Flomanta of Mechanival fingineering = ria sia VV 0.78%y vat) It wo Yay, “(tt » 2007 ar Vv, 1 0.78 Vy © 2067 V6 0.5167 Vy Vy a Y Yea (a) Compression ration, 1 7 bt fl \ ay nd = 1445735 = 6.5735 In termm of compression ratlo, the alr standard efficieney of an engine working on Otto eyelo ta given by oe Now =) 97 5.5735)" 1 “1 = 1- 0,503 = 0,497 or 49.7 % Tone 1 ~ 0,50! A97 oF (b) The ratlo of actual thermal effictency to the air standard efficiency is known as relative officleney or effielency ratio, “Actual thermal efficiency + 0.497 * 0,4 = 0,1988 power output in kW x 3600 Nowactual thermal efficiency = yyy x calorific value where m; In the quantity of fuel used per kW-hour 1%3600 ies 2 8.1988 = 5 18840 m= 0.961 my kW-hr ‘The (uel uned per kW-hr is called specific fuel consumption. 10.6, DIESEL (CONSTANT PRESSURE) CYCLE ‘The Dione! cycle was conceived and developed by Rudolph Diesel in 1893 to the point where he was able to begin commercial production of the corresponding diesel engine in his own factory, Fig, 10.13 shows the diesel cycle plotted on p~V and T-§ diagram. ‘The sequence of operations is Process 1-2: Piston moves from crank end dead centre (ODC) to cover end dead centre (IDC) and air with initial state 1 is compressed isentropically to state point 2 through compression ratio r= Vi/V>. Process 2~3 : Heat is added to compressed air at constant pressure from an external source which is brought into contact with the cylinder head. The heat supply is stopped at polnt 3 which is called the cut off point, and the volume ratio p = V3/V; is called cut off ratio or fsobarie expansion ratio.| Elements of Mechanical Engineering Ve+0.75Vs _ (360 OF Ve +0.25V; -( or Ve + 0.75 Vg = 2.067 Ve + 0.5167 Ve 113 ) = 2,067 ee Vv, 745735 V; (@) Compression ratio, r= Y= Ye+¥e V2 Ve Vs = 147 = 1 + 4.5735 = 5.5735 ‘c In terms of compression ratio, the air standard efficiency of an engine working on Otto cycle is given by 1 Nowe == ei Mi ow (5.5735)"" = a = 1 - 0.503 = 0.497 or 49.7 % (6) The ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the air standard efficiency is known as relative efficiency or efficiency ratio. ‘Actual thermal efficiency = 0.497 x 0.4 = 0.1988 power output in kW x 3600 Now actual thermal efficiency = “mx calorific value where mis the quantity of fuel used per kW-hour 1x 3600 “Me 0.961 m3/ kW-hr The fuel used per kW-hr is called specific fuel consumption. 10.6. DIESEL (CONSTANT PRESSURE) CYCLE The Diesel cycle was conceived and developed by Rudolph Diesel in 1893 to the point where he was able to begin commercial production of the corresponding diesel engine in his own factory. Fig. 10.13 shows the diesel cycle plotted on p- V and T-$ diagram. The sequence of operations is Process 1—2 : Piston moves from crank end dead centre (ODC) to cover end dead centre (DC) and air with initial state 1 is compressed isentropically to state point 2 through compression ratio r = V,/V>. Process 2—3 : Heat is added to compressed air at constant pressure from an external source which is brought into contact with the cylinder head. The heat supply is stopped at point 3 which is called the cut off point, and the volume ratio p = V/V, is called cut off ratio or isobaric expansion ratio.