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    AS 5100.4 - 2017 Bridge Design - Bearings and Deck Joints

    Uploaded by

    Randy Benemerito

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    cooyrotes mater sare oy Sl lab ard emned FYPGA on feta eplicn sets, te nee emer ptt: Acvsged ea devas onctox ver inchs a) Lhozivoois Sv AS §100.4:2017 AP-GS1.4017 Australian ™ STANDARD Bridge design Part 4: Bearings and deck joints » oan A Austroads # SAI GLOBAL LICENCE for AS 5100.4 : 2017 : EN : COMBINED. Licensee: TYPSA Date; 43-Jan-2020 [ieee harem [Tis on agreemanibetvoen the end user ofthe Produc! (icsnoes") and SAI Gil Lili. Loval 37, €86 Gorge Sire, Sydney NSW [2000 AUSTRALIA, ABN/E7 OG0 B11 Gaz. . Desnitons and interpretations [Austrian Standards tears Austalian Standards and includes Job [SOVAuslalan Sladen, Jol N2UAusbllan Standards, rent Dra [Austraan Slarvtards, end amendimaris fo Australian Siar [Concurrent sen: ears the mnienum numberof pope able to access the Prodact a ary cre ski, and i tried othe number a Licenoas ec, 20 Sear re Sendai pute hy he Irkrnel ngerizabon or tara 0), for which A lca a tbr rasa a rican Us ofthe Prodi ii Une Licenaae's oepanteain. Licence moar tha sgh to wcomss and use tha Product, jeensee mons the purchaser and usar ofthe Product ane © Learn about LexConnect, All Jurisdictions, Standards referenced in Australian legislation @ know when a Standard has changed @) Visit our store ta find mare Pub ications Coehl atl Sib py SA) bal aefeerant te TYPEA on F.Jon 2000 epecuton, ktnbutos, Sages! ose a newos k Gehd. Aare user Jaca Sanches dmenex Goanchenstye hie Austetan Stanklorde was progixed by Gorrnities 80-080, Bridge Design, Ira ppecvecion bshall of be Council Standarcs Austra on 13 Mares 2017, ‘This Standard vss publlhed.an &t March 2017. The flowing ara rapeesented on Cormtise 0-084) Australian Industry Groups Asean Stool latte ‘Aurtroacs Bureay of Stool Manufacturers of Austral ‘Qarnant and Gencrete Assexintion of Now Zealand Cemant Cerereta & Aggregatns ALtalia=Cament Concrete Insitute! Australas Consult Austraia Engnecrs Austislls Naw Zoaland Hoavy Enginexing Resaarch Association, all Incustry Safety ane Starderds Beard ‘Ste Construction Naw Zeelanc toot Reinforcement nsttul-of astral ‘Syd Trains | ‘This Standard ving ieaued Ws draft fer for commant os DA 5100422016, Stardsids Australis wishes to acknonfedige the particioalion of the expert Indus that Ccontriquled ta tha dewekepment of thes Standard through thelr representation on the ‘Committe and throug the puble.camenant patio. ‘Keeping Standards up-to-date Australi Standorcstb er Inng documenta that rales pragrass insole, tology anc ‘systems, To maain tho curency, all Standards ee periodically reviawed, and new editions re pubilshed, Between adlon, amendments may be issued. Standarcs may also bo witherau, Nis linportset that waders assure themselves they are Using a curent Standard, which shoud intude any arnendments thal ity have been ubished sinoe the Stercerd vos published [Dotaod tlermnstion aboot Australian Standards, chats, amendments ancien projects can bbe found by visting wrwrtendards.ong.au Standaies Ausiralla weksomas ucoss tens far improvement, and enaourages readers to Prlily us immediately of ew apparent inaccuracies or améiguties. Gontact us wea email at imal@etencarede.org.au o: wnt to Sardarcls iseale, CPO Bex 476, Sydney, NEW 200 saxbuia by GP Soba ans nana TYPSigh 19-40-2000 aba cna Aurea ne" -euet SAnENE Panay [LE Rn pA 8) AS 5100.4:2017 Australian Standard® Bridge design Part 4: Bearings and deck joints Crlgrnied as Hi 77 «AB Fed ara raiesgroten as AS SHO0-4—2004, Sener eatin 2047 ‘COPYRIGHT © Standards steaks Lined Allright are mserved. No part ofthis work may be rapraduesd ar caplad in any form aby ‘any means, olecttonic of machanical, Induding photaeopying, wiheut tha. writen Permission ofthe publisher. unless atherwixe perited under the Copyright Act 1968 Publishes ty SAI Global Limited under lloance from Standards Austialia Limited, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001. Australia shu o78 + 9¢099 2477 a ma Cegyegae materal smb by £5 lop a isesan wo TYPRA on *9.Jan 2020. egrcdacton. dito, rages eae Ona iwc labs Auced user Joaccs Sorc. met 48 ctna.4.2007 2 PREFACE ‘This Standard was prepared by the Standards Austealla Committee BD-090, Bridge Design to supersede AS 5100.4—2004, “This Standard is-also designated as Austroads publication AP-CS1. 