UNIT :-2 “CROP WATER REQUIREMENT Samsung Triple Gamera By SintusUnit -2 ‘Crop water requirement 2.1 Irrigation and its classification. 2.2 Crop Water requirement: Cropping seasons, Cip period, base period, Duty, Delta, CCA, GCA, intensity of irigation, factors affecting duty, Problems'on water requirement and capacity of canal. 2.3. Methods of application of irrigation Water and jts assessment. 24 Area capacity curve. 08WATER REQUIREMENT OF CRops. —> Dikkerent crops grows in different deason and each crops requires diferent quantity Ok water. — same crops may have dikterent walek requirements at different Places of the dame county. — water requirements is depend on dimale, types of soil, method of cultivation and rainfall etc: 4 Crop season :- 1 Rabi season (0ck- Feb) :~ —» crops Which grow in rabi season are called as Rabi crops: — Rabi crops are alsd, “Called winter cope. Examples :- Wheat, Potate, gram etc- 2 Khai, season ( june -oct) :- —» crops Which grow w Khokik season ae called as Khosus cropa- —> Khas crops are also Called gummek cwpe- Examples :— rice, Cotlon, bajra etc:* Crop Peridd :- >it ib the period from the instant of dowury Of cwPs 18 the instant of ibs harvesting- + Base Period :~ —> The time between the’ piub watering of crop at the time of i dowiny wW is last watering before harvesting? NOTE :- a F aie: — "crop Period is sughtly more than base period DELTA AND DuTYy Ee fr Dela (A) :— —> The ital depiy of water (in um) required by crop ter ‘comets us maturtty is called ik deita —» In other Words, the total amount of water requixed by the crops fet is matuveity & Known os delta 4 Duty (D) a cudly Of water 1 the relationship bw the volume Of walek and the auea of crop iL matured:—» if means the area of land (in hectare) imitated pul growth Of gwen crop by a wader ae Of “1m?/sec” continously ducing the basic Peniod of the crop # Relationship between bella and Duty :— Let, The base Period of the crops ig & The cludy Ok the crops WD hec/awmec It meange :- Water suppl YY at the role of Lm?/sec duiuiy the 8 days and it matwed Dp hectoxe now, Total amount of water éupplied dying B days = = 1m3/5x (Bx 24X60x60) Sec = 1xBx86400m3 = g6400m3 Hence, we can ecsily find out the depth of water Ove ihe D hecare of Land: Le Depth of wale, = volume Area Oo = 864008 D hectare Oe 86400B Dx1904 mz [ 864 Bo =pFACTOR AFFECTING DuT! + Wees of crop ;- —* Different crops have different wate requirement and hence duty pee them ane clifpevent- —> Duty wil be tess pee a cop requituy meee water 2. climate and éeason:- —> Duty includes the wale, losses in evaporation and Precolation: these Uses vary with the éeason hence duty also vary fom (season, tb deason and also fom time t6 time in Same seqyon- 3. Useful ral Be —» more the usefid Maingoll, less WUL be requirements Of Ouseigattion wate, and hence duty wil be more of Grigation waters @ Ujpes of soll = | —+ if soil is more permeable, Precolation will be more then duty will be Less. sS- Efficiency of Cubtivation method :~ | — If the cultivation method Ws paully and tess | efpicient, Ue resubt uve = more wastage of water and hence duty Of Wale, will be Less.tr Methods U8 improve dusty :- 1 Precautions in fietd preparotion and owing :- @® land t8 be use poz cultivation should be twelled. b> the field dhould be Prope ploughed fee the required depth- ©) Improved modern cuttivation method: a Rotation of crop should be Prepgered: 2 By ining of canal and other water structures: 3 By optimum supply Of Wwoler 4 Some Unportant definitions :- 4 Kor watering = —+ The fist wolening gwen te the owP after us : aes ¢ : sowing 1s Called -isor wortertry- —+ veuolly ths woter B gwen in a_ specified period, which i cabled “Kee Perlod™ > The depth of water supplied in Ke watery is called Ket depth: —» Kor woler depth for rice s+ 19cm —» Kor water depth for wheat i- 13.scm a2. paleo urigation a —» some times in the iutial dtaje before the crop iS sown, the land ts very diy. So ppt Proper sowing of crops, soil is —moistured with water This 1s known as pales urigation. 