—— Entropy Fig. 10.13. Air-standard Diesel cycle on p-V diagram and T-s diagram Process 3—4 ; The increased high pressure exerts a greater amount of force on the piston and pushes it towards the ODC. Expansion of working fluid (air) takes place isentropically and work is done by the system. The volume ratio V,/ V; is called isentropic expansion ratio Process 4—1: The piston is momentarily at rest at ODC and htat is rejected to the external sink by bringing it in contact with the cylinder head. The process is so controlled that ultimately the air comes to its initial state 1 and the cycle is completed The low speed diesel engines work on a cycle which is slight modification of the Diesel cycle. This thermodynamic cycle is called constant pressure cycle because heat is supplied to the air at constant pressure. Thermal efficiency for Diesel cycle : The compression process 1-2 and the expansion process 3-4 are isentropic and hence there is no heat interaction in these processes. Energy is absorbed as heat during process 2—3 at constant pressure, and is rejected as heat during process 4—1 at constant volume. Consider unit mass of air undergoing the cyclic change. Heat supplied during process 2~3, Q, = ¢ (T3- T;) Heat rejected during process 4—1, Q, = ¢, (Ty - T;) Work done = heat supplied - heat rejected = 6, (Ty~ Ty) = (TT) r work done Thermal efficiency, 1 heat supplied T,-Th) 1(%-T) = =1-- (10.1 qt) ¥(T%-T) an The expression for thermal efficiency in terms of compression ratio r, cut off ratio p and adiabatic exponent y can be set up by expressing all the temperatures in terms of lowest temperature T, in the cycle. 7 Vy At point 2 : V; = rs where r is the compression ratioAt point 3: Ps =P. =p, V3 = V2 p where p is the cut off ratio At point 4: r v V3 / V2 #) -m(erE] -nterer = Tt ppt | eae cad When these temperature values are substituted in expression 10.13, we get gy (Ot) Thre) (10.14) Apparently the efficiency of Diesel cycle depends upon the compression ratio (r) and cut off ratio (p) and hence upon the quantity of heat supplied. Fig. 10.14 shows the air standard efficiency of diesel cycle for various cut off ratio. Further examination of factor K = [(o" -1)/1(e-1)] reveals that with an increase in the cut off ratio p, the value of the factor K increases. That implies that for a diesel engine at 1 constant compression ratio, the efficiency would increase Py with decrease in p and in the limit p — 1, the efficiency 1 would become I-aeT- Since the factor K = [(o"-1)/7@-1)] is always greater than unity, the Diesel cycle is always less efficient than a corresponding Otto cycle having the same compression ratio. This aspect is, however, of little importance because the diesel engines operate on much higher compression ratio, (14 to 18) Compression ratio if compared to those for spark ignition engines operating Fig. 10.14. on Otto cycle. High compression ratios for diesel engines are must not only for high efficiency but also to prevent diesel knock; a phenomenon which leads to uncontrolled and rapid combustion in diesel engines. —+ Efficiencyq Gas Power Cycles = Mean effective pressure : With reference to Fig. 10.13, the work done per cycle for unit mass of air is Work done = heat supplied - heat rejected = & (T3 - T,) - & (Ty - T) V; RT, ( a RT, Swept volume = (V, - V,) = V,j1-%2| = —+[1-=] = —4(r-1 wept volume = (V, ~ V3) ( ts) ei ; ral ) By definition of mean effective pressure work done per cycle — ¢(T3-T2)=¢y(Ts-Th) = BAe mep sweptvolume ~ RT, /p,rx(r—1) =o pit _[¥(T-T)-(T-Th) RG-1) pea (10.15) The expression for mean effective pressure in terms of compression ratio r, cut off ratio p, induction pressure p, and adiabatic exponent y can be set up by expressing all the temperatures in terms of lowest temperature T, in the cycle. As outlined above : T, =Tyt-' T, =T, pv When these temperature values are substituted in equation 10.14,we get : Bt [foes a tea) Ty=T,prt-? me © R (r=1) i Pl e-0-(e"-2)] 1 i mep = Ce 5 [rr (e-1)-(6"-1)] ..