17, ‘The abjectives of the AS(AS/NZS) 5100 series are to provide nationally acceptable requisements for— (a) the design of road, rail, pedestrian and oyclist-path bridges; {b) the specific application of concrete, steel and composite steel/eonerete construction, ‘which embody principles that nay be applied to other materials in assaciation with relevant Standards; and (s) the assessment af the load capacity of existing bridges. The objective of this Part (AS $100.4) is to spectfy requirements for the design and selection of bearings and deck joints for bridges in Australia. ‘The requirements of the AS(AS/NZS} 5100 series are based on the principles of structural mechanics and knowledge of material properties, for both the conceptual and detailed design, 10 achieve acceptable probabilities that the bridge or associated structure being designed will not become unfit for use during its design life. Whereas earlier editions of the Bridge design series were essentially administered by the infrastructure owners and applied to their own inventory, sin increasing number of bridges ave being built under the design-construct-operate principle and being handed over to the relevant statutory authority afler several years of operation, This Standard includes clauses intended to facilitate the specificatiar to the designer of the functional requirements of the owner, to ensure the long-term performance and serviceability of the bridge and associated strueni, wnificant differences between this Standard and AS $100.4—2004 are the follawing: (Tables of standard elastomeric bearing properties have all been updated to add additional numbers of elustomet layers in each plan size. (i) The requirements for the sealing rings of pot bearing have been modified (iii) Spherical advanced composite material bearings have been intraduced. iv) The movement range deck jaints need to be designed for haye been modified. (vy) Load distribution from bearings to concrete surfaces has been introduced, (vi) Project-specific requirements (Appendix E) have been added, (vil) Provisions for modular bridge expansion joints (MBES) have been added, In ling with Standards Austratia policy, the words ‘shall” and ‘may are used consistently throughout this Standard to indieate, -espectively, a mandatory provision and an acceptable ‘or pertnissibie alternative, ‘Statements expressed in mandatory teris in Notes to Tables arc deemed to be requirements of this Standard, The term ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which it applies. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of the Standard. An ‘informative’ appendia is only for information and guidance, ‘Sepiihiel moja! ceed ts GA Gland Inoneedsn TrPAch we-fs-2820 eproiieuen iewinvtan tape veUsn se» neeaten panes suaneran cin easot Canes mania [MACE 2 a) a As stop.2017 CONTENTS. SCOPE, NORMATIVE REFERENCES ... DEFINITIONS. ise NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS .....0 FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS. LOADS, MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS... MOVEMENT RESTRAINTS... onc : ALIGNMENT OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS.. ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS .. ‘ c LOADS RESULTING FROM RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT... ELASTOMERIC BEARING3., POT BEARINGS ... SPHERICAL APPROVED SLIDING MATERIAL (ASM) BEARINGS. 7 PLANE SLIDING CONTACT SURFACES MECHANICAL BEARINGS... LOAD DISTRIBUTION FROM BEARINOS TO CONCRETE ELEMENTS BEARINGS SUBJECT TO UPLIFT. DECK JOINTS. i " MODULAR BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS (MBE). APPENDICES ang nD BIBLIOGRAPHY... TABLES OF STANDARD ELASTOMERIC BEARING PROPERTIES... TESTING OF ELASTOMER—CATEGORY 1 TESTS MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES FOR LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS ose TESTING OF LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS... DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OR MODULAR DECK JOINT! TEST PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS. operetta dine! y Sat ees ana feensed wo THPSA cn 12am 2020, Renroduston aerbuson forages peers eiaoi sched AuMansed caer asian Sanches droves (erehacyme ek 1 SCOPE STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Bridge design Part4: Bearings and deck j ‘This Standard sets out minimum design and performance requirements for bearings and deck joints for the articulation and ascommodation of movements af bridge structures. 1t Applies to elastomeric, pot, spherical and mechanical bearings and deck joints, all of which are locations where rotation or translation, or both, can take place. Ii does not apply 10 concrete hinges 2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ‘The following are the normative documents referenced in this Standard. NOTE: Documents referenaed for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography. AS 1683 1683.11 1683.12 1683.14.1 1683.15.) 