame.
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.loc[index] = new_value(s)
loc[]  Syntax: DataFrame_object[: ]= any particular value /// Changing all values of
DataFrame to a particular value.
 Used to add new column in a DataFrame.
 Syntax: DataFrame_object[new column label] = new_value(s)
 Syntax: DataFrame_object[column_label] = new_value /// Change the data of
entire column to a particular value in a DataFrame.
 drop() method is used to delete rows and columns from a DataFrame.
drop()  Syntax: DataFrame_object.drop(labels, axis=0/1, inplace=True) /// axis 1 means
column / axis 0 means row
 Delete the entire column and its contains from the DataFrame.
del  Syntax: del DataFrame_object [ column_label ]
 Delete column along with its value and return deleted value.
pop()  Syntax: DataFrame.pop( column_label )
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  Used to change names of specific column / row as well as can be used to change as many columns / rows
names
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.rename(columns=d, inplace=True)
rename()  Syntax: DataFrame_object.columns=[new_column_name] /// Change the name of
single column
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.rename(index=d, inplace=True)
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.rename(index=d, inplace=True)

 Label based indexing. When a single row label / column label is passed, it returns the row / column as series
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.loc[column_name / row_labels]
loc[]
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.loc[[column_name / row_labels]] /// Multiple rows /
columns.
 Index based indexing. Displays all rows and columns of the DataFrame.
iloc[]
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.iloc[row_indexes, column_indexes]
 Index based indexing. Used to access the single values from DataFrame by their row and column number.
iat[]
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.iat[row_number, column_number]
 Label based indexing. Used to access the single values from DataFrame by their row label and column name.
at[]
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.iat[row_number, column_number]
 Using the functions .loc[] and .iloc[]. The argument passed to these functions is a Boolean value (True
Boolean
[indicated by 1] or False [indicated by 0).
indexing
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.loc/iloc[]
 Used to get the first n rows from the object based on position. By default, it displays the first 5 rows.
head()  Syntax: DataFrame_object.head(n) /// Here, n is the number of rows to be
extracted
 Used to get the first n rows from the object based on position. By default, it displays the last 5 rows.
tail()  Syntax: DataFrame_object.tail(n) /// Here, n is the number of rows to be
extracted

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  Used to combine or concatenate two or more DataFrames on the basis of rows (row-wise , axis=0) or columns
concat() (column-wise, axis=1).
 panda.concat(objs, axis=0, join=‘outer’, join_axis=None, ignore_index=False)
 Used to join / merge DataFrame.
merge()  panda.merge(objs, on=‘column values’, left_on=‘column values’, right_on=
‘column values’)
 Used to join / merge DataFrame.
append()
 Syntax: DataFrame.append (objs)
 Used to replace missing values (NaN).
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.fillna(value) /// replace NaNs by 0
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.fillna({column_name:constant_value}) /// replacing
fillna()
NaNs by any values.
 Syntax: DataFrame_object.fillna(method = ‘ffill’) /// Fills the missing values
by copying the values from above adjacent cell (Top cell) interpolate values.
 add() /// Addition of two DataFrames
 sub() /// Subtraction of two DataFrame
 mul() /// Multiplication of two DataFrame
Binary  div() /// Division of two DataFrame
operations  radd() /// Right side addition. Adds each element in the DataFrame with the
corresponding element in the other DataFrame.
 rsub() /// Right side subtraction. Subtracts each element in the DataFrame
with the corresponding element in the other DataFrame.
 Used to display / fetch row labels (index’s name).
index
 DataFrame_object.index
 Used to display / fetch column labels.
columns
 DataFrame_object.columns

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  Used to fetch both index(row) and column names.
axes
 DataFrame_object.axes
 Used to display datatypes of each column in the DataFrame.
dtypes
 DataFrame_object.dtypes
 Display the size of the DataFrame, which is the product of the number of rows and columns.
size
 DataFrame_object.size
 Display DataFrame size with its shape. i.e. the number of rows and the number of columns of the DataFrame.
shape
 DataFrame_object.shape
 Used to display the dimensions ( number of axes ) of the given DataFrame, whether it is 1D, 2D or 3D.
ndim
 DataFrame_object.ndim
 Used to display Boolean output in the form of True or False to find out if there is any empty or missing value
empty present in the DataFrame.
 DataFrame_object.empty
 Checks the presence of NaNs (Not a number) in DataFrame.
isna()
 DataFrame_object.isna()
 Used to transpose the DataFrame i.e. rows becomes columns and columns become rows.
T(Traspose)
 DataFrame_object.T
iterrows()  It represent DataFrame row-wise, record by record.
 DataFrame_object.iterrows()
iteritems()  It represent DataFrame column-wise, record.
 DataFrame_object.iteritems()

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