(10.16) which is the required expression of mean effective pressure for a Diesel cycle. EXAMPLE 10.17. The following particulars refer to the German p Mercedes “190 D” car operating on four-stroke in- line diesel engine cycl Compression ratio 21 : 1 and expansion ratio 10.5: 1. Determine the cut off ratio and air standard efficiency. Solution : Refer Fig, 10.15 Isentropic expansion —— Pressure , Mi Va Given : yy ~2land yp = 105 % Mele v Cut off ratio, p= Y = VY, Vy —+ Volume Fig. 10.15.a ____Elomants of Mechanical Enginsaring vy Y, axa oe (ye We) 1 “ees 10.5 % In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio p, the efficiency of a dlewel engine cycle Is given by gi4 a4 7(p- 5] sr ee “os = 1 - 0,346 = 0.654 or 654 % The following data pertains to a compression Ignition engine working on alr standard diesel cycle : Cylinder bore (dia) = 15 cm; Stroke length = 25 em Clearance volume = 400 cm? Calculate the air standard efficiency of the engine if fuel injection takes place at constant pressure for 5% of the stroke. How this effictency value will be affected Sf the fuel supply continues upto 8% of the stroke ? é Solution : Refer Fig, 10.16 Swept volume, V, = 5471 af Fas) %25 = 4416 cm? | Compression ratio, r = 1 +¥e Ve Isontropic compression 4416 “1+ = 10.04 v “400 ——+ Volume Volume at the point of cut off, Fig. 10.16, 5 =Yyt—*xV, Yye lating" 5 or Vy = 400 + 55 x 4416 = 620.8 cm? (2 V, = Vo) V; Cut off ratio, p= = a 2 400 In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio p, the efficiency of a diesel engine cycle is given by = 1552 ner-t,fotcL] 1-1 | ase at 1(p- 7 72.0497 1,4 (1,552 -1)Gas Power Cycles iF rene [2s8=t 2.705 | 0.773 When the fuel supply is cut off at 8% of stroke | = 0.5935 or 59.35 % 8 Vy = 400 +555 x 4416 = 753.28 cm? M3 _\75328" Mane Pe Va aor ae) 1.8834 -1 oil Baa 12,049 | 1.4 (1.883 -1) 2.705 | 1.236 = 0.574 or 57.4 % Percentage loss in efficiency = 59.35 - 57.4 = 2% EXAMPLE 10/19; ED A heat engine draws in air at 1 bar and 300 K. Measurements indicate maximum pressure and temperature values equivalent to 70 bar and 2000 K respectively. Determine the air standard efficiency if the engine works on Diesel cycle. How the air standard efficiency of this cycle compares with that of a Carnot cycle working within the same maximum and minimum temperature limits ? How do you explain the difference between the two values ? Solution : Refer Fig. 10.17 Py = 1 bar; p, = p; = 70 bar isentropic expansion T, = 2000 K g i From isentropic compression process 1—2, 3 a vr (#| - Ben | 4 - u Isentropic vec compression VY Compression ratio, r = Vy = 70 V14 = 20.77 ——> Volume <1 Th=, (#] Fig. 10.17. = 300 x (20.77) = 1009.5 K From the constant pressure heat addition process 2—3, we have V3 Ts _ 2000 Cut off ratio, p = Vik Tp = Too05 = 1.981 In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio p, the thermal efficiency of an engine working on diesel cycle is given by AZ] r'ly(p-1)we ‘ Semele oi Memoria peer sipemsaiel 1 | tomes wTP* V Ali Pedy) The Aintency As corresponding Carmen cyc it Ky Ne 2IN- O Meare TO St 5 Anerved that the Aicweney +A the Carnes cycle is greater than Cut of the ppven Gieteh vy the. Vie has Sea be 