1683.15.2 1683.22 1683.24 1683.26 5100 $100.2 5100.5 AZINZS iss4 1934.5 2312 soa 5100.6 1s0. 815 815-1 13000 13000-1 “ Blandards Australia Methods of test for elastomers Method L1: Tension wsting af vuleanized or thermoplastie rubber Method 12: Rubber, yuleanized or thermoplastio—Detetmins strength (trouser, angle and ereseent test pieces) Method 14.: Adhesive strength of vulcanized ar thermoplastic rabber-—One~ plate method Method 15, Internaticnal rubber hardness Method 15.2: Durometer hatdness Method 22: Determination of vuleanization characte oscillating disc curemeter Method 24: Determination of the resistance of vuleanized or thermop! rubbers to ozone cracking—Statie strain test Method 26: Rubber, vuleanized or thermoplastic—Accelerated ageing. or heat-resitance tests Bridge design Part2: Design loads Part 5: Concrete yn of tear les using the Structural steel welding Part 5: Welding of steel structures subject to high levels of fatigue loading Guide to the protection of structural steel against atmospheric. corrosion by te use oF protective coatings Bridge design Pait 6: Steel and couposite construction Rubber, yuleanized or thermoplastie—Determination of compression set Fart [At ambient or elevated temperatures Plastics—Polytetraftuoroethylene (PTFE) semiefinished products Part {; Requirements afd designation rata ong | Seed ty AI Gel a Meio TPA on Son 2086 Reposition cisvtutoh Hoge eves Ons maa SmBNs AuTanGS Usb eed SanoNs meres oenchanepyats epg nt 5 As stuo4s20¥7 EN 1337 Stetural Rearings 13375 Part S: Pot bearings ASTM. A240/A240M-03b Standaed Specification for Chromium and Chrontiitin-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications. Standaed Test Method for Adhesian aiid Cohesion of Elastomerie Joint Sealaats Under Cyclic Movement (Hackman Cyele)!, 2 cn 5978 Standard Specification for Elastomeric Strip Seals with Steel Locking Edge Rails Used in Expansion Joint Sealing NCHRP Report 467 Performance Testing for Madular Bridge Joint Systems 3. DEFINITIONS For the purpose of t AD Bonded layer A layer of elastomer bonded on both faces to metal plates, achieved by a vulcanization process. 3.2 Deck joint A structural discontinuity between two elements, at leust one of which is a deck element, which is designed to permit relative translation or rotation, or bath, of abutting structural ctements, s Standard, the definitions below apply. 3.3 Laminated bearing An elastomeric bearing with twa or more metal plates bonded into the elastomer. 34 Modular deck johnt ‘A joint that consists of & number of transverse beams and seals that are connected to a serics of support mechanisms that provide a large movement eapability 3.5 Plain bearing A bearing nade up of @ single unbonded layer of elastomer. 36 Pot bearing A beating that carries vertical load by compression of an elastomeric dise confined in a steel cylinder and which accommodates rotation by angular deformation af the disc, 3.7 Rated load ‘The calculated maxinum permissible compressive load that iy applied to a bearing when it is subjected at the same time {0 specified shear strain und votation, 3.8 Semi-bonded layer A layer of clasiomer bonded on one fice to a metal plate. 4.9 Spherieal bearing Bearing consisting of a plate with a convex spherical surface and a plate with a concave spherical surface between which a low fiction sheet and a ruating materiel form 4 curved sliding surface, wer stand ardsorg.ay © Slandards Australa epg aterlSetibte by 9A inal anise te TYPE nn In 2020 Pepecauston seinen, rage TeraiGnik Gehbiec Autoreed uber loteLue Sarchwa mene 3 AS sta cane % 30 Strip bearing A plain bearing pad in which the length is more than 10 times the width. 3.11 Unbonded tayer A single layer of clastomer that is not bonded to metal pl 4 NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS, 4.1 Notation The symbols used inthis Standard are as listed below. Unless 2 contrary intention is given, the following applies: (a) Where non-dimensional ratios are involved, both the numerator and denominator are expressed in identical units. (b) ‘The dimensional units for length and stress in all expressions or equations are to be taken as millimetres (mm), Newtons (N} and megapascals (MPa) respectively, unless specifically noted otherwise. (©) Amasterisk (+) placed after » symbol as a superscript denotes # design action effect due to the design load for the wkimate limit state (UES), Symbol Definition Ay |honded surface area de [reduced contact area of the eurved sliding surface ‘Aan [effective loaded plan ares, nominally equal to the prajected urea common to top and bottom when a bearing