3. Rharif -Rabi_ratie :- —» the area 16 be urigaled for rabi crop ts more than that ‘for Khayif Crop: —» the rable of area tp be irrigated tn Khouk deasin t8 that tn rabi deason 1s called Kharik- Rabi voulb- —e This rollB is generally & 4:2 ett is also called * crop- rots’ 4. cash COP :- —» the crop witch has 18 .be encashed tn the market bor Processing , Us called Qs. Cash crop. not : Sit cansbe consumed divecthy by the farmers. v & =- cotton, Tabacces, Sugarcane etc:ROTATLOM OF CROP — if 0 Formers plants the same crop Wn the same Place every yea, he Continous, draws the dame nudttients — pests and diseases make ‘tien ‘Peumanent home as thick preferred food sources is guaranteed. —> So, Increased vel Of Chemical fedilizew ond Pesticides become necessasuy pee higher Production Of crop. —» the method of oft wing diferent crops tn rotation, One after the ahotten “in the dame fidid ts called ‘rotation of crop’ —> the rotation of crop helps in extraction different food fom the oil Example :- rice=gram, cotLon- gram - gwar etc FE GROSS COMMAND AREA (GC-A) :— —>it ls the totel area bounded within the urigation boundary Of a Project. it Bb itugated Uuough canal gysten —» it incuudes the cultivable as well as uncultivable area. * uncultwable area :- Roads, ponds, forests etc-# CULTIVABLE commanD AREA (C-CA) :- — It i& the cultivable, pout of G-c-A on Which cultivation & — pogsible- > DbsuvioUsty tk does not inctude uncultivable Past Of GCA: COA C GCA —r in the absence of data, cc-A may be assumed t8 be equal W 80% df GCA XC2CA = BOF Oh GCA # IRRIGABLE COMMAND AREA CLCA) :- —e rt is the Part Of\ceA “ON Which irrigation faculty is gwen & Intensity of rrrigabon :~ = percentage Of CCA propoded 48 be irrtgated in a gwen geason is Called intensity Of Lrrigation- MOTE :- the Percentage of CCA which may be irrigated annuolly 1s called annual tnlenstty Urigation.IRRIGATION —» The axtificial application Of water t8 the doil dough vartous dystem ob tubes » Pumps and sprays ib KNOWN as irrigation. rrrigation ' + surface uryg atton Sub- Sukpace irrigation J FLOW Lust rrrigation Irrigodion cr Natural dub-susgoce —_artificia Sub- dui well canal Uft Errtgation srrigation : Flood Perennial arrigation zerigation i dtoray e Pe rigation tation,# Types of Lrrigation :- 1 Surpace Lrrigation ion in which woler is appued and d Over the doil durface by gravity is Known as duxface zrrigalion ee ‘Uypes Of Surkace Irrigation :- () Flow irrigation :— —> Water available at higher wel ts dupplied lower Layer due we Graviy (ib Lit Lrrigation :- —» water is duppiied fee Werigation by Uibting Up the water usury Macharucal _§ysten- © Types Ob pow urigation 7 a) Perennial urigotir .