001 tee aus im Carmen cycle, the entire addition and repction of beak tales place al the mazinur and mnimum cyce tinperetures, and this is not the cose in diced cphe EXAMPLE 10.20, - Jn an air otandasd Diewl cycle, the compression ratio it 15 and the fluid properties at the bexsnning A compression are 10) k¥s and WK. For a peek temperature of 199) K, caleulate (a) the percentage of vtruke at which cut off uccurs (b) the cycle ficiency and (c) the work output per ky of air. Solution: Keter big, 101% (4) Considering, adislvetic comprevaon process 1-2, «3 = 98 8 9S 05 09% (4, wt 1,°1,|4 %) = 1 15))4-) = BK From corant presure procs 2-4, —— Pesire v Cut off ratio, p 7 a iL WI 1 7, * te” BA F vy, _ OM js p= Fo + 10575 we /kg, 5 5, = 196 * 00574 = 010% m/kg 0.1097 -0.0574 ~~ OPI-O0874 (by In terms of compression ratio r and cat off ratio p, the thermal eiciency of 2 diesel engine cycle is seven by, = 09576 or 567% 1.406'* 4 (1.806 -1) 1 [2.268-1) dae = 0614 or 6 243| 11m | onson rt: en ae 100% (NAN) i) = N77 Wh) Met work culpa =O, = 0614 #7177 © AMPLE 121 ae engine working un Diewel cyele haw # compression ratio of AY of wiroke I the wnylie haw n relative efficiency of Hi, determine 4 kW de, Asuunie the fuel haw a calorific value of W100 kif — Balution «Meter iy 1019 Volume al oul of, Vie ¥, 9 OO (VY, ~ Vy) Cul off tata, po # yy I+ van (Y ‘| = 1 + 08 ( 15 = 1) = 2412 Th feria of compression ratio rand cut off ratio the efficiency of a diesel cycle engine le given by hn | pial : ! Help Ay w tan ci| RG eT ena alge 179) 1.4 (2,121) rai 1568 =1< 0998 = 0,002 of 602% The tatio of actual thermal efficiency to the alr standard efficiency is known a6 efficiency or efficiency ratio Actual thermal efficiency © 0.002 # 0.5 = 0.401 power output in kW 3600 Now, actual thermal effieieney = ee H where m, ie the mass of fuel used per Wehr ; 1 4000 D901 = in 42000 my = 0.2807 pf kW-he ‘The fuel ined per kW-hr ty called specific fuel consumption, MAM 90,02 In an alratandard Dlevel cycle with compression ratio 14, the conditions of air at the of comprension stroke are 1 bar and 300 K, After addition of heat at constant pressu temperature rises to 2775 K. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle, net work por ky of alr and the mean effective presvure, Solution: Meter Py, 10.20iy Elements of Mechanical Engineering pilipllicialihatatn “Pp p=C From adiabatic compression process 1—2, Isentropic expansion = 300 x (14) 94 = 862 K From constant pressure heat addition process, —> Pressure 2 Cut off ratio, p = > v2 T, | 2775 a8 ist? po 7; "seen ——Voume ¥ In terms of compression ratio rand cut off ratio Fig. 10.20. p, thermal efficiency of an engine working on diesel cycle is given by 1 [ pt-1 1 [3:22 1 nial y(p-1)} 4" | 1.4 (3.22-1) w toa tes ee 536 or 53.6 % 2.874 | 3.108 ® Heat supplied = c, (T3 ~ T2) = 1,005 (2775 - 862) = 1922.56 kJ/kg Work done = efficiency * heat supplied = 0.536 x 1922.56 = 1030.49 kJ/kg (©) From characteristic gas equation, RT, 287x300 —L = 3 Be oh 7 0861 m'/kg 0.861 3 =— = ky =a 0.0615 m3/kg, Swept volume = 2, - 0, = 0.861 - 0.0615 = 0.7995 mi/kg, work done 1030.49 Mean effective pressure = rept volume ~ “0.7995 = 1288.92 kN/m?