is distorted tangentially A, _ [projected comtuct urea (leapth of the seating times the diameter of the pin) Ac [total rubber plan arca Ay effective loaded area at the interface of the attachment plate and the mortar pad lor conerete substrate maximum distribution area based on a dispersion angle fram the effective loaded area through the moctas pad and concrete @ [pian dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of rectangular beatings paraflel to the span of the bridge 8 [butk modulus of elastomer a: [width of centre beam at top Jie —_feontact width of dual truck tyres 4 [plan dimension of the edge af the bonded surface of a rectangular bearing transverse to the span of -he bridge by __ lesser of a and 6 for rectangular bearings bi [load distribution width al the interface of the attachment plate and motor pad bs [load distribution wideh hased on the dispersion angle through the motor pad land conerete Ci Cx [constant dependent om bearing shape Da. [design life of the: comparent, in years a [plan diameter of circular bearing at edge of bonded surface © Standards Ausra wu stants org-a [Cemyaped mien sateuies ny Sal Gal a shes TYPSA Ppt Paved Geer ool ms Sane brane Veanch niyo} sn ord, Reprcten,cisviactan aiage Huse OF # total compressive deflection di__ [diameter af the clastomerie pad within the pot bearing dz {diameter of the projected plan area of the approved stiding material (ASM) sliding surface Ez __lefffective compression madulus af elastomer , [homogeneous compression modulus E__|effective rotation modulus of elastomer Fy __|Young's modulus of elasiiely e__leccentricity Jf [lesser of the 28 days compressive cylinder strength of the mortar oF eanerete substrate design compressive strength of approved sliding material (ASM) normal stress stress used in calculation of anchorage of laminated bearing, principal stress resultant stress fatigue detail category defined in AS/NZS 5100.6, which is the corrected fatigue sirengih (in MPa) al 2 x 10" cycles tensile strength used in design nominal yield strength of metal plates; or nominal yield stress used in design fi__|idetail eategory fatigue stiength at cut-off Limit G__|ehoid shear modulus se __|eap between centre beams at approps opening HH [horizontal forces oP shear forec, serviceability limit state (S18) horizontal forces or shear fore, ultimate limi-state (ULS): or design longitudinal force [minimum protrusion of sliding material above the recess in curved backing [plate of a spherical bearirg 7 [second montent af area of the plan arca of the elastomer about its axis of rotation __|maximum ultimate opening ketween edge beams of a modular deck jotnt X,__leompressive stiffness of ¢ bearing Ke. [compressive stiffness of ca individual layer m of elastomer ina laminated bearing [lateral hovizontal stiffness K. [rotational stifiness of bearing Ku [rotational stiffness of a layer X,__[shear stiffness of an elastomerie beaving vow standane org au © Standards Australia iba by Sl blac ead 6 TYPEA gn 12-2000 ‘a nginore ly ONbIadAuttorsed rer nets Sacer maned Gsancrentyesnes) Sippighied eal Ppiesuten sammunen tore Uae A s100.4300 effective compression stiffness diameter of the projected area of the sliding material; or length af the cylinder tyre contact fength in direction parallel to traffic lroutional moment lratio of the sides of a rectangular laminated bearing Jcompreasive load on a bearing, servicesbility limit state (SLS); or ldesign bearing joad Ne number of centre beams supported on a support bat Non minimum permanent compressive load normal to the bearing anchorage imerface concurrent with H, serviceability limit state (SLS) Mainre minimum compressive load, due to permanent load effects, normal ta the bearing, ancharage interface concurrent with J design axial force at ultimate limit state (ULS) minimum concurrent load aeting in compression normal to the bearing, Janchorage interface, ultimate fimit state (OLS) number of bearings contr buting to adverse frictional load number of effective cycles of vibration following excitation [umber of bearings contr buting to relieving frictional load design number of stress cycles caused hy the design load vertical load surface perimeter for laminated elastomeric bearings tyre inflation pressure vertical design force lopward rebound force on the yoke of a modular deek expansion joint due to the passage af a wheel load across the joint ratio support reaction BR’ _ [fatigue resisianee for the appropriate detail category im _|ultimate section or member capacity of a component of a madular deck joint ‘Ry |eharactevistic ultimate shear capacity of mechanical anchors 7 {radius of cylindrical roller or rocker; or radius