laboratory practice Assignment

Ndah Andrew Wanje UBa22TP0219

Ndinwa Kisito Ngawe UBa22TP0220
Tekadam Fotie Emeran UBa22T0141
Ntam Joel Fukah Uba22TP0206
ARDUINO UNO BOARD

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it
into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor

The following are various elements of an ADRUINO UNO board (Microcontroller) and their
functions.

Power USB (1)

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All
you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1)
Power (Barrel Jack) (2)
Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by
connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2)
Voltage Regulator (3)
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements
Crystal Oscillator (4)
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the
frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz
Arduino Reset (5,17)
You can reset the Arduino board, i.e., start the program from the beginning. You
can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on
the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin
labelled RESET (5)
Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin) (6,7,8,9)
• 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
• 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
• Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3
volt and 5 volt.
• GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of
which can be used to ground your circuit.
• Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
external power source, like AC mains power supply
Analog pins (10)
The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins
can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the
microprocessor
Main microcontroller (11)
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the
brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly
different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL
Company. You must know what IC your board has before loading up a new
program from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC.
For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the
data sheet
ICSP pin (12)
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as
an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an
"expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the
master of the SPI bus
Power LED indicator (13)
This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to
indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on,
then there is something wrong with the connection
TX and RX LEDs (14)
On the board, you can find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They
appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1,
to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and
RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial
data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX
flashes during the receiving process
Digital I/O (15)
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input
digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive
different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to
generate PWM
AREF (16)
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input
pins