- —e constant and continous water supplied as per crop requirement through out the crop petind- (ii) “FWOd, Errigakion :- —> Flood zrrigation is possible only When there ts flood: > Types Of Perennial srvigabion = (i) Dueck Urigation :~ —» walter is clurec Uy taken (kom Tver (Perennial river) by consuuding a well and barage and diverting tus water towards canarydi) storage Lrrigation ce —» Dam or storage weir is constructed across the river 6 dtore water during rainy deason then woler is dupplied through “ diructiire as per requirement- 2. Sub- Surface zrrigadion i — A method of irrigalion tn which Water iF} detievered i the plant f00t zone & Known as Sub- Surface irrigation. > TyPes Ob Sub- surface irrigation oe @ natural sub-surface irrigation —* woter Leaked ftom canal, Chanviels etc.. goes underguound and. Passes through the sub soil- — it Lugates the-crop by Capilor ity. iy artificial swe sweace Urtgation —+ ppen golus pipes Ce& drains) are axtipictally laid below the soil ts dupply water by cap Unity .eis Techniques of water distdbution in the Farms = L» the irrigation water can be distributed eppiciently 18 the forma in deveral ways Uked as 2- + Free Floodiny * Border Flood «check Flooding Traditional Techruque + Basin Flooding * FUrrOwW Flopding +sprinkler trrigadion + Drip rrrigation | Modern Technique NOTE :- Ls» the types Of method. chosen fet the buuigabton depends on the “soil\texture , eens of land, ‘ypes of crops “and slope Of LandFREE FLOODING —* In tus method ditches (JIS@I) are excavated tn the Land. —» From the main éduppy ctches, water, is dupptied, +e the dtubsicliasyy b& loteral ditches These clitches are constructed either long the contouw 6& below the dlope ok the” area. —»waler fom the Loterol ditches is allowed +e plow fee without any conduol This mevuod is also called as bedinasyy ooking / wild Hooding —ethese Loteral ditches are sparech at Gbout 20m t8 som apa This mehed is best «suitable for crops “that are closely cultiveted: MALIN CANAL LANDBORDER FLOODING — In tha méthod, land is divided into deveral ébuPs Of Width 1om 16 20m and Length Ob 100m tL8 400m. — Gach strip & éeparaled by a border 6 levees- —> te Prevent watew from concentration, the Land. dhould be levelled PerPendicuwlay te the pLou- —> Ure water is made W flow fLom supply ditch inte each étuip through gote operated openisigs. Waker LOWS slowly towards the lower ead op strip and Uypiltrates ute the Soil: outlet with gate VAAL LAND Levees cares) |SSISFSHSLEGEEELELES ISI IFIIISS CHECK FLOODING —r rt & dimilar t@ Free Fuooding except that water is controlied by Low and flat Levees axound the check area. — levees ae consructed along the contows —» These levees are connected with cross Levees ot suitable Places —+ the confined area is between 0-2 18 0-@ hectare —> the check area ig filled with water at 6 ighatly higher rate and allowed 18 stand untit the water infiltrates. —» Suitable fet maze Permeable Suh. Levees along the contoBASIN: FLOODING — it sb acar e Ob. check flooding and. especially uA fee the Orchard 4trees- —* In this ype df sungoce irrigation, woter i clivecty and rapi rate- appy” ot a uniformFURROW IRRIGATION —» In this method, Only 20t8 Sov Of the Land duxhace moists with water, while as in Dther methods, Urrigation wale covers whdle area: —» Furows are made belween rows Of Plants. —> Generally, jurrows are narrow field ditches that carry water with Q length of aoom and depth Of OS t6 30 cm. —» Fuurrows Ge used [bt row Crops- —> long length of furrows may result in high takes at “upee. end and tess “wate one the down slope due 16 percolation. —> rt results in tess evaporalion “and. tess puddung Of oil ‘ 7 Eg:- Potats, sunplower Ped ete Rows OF Plants: MAIN CANAL 7 1 ‘| |SPRINKLER IRRIGATION METHOD — >it is the method of apply irrigation water 1 a mMannek sina te Toingall- —> Water is distdbuted thuugh a system Of pPlpes usally by PumpPLy —e it 8 then sprayed Ul ave and Wuuigate the entue area through Sprinkle — it epgiciently covers small 8 Laxge area. ~ +» it ig Suitable fee all tyPes