of spherical rocker [radius of the concave seating 5 _ |shape factor of s layer af elastomer; or shape Fastot of the thickest inner layer [design action effect (force, stress, stress range, ete) for the apprapriate limit state; ar design action in general s_ [shear stress 7 |eransverse desian force ‘@ Biandards Australia ou tana og, YP on tla Rewroaucien svete, Hage Use on a eh oni Auonse0 une Inee. ue Sancher drenax ESNeRORy 0.) ceed y SAI CUE ai Koes cenynanet ms & & total thickness of ciasiomer in a laminated bearing or thickness of plain pad or strip bearings or es ckness of the overlying concrete and permanent surfacing layer thickness of cover layer of a laminated elastamerie bearing effective thickness of an individual elastomer layer in compression (due ta vertical load or rotation) thickness of an individual inner layer of elastomer in a laminated bearing thickness of a typical layer m of elastomer thickness of the plate thickness of metal plates ‘wheel load w [width of strip @ maximum angle of rotation, that is, change in angle between top and botiom surfaces of bearing in eri:ieal direction; or Jdynamic load allowance c%__|angle of rotation parallel to the span of the bridae 2% __ [angle of rotation transverse ta the span of the bridge 6 _|distitution factor fe, _|fctors dependent on the numbers of bearings ny and n, x |ymamic amplification fastor (DAT) xin [downward component Yoni [overall dynamic amptifieation factor x. [lower bound value of the dynamic amplification factor ‘gun [upper bound vaiue of the dynamic amplification factor av [upward component [maximum shear displacement tangential to bearing surface in the direction of dimension a due to movenents of the structure and tangential forces & | maxianuta shear displacement tangential to bearing surface in the direction of dimension 6 due to movenents of the structure ond tangential forces @ | manimusn resultant vector shear displacement tapgential to the beating surface, [considering movements af the structure and imposed shear force ny [ratio of the longitudinal force in the direetion of traffic to the eoneurrent vertical Loud ¢ [ratio of the foree perpendicutar to the divection of traffic to the eoncurrent vertical load # [capacity reduction factor [capacity reduetion factor for friction Run [design capacity of mechanical anchors & [compressive strain due to loads narmal to the bearing surfaces surfaces [shear strain at edge of bonded surface due ta loads normal to bea worw.standaras org. © Standards Australis ogi rib denied by Sibel an ared 6 TYPSA 08 13 apedicion cistniien Haron neon amon emsGd AUD feed ue cee Sancae Jom (uarcner Inst) As timo430u7 10 ‘én [phear strain at edge of bonded surface due to forces tangential to the bearing Jsurface or movement of the structure, or bath fe {shear sirain at edge of bonded surface due to relative rotation of bearing surfaces toad factor Hi Icharacteristic coefficient of friction Icharacteristic low friction coefficient ladverse coefficient of friction ‘jx [relieving coefficient of fretion 2 _ [angle of inclination af opposing bearings [half included angle of the curved sliding surface xe [compressive stress an approved sliding material (ASM) | deviation angle from vertical axis of the line of action at the applied load Subscripts The above symbols may be qualified by ane or more af the following subscripts: Subscript Definition [value at fatigue limit state + [value at SLS. [value at ULS s__|average &—_ [downward component ee —_[maximom is [minimum = __ [upward companent 4.2 abbreviations ASM __| approved sitding material asp | accumulated slide path CLA | centrestine average DAF ___| dynamic amplification factor FEA _| finite element analysis ERE _| frequency response function IRHD _| international rubber hardress degrees MBEJ | modular bridge expansion joint MIO __| micaccous iron oxide MSAJ_| imultiple support bar modular joints OMY __| opening movement and vibration fe Standards Australia ruse andar. 2g ou POM __| polyoxymethylene PTFE _ | polytetraffuosoethylene SLS__| serviceability limit state SPO __| seal push-out SSBJ_| single support bar modular joints UL ‘ultimate limit state 5 FUNCTIONS OF RINGS AND DECK JOINTS ‘The function of bearings is ta provide ® special connection to conteol the interaction of loads and movements between parts of the structure, usually between superstructure and substructure ‘The function of deck joints is to provide a trafficable surface xeross permanent openings in the bridge deck between parts of the deck or between deck and abutments with the widths of such openings varying with environmental effeets, Inads ad mavernents, The number of deck joints in a road