MFB1033: Manufacturing Technology I

Assignment 1
Prepared by: Zharfan Rahimi Bin Zulkifli
ID 21001530
Introduction
Dimensional tolerance is a common practice in the manufacturing
industry where it is defined as the permissible variation in the dimensions of a
part. Dimensional tolerance is important when making parts as it can ensure the
parts can fit properly and work as intended in an assembled finished product.
Precision software and hardware is used measure the dimensions of the part for
it to function as expected. Before we look into what type of fits that is used in
manufacturing, we must first know what is meant by the word “Fit”. Fit is
assembly condition between a hole and a shaft. Different type of fits has
different clearance distance between the hole and the shaft. So fit is basically
shows us how tight is between the two parts. A hole and shaft design implement
different type of fits as of the function of the assembly. Some parts need it able
to rotate where other may need to slide between each other. In this case study
the type of fits and with example will be discussed as of when do we need to
use fit according to the function of the part.
Loose fit/Clearance fit.
In loose fit or clearance fit, the gap between the mating part is large. This
kind of fit will allow the two mating parts to rotate and slide between each
other. In other words, the minimum dimension of the hole will always be greater
than the maximum dimension of the shaft.

An example for this type of fit is hinges. Hinges function as to hold a door
while allowing it to swing for it to open or close a room or a path commonly
used such as gates, house door, cabinets and storage box.

Figure 1.0 shows a hinge used at doors.

Hinges used loose fit as the hole need to able to rotate in an axis using the shaft
allowing for the door to swing, opening or closing something. If there is no gap
between the mating parts, the part will not function properly as it will difficult
for the hinge to rotate.

Figure 1.1 shows cross section of a hinge

 Another example for this type of fit is a set of wheel and axle. A wheel
function as a easy way to transfer goods and people from place to another place
as the wheel spin as it is given a force reducing the amount of energy needed to
do the same work compared when using human strength alone. The wheel and
axle can be found in vehicle and also wheelbarrows.

Figure 1.2 shows a wheel and an axle.

This part used this kind of fit as the wheel need to able rotate freely along an
axis allowing the wheel to spin and create a movement. The basic of a wheel is
that the wheel must be able to rotate for it to function properly. If there is no gap
between the hole in the wheel and the axle, it will not be able to rotate, the
opposite of the function.
Interference fit
Interference fit is when the tolerance dimension of the shaft is bigger than
the tolerance dimension of the hole. Meaning the shaft dimension is greater than
dimension of the hole itself. So logically the shaft will not fit into the hole. To
fit the shaft into the hole is by using techniques to insert the shaft. One of the
techniques is by using force to insert the shaft. For an example using a mallet or
hydraulic press assemble the parts. Another way is by heating the hole first
allowing it to expand and put the shaft in and then cooled, joining the parts and
vice versa when removing the shaft.

figure 2.0 shows tolerance in interference fit.

An application of this kind of fit can be seen in the automotive industry where
parts need to be assemble as it will provide a secure connection between part
which is crucial to determine someone safety. An example is the usage of dowel
pins.

Figure 2.1 shows a the pin used to connect engine parts

Dowel pins are used commonly in connecting engine parts as they function to
keep the engine part in perfect alignment. In order for the parts to align
perfectly, a strong connecter so it will not slip that cause the engine part to
disconnect resulting the car cannot function properly. To install the dowel pins
the hole to connect the part is usually heated for it to expand and the pin
hammered into the hole
Another example where we can see the application of interference fit is
bearings. Bearing is used for assists rotating object such as wheels, gears, rotors,
and turbines.

Figure 2.2 shows a bearing that is larger than the hole to inserted.
Bearing are placed where rotating object can be located at any part of a
assembly as it function as a way to reduce the friction of the rotating object such
as rods to ensure smooth rotation as also to improve where and tear. Bearing use
this technique to ensure a sucre connection in the part, where if the bearing was
able to slip even a little bit can cause the machine not function properly.

Figure 2.3 shows a tool is used to install a bearing into a shaft.

Transition fit
In this type of fit, which may provide either a clearance or interference,
depending upon the actual values of the individual tolerances of the mating
components. The values for the hole and the shaft must have a precise value
where the fit of the shaft is not tight nor loose. The parts must be fit perfectly
with a little bit of clearance. The transition fit is between the interference fit and
clearance fit with high accuracy. The shaft may be larger or smaller than the
hole where a little bit of clearance is permissible.

figure 3.0 zero the transition fit.

transition fit can be seen applied in machinery and the automotive industry. One
of the example of transition fit can be seen in driveshaft. Driveshaft are used in
automobile function as a way to transmit the engine torque to the driving
wheels.

figure 3.1 shows a driveshaft operating system.

From the figure above we can see that the shaft connecting the gears doesn’t
have any bearing and bushing between the shaft and the driveshaft case. This
because if a bearing or bushing is used it will hard to service the driveshaft as
bearing is hard to remove as the bearing if tightly fit and need tools to remove
the bearing. Transition fit will still allow the shaft to rotate but in a more
consistent than clearance fit.
Another example of use of transition fit can be seen in cycloidal drive.
Cycloidal drive is used to reduce a speed of a shaft with a ratio.

Figure 3.2 shows a cycloidal drive.

The cycloidal drive used transition drive as it still need move around a circular
motion for it to function efficiently. If the gaps between the shaft and the hole is
to large it may reduce it efficiency and if there is interference between the parts,
it can damage the drive itself affecting the wear and tear.
Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many different type of fit tolerance that can be
used in different type of manufactured items where each fit has it own pros and
cons and the type of fit used is depend on the parts itself and also the budget
given as some fit are relatively easy to manufacture meanwhile some may have
higher cost.