of aod, 5 In FoUowing conditions gprinkter method (s prespered :- () When land topogptaphy is Lxregutae. d Gi) When tand gradient is. steepey Ceetie7) qi) When Water is Audllable~with tbpicuty. (iy when the needy Db water be the cuop is tess. B Advantages 7 Seepage losses Sees eliminated - diy “water Logging is puevented: Gi) land levelling is not required: av) Mo aguiculture Land lat fe making ditches (v) Less rumbee of labour & xequixed 2 disadvantages :~ (i) iniliaL Cost is more. skilled Wabdue is required foe opercting piping aystem (iii) clecldicty is requixed: dp Pees a0 0044...DRIP IRRIGATLON —» it & also called as tickle irrigation —» tt & duttable fet Placed where, there is scarcity Of Water and Olhe. doll problems: — In this method, wales ib stow ond directty applied 18 the ‘root zone of plank 9% — A newwseKs Of pipes is established watex comes out from dup noz2tes uni pesmly and at a low rate. —> DIOP nozeles are fixed “on tateral pipes, which awe Placed “abs the intexwal of o-2m 16 1m and wat, is dischaxge at a gma rate Of atit/hy 48 » Jo Uit/ hr.ASSESMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER 1 Volumebuc: Assesment :- —> charges ave fixed on acwal volume of wate supplied at oulle. head —> fee this Pumpose, Waten mebed ane installed at the outlets in canal system: —» iL is one of the best. method. bet economical use Of water field which Pueverts Quek uuelgalon by farmens- 2. assessment _on area basis :- —» charges ane -fixed one actual” ateo which is under irrigation % POU On whieh tus assumetion is made ares ty Eash value of the crop: requixement of the crop: demand ob irrigation: nol basis: 5. nssessment seat pased on the type ob is - pssexsmnent in hob area in “crop caoP gr wn geason tii Wolev vy me and4 Permanent basis - —» the Farmers Pi a fiaed rode evewy eave irespective of the fack Weather they use canal wate be not: +e Difference between assessment Of watew revenue on area basis v/s Volumebuic basis: :- AREA BASIS VOLUMETRIC BASIS Charges are fixed on the “actual area Uriga- ted. q li) Possibilities Of excess use and. wastage of water* ii wo-discharge measuring device are require (ivy Skill Staph ake nob required: (w) rnitial cost 1 Less: di) OPtimUM Use of Wafer” ty Chaiged. kixed on the volte Of the water used: iii) Discharge Measurt device are requiked- iv) SKUL Stab required: w) tnitial cost bs high due te installation of wate metue,AREA - CAPACITY CURVE : —> the avea - Capacity cuwe useful tn LT estimate storage capacity of reservinwe at dikbecent elevation: wate spread of ‘reserve 0 3. Etevalion of wolek af any poink can be calculated: 4 te estimate dubmergence area at different elevations: s- Delermining conkrot levels of dor: s— Areachec), 3-2 1 6 flevation —> Cm) 025s ouse Oo volume —>—> area-capactty cwve 8 a curve in which two curves are plotted in one graph having areachec:) of water sPread and reserviewy capac —> The area- curve gives information about area under dubmergence and uses in determining control Level Of dam- — tus capacity Ce Provides the tnféemation about capacity of ~reserviewy which Ws useful ur the decidung oF cqpactly Of reseruLowe —» From the contOWy map of reseruiowy area, thé woter épread of the reserviouwy at Ory, elevation with the hele of Plarumeter the capacily may be determined..by takuyg contowy oveas at equal intervals «and: summing up these areas by boltowung fethiods :— 1 Trope2zoldal Method + A2+A3+ - : | 2. prismoidal Formula :- v= h[ Cartan) +4(A2 + Aa + Ag+ ---)+ acageas+ar+---) | V—> volume of reserviows Al+A2-- AN —» ayea b/w conto h—» height ob intervals