idge shall be minimized 6 LOADS, MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS: ‘The load and movement capabilities of bearings and deck joints for any bridge shall be compatible with the assumptions nade in the overall design of the bridge and the requirements of this Standard. ‘The effects of movements of the cetire of pressure due to rotation and the moment eaused by horizontal loads and friction forces stall be considered in the design of bearings and in the calculation of beating pressures on substructures and superstructures. sor JatoL aa Sense aman Ienahaetjseneah Fount TPSA. cy s8on-3850, Movements including rotations shall be identified for each of the main axes, Bridge drawings shall include a diagrammatic plan view of all bearings, by indicating the various actions and degeces of restraint for each bearing by using appropriate symbols. The loads and movements at the appropriate limit state shall be specified. Testing requirements, including test loads, shall also be specified. Rearing loads and bridge movemenss of skewed und curved bridges shull he assessed, including variations of bearing loads across piers and abutments. Detailing and construction of services, pipelines, tailings, parapets and other bridge furniture shoil he such a€ to encute that movements and rotations of the bridge are not impeded, opel mais dette by BA cl ‘Resoaucsensietcton, ge irises naa Gobo ua 7 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 7.1 Design considerations The following shall be considered in the design of bearings and deck Joints: (2) Properties of the materials in the structure, including coefficients of thermal ‘expansion, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, ereep and shrinkage, (0) Tolerances on material properties, i rotational characteristics, luding toleranees-an compressive, shear and (e) _ Biffective tempersture range of elements of the bridge. (d) Sizes of structural elements wu standares.org.au © Standards Australia As samo 4.3004 a (©) Method and sequence of consiniction inchuding prestressing effects and concrete creep and shrinkage, as relevant. wo {g) Construction toleranees of elements of the bridge and bearings. It, settlement and mayement of piers and abutments, {h) Properties of the bearing in regard to restraints to translation, {@ Static and dynamie response of the bridge including traffic, wind, flood, earthquake, collision and ship impact loads. @) Changes to bearing loads due to the longitudinal and transverse ¢ffeets of temperature gradients in statically indeterminate structures. (&) Fatigue requirements. (i) Secondary effects resulting fiom. eccentric loads or movements not along bearing axes shall be considered in both the design of the bearing and-adjacent structural elements. NOTE: Additional requirements for mcdular deck joints are specified in Appendix E. Where beurings with differing charseteristies are used In the same line af support, the resulting interactive effects shall be cansidered in the design of the bearings and the bridge. 7.2 Specification of bearing design requirements Nonsitandard laminated elastomeric bearings and other bearings” performance requirements shal] be specified on the drawings, NOTE: Laminated clastomerie beatings are novmally specified by part number, The part number ‘should be chosen from the tables of standard bearings given in Appendix A, A bearing schedule shall be provided with sufficient information to slow the bearing ta be properly designed for all eritieal load zases. NOTE: Several load combinations may need to be specified for a particular bearing (e.g. when fatigue loads arc to be designed for, where loads due to earthquake effects are significant, when Uuplif@oeeues oF when speeial bearing tesis are required). tide archer lence (ourchertnpod) eGR an Nan 2020 The bearing schedule shall nominate the load combinations for which for anchorage of bearings shall be discounted [¢,g, combinstions effects and other extreme dynamic load fluctuations (see Clause 10.1) 7.3. Design life Bearings and deck joints, excluding easily replaceable components such as deck joint seals, shall be designed for a ntinimum design life of 30 years. Cast-n components shall have the same design life as the bridge Fictional assistance eluding earthquake on a atuer ie oNDtes Athorees ube oh 7.4 Limit state requirements All-bearinge and deck joints shall be designed to accommodate the refevant imposed loads, load effects and movements at the required limit states. ‘eid teal tite by 2 lp are ara tT ULS movements shall be derived fiom the nominal movemenis factored by the relevant load factors specified in AS $100.2. Elastomerie bearings shall