= 10.89 bar EXAMPLE 10.23. In a Diesel cycle, air a 0.1 MPa and 300 K is compressed adiabatically until the pressure rises to 5 MPa. If 700 kJ/kg of energy in the form of heat is supplied at constant pressure, determine the compression ratio, cut off ratio, thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure. Solution : Refer Fig. 10.21Gas Power Cycles (a) From adiabatic compression Process Pp yy" = py v,Y Isentropic expansion 2 al fRy V2 ry —— Pressure Isontrople 1 ade 7 (a) = 16.35 compression 01 compression ratio, r = ws 16.35 Vy — Volume y Fig. 10.21. i v T,= (3 Dy = 300 x (16.35)!4-1 = 917.3 K Heat supplied, Q, =¢ p (Ty - 7) 700 = 1.005 (T; - 917.3) rT; Cut off ratio, p = “+ = = ee 2 Th () In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio p, the thermal efficiency of an air standard diesel cycle is given by 1 pl-1 nels Tl y(p-1) 700 | Ts = Fogg +9173 = 1613.82 K | | | | tes = 16.35°4 | 1.4(1.759-1) 3.057 = 1 - 0.3708 = 0.6292 or 62.92 % Work done = thermal efficiency * heat supplied = 0.6292 * 700 = 440.44 kJ/kg From characteristic gas equation, pv, = RT, RT, 287%30 "1p, ” 0.1%10° 1 1.759! -1 ] sqeed (c) = 0861 m'/hg 0.K61 » = == = 1.05266 m/ky, M2" Tg.35 ~ 0.05266 m'/kg Swept volume # p, - 0) + 0.K61 - 0.05266 = 0 8083 m‘/kg work done 440.44 Mean effective pressure = ‘swept volume ~ 0.HO83 = 544.89 KN/m? = 0.545 MPanon of Mochanical Englnooring EXAMPLE 10.24, A Cour stroke engine working on Diesel cycle has a piston diameter of 25 cm, a stroke of 40 cm and a clearance volume of 1200 ¢ ¢. The fuel injection takes place for 5 % of stroke. If the induction pressure corresponds to 1 bar and engine turns 5 rev/sec, find the alr standard efficiency, nean effective pressure and power developed. Solution : Refer Fig, 10.22, p Swept volume, Vs Jeontrople oxpnnslon qe . sy? X40 © 19625 em? i Clearance volume, Ve. = 1200 em? | Vet Ve tsontrople Compression ratio, r= comprossion 1200 + 19625 Sas ne Volume at the point of cut off, ' Fig. 10.22. Vy = Vy + 0.05 Ve = 1200 + 0.05 x 19625 = 2181.25 cm? Vs 2181.25 Cut off ratio, p =p = mH In terms of compression ratio r and cut off ratio p, the efficiency of a diesel engine cycle is given by 1_[_pt-1 aj. if, eeiBM 9 wi- 2s) ee nel [eh 17.35" | 1.4 (1.818 - 1) 1 [231-1 ate =1- = 0. 63.5 % i [ | 0.365 = 0.635 or = 1.818 1.15 (b) The mean effective pressure of a diesel engine cycle is given by rep = ably 9-1-0 1 x17.35 © (17.35-1)(1.4=1) = 2.653 (3.584 - 1.31) = 6.03 bar (2) Work output = mean effective pressure x swept volume 6.03 = 105 x (19625 x 10-% 11834 Nm/cycle = 11.834 kJ/cycle For a 4-stroke engine, the cycle is completed in two strokes and accordingly the number of effective working cycles equal half the number of revolutions/second. [14x 17.35" (1.818~1)-(1.818™ ~1)]‘Gan Powor Cyclon Pawor developed = 18M : = DOAK A/a = 2988 AVY EXAMPLE 10.25, Inale standard diesel eyele, the compresston ratio ts 18, and at the beginning of eompronnure the working Clutd ds at 1 bar and 200K, If the heat addition equals 880 kj kg, determine: (a) maximum temperature and pressure of the cycle, (0) work done and mean effective pressure, (0) thormal efficiency, What would be the power output from an teal engine operating on thts cycle It tt consumes 0.2 kg of ait per second ? p pec Sotation Ret ripts denote — Iwentropia expansion Ty = 200K and Py = 1 bar Consider 1 ky of air applying characteristic equation at state point 1, we get woop comprasion ——> volume = 0.832 m* Fig. 10.23. 287 x 200 Process 1 ~ 2: Since the compression ratio is given equal to 15, Vy, O82 yeas = 0.0555 m! Vy ee tp R588 m yy ryVyr = paVat Pa n (ft) = SCS) ada bar ’ art T= n(j] = 290. (15)! = 1» 856.72 K 2-3: Py py = A431 bar Heat added Q, © me, (Ty ~ T, or 850 = 1 ¥ 1,005(T - 856.4); Ty = 170217 K 1702.17 Vy 0 Dvy = XO0585 = 0.1103 m* Ty 4 Process 3 = 4: V, © V, = 0.832 m? 1 4d = Thx MAY". amars oe} = 758,55 K WY On Process 4-1:yanical Enginaoring (a) The maximum temperature and pressure in the cycle are : Maximum temperature, T; = 1702.17 K Maximum pressure, p) = 44.31 bar (8) Heat rejected, Qy = mc,(T, - Ty) = 1 * 0.718 (758.55 - 290) = 336.41 kj Work done, W = heat supplied ~ heat rejected = 850 - 33641 = 513.59 Kk) Mean effective pressure, work done _ work done my = Swept volume ~ Vi ~Vp 513,59 2 .—————_ = = 6.62 bar 0.832 - 0.0555 661.84 kN/m’ eh workdone _ 513.59 cycle efficiency. 1" Frteapptied "e507 0.604 or 604 % G) Work done = 513.59 kJ/kg = 513.59 x 0.2 = 102.718. kJ/s = 102.72 kW EXAMPLE 10.26. The volume ratio of compression and expansion for a diesel engine as measured from an indicator diagram are 15.3 and 7.5 respectively. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of the compression are 1 bar and 27°C. Assuming an ideal engine, determine the mean effective pressure, the ratio of maximum pressure to mean effective pressure and cydle efficiency. Also find the fuel consumption per kWh if the indicated thermal efi 0.5 of ideal efficiency, mechanical efficiency is 0.8 and the calorific value of oil is 42000 kJ/kg. For air C, = 1.005 kj/kg K; C, = 0.718 kJ/kg K and y = 1.4 Solution: Refer Fig. 10.24. The subscripts denote they in respective state points in the cycle vs vy leortropic expansion Given : yrs Bors T, =300K and p, = 1 bar Process 1 - 2 is adiabatic compression process and therefore Isontrople compression | = 1 * (15.3)! = 45.56 bar This is the maximum pressure in the cycle. an(Myt Fa (4) = 300 (15.3)!4-1 = 993.3 K Process 2-3 is a constant pressure process and hence Ps = Py = 45.56 bar ——> Volume Fig. 10.24,mts Oe Cpe ey te ports Bo “(et a ix wl, ti %eowy Process 3-4 in an adiabatic exparion grinmie x tha Tonle waif) -eme hi ta) Avossmning that vohumne of weerimy Said User) at waste penme T im i sm! thar mam od se devolved in the process a “y a ae or Heat supplied, O, * me, Ty i LUO «105 * (08723 - WD)» LO hg Meat rected, 0, © m0, (Ty- Ty = 161 + O78 * 13 9% - I) = ERAS Bf Work done © heat supplied ~ heat reported = 13 - STAD = 6555 Ay 1439, Swept volume = V,-¥,* ¥j~ ise a Mae 5 =e Om ‘ work dere 65 ». Mean effective pressure, mep = aes * G9 * OM Wise! «7 ber Ratio of maximum to mean effective pressure, 5H 7 +6508 work dome Cycle efficiency, 1” eat supplaed ~ #s = O07 ot BATS (by Indicated thermal n = 05 ideal = 05 + 0687 = 0506 Brake thermal 7 = indicated thermal n * mecharacal 5 = 064 * 08 = 0242 1 kWh = 3600 kJ and therefore Renee seeGas Power Cycles = (7g*153)x0933 = 18223 k Process 3 - 4 is an adiabatic expansion process and thus —nf(wy. jae t a(Z) 1822.3x(4,) = 813.98 K (a) Assuming that volume of working fluid (air) at state point 1 is 1 m3, the mass of air involved in the process is VY _ 1x10°x1 at = sarxa07 = 1161 kg Heat supplied, Q, = me, (T; - T,) = 1.161 » 1,005 * (1822.3 - 893.3) = 1083.96 kJ Heat rejected, Q, = me, (T, - T,) = 1.61 * 0,718 x (813.98 - 300) = 428.45 KJ Work done = heat supplied - heat rejected = 1083.96 - 428.45 = 655.51 KJ 3 Vj Swept volume = V, - V, = Vy ae - ae _ axe _ 4 = p37 = 0.935 m . work done +. Mean effective pressure, mep = Syeptvolume 7 eet = 700.87 KN/m? = 7 bar Ratio of maximum to mean effective pressure, 45.56 ==> = 6508 a workdone _ 655.51 Cycle efficiency, n = Featsupplied ~ 108396 ~ 0.6047 or 60.47% (b) Indicated thermal n = 0.5 * ideal 1 0.5 * 0.6047 = 0.3024 indicated thermal n x mechanical = 0.3024 x 0.8 = 0.242 1 kWh = 3600 kJ and therefore Brake thermal 7 Heat supplied per kWh = a = 14876 kJ ‘. 