be designed for SLS effects. Mechanical bearings shall be desigred ta accom serviceability and ultimate limit state loads, In ad wndamaged after ultimate limit state load testing. Pepiesuenan stnsuton si odate ULS movements and to sustain ion, mechanical bearings shall remain Other types of bearings, sliding contact surfaces and deck jolnts shall be designed to accommodate ULS movements and to sustain serviceability and ullinate iit state loads without damage, exeept where relaxation of this requirement as approved by the relevant authority or permitted by other Parts of the AS(AS/NZS) $100series. (9 Btonards Akira wu tacos org-au [Cepynphet mera mins ty Ai lib ae esgid TYPSA Ge ASen 2020 Fewioaxtn ciainute, righ vam Ona etna h cheied, Aon seo trey eae Sanches imenes GESTcROCIYDES os) wow standands.org au 7.5. Provision far construction tolerances Bearings shall be designed to accommodate the calculated rotation, including an allowance ta ascount for construction tolerances and erection procedure. Whece supersiracture members ate erected directly onio sreviously prepared bearings, construction tolerance rotation allowance shall be takew a mot less than 0.005 radians at SLS for elastomeric bearings and 0.005 radians at ULS for all other beatings. The construction tolerance rotation may be taken as zero where ether — (a) the superstructure members are initially supported above the bearings and the remaining spaces are them fully grouied; or (b) the supetsteucture is cast directly onto the installed be ee 7.6 Provision for replacement Provision shall be made to facilitate the removal and replacement of beatings. Pravision shall be made in both the superstructure and substructure design for Jacking points. Jacking points nd toads shall be shown on the drawitigs. Deck joint components subject to wear shall be detailed t facilitate their replacement. 7.7 Provision for resetting Where it is known that excessive substructure settlements or rotations, or other movements dus to mining subsidence ar other effects are likely to occur in the life of a bridge, provision for resetting bearings shall be made and the joints shall be designed 1 accommodate these mavements or to-facilitate resetting, 7.8 Provision for handling Suitable handling attachments and lifting points shall be provided for heavy bearings and joints to facilitate handling, placemen: and location 4.9 Access Adequate space shall be provided arcund bearings and major deck joints to facilitate their ingpeetion, maintenance and replacement, 7.10 Durability All surfaces of beatings and deck joints shall be proteeted against esrrasion, Wherever possible, bearings éhall be placed on pedestals to proteet them against water at dirt spilling from deck joints and against accumulations of dirt and debris. 8 MOVEMENT RESTRAINTS, 1 General Whete it is required to restrict the movement of a bridge totally, partially or in a selected direction, restraints shall be provided, NOTE: These restraints may be proviced as part of ar separate froin the bearings, and may take de Form of keys, keepers or side restraints 8.2 Design loads Restraints shall be designed to residt, at the ULS, either the design load effects or the relevant component of the minimum lateral restraint capacity as specified in AS 5100.2, Whichever is the greater, In addition to forces due tw externa loads, design load effects due to longitudinal and transverse movements of the supeistructure and misaligament of restraints shall be cansidered, © Standards Austen 220 egret bibs ere or uoean wsaoie OMAR: Aumerosd une o0Hlk nha Jmanar (eancheneeyo ‘nied mater aarbed by $4] Glob anand fo TEEN 2 "Sata (@ Siandards Ausiraa As sronitey 4 If restraint against translation is to be provided by several bearings, consideration shall be given to the effects of any clearances between working pasts of the bearings and their guides, and the effects of the stiffness of the structure on the distribution of the resulting Toads between the bearings, 9 ALIGNMENT OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS Bearings and deck joins shall be positioned such that they funetion as assumed in the design. Bearings shall be sot lovel. Where bearings are required to be set on an incline, allowance shall be made for the longitudinal and transverse components of vertical loads on the bearings. For all bridges, especially those with wide, skewed ar horizontally curved superstructures, due consideration shall be given to the alignment of each bearing in regard to the actual directions of movements and rotations of the superstructure. 