14876 Fuel consumption per KWh= Fane. = 0.354Elements of Mechanical Engineering Brake power = 1 Alternatively : Brake thermal n = (iy 73600)xCV * (ay 73600) x 42000 3600 ct 9.242 = 5000 my 2 S600 kWh or my Sapa = 0954 ke/ EXAMPLE 10.27. Two engines are to operate on Otto and Diesel cycles with the following data: maximum temperature = 1500 K; exhaust temperature = 700 K ambient conditions = 1 bar and 300 K For these engines make a comparison between their compression ratio, maximum pressure and cycle efficiency. Solution: Refer Fig, 10.25 for the p-V plots for the engines operating on Otto cycle and Diesel cycle. Pp Pp =C 3 2 P 3 Isentropic 2 [vec Isentropic expansion 2 ‘expansion 3 3 } ? Z ieee | ’ compression vec Isentropic V=C compression 1 >V ——— — Volume —— Volume (i) Otto cycle (ii) Diesel cycle Fig. 10.25. 1500 K and T, = 700 K bar and T, = 300 K (a) Consider Otto cycle : T, Pi Y, Compression ratio r = Vi and maximum pressure = py From isentropic expansion process 3-4, 1 yo te less Ba(Hy oe Be ( RYT «GRIM aon Tj V3 V5 Ty Vas glia i i Vy 7 Ve 77 compression ratio. Therefore, the compression ratio for the Otto cycle is 6.72. From isentropic compression process, 1-2, V, -1 T= () = 300 x (6.72)!4-1 = 642.8 KGas Power Cycles oper Pa = Pi %] = 1 (6.72)!4 = 144 bar From constant volume process 2-3, = q P3 = P2 in = Max BO = 33.6 bar Therefore, the maximum pressure for the Otto cycle is 33.6 bar ss are 1 Cycle 7 = T= ee" 0.533 or 53.3% The engine operating on Otto cycle will thus have an efficiency of 53.3% The efficiency can also be calculated from the relation We heat supplied - heat refected heat rejected heat supplied * 1~ heat supplied =1-£0(M%-T) _ th (73 -Tz) D = 1 -_700-300 7500-6408 = 0.533 or 53.3 % (6) Consider Diesel cycle : p, = 1 bar and T, = 300 K T; = 1500 K and T, = 700 K . Y Compression ratio r= 77> and maximum pressure = pp = p3 From isentropic compression process, yd 08 300/42)" = 150042 or (ML) xa = V, Vs From isentropic expansion process 3 - 4, Ty _(Vy" T (Vy Vs (Eva Tat 3 (Tart _ (700 )t-1 _ or 7 (2) (aa 0.1488 Bs We. Bayles M Now TEE ETE OMT V; Bias Substituting the value of 77> in identity (iii) we get (i) su(io)Elements of Mechanical Engineering 04 (#4) 0.1488 FL = 5 cri ( 14 V. 4 } 5 = 336 VY, ) ~ 01488 Mi Ve (33.6)/"4 = 12.3 Thus the compression ratio for the diesal engine is 12.3. Again considering the isentropic compression process, 1 Teh (#) = 300 x (12.3)°4 = 818.62 K VEN = aids pa = rif ge] = 1 x23) = 33.6 bar Thus the maximum pressure for the Diesel cycle is 33.6 bar. The efficiency of Diesel cycle can be calculated by using the relation _ heat supplied - heat rejected _ heat supplied heat rejected ~ heat supplied The engine operating on the Diesel cycle will thus have an efficiency of 58.1% The comparison between the desired parameters for the two cycles (Otto/ Diesel) has been shown below Ratio of compression ratio: Ratio of maximum pressures Ratio of cycle efficiency 40.7. DUAL COMBUSTION (MIXED OR COMPOSITE) CYCLE This is a cycle in which the addition of heat is partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure. P Isentropie ‘expansion é 8] 2 z i z a & é | isentropic. Q, | compression *V +5 — volume —— Entropy Fig, 10.26. Pressure-volume and temperature-entropy diagram for air standard cycle