10 ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS 10.1 Pot, spherical and mecha | bearings Pot, spherical end mechanical bearings shall be anchored at all stages, including construction, by a combination of friction and mechanical anchors. For incrementally Jaunched bridges, bearings may be anzhored to the superstructure by frietion alone. ‘The anchocage capacity of these bestings shall be calculated to resist the resultant shear force (1) a8 follows: HY S614 nin Neca +R =10.1 where de expacity reduction fastor for f = 06 Penn, = characteristic low friction coefficient for the contact interface as given in ‘Table 10.1; ar determined by tests to pravide 95% probability of exceedance = minimum cancurrent load acting in compression normal to the bearing anchorage interface calculated in accordance with AS 5100.2 ¢ = capacity reduction faczor hu = design capacity of mechanical anchors, calculated in accordance with ‘AS 5100.5 oF AS/NZS 5100.6, as appropriate For the design of bearings that incorporate longitudinal oF transverse restraints and for the design of separate restraining, devices on bridges where extreme dynamic effects can occur, Poin Shall be taken 5 2070 ‘The bearing load schedule shall indicate if friction is not fo be accounted far in determining the anchorage capacity of bearings ‘The requitement specified in this Clause shall be met for the ULS at all stages, inctuding during constuction. ‘Bridge designers shall specifically indicate if the value Of Jenin shall be taken as zero while producing performance criteria for the bearings. wou standards erg. a As stn4c0r7 TABLE 10.1 CHARACTERISTIC LOW FRICTION COEFFICIENT (nin) POR ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS ‘Characteristic low frietion eve ffcieat Interfxee (ind Sicel on eonerete fed Steel on steel grit blasted, meta zine ‘ea! sprayed or zine sili od sustuees ea ‘Steel on atest lean mill eale surfaces ott Hat-dip-valvanized surfaces oe 10.2 Elastomeric bearings Elastomerie bearings te be anchored by frietion only shail satisfy the’ requirements of Clause 12.6.7 and the contact suefuce shall be sufficiently rough to ensure that the friction or restrained force can be develaped, Where frictional restraint, as specified in Clause 12.6.7, Ls Inadequate to restrain the hearing in position and, thus, prevent slippage or crawling, then restraint shall be provided. Restraints shall be removable to allow bearing replacement Adhesives ineluding, epoxies shall not be used to pravide restraint or fixing of elastomeric bearings. 10.3 Restraint of superstructures for earthquakes and accidental impacts Where the horizontal restraints of conventional bearings are inadequate under earthquake effects or accidental impacts, additional restraining devices, such as ties, shear keys, stops and dowels, shall be provided with the specific aim of preventing disledgment of the superstructure from the Support structure. IL LOADS RESULTING FROM RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT 111 General Bearings and deck joints, their conrestions and associated supporting elements shall be designed to transmit forces arising from resistance to movement due to friction af mechanical and sliding components, and the rotational, compressive and shear stifthesses of elastomeric elements, pS Boban eanece MBE on an 3090 Repco senauson nape cru ons weworee onied. Aunorsed seer eee Snes Hana Uae 2S ie In considering the effects of hearings on structures, the force component due to frictional effets on sliding contact surfaces shall be calculated for permanent effects only. At ULS, the fictional force shall be calculated using the load factors specified in AS 5100.2, 112 Frictional restraint of sliding surfaces For design purposes, the appropriate characteristic maximum and minimum coefficients of friction (2) for polished stainless steel sliding on peimancntly lubricated pure polytctrafluorocthylene (PTFE) at the SES shall be taken as 0.03 and zera respectively. The chorneteristic maximum coefficient of friction (42) for pure unlubrieated PTFE on polished stainless steel shall be taken a5 0.06 For altemative approved sliding materials, chese fiction coefficients shall be validated by laboratory testing for the range of pressures the sliding surface will be subjected to, wencstandards org au © Standards Australia ez sancnaaeoua 2028 turbid BA Sob eralized i TYPE on 13. atmos ches austonned veer ino. te Serohot i sprain, debbaton, ae AS 109.4007 6 11.3 Reaction ta siding of multiple bearings Where « number of bearings are so arranged that the adverse forces, resulting from reaction to movement by some, are partly relieved by the forces resulting from the reaction to movement by others, the respective

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